Health Management for

Farm-Raised Catfish
 1/21/2011

Fish Health Management

Matt J. Griffin, PhD

Th d Cochran
Thad C hr n NNational
ti n l W
Warmwater
rm t r Aq
Aquaculture
lt r C
Center
nt r
Mississippi State University

Two Problematic Parasites

 Henneguya ictaluri
 Causative agent
g of Proliferative Gill Disease (PGD)
( )
 “Hamburger Gill”

 Bolbophorus damnificus
 Trematode

 Both are associated with significant losses in the commercial

production of channel catfish

 Strategic management can reduce losses associated with both

parasites

1
 1/21/2011

Proliferative Gill Disease

 3rd most commonly diagnosed disease at the Aquatic Research
and Diagnostic
g Laboratoryy (ARDL),
( ) Stoneville, MS

 Primarily a problem in the spring, and to a lesser extent in the

fall
 Water temperatures between 15-
15-25 C

 Mostly problematic in fingerlings, but can affect all sizes of fish

 Mortalities can reach 100% in some severe cases

Proliferative Gill Disease

Percentage of PGD cases by month (2007‐2009)

45% 100
Percentage of PGD cases submitted

40% 90
Pond water tempe

35% 80
70
30%
60
25%
50
20%
erature (°F)

40
15%
30
10% 20
5% 10
0% 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

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Proliferative Gill Disease

 Caused by the myxozoan parasite Henneguya ictaluri

 The complex life cycle of the parasite involves the

oligochaete worm Dero digitata and the channel catfish

 Exposure of the channel catfish to the actinospore

stage of the parasite results in significant gill damage,
resulting in respiratory duress
 “Hamburger gill”

Henneguya ictaluri

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Treatment options
 No treatments available
 Supplemental
pp aeration and salt to reduce respiratory
p y and
osmoregulatory stress

 Chemical treatments to eradicate oligochaetes are

ineffective
 Doses required to eliminate oligochaetes are lethal to fish

 Chemical treatments targeting the infective stage would

require continuous reapplications
 Some outbreaks can persist for 44--6 weeks

PGD Management
 PGD is present at some level in nearly all catfish ponds
duringg the spring
p g
 The oligochaete host is present in bottom muds of nearly all
catfish ponds

 Little can be done to feasibly predict an outbreak

 PGD window ranges from March – June; September –
November, whenever water temps are between 15-
15-25 C

 However, losses in fish restocked following an outbreak

can be prevented

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 1/21/2011

PGD Management
 Following an outbreak which results in significant
losses need to determine when it is safe to re-
losses, re-stock.
stock
 For reasons that are not entirely clear, not all populations
within a pond suffer the same degree of disease severity
 Even if fish are no longer dying and resident fish show no
signs of disease parasite levels can still be lethal to newly
stocked fish

 Optimally, parasite levels should be evaluated prior to

restocking following an outbreak.

Sentinel Fish Exposures

 Parasite free fish are held in nylon mesh
cages to allow free exchange of water
within the cage and placed in pond to be
restocked

 After 7 days, fish are examined for

“breaks” in the gill filaments
 Calculate the percentage of gill filaments
exhibiting at least 1 “break”

 Repeat
p until sentinel fish no longerg show
signs of disease or if disease severity has
significantly decreased between
samplings

 During a given outbreak, the disease will

typically cycle through the pond only
once

5
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Sentinel Fish Exposures

Percent of filaments Score Effect on Fish
exhibiting cartilage breaks

Mild Little to no effect on fish

1-5% health

Medium If environmental
6-15% conditions are optimal,
no direct mortalities
involved
Severe Expect mortalities
>15% within 2 weeks

Wise et al. 2004. Biology and Culture of Channel Catfish; Chapter 15: Health Management.

Molecular Analysis of Pond Water

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Sampling for Molecular Analysis

 1 liter samples collected from at least two
different pond locations and determine average
spore concentration of the two
 7 days later, process is repeated. We average the
concentrations from the two different days to
determine the disease severity as well as
dynamics of the outbreak
 Tells us if parasite levels are increasing, decreasing or
staying the same

Molecular Analysis of Pond Water

100
90
Low Med High
80 Risk Risk Risk
Percent mortality

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150
-1
Actinosporeequivalents
Actinospore Equivalents l

Griffin et al. 2009. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 86: 223-233.

