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Compre Special Project PPE IPE
Compre Special Project PPE IPE
Solution
kAΔT
x
Q kΔT
A x
Where:
ΔT 50 90˚F
BTU
k 0.65
hr ft ˚F
Then:
Q 0.65 90 BTU
A 0.50 hr ft ˚F
W
Q BTU 3.153
117 m
A hr ft 1 BTU ft
hr
Thus:
Q W
b 368.90
A m
2. At an average temperature of 100˚C, hot air flows through a 2.5 m long tube with an
inside diameter of 50 mm. The temperature of the tube is ˚C along its entire length.
Convective film coefficient is 20.1 W/m2-K. Determine the connective heat transfer from
air to the tube.
a. 900 W c. 624 W
b. 909 W d. 632 W
Solution
Q h AΔT
Where:
A π d L
A π 0.050 2.5
A 0.3927m
Thus;
d Q 631.46 W
3. Steam, initially saturated at 2.05 MPa, passes through a 10.10 cm standard steel pipe for
a total distance of 152 m. The steam line is insulated with 5.08 cm thickness of 85%
magnesia. For an ambient temperature of 22˚C, what is the quality of the steam which
arises at its destination if the mass flow rate is 0.125 kg steam per second?
Properties of Steam:
Note: k for 85% magnesia is 0.069 W/m-K and ho for still air is 9.36 W/m2-K
a.93 % c. 84 %
b.98 % d. 76 %
Solution
From figure,
r1=5.05 cm
r2=10.13 cm
t t
Q r
ln
r 1
2πkL A h
Where:
A 2πr L
A 2π 10.13 152
A 96.746 m
213.67 22
Q
ln 0.1013/0.0505 1
2π 0.069 152 96.746 9.36
Q 16,427.4 W 16.43 kW
From:
Q m h h
h 2668.6kJ/kg
Where:
h h x
x 0.92998 or 93 %
Thus;
a 93%
4. The sun generates 1 kW/m2 when used as a source for solar collectors, a collector with
an area of 1 m2 heat water. The flow rate is 3.0 liters per minute. What is the temperature
rise in the water? The specific heat of water is 4,200 J/kg ˚C.
a. 4.8 ˚C c. 0.50 ˚C
b. 0.48 ˚C d. 0.84 ˚C
Solution
Q mC ∆T
Where:
kW
Q 1 1m 1kW
m
Li kg min kg
m 3 1 60 0.05
min Li s s
J kJ
C 4200 4.2
kg˚C kg˚C
Thus;
1 0.05 4.2 ∆T
a ∆T 4.76 ˚C
5. The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient air and its
surrounding which are a 25˚C, by a brick wall 0.15 m thick. The brick has a thermal
conductivity of 1.2 W/m-K and a surface emissivity of 0.80. Under steady state conditions
and outer surface temperature of 100 ˚C is measured. Free convection heat surface
temperature of 100 ˚C is measured. Free convection heat transfer to the air adjoining this
surface is characterized by a convection coefficient of 20 W/m2-K. What is the inner
temperature in ˚C?
a. 623.7 c. 461.4
b. 352 d. 256.3
Solution
Let, Q heat transmitted by convection
Q h t t
Q 20 100 25
W
Q 1500
m
J
Q 20,408.4 10 Fe T T
hr m
J
Q 1,872,793
hr m
W
Q 520
m
Then;
Q Q Q 1500 520
W
Q 2020
m
Thus;
kA t t
Q
x
1.2 t 100
2020
0.15
b t 352.5 ˚C
6. A 6 in. x 20 ft. uninsulated B.I. pipe conveys steam at 385 ˚F wit han average ambient
temperature of 85˚F. If the cost of the fuel is P 250.00 per 106 BTU with the net energy
conversion efficiency of 75%, what is the annual cost of the heat lost?
Solution
D 6.625 in.
D 5.761 in.
For iron;
W
k 52
m K
BTU
k 30
hr ft ˚F
BTU
h 1000
hr ft ˚F
BTU
h 2
hr ft ˚F
Solving for Q:
t t
Q
D
ln
1 D 1
Ah 2πkL A h
Where:
A πD L 30.16ft
A πD L 34.69ft
385 85
Q
6.625
1 ln 1
5.761
30.16 1000 2π 30 20 34.69 2
BTU
Q 20,713
hr
Thus;
a C P 60,482.00
7. What is the external heating area in square feet of a tube with the following dimensions:
tube inside diameter = 5 in. wall thickness = ½ in. length = 18 ft.
a. 26.5 c. 19.25
b. 24.25 d. 28.26
Solution
A πD L
Where:
1
D 5 2 6 in.
2
Thus;
6
A π 18
12
d A 28.27ft
a. 80.4% c. 92.7%
b. 85.2% d. 98.3%
Solution
P P
Vacuum Efficiency
P P
Where:
P 101.325 kPa
P 760 635
101.325kPa
P 125 mmHg
760mmHg
P 16.665kPa
Then;
101.325 16.665
Vacuum Efficiency
101.325 10
Thus;
9. A heat exchanger was installed purposely to cool 0.50 kg of gas per second. Molecular
weight is 28 and k=1.32. The gas is cooled from 150 ˚C to 80 ˚C. Water is available at the rate
of 0.30 kg/s and at a temperature of 12 ˚C. Calculate the exit temperature of the water.
a. 48 c. 46
b. 42 d. 44
Solution
Q Q
m C ∆T m C ∆T
m C t 12 m C 150 80
Where:
kJ
C 1.2247
kg K
kJ
C 4.187
kg K
Then;
Thus;
c t 46.125 ˚C
10. An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air and walls are at
25 ˚C. The outside diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surface temperature and emissivity
are 200 ˚C and 0.80 respectively. If the coefficient associated with free convection heat
transfer from the surface to the air is 15 W/m2-K, what is the rate of heat loss from the surface
per unit length of pipe?
Solution
Q Q Q
Where:
Q h A t t
Q 15 π 0.07 L 200 25
W
Q 577.27
m
J
Q 1,514,032.40 L
hr m
W
Q 42,057 L
m
Thus;
Q 577.27L 420.57L
Q 997.84 L
Q W
a 997.84
L m
Find the maximum thickness of the metal wall between the hot gas and cold gas so that
the maximum temperature of the wall does not exceed 545 ˚C.
a. 10.115 mm c. 17.115 mm
b. 13.115 mm d. 20.115 mm
Solution
Q t t
A 1 x 1
h k h
Solving for Q/A:
Q
h t t
A
Q
230 1145 545
A
Q W
138,000
A m
Then;
1.45 45
138,000
1 x 1
230 115 290
Thus;
d x 20.115 mm
12. Calculate the heat transfer per hour through a solid brick wall 6m long, 2.9 m high, and
225 mm thick, when the outer surface is at 5 ˚C and the inner surface 17 ˚C, the coefficient
of thermal conductivity of the brick being 0.5 W/m-K.
a. 2,004.48 kJ c. 2,400.48 kJ
b. 3,004.48 kJ d. 3,400.48 kJ
Solution
kA∆T
Q
x
0.60 6 2.9 17 5
Q
0.225
Q 556.8 W
J 360J0s kJ
Q 556.8 1
s hr 1000J
kJ
Q 2,004.48
hr
Thus;
13. A vertical furnace wall is made up of an inner wall of firebrick 20 cm thick followed by
insulating brick 15 cm thick and an outer wall of steel 1 cm thick. The surface temperature
of the wall adjacent to the combustion chamber is 1200 ˚C while that of the outer surface
of steel is 50 ˚C. The thermal conductivities of the wall material in W/m-K are: firebrick, 10;
insulating brick 0.26; and steel, 45. Neglecting the film resistances and contact resistance
of joints, determine the heat loss per sq. m. of wall area.
Solution
Q t t
A x x x
k k k
Q 1200 50
1.93
A 0.20 0.15 0.01
10 0.26 45
Thus;
Q W
a 1.93
A m
14. A composite wall is made up of an external thickness of brickwork 110 mm thick inside
which is a layer of fiberglass 75 mm thick. The fiber glass is faced internally by an insulating
board 25 mm thick. The coefficients of thermal conductivity for the three are as follows:
a. 330.10 W c. 430.10 W
b. 230.10 W d. 530.10 W
Solution
A∆T
Q
R
Where;
1 x x x 1
R
h k k k h
m ˚C
R 3.09
W
Then;
6 10 27 10
Q
3.09
Thus;
a Q 330.10 W
15. One insulated wall of a cold-storage compartment is 8m long by 2.5 m high and
consists of an outer steel plate 18 mm thick. An inner wood wall 22.5 mm thick, the steel
and wood are 90 mm apart to form a cavity which is filled with cork. If the temperature
drop across the extreme faces of the composite wall is 15 ˚C, calculate the heat transfer
per hour through the wall and the temperature drop across the thickness of the cork. Take
the coefficients of thermal conductivity for steel, cork and wood as 0.45, 0.045, and 0.18
W/m-K respectively.
