Ch.

6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

Chapter 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

6.1 The Linear Impulse-Momentum Equation

6.2 Pipe Flow Applications

6.3 Open Channel Flow Applications

6.4 The Angular Impulse-Momentum Principle

Objectives:

- Develop impulse - momentum equation, the third of three basic equations of fluid

mechanics, added to continuity and work-energy principles

- Develop linear and angular momentum (moment of momentum) equations

6-1
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

6.0 Introduction

• Three basic tools for the solution of fluid flow problems

Impulse - momentum equation

Continuity principle

Work-energy principle

•Impulse - momentum equation

~ derived from Newton's 2nd law in vector form

 
 F  ma

Multifly by dt

  
 
 F dt  madt  d (mvc )

 d 
 F  ( mvc )
dt


where vc  velocity of the center of mass of the system of mass


mvc  linear momentum

6-2
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

m   dm
sys

1
m sys
vc  vdm

( F )dt  impulse in time dt

- Define the fluid system to include all the fluid in a specified control volume whereas

the Euler equations was developed for a small fluid system

- Restrict the analysis to steady flow

- Shear stress is not explicitly included

- This equation will apply equally well to real fluids as well as ideal fluids.

- Develop linear and angular momentum (moment of momentum) equations

- Linear momentum equation: calculate magnitude and direction of resultant forces

- Angular momentum equation: calculate line of action of the resultant forces, rotating

fluid machinery (pump, turbine)

6-3
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

6.1 The Linear Impulse – Momentum Equation

Use the same control volume previously employed for conservation of mass and work-energy.

For the individual fluid system in the control volume,

  d  d 
  ma  dt mv  dt  vdV
F (a)

Sum them all

d  d 
F ext  
dt
  vdV      vdV 
dt sys
sys


i  v for momentum/mass
Use Reynolds Transport Theorem to evaluate RHS

       
d
dt 
 

vdV  
dE
dt
  i  v  dA   v v  
dA    v 
v  dA (b)
sys c.s. c. s .out c . s .in

where E = momentum of fluid system in the control volume

6-4
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle


i  v  momentum per unit mass

Because the streamlines are straight and parallel at Sections 1 and 2, velocity is constant over

the cross sections. The cross-sectional area is normal to the velocity vector over the entire

cross section.

∴ In Eq. (b)

       
 c.s.out v   v dA    c.s.out  
 v v  n dA   c. s.out 
  v vdA   2 2Q2
V
v  Q

       
 c.s.in v  
v  dA  
 c.s.in  
 v v 
v
n dA 

  1 1Q1
V

By Continuity eq: Q11  Q2  2  Q 

 
∴ R. H. S. of (b)  Q  V2  V1   (c)

Substitute (c) into (a)

  
 F  Q V2  V1   (6.1)

In 2-D flow,

F x  Q  V2 x  V1 x  (6.2a)

F z  Q  V2 z  V1z  (6.2b)

6-5
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

General form in case momentum enters and leaves the control volume at more than one

location:

  
    Q v out    Q v in
F (6.3)

- The external forces include both normal (pressure) and tangential (shear) forces on the fluid

in the control volume, as well as the weight of the fluid inside the control volume at a given

time.

- Advantages of impulse-momentum principle

~ Only flow conditions at inlets and exits of the control volume are needed for successful

application.

~ Detailed flow processes within the control volume need not be known to apply the principle.

6-6
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

6.2 Pipe Flow Applications

Forces exerted by a flowing fluid on a pipe bend, enlargement, or contraction in a pipeline

may be computed by a application of the impulse-momentum principle.

• The reducing pipe bend

Known: flowrate, Q; pressures, p1 , p2 ; velocities, v1 , v2

Find: F (equal & opposite of the force exerted by the fluid on the bend)

= force exerted by the bend on the fluid

6-7
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

• Pressures:

For streamlines essentially straight and parallel at section 1 and 2, the forces F1, and F2 result

from hydrostatic pressure distributions.

If mean pressure p1 and p2 are large, and the pipe areas are small, then F1  p1 A1 and

F2  p2 A2 , and assumed to act at the centerline of the pipe instead of the center of pressure.

• Body forces:

= total weight of fluid, W

• Force exerted by the bend on the fluid, F

= resultant of the pressure distribution over the entire interior of the bend between sections

1&2.

~ distribution is unknown in detail

~ resultant can be predicted by Impulse-momentum Eq.