7
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Molecular Analysis of Pond Water

Number of Score Effect on Fish
Actinospores/Liter

Mild Little to no effect on fish

<10
10 health

Mild/ If environmental
10--25
10 conditions are optimal,
Medium
no direct mortalities
involved
Medium Expect mortalities
25--50
25 /Severe within 2 weeks

Severe Expect mortality within

>50 72 hours

PGD Management
PGD Kill Fish stop dying Safe to restock
100
90 High Risk of PGD
Actinospores/Literr

80
Pond Checks
70
60
50
40
30
20 Moderate Risk of PGD
10 Low Risk of PGD
0
4/1/10

4/8/10

4/15/10

4/22/10

4/29/10

5/6/10

5/13/10

5/20/10

5/27/10

8
 1/21/2011

PGD Management
 Following PGD outbreaks, ponds with mild to
moderate infections,, decreasingg in severity,
y, should
receive priority for re-
re-stocking.

 Fish should not be stocked into ponds where severe

disease signs are present in sentinel fish caged fish or
that possess high concentrations of infectious agents.

 Ponds graded as high risk should be reevaluated in 1-

1-2
weeks until parasite concentrations or disease severity
in sentinel fish is significantly decreased.

Biological Control?
 Current research regarding potential of small
mouth buffalo to reduce populations of D.D
digitata within the pond

 In a simulated pond environment, stocking small

mouth buffalo resulted in a nearly 90%
reduction
d i in i totall oligochaetes
li h

 Pond trials are scheduled for spring

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Bolbophorus damnificus
 Digenetic trematode
sequentially infects the
American White Pelican,
Pelican
Ram’s Horn Snail and channel
catfish

 Mortalities and significant

reductions in overall
production associated with
infection in the channel catfish

 Life cycle can be broken by

chemotherapeutic eradication
of snail populations

Photos courtesy of Linda Pote

Economic Impact
Pond Type Fish Production Net Return

Uninfected 100% $1 526/ha

$1,526/ha

Light 86% $592/ha

Infection
Moderate 65% -$781/ha
Infection
Heavy 60% -$1,123/ha
Infection
Wise, Hanson and Tucker. 2008. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 70: 382-387

10
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Trematode Maintenance
 Reduce snail habitat by keep vegetation around pond banks to a
minimum

 Operations with history of trematode problems must be diligent

in keeping snail populations at a minimum
 Whole pond copper sulfate treatments (2.5-
(2.5-5.0 ppm) applied in spring can
significantly reduce snail populations
 Requires hard water (>150 mg/L as CaCO3) and cooler temperatures to
reduce toxicityy to fish.

 If farm-
farm-level snail eradication is not feasible, be aware of changes
in fish behavior indicative of low level trematode infestations
(reduced feeding, yet no sick fish)
 May need to manually examine fish for presence of trematode

Treatments
 Unfortunately, release of the cercaria by the snail host is
temperature dependant
dependant, which coincides with warmer
temperatures, when copper toxicity to fish is increased
 Low level copper sulfate (0.5-
(0.5-1.0 ppm) treatments have
brought fish back on feed mid-
mid-summer, but there is
significant risk involved.
 Copper sulfate or hydrated lime around the pond margins
 Only kills snails adjacent to bank, reapplications may be necessary
 Safe bet is to wait until fall, when temperatures are lower and
whole pond treatments sufficient to eradicate snails can be
applied.

11
 1/21/2011

Have a plan
 Through strategic management and planning losses
attributed to these two parasites can be significantly
reduced.