Solution
A∆T
Q
R
x x x
R
k k x
R 2.125
Then:
8 2.5 15
Q
2.125
J
Q 141.176 W or
s
kJ
Q 508.24
hr
A∆T
Q x
k
20 ∆T
141.176
0.09
0.045
∆T 14.12 ˚C
Thus;
16. A cubic tank of 2 m sides is constructed of metal plate 12 mm and contains water at
75˚C. The surrounding air temperature is 16 ˚C. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient
from water to air. Take the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the metal as 48 W/m-K,
the coefficient of heat transfer of water is 2.5 kW/m2-K and the coefficient of heat transfer
of the air is 16 W/m2-K.
Solution
1
U
R
Where:
1 x 1
R
h x h
1 0.012 1
R
2.5 10 48 16
R 0.063m ˚C /W
Then:
1 W W
U 15.84
0.063 m ˚C m ˚C
Thus;
W
a U 15.84
m ˚C
17. Calculate the quantity of heat conducted per minute through a duralumin circular
disc 127 mm diameter and 19 mm thick when the temperature drop across the thickness
of the plate is 5 ˚C.Take the coefficient of thermal conductivity of duralumin as 150 W/m-K.
a. 30 kJ c. 35 kJ
b. 40 kJ d. 45 kJ
Solution
kA∆T
Q
x
π 0.127
150 5
Q 4
0.019
Q 500.04 W
Q 30 kJ/min
Thus;
18. A cold storage compartment is 4.5 m long by 4 m wide by 2.5 m high. The four walls,
ceiling and floor are covered to a thickness of 150 mm with insulating material which has
a coefficient of thermal conductivity of 5.8 x 10 -2 W/ m-K. Calculate the quantity of heat
leaking through the insulation per hour when the outside and inside face temperatures of
the material is 15 ˚C and -5 ˚C respectively.
a. 2185.44 kJ c. 3185.44 kJ
b. 1185.44 kJ d. 4185.44 kJ
Solution
kA∆T
Q
x
Where:
A 78.50 m
Then:
5.8 10 78.5 15 5
Q
0.15
J
Q 607.07 Wor
s
kJ
Q 2185.44
hr
Thus:
kJ
a the quantity of heat leaking through the insulation per hour is 2185.44 .
hr
19. Supplementary Problem
A blower operating at 15000 rpm compresses air from 20°C and 1 atm to 1.6 atm.
The design flow is 38 m3/min and at this point the power input is 60 kW. Determine
the blower efficiency at the design flow.
a. 65% c. 59.81%
b. 64.91% d. 60.01%
Solution:
Isentropic Power
Blower Efficiency =
Power Input
12000 160,000
= 3
( 4⁄3 ) 4
Thus;
(a) Ns = 386,845.18 rpm
26. Supplementary Problem
A boiler requires 75,000 m3/hr of standard air. What is the motor power if it can
deliver a total pressure of 145 mm or water gage. The mechanical efficiency of
fan is 64 %.
a. 40.30 kW c. 42.45 kW
c. 46.30 kW d. 43.69 kW
Solution:
Pair
Pmotor =
Pfan
Solving for Pair:
Pair =γQH
Where:
1000
h = 0.145
1.2
= 120.83 m
Then;
75000
Pair = [(1.2)(0.00981)] (120.83)
3600
= 29.63 kW
Thus;
29.63
Pmotor =
0.64
(a) pmotor = 46.30 kW
N2 h2
=
N1 h1
N2 6.5
=
600 5.0
N2 = 684.11 rpm
Motor Power required:
3
P2 N2
=
P1 N1
3
P2 684.11
=
7.5 600
P2 = 11.12 Hp
Thus;
(c) N2 = 684.11 rpm, P2 = 11.12 Hp
30. Supplementary Problem
A fan is supplying forced draft into a boiler has the following specifications on its
name plate:
Capacity 280 m3/min
Air temp. 25°C
Total pressure 4 cm WC
Motor Rating 5 Hp; 1200 rpm
A tabular air heater is installed in line with the boiler, and the fan is now required
to supply heated air for combustion at 90°C. What drive power is required and
the new total pressure that this fan will operate if it is going to deliver the same
volume of heated air at 1200rpm?
a. 3.28 cm WC, 4.10 Hp c. 3.28 cm WC, 5.50 Hp
b. 3.95 cm WC, 5.5 Hp d. 3.95 cm WC, 4.10 Hp
Solution:
Solving for the new head;
h1 ρ
= 2
h2 ρ1
ρ2
Solving for :
ρ1
ρ2 T1
=
ρ1 T2
25+273
=
90+273
Then;
h2
= 0.82
4
h2 = 3.28 cm WC
thus;
(a) h2 = 3.28 cm WC & P2 = 4.10 Hp
Note: when air is heated, its density decreases and the pressure needed to move the air
to the combustion chamber will be lesser resulting to the decrease in the fan power
requirement.
V= 2ghv
Solving for hv:
ρa hva = hvw ρw
(0.075)hva = (0.8/12)(62.4)
hva = 55.46 ft of air
Note:
3
ρair =0.075 lb/ft
3
ρwater = 62.4 lb/ft
Then;
V= 2(32.2)(55.46)
= 59.77 ft/s
Thus;
(c) V = 3586 ft/min.
a. 41 C c. 61 C
b. 51C d, 71C
Solution:
Thus;
(c) AMTD 61 C
a. 840 W c . 940 W
b. 740 W d. 640 W
Solution:
kAt
Q
x
t min
(1.68)(1)(0 10)
Q
(0.02)
Thus;
t max
(a) Q 840W
kAt
Q
x
Where:
k 0.0024 Cal/s- cm C
A 2(3) 6 m 2
60,000 cm 2
t 20 10 30 C
L 5 mm 0.50 cm
Then;
Q
0.002460,00030
0.50
= 8640 Cal/s
Thus;
(c) Q 518,400 Cal/min
a. 10.38 C c. 11.38 C
b. 9.38 C d. 12.38 C
Solution:
kAt
Q
x
Where:
A
x
0.022
4
3.14 10 4 m 2
Then;
Q
0.1023.14 10 4 100 10
0.50
= 0.005765 kCal / s
= 0.346 kCal / min 6 min
= 2.705 kCal
Q m C t
2,075 Cal 200g (1 Cal / g C )(t )
Thus;
(a) t 10.38 C
a. 6.12 C c. 9.12 C
b. 7.12 C d. 8.12 C
Solution:
kAt
Q
x
Where:
6
k= 5.7 10 kCal / m s C
A= 200 cm 2
2
= 0.02 m
x=3 cm = 0.03 m
t 35 5 40 C
Q
5.7 10 .0240
6
0.03
a. 30 Btu / hr ft c. 50 Btu / hr ft
2 2
b. 40 Btu / hr ft d. 60 Btu / hr ft
2 2
Solution:
Q kt
A x
0.520 5
3 / 12
Thus;
Q Btu
(a) 30
A hr ft 2
Solution:
P A T 4
Where:
5.7 10 12 W / cm 2 K 4
A 4R 2
4 6.95 10 5
6.07 1012 km 2
6.07 10 22 m 2
Then;
P 5.7 10 12 6.07 10 22 6000
4
Thus;
(b) P 4.48 10 26 W
44. Supplementary Problem
How many watts will be radiated from a spherical block body 15 cm in
diameter at a temperature of 800 C .