Now apply Impulse-momentum equation, Eq. (6.2)

(i) x-direction:

6-8
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

 Fx  p1 A1  p2 A2 cos   Fx

Q  V2 x  V1x   Q  V2 cos   V1 

Combining the two equations to develop an expression for Fx

Fx  p1 A1  p2 A2 cos   Q  (V1  V2 cos  ) (6.4.a)

(ii) z-direction

 Fz  W  p2 A2 sin   Fz

Q  V2 z  V1z   Q  V2 sin   0 

Fz  W  p2 A2 sin   Q V2 sin  (6.4.b)

If the bend is relatively sharp, the weight may be negligible, depending on the magnitudes of

the pressure and velocities.

6-9
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

[IP 6.1] 300 l/s of water flow through the vertical reducing pipe bend. Calculate the force

exerted by the fluid on the bend if the volume of the bend is 0.085 m3.

590.6 N

Given: Q  300 l s  0.3 m3 s ; Vol. of bend  0.085 m3

 
A1  (0.3)2  0.071 m2 ; A2  (0.2)2  0.031 m 2
4 4

p1  70 kPa  70  103 N m2

1) Continuity Eq.

Q  AV
1 1  A2V2 (4.5)

0.3
V1   4.24 m/s
0.071

6-10
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

0.3
V2   9.55 m/s
0.031

2) Bernoulli Eq. between 1 and 2

p1 V12 p2 V22
  z1    z2
 2g  2g

70  103 (4.24) 2 p2 (9.55) 2

 0   1.5
9,800 2(9.8) 9,800 2(9.8)

p2  18.8 kPa

3) Momentum Eq.

Apply Eqs. 6.4a and 6.4b

Fx  p1 A1  p2 A2 cos   Q  (V1  V2 cos  )

Fz  W  p2 A2 sin   Q V2 sin 

F1  p1 A1  4948 N

F2  p2 A2  18.8  103  0.031  590.6 N

W   (volume)  9800  0.085  833 N

6-11
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

Fx  4,948  (590.6) cos120  (998  0.3)(4.24  9.55cos120 )  7,942 N

Fz  833  (590.6)sin120  (998  0.3)(9.55sin120  0)  3,820 N

F  Fx2  Fz2  8,813 N

Fz
  tan 1  25.7
Fx

6-12
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

• Abrupt enlargement in a closed passage ~ Real fluid flow

The impulse-momentum principle can be employed to predict the fall of the energy line

(energy loss due to a rise in the internal energy of the fluid caused by viscous dissipation) at

an abrupt axisymmetric enlargement in a passage.

Energy loss

Consider the control surface ABCD assuming a one-dimensional flow

i) Continuity

Q  AV
1 1  A2V2

Result from hydrostatic pressure distribution over

the area

→ For area AB it is an approximation because of

ii) Momentum the dynamics of eddies in the “dead water” zone.

 Fx  p1 A2  p2 A2  Q  (V2  V1 )

6-13
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

V2 A2
( p1  p2 ) A2   (V2  V1 )
g

p1  p2 V2
  (V2  V1 ) (a)
 g

iii) Bernoulli equation

p1 V12 p2 V22
    H
 2g  2g

p1  p2 V22 V12
   H (b)
 2g 2g

where H  Borda-Carnot Head loss

Combine (a) and (b)

V2 (V2  V1 ) V22 V12

   H
g 2g 2g

2V22  2V1V2 V22 V12 (V1  V2 ) 2

H    
2g 2g 2g 2g

6-14
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

6.3 Open Channel Flow Applications

• Applications impulse-momentum principle for Open Channel Flow

- Computation of forces exerted by flowing water on overflow or underflow structures

(weirs or gates)

- Hydraulic jump

- Wave propagation

[Case 1] Sluice gate

Shear force is
neglected

Consider a control volume that has uniform flow and straight and parallel streamlines at the

entrance and exit

Apply first Bernoulli and continuity equations to find values of depths y1 and y2 and flowrate

per unit width q

Then, apply the impulse-momentum equation to find the force the water exerts on the sluice

gate

6-15
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

 Fx  Q  (V2  V1 ) Discharge per unit

width

 Fx  F1  F2  Fx  Q  (V2 x  V1x )  q V2  V1 

Q
where q   discharge per unit width  y1V1  y2V2
W

Assume that the pressure distribution is hydrostatic at sections 1 and 2, replace V with q/y

y12 y22 1 1
  Fx  q 2  (  ) (6.6)
2 2 y2 y1

[Re] Hydrostatic pressure distribution

y1  y12
F1   hc A   ( y1  1) 
2 2

1( y1 )3
I 12 1
l p  lc  c   y1
lc A y1 ( y  1) 6
1
2

1 1 1
Cp  y1  y1  y1
2 6 3

6-16
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

For ideal fluid (to a good approximation, for a real fluid), the force tnagent to the gate is zero.