 If you have any questions contact your local aquatic

diagnostic lab or:

Matt Griffin, PhD David Wise, PhD

662--686
662 686--3580 662-
662-686
686--3239
griffin@cvm.msstate.edu dwise@drec.msstate.edu

12
 1/21/2011

Disease Trends

Lester Khoo

General
 Most catfish diseases have a seasonal
occurrence
 Optimal temperature or environment for
pathogens, intermediate hosts (e.g. ESC)
 Suboptimal temperature or environmental
conditions for fish (e.g. Saprolegnia)
 Trend data based on submissions to the
diagnostic
g lab
 Bias – dependent on what is submitted

 Savvy, experienced producers

 Still the best data to provide information on
prevalence in the industry

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 1/21/2011

Major Disease Diagnosis as a Percentage of Case

Submissions (2009)

4% 4%
3% 3% 30% Columnaris
ESC
12% PGD
Saprolegnia
Anemia
E. tarda
Ich
26% 18%
VTC

Yearly Trends in Disease Diagnosis as a Percentage

of Submissions

Di
Disease 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
200 2006 2007
200 2008 2009 Average
A
Columnaris 42.6 37.2 44.5 44.7 40.9 48.3 68.4 37.5 36.7 24.6 42.5%
ESC 33.5 36.4 39.8 34.7 30.8 33.8 56.5 32.8 18.6 15.0 33.2%
PGD 29.8 20.1 16.3 10.8 10.7 8.9 17.8 18.4 33.7 21.4 18.8%
Saprolegnia 10.5 10.4 10.1 5.3 3.7 4.1 8.4 8 9.2 9.4 7.9%
CCV 2.3 7.3 5.8 8.9 10.8 9.2 5.9 2 0 7.2 5.9%
Anemia 4.9 5 5.3 5.2 2.1 4.6 4.9 10.7 2.7 2.8 4.8%
VTC 2.5 2 3.7 3.2 1.0 3.1 1.3 5.4 3.4 2.6%
Bolbophorus 5.6 4.4 2 1.1 2.6 3.6 0.7 1.5 0.3 1.8 2.4%
Ich 2.7 1.8 2.2 0.5 5 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.8 3.1 1.9%
Number of 2189 1602 1057 832 778 602 845 1144 630 678 1036
Cases

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 1/21/2011

Columnaris disease (saddle back)

120 100.0

 Flavobacterium columnare
90 0
90.0

(Chondrococcus, Flexibacter) 100

80.0

 Gram negative rod

70.0

 Optimum temp – 15-25C (59-77F) 80

60.0

 Lesions – skin, fins, mouth, gills 60 50.0

 Dx – characteristic lesions; skin 40.0

scrapes, gill clips - bacteria in 40

30.0

haystacks; characteristic growth

on specialize media
20.0
20

10.0

 Tx – antibiotics
0 0.0

 Attenuated live vaccine available JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL

Month
AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

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Enteric Septicemia of Catfish (ESC)

120 100.0

 Edwardsiella ictaluri 90.0

100

 Gram negative rod 80.0

 Optimum temp 22-28C (72-82F) 80

70.0

60.0

 Hemorrhage and congestion in

60 50.0

the fins, skin, exophthalmia,

cranial ulcerative lesion (hole in
40.0

40

the head), ascites, hemorrhage

30.0

in the GI,, hepatitis,

p , swollen and 20
20.0

pale posterior kidney 10.0

0 0.0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Month

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ESC

 Dx - presumptive - characteristic
lesions (ddx – Edwardsiella
tarda – usually warmer
temperatures – 28C and above;
bullae/abcess formation –
malodorous putrefactive
lesions); definitive- bacterial
culture – colony morphology,
biochemical tests and culture
temperature
 Tx – Antibiotics; take off feed
 Management - vaccines – live
attenuated; reduce feed

5
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Proliferative Gill Disease (Hamburger Gill

disease)
 Henneguya ictaluri ; actinospore
stage
g Aurantiactinomyxon
y 100 100.0

ictaluri; intermediate host - 90 90.0

aquatic oligochaete (Dero 80 80.0

digitata) 70 70.0

 Optimum temperature - 15-25C 60 60.0

 Fish on surface gasping; behind 50 50.0

aerators even when oxygen 40 40.0

levels usuallyy considered 30 30.0

adequate 20 20.0

10 10.0

0 0.0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Month

6
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Proliferative Gill Disease