a. 5.34 kW c. 6.34 kW
b. 4.34 kW d. 3.34 kW
Solution:
P A T4
Where:
5.7 10 12 W / cm 2 K 4
A 4 (7.5) 2
706.86 cm 2
T 800 273
1073K
Then;
P 5.7 10 12 706.861073
4
Thus;
(a) P 5,340 W 5.34 kW
a. 0.17 c. 0.37
b. 0.27 d. 0.07
Solution:
Q e AT4
Q
e T4
A
0.60(5.7 10 12 )(300 273) 4 0.17 W / cm 2
Thus;
Q
(a) 0.17 W / cm 2
A
Solution:
LMTD
t max t min
ln
t max
t min
Where:
101.325kPa
P( condenser ) 101.325 702 psi
760 psi
7.733 kPa(t sat 40.86 C )
(t ) max 40.86 29.5 11.36C
(t ) min 40.86 37.5 3.36C
Then;
11.36 3.36
LMTD
11.36
ln
3.36
Thus;
(c) LMTD 6.57C
a. 102.8 C c. 120.8 C
b. 110.9 C d. 118.9 C
Solution:
315 35
Average gas temperature
2
175 C
Density of gas ( ) :
P
RT
101.325
(0.26)(175 273)
0.867kg / m 3
mw C pw t w m g C pg t g
(1.26)(4.187)(t 10) 0.60(1.10)(315 35)
t 45.5 C
Then;
(t ) max (t ) min 269.5 25
LMTD
(t ) max 269.5
ln ln
(T ) min 25
Thus;
(a) LMTD 102.8 C
2 K 2 K
a. 5275 W / m c. 4274 W / m
b. 2275 W / m 2 K d. 3225 W / m 2 K
Solution:
Ethalpy of steam entering the condenser:
h1 (h f 1 xh fg ) 7 kPa 163.4 0.90(2572.5)
2478.65 kJ / kg
Ethalpy and temperature of condensate:
h2 h f @ 7 kPa 163.4 kJ / kg , Tsat @ 7 kPa 29 C
Ethalpy and temperature of the condensate:
Qwater Qsteam
m w C pw t w m s (h1 h2 )
4,413L / s(1kg / L)(4.187)(t 20) 75(2478.65 163.4)
t 29.40 C
(t ) max 39 20 19 C
(t ) min 39 29.4 9.6 C
19 9.6
LMTD 13.77 C
19
ln
9 .6
From:
Q A U (LMTD )
Where:
Q m s (h1 h2 )
75(2478.65 163.4)
173,643.75 kW
Then:
173,643.75 2950 U 13.77
kW
U 4.275
m2 K
Thus;
W
(a) U 4275
m K
2
Soution:
kAt
Q
x
(0.4)(10)(6)(330 130)
6
12
then;
(a) Q 6,400 Btu / hr
a. 2241 c. 3100
b. 96.2 d.1140
Solution:
VDp
N RE
Where:
V 5 m/s
D 2(25.4) 50.8 cm
0.508 m
997.9kglm 3
1.131
Then;
5(0.508)(9977.9)
N RE
1.131
Thus;
(a) N RE 2241.08
2 2
a. 0.833 m c. 0.933 m
2 2
b. 0.733 m d. 0.633 m
Solution:
Q AU
15,000 A(900)(20)
A 0.833m 2
Thus;
(a) A 0.833m
2
52. Supplementary Problem
A complete furnace wall is made up of a 12 in. lining of magnesite refactory
brick, a 5 in. thickness of 85% magnesia, and a steel casing 0.10 in. thick. Flue gas
temperature is 2200 F and the boiler room is at 80 F .Gas side film coefficient is 15
Btu / hr ft 2 F air side is 4. Determine the thermal current Q / A .
Solution:
Q t
A RT
Where:
t 2200 80
2120 F
hi 15 Btu / hr ft 2 F
ho 4 Btu / hr ft 2 F
k12 20.5 Btu / hr ft 2 F (magnesite)
k 23 0.04 Btu / hr ft 2 F (magnesia)
k 34 25 Btu / hr ft 2 F ( steel )
1 x12 x 23 x34 1
RT
hi k12 k 23 k 34 h0
RT 11.312
Thus;
Q 2120
A 11.312
Q
(a) 187.41 Btu / hr ft 2
A
Solution:
At
Q
RT
Where:
x12 x 23 x34
RT
k12 k 23 k 34
9 / 12 5 / 12 2.5 / 12
RT
0.72 0.08 0 .5
Then;
1(1500 150)
Q
7.5
Thus;
(d) Q = 180 Btu/hr
a. 4.16 kW c. 2.16 kW
b. 3.16 kW d. 1.16 kW
Solution:
(a) 264
0.01 100 0
20 60 0.320 3.3 10
0.10
K = 282.66 J/kgoC
K = 0.28266 kJ/kgoC
Thus:
(a) k = 282.66 J/kgoC
Where:
0.02 0.10
. 113 0.649
RT = 0.331 m2oC/W
Then;
10 30 10
0.331
Q = 604.23 W
Solving for the temperature at the interface between the two materials:
Q = Q12
604.23
.
604.23
.
Thus;
(a) t2 = 19.31oC
8 300 50
0.30
= 6,666.67 W/m2
Thus;
(a) Q/A = 6.67 kW/m2
4,314,010
3000 24.85
= 57.87 m2
Solving for n:
.
4
92,730 0.015
1.22
1000 3600 4 4
n = 477.91 pcs say 480 pcs
Thus;
A = 0.019
57.87 = 0.019 480
(a) L = 2.02 m tube length
Find the thermal conductivity of the 500 cm thick material with an area of 50,000
cm2 and a temperature difference of 10 K if the heat transmitted during 2 hours
test is 2000 KJ.
Solution:
kA∆t
Q =
x
10,000
2000 k 10
100 2
2 3600 0.500
Thus;
A pipe with an outside diameter of 2.5 in. is insulated with a 2 in. layer of asbestos
(ka = 0.396 Btu-in./hr-ft2-oF), followed by a layer of cork 1.5 in. thick (kc = 0.30 Btu-
in./hr-ft2-oF). If the the temperature of the outer surface of the cork is 90oF, calculate
the heat lost per 100 ft of insulated pipe.
Solution:
t 1 ‐t 3
Q r2 r
ln ln 3
r1 r2
2πk a L 2πk c L
290‐90
Q
3.25 4.75
ln ln
1.25 3.25
0.396 0.30
2π 100 2π 100
12 12
Thus;
c Q 2847.42 Btu/hr
At $ 0.25 per kW-hr, how much will it cost to maintain a temperature of 95oF for 24
hours in a box 2ft square on each side if the outside temperature is 72oF and the
over-all heat transfer coefficient for the box is 0.10 Btu/hr-ft2-oF ?
a. P 0.10 c. P 0.15
b. P 0.20 d. P 0.25
Solution:
A 2 2 4 ft 2
Q AU t 1 ‐t 2
Q 4 0.1 96‐72
Btu
Q 9.6
hr
Q 9.6 6 24
Q 1382.4 Btu
1382.4 $ 0.25
C
3412.75
Thus;
a C $ 0.10
A steam pipe having a surface temperature of 300oC passes through a room where
the temperature is 25oC. The outside diameter of pipe is 100 mm and emissivity
factor is 0.60. Determine the radiated heat loss for a 5 m pipe length.
a. 5.34 kW c. 3.34 kW
b. 4.34 kW d. 6.34 kW
Solution:
where:
A 1.57 m2
Then;
J 1hr
Q 19,208,138
hr 3600s
J
Q 5,335.59 or W
s
Thus;
a Q 5.336 kW
a. 184 m2 c. 174 m2
b. 194 m2 d. 164 m2
Solution:
Q A U θ
Solving for θ :
∆t max ‐ ∆t min
θ
∆t max
ln
∆t min
from:
Q mCp ∆t
60 15 1 ∆t
∆t 4 K
t 2 ‐ t 1 4 K
t 2 39 K
∆t max 48 ‐ 35 13°C
∆t min 48 ‐ 39 9°C
Then;
13 ‐ 9
θ 10.88°C
13
ln
9
60,000 A 30 10.88
Thus;
a 183.82 m2
a. 30.7 oC c. 50.7 oC
b. 40.7 oC d. 20.7 oC
Solution:
∆t max ‐ ∆t min
θ
∆t max
ln
∆t min
Solving for θ :
Q A U θ
70 210 0.037 θ
θ 9.018 K
from:
Q m Cp ∆t
9.04
Then;
9.04
9.01
55‐ t 1
ln
55‐ t 2
9.04
9.01
55‐ t 1
ln
55‐ 9.04‐ t 1
Thus;
b t 1 40.7 °C
Two walls are composed of 150 mm thick insulating material at the outer layer (k =
0.139 W/m-K) and 300 mm thick material at the inner layer (k = 1.111 W/m-K).
Calculate the heat transmitted per m2 if the surface temperature of the cold side
and hot side are 25oC and 300oC respectively.
