Mashweu KL 218026598

Mashaba MR 218004278
Masha T 218049123
Maseko E 218043359
Masangu MM 219000397
Maname IM 219044589
Marilele HG 218094344
Mashaba CA 219026359
Manga HN 2170531
 Figure 2: Modern lifestyle

•As time and centuries passed the human needs increased and their level
of creativity increased.
6.2. Classification of resources
Resources are classified into three groups which are natural,
cultural, and human resources
•Natural resources –this are the resource that are natural in
nature and they are considered to useful to humankind.
Natural resources include biological resources, physical
resources, and solar energy. Natural resources are also
classified into two ways which are renewable and non-
renewable

Figure 3: Types of natural resources.

 •Cultural resources- this are resources that are manufactured by
people. This can also be defined as physical evidence or place of
past human activity: site, object, landscape, structure.

Figure 4: Statue

•Human resources- are the set of the people who make up the
workforce of an organization, business sector, industry, or
economy.
•Human resources- are the set of the people who make
up the workforce of an organization, business sector,
industry, or economy.

Figure 5: Human Resources

 Chart
Type of resources

Figure 6: Schematic classification of resources

Renewable and non-renewable resources
1. Renewable resources
All resources that form a part of natural cycle.

2. Non-renewable resources
These are all resources which cannot be used again and again.
Most non-renewable resources are the ones which people
depend on to survive on earth.
6.3. The ecology of natural resources
6.3.1 Mineral resources
•In South Africa, minerals are found under ground and in certain provinces.
•South Africa is one of the countries that are proven to be rich in minerals
like gold.
The uneven of mineral distribution is the factor that enables international
trading. Countries export minerals they have and import those that they lack.
•The wealth of a country is determinant by amount of non-renewable
minerals that it this distribute.
•It is important to utilize the non-renewable resources in a wiser way cause if
they get exhausted it will be difficult to survive on earth
•To keep the non-renewable minerals available for the future it is therefore
important to introduce measures that will help in conserving the mineral for
the future.
Number of possible ways to save minerals for the future
1. Discovery of new mineral deposits
When new minerals are discovered they reduce the stress on usage of the once
that are already existing
2. Mining in the sea
In the sea there are essential minerals that are more than the ones which are
present on land. The sea also consists of important minerals.
3. Recycling
Through the process of recycling essential materials can be re used. This extends
the period of usage of the mineral.
4. Substitutes
New systems must be developed so that the mineral that was overused can be
replaced with other type of material.
5. Reduce
The minerals must be used in fewer amounts. And people must reduce their level
of luxury of living.
6. Re-use
The minerals which are used must be reproduced through developed systems
and they must be reused.
Energy resources
All activities on earth require energy to happen. The availability of energy
determines the nature and extent of all activities. For development to occur on
earth there must be ample energy
•Fossil fuels such as coal and oil are our energy source of supplies
•The fossil fuels which are used to produce energy are non-renewable. Because
those fossil fuels are non-renewable there is a thread that soon there might be
shortage of them
•It is therefore important to use energy more effectively and introduce new
methods of producing energy effectively. The development of many energy
sources will reduce pressure on the single energy resource such as coal.
•Many energy resources will increase the general stability of energy in
communities
•In South Africa, three quarter of electricity is produced by coal as the resource.
By looking at nature of coal it must be used for industrial purposes for
manufacturing products. By looking at nature, nuclear energy must be used to
generate electrical energy.
Fossil energy
A fossil energy is energy obtained from fossil fuels,
A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic
decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing organic
molecules originating inancient photosynthesis that release energy
in combustion

Types of fossil fuels

1. Oil
Crude oil is the mixture of hydrogen and carbon. Is made up of 85-90%
carbon, 10-15% hydrogen. In the process of distillation oil is used to
produce petrol and diesel

2. Gas
Natural gas is formed under anaerobic decomposition of organic matter
under heat on pressure assisted by bacteria. It contains 75-99 methanol.
NUCLEAR ENERGY
•Nuclear energy is the dominant source of power after fossil fuels at present.
•There is no carbon dioxide emission.
•Energy emitted in nuclear reactions is used to drive turbines and power
generators.
•The energy derived from nuclear reactions can be classified as:
Fission or splitting reactions used to generate electricity
Fusion or smelting reactions
•In South Africa, there is only one nuclear power station of about 2000MW
capacity at Koeberg, nuclear waste is stored underground at Vaalputs
disposal of
radio-active
waste
material

problems
associated high cost of
high risks of
accidents with nuclear uranium
energy enrichment
generatiom

construction
of nuclear
reactors
The generation of nuclear energy.