→ shear stress is neglected.

→ Hence, the resultant force is normal to the gate.

F  Fx cos 

We don’t need to apply the impulse-momentum equation in the z-direction.

[Re] The impulse-momentum equation in the z-direction

 Fz  Q  (V2 z  V1z )

 Fz  FOB  W  Fz  Q  (0  0)

Fz  W  FOB

Non-uniform pressure
distribution

6-17
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

[IP 6.2] For the two-dimensional overflow structure, calculate the horizontal component of

the resultant force the fluid exerts on the structure

Lift gate

Ideal fluid

• Continuity Eq.

q  5V1  2V2 (4.7)

• Bernoulli's equation between (1) and (2)

V12 V22
0  5m   0 2m  (5.7)
2g 2g

Combine two equations

V1  3.33 m s

V2  8.33 m s

q  5(3.33)  16.65 m3 s  m

6-18
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

• Hydrostatic pressure principle    9.8 kN m3 

y (5)2
F1   hc A   y  9.8  122.5 kN m
2 2

(2)2
F2  9.8  19.6 kN m
2

• Impulse-Momentum Eq. (   1000 kg m )

3

 Fx  122,500  Fx  19,600  (1000  16.65)(8.33  3.33)

Fx  19.65 kN m

[Cf] What is the force if the gate is closed?

6-19
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

Jamshil submerged weir (Seo, 1999)

Jamshil submerged weir with gate opened (Q = 200 m3/s)

6-20
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

Bucket roller

Jamshil submerged weir Model Test; Q = 200 m3/s (Seo, 1999)

Jamshil submerged weir Model Test (Q = 5,000 m3/s)

6-21
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

[Case 2] Hydraulic Jump

When liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise (a

standing wave) occurs in water surface and is accompanied by violent turbulence, eddying,

air entrainment, surface undulation.

→ such as a wave is known as a hydraulic jump

→ large head loss (energy dissipation) Head loss due to

hydraulic jump

turbulence, eddying, air

entrainment, surface
undulation in the
hydraulic jump

Neglect shear
force

Apply impulse-momentum equation to find the relation between the depths for a given

flowrate

Construct a control volume enclosing the hydraulic jump between two sections 1 and 2 where

the streamlines are straight and parallel

 y12  y22
 Fx  F1  F2    q (V2  V1 )
2 2

where q  flowrate per unit width

6-22
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

Substitute the continuity relations

q q
V1  ; V2 
y1 y2

Rearrange (divide by )

q 2 y12 q 2 y2
   2
gy1 2 gy2 2

Solve for y2 y1

y2 1  8q 2  1  8V12 
  1  1  3    1  1   (6.7)
y1 2  gy1  2  gy1 

V1
Set Fr1 
gy1

V2
Fr2  William Froude
gy2 (1810~1879)

Inertia Force
where Fr  Froude number 
Gravity Force

V

gy
6-23
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

Then, we have

y2 1 
 1  1  8Fr12  Jump Equation
y1 2  

(a) Fr1  1 : critical flow

y2 1 
  1  1  8   1 y1  y2  No jump
y1 2 

(b) Fr1 1 : super-critical flow

y2
 1 y2  y1  Hydraulic jump
y1

(c) Fr1 1: sub-critical flow

y2
 1 y2  y1  physically impossible
y1

(∵ rise of energy line through the jump is impossible)

Conclusion: For a hydraulic jump to occur, the upstream conditions must be such that

V12 gy1  1 .

6-24
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

[IP 6.3] p. 199 ; Water flows in a horizontal open channel.

y1  0.6 m

q  3.7 m3 s  m

Find y2 , and power dissipated in hydraulic jump.

[Sol]

(i) Continuity

q  y1V1  y2V2

3.7
V1   6.17 m s
0.6

V1 6.17
Fr1    2.54 1  hydraulic jump occurs
gy1 9.8(0.6)

(ii) Jump Eq.

y1 
y2  1  1  8Fr12 
2 

0.6 
 1  1  8(2.54)2 
2  

 1.88 m
6-25
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

3.7
V2   1.97 m s
1.88

(iii) Bernoulli Eq. (Work-Energy Eq.)

V12 V22
y1   y2   E
2g 2g

(6.17) 2 (1.97) 2
0.6   1.88   E
2(9.8) 2(9.8)

E  0.46 m

Power   QE  9800  3.7  0.46   16.7 kW meter of width

→ The hydraulic jump is excellent energy dissipator (used in the spillway).