Solution:
Q ∆t
A RT
where:
0.30 0.15
RT
1.11 0.139
R T 1.35
Q 300‐25
A 1.35
Thus;
Q
a 203.79 W/m2
A
The temperature of the flame in a furnace is 1277oC and the temperature of its
surrounds is 277oC. Calculate the maximum theoretical quantity of heat energy
radiated per minute per square meter to the surrounding surface area.
a. 19,321.65 kJ c. 17,321.65 kJ
b. 18,321.65 kJ d. 16,321.65 kJ
Solution:
Q 20408.4 x 10‐8 Fe T1 4 ‐ T2 4
where:
thus;
a Q 19,321.65 kJ/m2-min
a. 30 J c. 40 J
b. 35 J d. 45 J
Solution:
Q 20408.4 x 10‐8 Fe T1 4 ‐ T2 4
where:
A = π( 0.035)2
A = 0.003848 m2
Q 126,083.68 J/hr
Q 35.02 J/s
Thus;
b Q 35 J
The inner wall of a thermos bottle is at 0oC while the outer at 37oC. The space
between the walls is evacuated and the walls are silvered so the emissivity is
reduced to 0.10. It each wall has an area of 700 cm2, how much energy is
transformed by radiation between the walls each second?
a. 1.46 J c. 16.5 J
b. 1.04 J d. 17.03 J
Solution:
Q 20408.4 x 10‐8 Fe T1 4 ‐ T2 4
where:
Fe = 0.10
T1 = 37 + 273 = 310 K
T2 = 0 + 273 = 273 K
Substituting Values:
Q = 5,258.116 J/hr
Q = 1.46 J/s
Thus;
(a) Thus; the energy transferred by the radiation between the walls each
second is 1.46 J
The hot gas temperature in a heat exchanger is 350oC (ho = 220 W/m2-K). What is
the surface temperature on the wall if the heat transferred is 1500 W/m2?
a. 3500C c. 3430C
b. 3380C d. 3580C
Solution:
Q
ho ∆t
A
Thus;
c t 1 343.18o C
84 ME Board Problem
An oil heater heats 100 kg per minute of oil from 35oC to 100oC in a counterflow
heat exchanger. The average specific heat of the oil is 2.5 kJ/kgoC. Exhaust gases
used for heating enter the heater with an average specific heat of 1 kJ/kgoC, a
mass flow rate of 250 kg/min and an initial temperature of 200oC. The over-all heat
transfer coefficient is 75 W/m2oC. Determine the heating surface in m2.
a. 36.110C c. 32.720C
b. 41.720C d. 25.340C
Solution:
Q A U θ
Qoil = Qgas
t = 1350C
Q = mCp∆t
100
Q 2.5 100‐35
60
Q 270.83 kW
Thus;
a A 36.11 m2
If total resistance to heat flow of a composite wall is 3.0875 m2-K/W. What is the
over-all transfer coefficient of the wall?
Solution:
1 1
U
RT 3.0875
Thus;
In a composite vertical furnace wall, the resistance due to insulating brick is 0.5769
oC/W. What is the total resistance to heat flow if the percent of the total resistance
due to insulating brick is 96.80%.
Solution:
R brick
% brick
RT
0.5769
0.9680
RT
Thus;
A counterflow bank of boiler tubes has total area of 900 ft2 and its over-all efficiency
of heat transfer is 13 Btu/hr-ft2-oF. Calculate the heat transferred if the log mean
temperature difference is 1380oF.
Solution:
Q A U θ
Q 900 13 1380
Thus;
a. 182 kJ c. 151 kJ
b. 282 kJ d. 251 kJ
Solution:
Q m Cp ∆t
Thus;
(b) Q = 281.712 kJ
The mass of the copper calorimeter is 0.28 kg and it contains 0.4 kg of water at
15oC. Taking the specific heat of copper as 0.39 kJ/kg-K, calculate the heat
required to raise the temperature to 20oC?
a. 6.92 kJ c. 8.92 kJ
b. 7.92 kJ d. 9.92 kJ
Solution:
m 0.026 kg
Q m mw Cp ∆t
Thus;
(c) Q = 8.92 kJ
(d)
Solution:
Heat lost by the lead = Heat gained by the water and calorimeter
mL CL ∆t L mw Cw ∆t w mC CC ∆t C
thus;
a CL 0.1278 kJ/kg-K
∆t max 55 ‐ t 1
∆t min 55 ‐ t 2
a) 12°F c) 16°F
b) 14°F d) 18°F
Solution:
Q = mCpΔt
Btu Btu
90,000 =m Δt
hr lb ° F
Where:
m = ρV
lb gal 60 min
= 8.33 15
gal min hr
lb
= 7497
hr
Thus;
90,000 = 7497 1 Δt
(a) Δt = 12°F
Solution:
Q = mCpΔt
Where:
gal 60 min
m = 36 8.33
min hr
= 17992.8 lb/hr
Thus:
Q =17992.8(1) (12)
(a) Q = 215,913.6 Btu/hr
Solution:
Q = mCpΔt
Where:
Q = 121,500 Btu/hr
Cp= 0.24 Btu/°F
Δt = 25°F
Then:
121,500 = m(0.24)(25)
m = 20,250 lb/hr
the volume flow rate is:
m 20,250 lb/hr
V= =
ρ 0.075 lb/ft³
Three thousand cubic feet per minute of air are circulated over an air-cooled
condenser. If the load on the condenser iss 64,800 Btu/hr , compute the temperature
rise of the air passing over the condenser.
a) 16°F c) 20°F
b) 18°F d) 22°F
Solution:
Q = mCpΔt
Where:
Q = 64, 800 Btu/hr
m = ρV
m = 0.075 lb/ft3 (3000 ft3/min) (60min/hr)
m = 13,500 lb/hr
Cp = 0.24 Btu/lb °F
Thus;
6400 = 13,500 (0.24) Δt
(c) Δt = 20°F
The weight of ammonia circulated in a machine is found to be 21.8 lb/hr. If the vapor
enters the compressor with a specific volume of 9.6 ft3/lb , calculate the piston
displacement, assuming 80% percent volume efficiency.
a) 261.6 ft3/hr c) 281.8 ft3/hr
b) 271.6 ft3/hr d) 291.6 ft3/hr
Solution:
Volume flow rate at suction
Actual volumetric efficiency =
Piston displacement
eva = V1/VD
21.8(9.6)
0.80 =
VD
VD = 261.6 ft3/hr
Thus;
(a) VD = 261.6 ft3/hr
= 13.14
Thus;
(d) COP = 13.14
In an ammonia condensing machine (compressor plus condenser) the water used for
condensing is 55°F and the evaporator is at 15°F. Calculate the ideal COP.
a) 11.875 c) 10.875
b) 12.875 d) 13.875
Solution:
T1
COP =
T2 ‐ T1
Where:
T1 = 15 + 460 = 475 °R
T1 = 55 + 460 = 515 °R
Then;
475
COP =
515 ‐ 475
Thus;
(a) COP = 11.875
1. Supplementary Problem
Calculate the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture in cubic meters pre kilogram of
dry air when the following conditions prevail : t = 30°C, w = 0.015 kg/kg, and Pt = 90
kPa.
Solution:
RaT
v=
Pt ‐ Pv
2. Supplementary Problem
Compute the Humidity Ratio of air at 62 % relative humidity and 34°C when the
barometric pressure is 101.325 kPa.
Solution:
Pv
w = 0.622
Pt ‐ Pv
Solving for Pv:
Psat @ 34°C = 5.32 kPa
Pv = (RH) Psat
= (0.62) (5.32)
= 3.30 kPa
Then:
3.30
w = 0.622
101.325 ‐ 3.30
Thus;
3. Supplementary Problem
Solution:
Enthalpy of air if adiabatically saturated:
h = Cpt + whg
Solving for humidity ratio, w:
Pv
w = 0.622
Pt ‐ Pv
From steam table, at 25°C :
Pv = 3.17 kPa, hg = 2547.2 kJ/kg
3.17
w2 = 0.622
101.325‐ 3.17
= 0.02 kgvapour/kgdry air
Thus;
h2 = 1.0 kJ/kg-°C (25°C) + (0.02) (2547.2 kJ/kg)
(a) h2 = 75.94 kJ/kg
4. Supplementary Problem
An air-vapor mixture has dry bulb temperature of 30°C and a humidity ratio of 0.015.