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

•Renewable resources are resources that can be used more than once
without them running out.
WATER ENERGY
•Hydroelectricity supplies +20% of the world’s energy requirements.
•Africa generated 5% of its electricity using hydroelectric power.
•Requirements of the development of hydroelectric power stations
Building of dams
Relocating of many people
•Hydroelectric power stations are to be generated where there is a suitable
topography as well as precipitation.
•In South Africa, the Tugela-Vaal river is where water is pumped from when the
demand of electricity is low.
•South Africa’s installed hydroelectric capacity is 600MW

Generation of hydroelectricity.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
•Derived from the earth’s crust and occurs in the form of dry steam, wet steam, and
hot water.
•No carbon dioxide is emitted though some other gases are emitted that cause air
pollution, noise, and water pollution.

TIDAL ENERGY
•Generated by water flowing between low and high tide levels.
•The release of water turns the huge turbines to generate electricity.
•Factors preventing tidal energy from contributing to fulfill energy requirements
High costs of construction
Damage to sensitive coastal environment
Lack of suitable bays
•Installation is limited to suitable areas
SOLAR ENERGY
•Largest source of energy

SOLAR ENERGY
•Largest source of energy

very
despersed
not constantly
available installation
depending on costs are high
cloud cover

disadvantages
of solar
power

•Living organisms on earth depend on solar energy for survival.

•The Earth receives an energy input of 15000 times the world’s commercial energy
consumption annually.
 Average daily insolation in South Africa

•Statistics prove that 1% of households in South Africa use solar

energy.
 the technology
is modular

advantages schemes can

little land is
be located in
required for of arid areas with
vast amount of generating low population
energy solar power densities

does not
compete with
people, forests
and agriculture
for land

•At 10% conversion efficiency, the yield of solar electric farm is about 2.5 to 3 million
kilowatt-hours per hectare.
•It is estimated that by the year 2050, about 30% of the world’s energy will be generated
using solar energy.
 absence of
noise

there is no
pollution as advantages
it is durable
no carbon of solar and reliable
dioxide is energy
emitted

easy to
install

•It proved to be difficult to supply more than 85% of households with electricity and about
80% of the world’s population lives in rural areas where there is no electricity and solar
energy can be a solution.
 Generation of solar power
WIND ENERGY
•A device is installed that can convert kinetic energy in the atmosphere to useful
mechanical energy.
•The method is effective in dry areas and does not affect the existing land use in an area.
•The main wind energy source in South Africa is mainly in the coastal areas where
average wind speeds more than 4m/s.
•Wind is free, but costs of turbines are high.
•The costs of buying and installing turbines covered by ESKOM were R38 million.
•Problems associated with generation of wind energy in South Africa
Corrosive atmosphere along the coast
Gust lines of the wind regime
•Wind is unreliable and has an intermitted nature.
BIOMASS ENERGY
1. Burning of organic matter
•This is mostly useful in Third world countries where energy requirements are low.
•Supplies 80% of energy requirements in Third world countries.
•Causes air pollution because of large-scale environmental degradation.
•To satisfy the demand of energy, trees must be planted.
•The collection of firewood plays a major role in environmental degradation.
 2. Biogas
•The gases emitted from the process contribute to global warming
•The utilization of the gas also reduces the negative environmental effects of air
pollution.