 Swelling,
g hemorrhage g often with blunted g gill filaments ((hamburger-
g
like appearance)
 Dx - gill clips – fractures in lamellar cartilage; histopathology and
molecular techniques
 Tx- palliative – increase aeration and add salt; others have
recommended adding other spp. (fathead minnows) to consume
intermediate host; some have recommended moving fish to non-
affected pond

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Saprolegnia
 Saprolegnia (also Achyla, 35 100.0

Dictyuchus water molds – 30

90.0

oomycetes - classification) 80.0

 Optimal temperature range 15C 25

70.0

and below – rapid drop in water 20

60.0

temperature (5C in 24hr) – 50.0

redistribution/loss of mucus 15
40.0

cells – fungus grows best at the 10

30.0

warmer temperatures 20.0

 Superficial cottony/woolly (on 10.0

gills, skin, fins and eggs; color 0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
0.0

varies due to entrapment of Month

sediment or algae; early lesions

– pale focus surrounded by a
ring of erythema (redness)
 Tx: No viable treatment in
ponds

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Channel catfish virus disease(CCV)

 Channel catfish virus 14 100.0

(unclassified herpesvirus 90.0

12

 Optimum temperature – 28C 80.0

and higher 10
70.0

 Ecchymotic hemorrhage skin 8

60.0

and fins, exophthalmia, 50.0

pendulous abdomen – ascites, 6

40.0

hemorrhage on internal organs

30.0

(herpes in other animals) 4

20.0

 D Virus
Dx- Vi iisolation
l ti – look
l k ffor 2

CPE on CCO or BB 10.0

0 0.0

 Size of fish (6” or less JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL

Month
AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

susceptible), highly contagious

prevent spread or secondary
bacterial infections
 Tx: No treatment

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Channel catfish anemia

35 100.0

 White-lip or no blood disease 90.0

30

 Etiology – unknown 80.0

 Dx – Check pack cell volume 25

70.0

 Listless on side of bank; behind 20

60.0

aerator 15
50.0

40.0

 Usually larger fish affected

30.0
10

 Late summer/fall/winter 20.0

 Tx Palliative – increase
Tx- 5

10.0

aeration and salt 0 0.0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Month

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Visceral toxicosis of catfish

 Toxin - Botulium type E 4.5 100.0

associated 4 90.0

 Optimum temperatures – Early 3.5

80.0

spring and late fall (SE USA) 3

70.0

 Externally usually none 2.5

60.0

although may have intestinal or 2

50.0

gastric mucosa in oral cavity; 40.0

internally – chylous effusion, 1.5

30.0

pale proximal intestinal tract 1

20.0

with prominent blood vessels 0.5 10.0

(congestion), intussusceptions,
0 0.0

congested spleen, reticular JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL

Month
AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

pattern in liver

Visceral toxicosis of catfish

 Abnormal behavior – schooling; g porpoising;g listless on edge

g of bank;
barbels quivering or muscle fasiculations
 Dx - based on gross internal lesions and ability to recreate lesions
via IP injection of serum of affected fish – die within 24 hrs usually
with similar lesions
 Tx - None

12
 1/21/2011

Bolbophorus damnificus (Trematode)

 Complex life cycle involving 12 100.0

American White Pelicans (final 90.0

host) and rams horn snail 10

80.0

(intermediate host); catfish 70.0

(intermediate host) 8

60.0

 Optimum temperature – above 6 50.0

16C 40.0

 Mortalities; decrease feed 4

30.0

intake
20.0

 Dx – remove intermediate 2

10.0

stage (metacecaria) in channel

catfish and identify 0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
0.0

Month

 Tx – break life cycle – kill rams

horn snail – copper sulfate or
hydrated lime – pond edge
treatments

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1/21/2011

14
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Ichthyophthiriosis (Ich – white spot)