Calculate the enthalpy at 85 kPa barometric pressure.
Solution:
h = Cpt + whg
5. Supplementary Problem
In an air conditioning unit, 3.5 m3/s of air 27°C dry-bulb temperature 50 % relative
humidity and standard atmospheric pressure enters the unit. The leaving condition of the
air is 13°C dry-bulb temperature and 90% relative humidity. Using the properties from the
psychrometric chart, calculate the refrigerating capacity in kW.
a) 87.57 kW c) 57.87 kW
b) 77.57 kW d) 58.77 kW
Solution:
Refrigerating Capacity QA:
QA = m (h2 - h1)
Solving for m:
Volume Flow Rate
m=
Ave. Specific Volume
3.5
=
1/2(0.866 ‐ 0.822)
= 4.15 kg/s
Thus;
QA = 4.15 (55.3 - 34.2)
(a) QA = 87.57 kJ or kW
6. Supplementary Problem
A stream of outdoor air is mixed with a stream of return air in an air conditioning
system that operates at 101 kPa pressure. The flow rate of outdoor system air is 2 kg/s
and its condition is 35°C dry-bulb temperature and 25°C wet-bulb temperature. The
flow rate of return air is 3 kg/s and its condition is 24°C and 50% relative humidity.
Determine the enthalpy of the mixture.
Solution:
By Energy Balance:
2 (75.9) 3 (48)
h3 =
2+3
Thus;
7. Supplementary Problem
What is the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture at 30°C and a relative humidity of
45°C at 101.325 kPa.
Solution:
RaT
v=
Pt ‐ Pv
Solving for Pv :
Psat @ 30°C = 4.24 kPa
Pv = (RH) Psat @ 30°C
= 0.45 (4.24)
= 1.91 kPa
Thus;
0.287(30+273)
v=
101.325 - 1.91
(c) v = 0.875 m3/kg
8. Supplementary Problem
A mixture of dry-air and water vapor is at temperature of 21°C under a pressure of 101
kPa. The dew point temperature is 15°C. Calculate the relative humidity.
a) 68.56 % c) 56.68 %
b) 65.68 % d) 58.66 %
Solution:
Pv
RH =
Psat @ 21°C
Where:
PV = Psat @ 15°C
= 1.7044 kPa
Thus;
1.7044
RH = = 0.6851
2.4861
(b) RH = 68.56%
9. Supplementary Problem
The density of air at 35°C and 101 kPa is 1.05 kg/m3. The humidity ratio is:
Solution:
PV = mRT
P = mRT/V
Pt = Pair + Pvapor
101 = 95.48 + Pv
Pv = 5.53 kPa
Then;
Pv
w = 0.622
Pt ‐ Pv
5.53
= 0.622
101 ‐ 5.53
Thus;
a) 80 kW c) 125 kW
b) 60 kW d) 100 kW
Solution:
SHR = sensible heat ratio
Qs
=
Qs QR
0.80 = Qs/100
Thus;
(a) Qs = 80 kW
Solution:
PvV = mvRvT
Solving for Pv :
RH = Pv / Psat
0.08 = Pv / 5.628
Pv = 4.5024 kPa
Thus;
4.5024 [(4)(4)(4)] = mv (0.4615) (35 + 273)
(a) mv = 2.027 kg
45. The bore and stroke of an air compressor are 276 mm and 164 mm respectively. If the
piston displacement is 0.039 m /s, what is the operating speed of the compressor?
46. A turbo-compressor is a gas turbine plant is used to compress 10 kg/s air from an initial
pressure of 102 kpa to a discharge pressure of 622 kpa, with inlet and discharge
temperature measured at 297 K and 527 K respectively. The compressor inlet pipe is 50
cm ID and the discharge pipe is 20 cm ID. Find the inlet discharge velocities of air.
a. 42.56 m/s, 77.40 m/s c. 45.45 m/s, 57.45 m/s
b. 34.72 m/s, 76.56 m/s d. 54.45 m/s, 56.7 m/s
Solution:
Velocity of air at suction:
V Q
s= s
As
solving for Q:
Qs= V mRT1
s =
P1
10 (.287)(297)
102
=8.357 m3 /s
Qd= V mRT2
d=
P2
10 (.287)(527)
=
622
2.43 m3 /s
then;
V 8.357 m3 /s
s= π 2
=42.56 m/s
(.5)
4
V 2.43 m3 /s
d= π 2
=77.40 m/s
(.20)
4
Thus;
(a) Vs=42.56m/s , Vd=77.40 m/s
47.
The initial condition of air in an air compressor is 100 kpa and 25 and
discharges air at 450 kpa. The bore and stroke are 276 mm and 186 mm
respectively with 8 % clearance running at 6 rev per second. Find the volume of
air at suction.
a. 203.39 m /hr c. 261.25 m /hr
b. 303.39 m /hr d. 361.25 m /hr
Solution:
Solving for e :
P1 1/n
ev =1+c-c ( )
P2
450 1/1.4
=1+0.08-0.08 ( 100
)
=0.84575
=0.0668 m3 /s
Then;
V1=0.84575(0.0668 )
=203.39 m3 /hr
48. If the power to drive shaft is 7 hp and the mechanical efficiency is 75 %, what is the
actual compressor power?
a. 5 hp c. 2 hp
b. 3 hp d. 4 hp
Solution: e
Compressor power
e
Power to drive the shaft
Compressor power
0.74 = 7
Thus;
49.A two stage compressor receives 0.35 kg/s of air at 100 kpa and 629 K and delivers it
at 1000 kpa. Find the heat transferred in the intercooler?
a. 70.49 kw c. 90.49 kw
b. 80.49 kw d. 100.49 kw
Solution:
Q mCp (Tx - T1
Solving for Tx :
k-1
Tx Px k
=( )
T1 P1
1.4-1
Tx 707.11 1.4
=( )
269 100
Tx =470.40 K
Thus;
Q=0.35(1)(470.40 K- 269 K)
Q=70. 49 kw
50.An air compressor which operates at 900 rpm has a piston displacement of 4500cm .
Determine the mass flow rate of air standard density considering that the volume
efficiency is 77 %.
Solution:
V1 '
ev =
VD
V1 '
0.77=
4500
Thus;
a. 169 c. 189
b. 199 d. 179
Solution;
P= γQH
Where:
H=9.14 m
Then;
Thus;
kj
(a) P=168.89
hr
2. A pump receives 8 kgs of water at 220 kpa and 110 and discharges it at 1100 kpa.
Compute the power required in kw.
a. 8.126 c. 7.014
b. 5.082 d. 6.104
Solution:
Let : P=power in kw
P=Q(Pd - Ps )
Where:
kg m3
Q= 8 0.001 = 0.008 m3 /s
s kg
Pd =1,100 kpa
P=(0.008)(1100-220)
Thus;
(b) P=7.04 kw
3.A pump lifts water at a rate of 283 liters per second from alake and force it into a tank 8
m above the level of the water at a pressure of 137 kpa. What is the power required in
kw?
a. 71 c. 61
b. 41 d. 51
Solution:
P= γQH
Where:
γ=9.81 kN/m3
283L
Q= =0.283 m3 /s
s
137
H=8+
9.81
H=21.97
Thus;
(c) P=60.99
4.A pump discharges 150 liters per second of water to a height of 75 m. if the efficiency is
75 % and the speed of the pump is 1800 rpm, what is the torque in the N-m to which the
drive shaft is subjected?
a. 771 c. 791
b. 781 d. 681
Solution:
2πTN γQH
P= or P=
60 ep
Where;
N=1800 rpm
γQH 9.81(0.150)(75)
P= = =147.15 kw
ep 0.75
Then;
2πT(1800)
147.15=
60
T=0.781 kN-m
Thus;
5.A centrifugal pump delivers 80 liters per second of water on test suction gauge reads
10 mm hg vacuum and 1.2 m below pump center line. Power input is 70 kw. Find the
total dynamic head in meters.
a. 66 c. 62
b. 60 d. 64
Solution:
γ=9.81 kN/m3
Q=0.80 m3 /s
P=0.74 70 =51.80
Thus;
51.80=9.81 0.80 H
(a) H=66 m
6.A pump with a 400 mm diameter suction pipe and a 350 mm diameter discharge pipe
is to deliver 20,000 liters per minute of 15.6 water. Calculate the pump head in meters
if suction gage is 7.5 cm below the pump centerline and reads 127 mm Hg vacuum and
discharges gage is 45 cm above the pump centerline and reads 75 kpa.