Generation of biomass energy

THERMAL VARIATION OF THE OCEAN

•Power generated this way can be used for the desalinization of seawater and abstraction of
minerals from the sea.
•Limitations are that construction and running costs are high.
THERMAL VARIATION OF THE OCEAN
•Power generated this way can be used for the desalinization of seawater and abstraction of
minerals from the sea.
•Limitations are that construction and running costs are high.
 ENERGY FOR THE DEVELOPING WORLD

global
warming

loss of habitat climate

change
unaceptable
environmental
impacts caused
by patterns of
energy
generation
land
pollution
degradation

acidification

•People are also somehow affected and are likely to have health problems.
•There are communities that have no energy supply.
 difficulty in
the generation
of imployment
opportunities

blocks income obstructing

generation economic
activities growrh

problems created
by no energy
supply

obsstruction in obstruction in
environmental educational
sustainabilities attainment

obstruction in
the availability
of hearth
services
Energy for the developing world
As a result of energy generation unacceptable environmental impact include global
warming, climate change pollution, acidification. Land degradation and loss of
habitats.
Even with this there is still many people without adequate energy supply and some
are using wood/biomass to cook, which contributes negatively to their health and
takes away from their time to do productive activities.
We find that in very poor communities there is little or no energy services at all.
Due this, energy becomes a barrier to generation of employment opportunities,
blocking poverty elevation and income generating activities, availability of health
services, environmental sustainability and women’s full participation in society. It is
evident that energy demands will not be met in the next 20 years due to all the
energy consumption currently taking place.
South Africa’s energy consumption also faces the same fate. A large part of the
country is still not connected to national electricity grid and rely on wood, cow
dung and crop waste for basic energy needs.

Matter and energy laws and the environmental crises.:

The environmental crises is descried in terms of energy and food shortages in
relation to an ever increasing world population.
Law of conservation of matter:
Everything we throw away is still with us in some form or another. The waste that
stays from the sludge produced from processes in factories and industries must be
disposed of in some way which then results pollution.
*Space ship concept which relates to how earth has limited resources.
Pollution violates all natural laws , it does not only cause or means untidiness and
litter which has to be removed using process that consume energy. That’s why the
environmental crises is therefore an energy crises.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
The second law of thermodynamics reveals that continued growth on continued
growth on a limited planet is simply not possible. Disorder in the environment will
increase as we continue to use more energy to convert matter into products. This
contributes to the stress exerted to the environment. The second law of
thermodynamics also tells us that there is nothing we can do as earth will continue
to deteriorate anyway.
 •Water as a source

Water makes life on earth possible. it is the most abundant of all compounds found on the
earths surface. Water that can be utilized comes from the atmosphere, rivers, fresh lakes and
ground water. It is a renewable resource.
Utilization of water:
Utilization of salt water
•Extraction
•Consumption(irrigation systems)
•Non-consumptive use
Utilization of fresh water

•Agricultural use
•Industrial use
•Domestic use
 •Biological resources.

Vegetation as a resource.

•Photosynthesis taking place in plants maintains the exchange and balance of gases in
the atmosphere.
•Respiration
•Food for animals
•Paper
•To fulfill an aesthetic role(gardens, decoration)
•Cultural activities
•Medical purposes
 Animals as a resource

•Heterotrophic feeders
•Products(clothes, dairy products, etc)
•Markets of the east(Rhino horns, illegal trade)
•Entertainment (domestic pets)
•Commercial hunting
•Insects pollination
•Decomposition
Hunters classification
1. subsistence hunters - hunt 2. commercial hunting involes the
animals for food . killing and sale of animals'
surplus.

3. sport hunting animals not

hunted for food
Atmosphere as a resource:
•Mixture of gases
•Dump for gaseous waste( smoke, incineration products and industrial waste which cause
air pollution and destruction of the ozone layer
•Removal of nitrogen for the manufacture of nitrogen-containing fertilizers.
•Obtain carbon dioxide and other gases used by industrial processes.
•Extraction of oxygen which is used for combustion of gases( used in cars, power
stations, furnaces
•Aviation and other sports(hand gliding, parachuting and even sailing)
•Windmills and power generators make use the atmospheric movements.
 Soil as a resource

•Retain water
•Building industry
•Planting

Outcome
Food doesn’t come from a food store, it is dependent on a healthy natural environment
and failure to understand this as people puts us at risk. Irresponsible utilization of the
environments resources lies at the heart of our dilemma.