6-26
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

Pulsating
jump

E/E ~ 85%

6-27
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

[Case 3] Wave Propagation

The velocity (celerity) of small gravity waves in a body of water can be calculated by the

impulse-momentum equation.

•small gravity waves

~ appears as a small localized rise in the liquid surface which propagate at a velocity a

~ extends over the full depth of the flow

[Cf] small surface disturbance (ripple)

~ liquid movement is restricted to a region near the surface

For the steady flow, assign the velocity under the wave as a’

From continuity

6-28
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

ay  a '  y  dy 

From impulse-momentum

  y  dy 
2
 y2
   ay    a '  a  (6.2a)
2 2

Combining these two equations gives

a 2  g  y  dy 

Letting dy approach zero results in

a  gy (6.8)

→ The celerity of the samll gravity wave depends only on the depth of flow.

6-29
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

6.4 The Angular Impulse-Momentum Principle

The angular impulse-momentum equation can be developed using moments of the force and

momentum vectors
V2z
V2

V2x

(x1, z1)
(x2, z2)

Fig. 6.8

Take a moment of forces and momentum vectors for the small individual fluid system about

  d   d  
 r  F  ( r  mv )  ( r   d Vol v )
dt dt

Sum this for control volume

  d  
 r  Fext   ( r  v )  d Vol. (a)
dt sys

6-30
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

Use Reynolds Transport Theorem to evaluate the integral  

i  rv
dE d    
  ( r  v )  d Vol.   i  v  dA
dt dt sys C.S .

       
  (r  v)  v  dA   (r  v)  v  dA (b)
C . S .out C . S .in

where E  moment of momentum of fluid system

 
i  r  v = moment of momentum per unit mass

Restrict to control volume where the fluid enters and leaves at sections where the streamlines

are straight and parallel and with the velocity normal to the cross-sectional area

d      
dt sys C.S .out C.S .in  v)  dQ
( r  v )  d Vol .  ( r  v )  dQ  ( r

Because velocity is uniform over the flow cross sections

d      

dt sys
( r  v )  dVol .  Q  ( rout  Vout )  Q  ( rin  Vin )

   
 Q  ( r  V )out  ( r  V )in  (c)


where r  position vector from the moment center to the centroid of entering or leaving flow

cross section of the control volume

6-31
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

Substitute (c) into (a)

      
( r  Fext )   M 0  Q  ( r V )out  ( r  V )in  (6.13)

In 2-D flow,

 M 0  Q  ( r2V2 t  rV
1 1t ) (6.14)

where Vt  component of velocity normal to the moment arm r.

In rectangular components, assuming V is directed with positive components in both x and z-

direction, and with the moment center at the origin of the x-z coordinate system, for

clockwise positive moments,

 M 0  Q  ( z2V2 x  x2V2 z )  ( z1V1 x  x1V1z ) (6.15)

where x1 , z1  coordinates of centroid of the entering cross section

x2 , z2  coordinates of centroid of the leaving cross section

For the fluid that enter or leave the control volume at more than one cross-section,

 M 0  (  Q  rVt )out  (  Q  rVt )in (6.16)

6-32
 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

[IP 6.6] Compute the location of the resultant force exerted by the water on the pipe bend.

590 N

8,813 N

Assume that center of gravity of the fluid is 0.525 m to the right of section 1, and the forces

F1 and F2 act at the centroid of the sections rather than at the center of pressure.

Take moments about the center of section 1

 M 0  Q   ( z2v2 x  x2v2 x )  ( z1v1x  x1v1x )

For this case, x1  0, z1  0, x2  0.6, z2  1.5

 T   r (8,813)  0.525(833)  1.5(590cos60 )  0.6( 590sin 60 )

 (0.3  998) 1.5(9.55  cos60 )  0.6(9.55  sin 60 ) 

 r  0.59 m

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 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

[Re] Torque for rotating system

   d  
T  (r  F )  (r  mv c )
dt


Where T  torque


T dt  torque impulse

 
r  mvc  angular momentum (moment of momentum)


r  radius vector from the origin 0 to the point of application of a force

[Re] Vector product (cross product)

  
V  F G

-Magnitude:

  
V  F G sin 

 
-Direction: perpendicular to the plane of F and G (right-hand rule)

  
If F , G are in the plane of x and y , then the V is in the z plane.

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 Ch. 6 The Impulse-Momentum Principle

Homework Assignment # 6

Due: 1 week from today

Prob. 6.1

Prob. 6.6

Prob. 6.14

Prob. 6.16

Prob. 6.30

Prob. 6.34

Prob. 6.36

Prob. 6.40

Prob. 6.55

Prob. 6.60

6-35