a. 15 m c. 20 m
b. 5 m d. 10 m
Solution:
li
Q=20,000 =0.33 m/s
min
Q 0.33
Vs = 2
= 2
=2.63 m/s
πd /4 π(0.4) /4
0.33
Vd = 2
=3.43 m/s
π(0.35) /4
Thus:
(d) H=10.14 m
7.A centrifugal pump delivers 300,000 liters per hour of water to a pressurized tank whose
pressure is 284 kpa. The source of water is 5 meters below the pump. The diameter of the
suction pipe is 300 mm and the discharge pipe is 250 mm. calculate the kw rating of the
driving motor assuming the pump efficiency to be 72%.
a. 41.75 kw c. 43.28 kw
b. 35.23 kw d. 38.16 kw
Solution:
γQH
Pbrake =
ep
Where:
li
Q=300,000 =0.0833m3 /s
hr
Solving for H:
where:
0.0833
Vs = 2
=1.18 m/s
π(0.3) /4
0.0833
V 1.7 m/s
π 0.25 /4
Then;
2 2
280-0 (1.70) -(1.18)
H= + +5-0
9.81 2(9.81)
H=33.62 m
Thus;
9.81(0.0833)(33.62)
Pbrake =
0.72
8.A pump delivers 500 gpm of water against a total head of 200 ft and operating at 1770
rpm. Changes have increased the total head to 375 ft. at what rpm should the pump be
operated to achieved the new head at the same efficiency.
Solution:
H1 N1 2
=( )
H2 N2
200 1770
375 N
Thus;
9.The rate of flow of water in a pump installation is 60.6 kg/s. the intake static gage is 1.22
m below the pump centerline and reads 68.95 kpa gage ; the discharge static gage is
0.61 m below the pump centerline and reads 344.75 kpa gage. The gages are located
lose to the pump as much as possible. The areas of the intake and discharge pipes are
0.093 m and 0.069 m respectively. The pump efficiency is 74 %. Take the density of
water equals 1000 kg/m . What is the hydraulic power in kw?
a. 17.0 c. 31.9
b. 24.5 d. 15.2
Solution:
Where:
60.6 kg/s
Q= 1000 kg/m3
Q=0.0606 m3 /s
0.0606
Vs = 0.093
=0.65 m/s
0.0606
Vd = =0.88 m/s
0.069
Ps -Ps (Vd 2 -Vs 2 )
H= + +Zd -Zs
γ 2g
2 2
344.75-68.95 (0.88) -(0.65) )
H= + +(-0.61+1.22)
9.81 2(9.81)
H=28.74 m
Phydraulic =17.09 kW
10.It is desired to deliver 5 gpm at a head of 640 ft in a single stage pump having a
specific speed not to exceed 40. If the speed is not exceeding 1352 rpm how many
stages are required?
a. 3 c. 5
b. 4 d. 2
Solution:
then,
640
h=
n
from;
N√Q
Ns =
h3/4
1352√5
40=
640 3/4
( n )
11. The power output is 30 Hp to a centrifugal pump that is discharging 900 gpm and
which operates at 1800 rpm against a head H = 120 ft, 220 V, 3 phase, 60 Hertz. If this
pump is modified to operate 1200 rpm, assuming its efficiency remains constant,
determine its discharge in gpm, the theoretical head it imparts to the liquid and the
power input to the pump.
b. 700 gpm, 63.33 ft, 9.89 Hp d. 650 gpm, 53.33 ft, 8.95 Hp
Solution:
900 1800
=
Q2 1200
Q2 =600 gpm
H1 N1 2
=( )
H2 N2
120 1800 2
=( )
H2 1200
H2 =53.33 ft
P1 N1 3
=( )
P2 N2
3
30 1800
=( )
P2 1200
P2 =8.89 Hp
Thus;
12. A pump operating at 1750 rpm delivering 500 gal/min against a total head of 150 ft.
Changes in the piping system have increased the total head of 360 ft. At what rpm
should the pump be operated to achieve this new head at the same efficiency?
Solution:
H1 N1 2
=( )
H2 N2
2
150 1750
=( )
360 N2
Thus;
N2 =2711.09 rpm
13. Water in the rural areas is often extracted from underground water source whose free
surface is 60 m below ground level. The water is to be raised 5 m above the ground by a
pump. The diameter of the pipe is 10 cm at the inlet and 15 cm at the exit. Neglecting
any heat interaction with the surroundings and frictional heating effects. What is the
necessary power input to the pump in kW for a steady flow of water at the rate of 15 li/s?
Assume pump efficiency of 74 %.
a. 9.54 c. 7.82
b. 5.54 d. 12.90
Solution:
Water Power
Input Power=
Pump Efficiency
γQH
Input Power=
ep
where:
Q = 15 li/s
Q = 0.05 m3
0.015
Vs = 2
π(0.10) /4
Vs =1.91 m/s
0.015
Vd = 2
π(0.015) /4
Vd =0.85 m/s
Vd 2 -Vs 2
H= +Zd -Zs
2g
2 2
(0.85) -(1.91)
H= + 5-(-60)
2(9.81)
H = 64.85
Thus;
9.81(0.015)(64.85)
Input power = 0.74
Find the hydraulic horsepower and the mechanical efficiency of a rotary pump direct
connected to a 5 Hp electrical motor operating at full load under the following
conditions:
Temperature 21°C
Solution:
Phydraulic = γ Q H
where:
H = =
. /
H = 20.98 m
then ;
= 3.50 kW
Phydraulic = 4.69 Hp
.
ep = =
ep = 0.94 = 94%
thus;
a. 7.82 kW, 39 kPa, 650 kPa c. 6.82 kW, 35 kPa, 550 kPa
b. 8.82 kW, 40 kPa, 680 kPa d. 5.82 kW, 30 kPa, 500 kPa
Solution:
Pinput = =
. .
where:
Q = 0.010 m3/s
.
Vd =
. /
Vd = 0.565884242 m/s
.
Vs =
. /
Vs = 0.318309886 m/s
H= + +Z Z
. . . .
H=0+ + 20 ]+3 ] + 64 – 4
. . .
H = 62.3530768 m
thus;
. . .
Pinput =
.
Pinput = 7.842098505 kW
Ps = γ Hs = 9.81(3.99)
Ps = 39.14 kPa
Pd = γ Hd = 9.81(66.34)
Pd = 650.80 kPa
A pump adds 167.6 m of pressure head to 45.43 kg/s of water. What is the hydraulic
power in kW.
a. 64.69 kW c. 66.54 kW
b. 74.69 kW d. 76.54 kW
Solution:
P=γQH
where:
. /
Q= = 0.04543 m3/s
/
thus;
(b) P = 74.69 kW
17. Supplementary Problem
a. 2.64 Hp c. 1.55 Hp
b. 2.55 Hp d. 1.64 Hp
Solution:
P=γQh
= 51,021.25
, /
thus;
(a) P = 1.55 Hp
Solution:
Ns = /
√
= /
= 872.286 rpm
thus;
A boiler feed pump receives 40 L/s at 4 MPa and 180°C. It operates against a total head
of 900 m with an efficiency of 60%. Determine the power output of the driving motor.
a. 450.21 kW c. 500.21 kW
b. 459.64 kW d. 523.26 kW
Solution:
Pmotor =
h1 = 764.76 kJ/kg
v1 = 0.00112484 m3/kg
ρ= = 889.015 kg/m3
.
= 8721.24 N/m3
= 8.721 kN/m3
Pwater = γ Q h
= 313 956 kW
thus;
.
Pmotor =
.
A submersible, multi-stage, centrifugal deep well pump 260 gpm capacity is installed in a
well 27 ft below the static water level. Drawdown when pumping at rated capacity is 10
ft. the pump deliverd that water into a 25,000 gallons capacity overhead storage tank.
Totaldischarge head developed by pump including friction in piping is 243 ft. Calculate
the brakepower required to drive the pump if pump efficiency is 70%.
a. 15.86 Hp c. 30.16 Hp
b. 21.22 Hp d. 10.52 Hp
Solution:
Pbrake =
Q = 260
.
= 34.76 ft3/min.
= 226 ft
= 490,199.42
, /
.