 Protozoal parasite 6 100.0

 Optimum temperature - Cooler 90.0

months (winter and spring in 5

80.0

Southeastern US) 26C and

below 4
70.0

60.0
 Small pin-point white spots on fish
 Dx – Skin scrapes or gill clips – 3 50.0

look for infective stage 40.0

 Tx – Copper sulfate or formalin; 30.0

t t
treatment t regime
i dependent
d d t on 20.0

water temperature as treating 1

10.0

parasite off the fish; warmer

temperatures life cycle faster need 0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
0.0

to treat more often; treat until one Month

past a negative test

15
 1/21/2011

Encystment Tomite
and division

Tomont Theront

Invasion
Exiting

Trophont

www.fungen.org/Ichthyophthirius.htmTomite

16
1/21/2011

17
 1/21/2011

Atypical Aeromonas hydrophila

 Unusual Aeromonas hydrophila

Documented Aeromonas hydrophila Cases in
i f ti
infections iin fifish
h ffrom AL (li
(limited
it d tto Alablama in 2009
AL, 1 case in east MS, 1 in MS
Delta 2004) 40 35
 Typical Aeromonas sp. infections 35 30
usually 2o 30
25

Temp ( C )
N o. C ases
25
 AL fish had gross lesions suggestive 20
of bacterial septicemia 20
15
15
 Pure isolates of Gram –ve bacilli 10
10
 Coded out different on BBL Crystal 5 5
kit (also API) from the typical A. 0 0
hydrophila (also proven genetically) J F M A M J J A S O N D
 Snagged and sentinel fish from
Courtesy of Bill Hemstreet
affected ponds – no gross lesions, Alabama Fish Farming Center
culture negative but have
histological lesions

Courtesy of Bill Hemstreet

Alabama Fish Farming Center

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 1/21/2011

Gross lesions

 External
 Ecchymotic
hemorrhages on the
skin
 Iridial hemorrhage
 Congestion/hemorrhage
at vent
 Hemorrhage at fin
bases

Gross Lesions

 Internal lesions
 Hemorrhage/congestion
on all visceral organs
including peritoneal lining
and visceral fat
 Congested spleen

 Congested liver (reticular

p
pattern))
 Hemorrhage in muscle

19
 1/21/2011

Atypical Aeromonas hydrophila

 Dx – Culture and isolate

bacteria; biochemistry;
molecular methods (latter being
develop)
 Tx - Antibiotics

Summary
 There is variation from yyear to year
y for occurrence of diseases
 Usually a seasonal occurrence
 Although some diseases have hallmark lesions some have similar
lesions e.g. ESC, Edwardsiella tarda and atypical A. hydrophila
 Need for submissions

 Antibiotic sensitivity

 Identifying changes in prevalence

 Identifying
Id tif i new or emerging i di
diseases

20
 Assessing the benefits of
medicated catfish feeds

Patricia S. Gaunt, DVM, PhD

Treatment regimes for catfish

bacterial infections: (NAHMS, 2003)

 Withhold feed
 Pro: No additional expense, reduces mortality
Pro:
 Con:: Do not grow
Con
 Feed non-
non-medicated feed
 Pro: Continue to grow
Pro:
 Con:: Losses and wide swings in survival
Con
 Feed Medicated feed
 Pro: Continuous feeding and growth of
Pro:
fingerlings if used early and for full treatment
 Con:: Additional expense
Con

1
 From the field:
“Why use medicated feed?”
 “It’ h
“It’s hard
d tto putt a
financial price on it
until you experience
the negative impact
(loss) of the disease.”

 “Dead fish: no return.”

Catfish medicated feeds

Medicated Label Label Cost/ton Availability
feed Indications Instructions
Romet® ESC 1x/day for 5 $875 – base Over the
days = $462 counter1
Terramycin® Aeromonas 1x/day for 10 $713 – base Over the
hydrophila and days = $300 counter1
Pseudomonas
sp.
Aquaflor® ESC and 1x/day for 10 Veterinary Feed
C l
Columnaris
i d
days $975 - base= Directive
Di ti DrugD
Aquaflor® disease $562 (VFD)*2
-CA1

1 Can be used extra-

extra-label through veterinary prescription.
Veterinary Client Patient Relationship (VCPR) must exist
*VCPR must exist
2Can be used as an INAD