Pwater =
.
thus;
Pwater = 21.22 Hp
A boiler feed pump receives 45 li./s of water at 190°C and enthalpy of 839.33 kJ/kg. It
operates against a head of 952 m with efficiency of 70%. Estimate the water leaving
temperature assuming that the temperature rise is due to the inefficiency of the input
energy.
a. 190.96 °C c. 199.71 °C
b. 194.66 °C d. 200 °C
Solution:
∆
m C ∆t = - m ∆h
.
4.187 t – 190) = (h – 839.33)
Solving for h :
m (h - h ) = 0.00981 (952)
h = 848.67 kJ/kg
then;
. .
4.187 (t – 190) = – (848.67 – 839.33)
.
(a) t = 190.96 °C
a. 3 Hp c. 2 Hp
b. 5 Hp d. 7 Hp
Solution:
Pmotor =
Q = 25 gal/min = 0.0557 ft /s
= 851.54 ft-lb/s /
Pwater = 1.55 Hp
.
Pbrake = = .
= 2.42 Hp
thus;
A vacuum pump is used to drain a flooded mine shaft at 20°C water. The pump pressure
of water at this temperature is 2.34 kPa. The pump is incapable of lifting the water higher
than 10.16 m. What is the atmospheric pressure?
Solution:
+ +Z = + +Z
= + + Z Z
.
= + 0 + 10.16
. .
Water reservoir is pumped over a hill through a pipe 45 mm in diameter and a pressure of
1 kg/cm (98.08 kPa) is maintained at the summit. Water discharge is 30 m above the
reservoir. The quantity pumped is 0.50 m /s. Frictional losses in the discharge and suction
pipe of the pump is equivalent to 1.5 m head loss. The speed of the pump is 800 rpm,
what amount of energy must be furnished by the pump in kW?
a. 206 kW c. 250 kW
b. 210 kW d. 245 kW
P=γQH
Solving for H:
H= + +Z Z + h h
.
.
/ .
= .
+ .
+ 30 +1.5
h = 42 m
then;
thus;
(a) P = 206 kW
A pump is to deliver 80 gpm of water at 140°F with a discharge pressure of 150 psig.
Suction pressure indicates 2 in. of mercury vacuum. The diameter of suction and
discharge pipes are 5 in. and 4 in. respectively. The pump has efficiency of 70%, while the
motor efficiency is 80%. Determine the power input to the drive motor.
a. 12.59 Hp c. 15.590 Hp
b. 10.59 Hp d. 20.59 Hp
Solution:
Pmotor =
Pbrake =
Q = 80 gal/min = 0.1782 ft /s
.
Vs = / /
= 1.307 ft/s
.
Vd = = 2.043 ft/s
/ /
From steam table:
γ = 61.424 lb/ft
h= +
.
. .
= .
+
. .
= 354 ft
then;
= 3874.80 = 7.05 Hp
.
P = = 10.07 Hp
.
.
Pmotor =
.
thus;
Determine the water horsepower of a centrifugal water pump which has an input of 3.5
Hp if the pump has an 8 in. nominal size suction and 6 in. nominal size discharge and
handles 150 gpm of water of 150°F. The suction line gage shows 4 in. Hg vacuum and the
discharge gage shows 26 psi. The discharge gage is located 2 ft above the center of the
discharge pipe line and the pump inlet and discharge lines are at the same elevation.
a. 2.52 Hp c. 2.78 Hp
b. 3.52 Hp d. 3.78 Hp
Solution:
P=γQH
Solving for h:
Q = 150 gal/min = 0.334 ft /s
Vs = = 0.957 ft/s Vd = = 1.701 ft/s
At 150°F:
γ= .
= 61.2 lb/ft
H= +
.
. .
= .
+
. .
= 67.83 ft
thus;
= 1386.50 ft-lb/s
(a) P = 2.52 Hp
a. 10.06 kW c. 6.12 kW
b. 4.80 kW d. 7.85 kW
Solution:
Pinput =
Solving for P :
.
Vs = =
.
= 0.318 m/s
.
Vd = =
.
= 0.566 m/s
.
h 3 =3
.
= 0.01546 m
.
h 20 = 20
.
= 0.32642 m
H= + + Z Z + h h
. .
= + (66 – 4) + (0.01546 + 0.32642)
.
= 62.35 m
then;
= 6.12 kW
thus;
.
Pinput = .
A double suction, single stage, cenyrifugal pump delivers 900 m3/hr of seawater (S.G. =
1.03) from a source where the water level varies 2 m from high tide to low tide level. The
pump centerline is located 2.6 m above the surface of the water at high tide level. The
pump discharges into a surface condenser, 3 m above pump centerline. Loss of head
due to friction in suction pipe is 0.80 m and the discharge side is 3 m. Pump is directly
coupled to a 1750 rpm, 460 V, 3 phase, 60 Hz motor. Calculate the specific speed of
pump in rpm.
Solution:
Ns = /
Solving for H:
hs = 2 + 2.6 + 0.8
= 5.4 m
= 17.72 ft
hd = 3 + 3 = 6 m
= 19.69 ft
H = 17.72 + 19.69
= 37.41 ft
Q1 = Q2 = 900/2
= 450 m3/hr
= 1981 gal/min
then;
√
Ns = . /
thus;
A DC driven pump running at 100 rpm delivers 30 liters per second of water at 40°C
against a total pumping head of 27 m with a pump efficiency of 60%. Barometer pressure
is 758 mm Hg abs. What pump speed and capacity would result if the pump rpm were
increased to produce a pumping head of 36 m assuming no change in efficiency.
Solution:
N 36
100 27
N = 115.47 rpm
New Capacity Required:
Q N
Q N
Q 115.47
30 100
Q = 34.64 L/s
thus;
(a) N = 115.47 rpm , Q = 34.64 L/s
Ns = /
.
Solving for Q:
,
Q= @ °
, .
=
Q = 0.004383 m3/s
H = 76/2 = 38 m
then;
√ .
Ns = / = 780.39 rpm
.
thus;
Calculate the impeller diameter of the centrifugal pump that requires 15m head
to deliver if pump speed is 1500 rpm.
a. 218.43 mm c. 345.75 mm
b. 300.75 mm d. 276.45 mm
Solution:
V=
Solving for V:
V= 2
= 2 9.81 15
= 17.15 m/s
then;
17.5 =
D = 0.21843 m
thus;
(a) D = 0.21843 m
A large centrifugal pump has a 254 mm diameter inlet and a 127 mm diameter
outlet pipe. The measured flow rate is 51.6 L/s of cold water. The measured inlet
pressure is 127 mmHg above atmospheric and discharge pressure measured at a
point 1.22 m above the pump outlet is 212 kPa abs. The pump input is 10 Hp. Find
the pump efficiency.
a. 78.51 % c. 74.54 %
b. 70.62 % d. 76.77 %
Solution:
Vs = Q / As = 0.0516 / /4 0.254
Vs = 1.018 m/s
Vd = Q / Ad
.
=
.
= 4.073 m/s
H=
101.325
212‐101.325 ‐127 4.073 2 ‐ 1.018 2
= 9.81
760
2 9.81
1.22
= 11.57 m
Pwater =9.81(0.516)(11.57)
=5.86 Kw=7.85Hp
thus;
epump = 7.85/10
A closed tank contains liquefied butane gas whose specific gravity is 0.60. The
tank pressure us 1.7 Mpa gage which is also the equilibrium vapor pressure of
butane at the pumping temperature. Suction line losses is 1.5 m of gas and the
static elevation gain is 4m. What is the Net Positive Suction Head available
(NPSH)?
a. 2.5 m c. 3.5 m
b. 1.5 m d. 1.7 m
Solution:
NPSH = .
= 0 + 4 – 1.5
Thus;
A condensate pump at sea level take water from a surface condenser where the
vacuum is 15 in. of mercury. The friction and turbulence in the piping in the
condenser hot well and the pump suction flange is assumed to be 6.5 ft. If the
condensate pump to be installed has a required head of 9 ft, what would be the
centerline of the pump to avoid cavitation?
a. 2.5 ft c. 18 ft
b. 15.5 ft d. 5.5 ft
Solution:
then;
NPSH = .