2
 Management of fingerlings during ESC
Treatment Medicated Non- Withhold
feed medicated feed
feed

Outcome Fewer More Fewer

mortalities
mortalities, mortalities; mortalities
6 inch 6 inch 5 inch
fingerlings fingerlings fingerlings
by fall by fall by fall
Hanson, Terrill. The economic implications of feeding fingerlings during outbreaks of enteric septicemia in catfish. AquaFocus. SPAH-AQF-43. 2006

Calculating break-
break-even cost of
medicated feeds in food
fish to treat bacterial diseases
 30,000
30 000 (60,000
(60 000 lbs) food fish
 1 ton of Medicated feed will treat 10,000
lbs of fish (2% bw)
 60,000/10,000 = 6 tons of Medicated
feed
 $450* x 6 tons = $2
$2,700
700 per treatment
 $2,700/$0.85 per lb = 3,176 lbs of fish
 3176 lbs / 2 lb = 1,588 fish

* Mean cost of medication in feeds

3
Production impact of restricted feeding
for bacterial disease management

Feed withheld 15 days in spring

Feed withheld 15 days in fall
Total 30 days – No Feed

30 days X 125 lbs feed/acre = 3,750 lbs

feed/acre

3,750 lbs feed per acre/ 2.5 FCR = 1,500 lbs of

unrealized GAIN/acre

Financial impact of missing feed days

100 Acre Farm

1500 lbs per acre unrealized gain
25% affected
37,500 lbs x $0.85/lb = $ 31,875
50% affected
75,000 lbs x $0.85/lb = $ 63,750
100% affected
150,000 lbs x $0.85/lb = $ 127,500

4
 Weighing benefits/cost of
medicated feed
 Calculate if income from increased size
and/or number of survivors outweigh
medicated feed costs
 If benefits offset costs, producer will have
larger return with medicated feed vs. non
medicated
di t d approachesh tot bacterial
b t i l disease
di
control

Maximizing efficacy of
medicated feeds

 To obtain full benefit of medicated feeds, use

as directed on label and at 1st sign of disease

 F db k from
Feedback f th
the fi
field:
ld Lack
L k off efficacy
ffi with
ith
medicated feed was in large part
associated with extra-
extra-label usage

5
 Why do farmers use
medicated feed extra
extra--labelly?
labelly?

 “No choice; limited number of medications”

 “To
o see if they’ll
ey work”
o

 Economic reasons: “To stretch the dollar”

Potential consequences
of extra-
extra-label abuse

1
1. Lack of efficacy Wasted resources
 For example, every third day treatment
 Romet® withdrawal: 3 days
 Enough medication is depleted from catfish system to be safe
when fillet consumed by humans or animals
 Medication concentration is inadequate in the fish to combat
b t i pathogens
bacteria th

2. Resistance of bacteria to medicated feeds

 Suboptimal dosage of antibiotics selects for bacteria with genetic
mutations that encode for antibiotic resistance

6
 Understanding good practices
for using medicated feeds

 E. ictaluri shed from experimentally infected

fish for over 6 days post challenge and
persists in pond water and mud for 10 and 90
days, respectively, at 25°
25°C.
 Antimicrobials assist fish’s immune system in
fighting infection; they do not totally eliminate
bacteria

 Medicated feed is not a silver bullet

 Should be used in conjunction with good
husbandry, vaccines, and genetics

How to enhance efficacy

and reduce production costs
associated with medicated feed

 B i medicated
Begin di t d feed
f d att 1st disease
di sign
i
 Diseases frequently diagnosed from lesions
 Culture bacteria to assess antimicrobial susceptibility
 With delay, bacteria become refractory to
antimicrobial treatment
 ESC: Fish anorectic
 Columnaris disease:
 Fish not anorectic in tank studies

 Probably true in field until mouth becomes extremely

necrotic
 Studies show F. columnare infections worsened when feed
withdrawn

7
 Conclusions
 Calculate if income from increased number and
length of surviving catfish will offset medicated
feed cost

 For maximal efficacy and to retain bacterial

susceptibility use medicated feeds according to
susceptibility,
label directions

Thanks for your attention!