9 = 0 + S – 6.5
Thus;
(b) S = 15.5 ft
A boiler feed pump receives 130 cfm of water with specific volume of 0.0025 m3
at a head of 800 m. If the pump efficiency is 64%, what is the output of the driving
motor?
a. 299 kW c. 250.34 kW
b. 350.16 kW d. 299.64 kW
Solution:
1
= 0.00981 3.9245 kN/m3
0.0025
Pwater = 3.924(0.061)(800)
= 191.49 Kw
Then;
Poutout = 191.49/0.64
Thus;
a Poutout = 299.21 kW
A dearator heater supplies 150 L/min of daerated feedwater into a booster pump
at 115 pumping temperature, The heater pressure is maintained at 100 kPag by
bleed steam. Pump centerline is located 1m above the floor level. Suction line
losses is 0.60 m. Determine the minimum height of water level in the heater that
must be maintained above the centerline of the pump to avoid cavitation, if the
pump to be installed has a reuired suction head 5.8 m.
a. 9.05 m c. 3.25 m
b. 2.25 m d. 5.09 m
Solution:
NPSH =
.
where;
P = 100 kPag
Pa = 101.325 kPa
PV = Psat at 115
Pv = 172 kPa
Vf at 15.6 = 0.001 m3 / kg
0.001
S.G. = = .948
0.001055
then;
100 101.325‐172
5.8 = 9.81 .948
+ S – 0.60
thus;
(c) S = 3.25
A pump running at 1000 rpm delivers water against a head of 300 m. If the pump
speed will increased to 1500 rpm, what is the change in head.
a. 575 m c. 675 m
b. 375 m d. 475 m
Solution:
H2 N
=( )
H1 N
H2 = 300(1500/1000)2
H2 = 675 m
thus;
Oil is being pumped from a truck to a tank 10 ft higher than the truck through a 2
in. galvanized pipeline 100 ft long. If the pressure of the discharge side of the
pump is 15 psi, at what rate in gpm is oil flowing through the pipe? The oil has a
specific gravity of 0.92 at the temperature in the pipe.
Solution:
Q = AV
15(144)
H=P/ + hs = 62.4(.92) 10
= 47.66 ft
= 55.40 fps
22 /
A=
= 0.0218 ft2
then;
Q = 0.0218 (55.40)
thus;
Solution:
Pwater = QH
= (30)[(.97)(.65)]
= 18.915 Kw
Solving for H;
200 144
H= 20
62.4
= 481.54 ft
= 146.766 m
Then;
Q = 0.01314
thus;
a. 4 c. 8
b. 6 d. 10
Solution:
Q = 70 ft3/min
Q = 0.033 m3/s
P= QH
H = 124.22
n = 124.22 / 38
Thus;
a. 60% c. 75%
b. 70% d. 65%
Solution:
H = 56.51 ft
Pwater = (62.4)(1.6)(56.51)
= 5,641.96 ft-lb /s
= 10.26 Hp
then;
thus;
43 Supplementary Problem
A centrifugal pump is designed for 2000 rpm and head of 70 m. What is the speed
if the head id increased to 100 m.
Solution:
)2
100/70 =(N2/2000)2
Thus;
A water pump develops a total head of 200 ft. The pump efficiency id 80% and
the motor efficiency is 87.5%. If the power rate is 1.5 cents per Kw-hr, hat is the
power cost for pumping 100 gal?
Solution:
P= QH
= 436.46 Hp
Thus;
Solution:
Thus;
Solution:
√
Ns = / /
Thus:
Solution:
. .
H2 = 36.28ft Q2 = 518.3gpm
Thus;
A pump delivers 20 cfm of water having a density of 62 lb/ft3. The suction and discharge
gage reads 5 in. Hg vacuum and 30 psi respectively. The discharge gage is 5 ft above
the suction gage. If pump efficiency is 70%, what is the motor power?
Solution
Pwater
Pmotor
0.70
₂ ₁ ₂ ₁
Z₂ – Z₁
2
30 5 14.7/29.920 144
0 5 80.38
62
3 1
Pwater 62 20 80.38 99674.87
ft3 min 33, 000 /
Pwater 3.02 Hp
Thus;
3.02
Pwater 4.31
0.70
A centrifugal pump-motor unit draws 100 li/min of water from a supply which has a level
at the centreline of the pump. The discharge pressure is 28 kg/cm2 and the over-all unit
efficiency is 67 %. What could be the required input to the electric motor in kW if the
head is 280 m.
a. 6.83 kW c. 7.83 kW
b. 5.83 kW d. 8.83 kW
Solution
Pwater
Pinput
0.67
.
9.81 280
0.67
Pinput 6.83 kW
Solution
√
Ns /
Where:
47, 556.14
23, 778.07
2
15 49.215
1200√23, 778.07
Ns 9958.56
49.215 /
Llamera, Kristine Joyce D. 10 – 19388
ME – 5206
a. 0.786 Hp c. 0.642 Hp
b. 0741 Hp d. 0.0566 Hp
Solution:
Solving for :
2 3
2
Solving for :
. ⁄
then,
.
2
31.2 ⁄
Thus,
(d) 0.0567
2. A fan whose static efficiency is 40% has a capacity of 60,000 per hour at 60
and barometer of 30 in. Hg and gives a static pressure of 2 in. of water column on
full delivery. What size electric motor shall be used to drive this fan?
a. ½ Hp c. 2 Hp
b. 1 Hp d. 1 ½ Hp
1
Solution:
Brake (input) Power =
Solving for :
where;
,
16.67
. ⁄ .
then;
.
16.67
173.37
0.315
thus;
.
0.788
.
(b) Use 1 Hp
3. Air is flowing in a duct with a velocity of 7.62 m/s and a static pressure of 2.16 cm
water gage. The duct diameter is 1.22 m, the barometric pressure 99.4 kPa and the
gage fluid temperature and air temperature are 30 . What is the total pressure of air
against which the fan will operate in cm of water?
a. 3.25 c. 3.75
b. 2.50 d. 1.25
Solution:
2.959
Solving for velocity in terms of cm of water:
1000 2.959
where:
.
.
1.143 ⁄
2
then;
1000 2.959 1.143
0.0034 m of water
0.34 cm of water
thus;
h 2.16 0.34
(b) h 2.50 cm of water
4. A ventilating fan discharge 4.4 of air per second through a duct 91 cm in diameter
against a static pressure of 22 mm water gauge. Barometric pressure is 730 mm Hg,
the temperature of air is 29.44 and the gauge fluid density is 994 kg/ . If the power
input is 2.65 kW, determine the static efficiency.
a. 35.62 % c. 45.62 %
b. 25.62 % d. 55 %
Solution:
. . . .
= .
= 0.3562
thus;
(a) e = 35.62 %
5. A ventilation system includes a fan of 570 per minute. A capacity discharging thru
a 122 cm x 91 cm air duct against 30 mm static pressure. Air temperature is at 21
and barometer pressure is 730 mm Hg. (97 kPa). What input power will be required to
give the fan an efficiency of 44.3%?
a. 5 Hp c. 3 Hp
b. 10 Hp d. 7 Hp
Solution:
Solving for :
@ .
= 995.85 kg/
3
.
= 1.150 kg/
Static pressure in cm WG converted into m of air:
0.30
1.150 995.85 0.30
25.98 m of air
Velocity of air at the fan outlet:
/
8.56 /
. .
Velocity pressure:
.
.
= 3.73 m of air
Total Pressure created by Fan:
+
= 5.98 + 3.73
= 29.71 m of air
then;
= [1.150(0.00981)(570/60)(29.71)]
= 3.18 kW
= 4.27 Hp
thus;
.
.
9.64 10
6. The mechanical efficiency and static pressure of a fan are 40% and 20 m of air
respectively. What is the static efficiency if the total pressure created by fan is 25 m of
air?
a. 30.44% c. 35.44%
b. 33.44% d. 37.44%
Solution:
= (0.443)(20/25)
thus;
4
(a) 0.3544 or 35.44%
7. Air enters a fan through a duct at a velocity of 6.3 m/s and an inlet static pressure of
2.5 cm of water less than atmospheric pressure. The air leaves the fan through a duct
at a velocity of 11.25 m/s and a discharge static pressure of 7.62 cm of water above
the atmospheric pressure. If the specific weight of the air is 1.20 kg/ and the fan
delivers 9.45 /s, what is the fan efficiency when the power input to the fan is 13.75
kW at the coupling?
a. 71.81% c. 52.34%
b. 61.81% d. 72.34%
Solution:
Fan efficiency =
Solving for :
+
. . . .
= 1000
.
= 88.761 m of air
then;
= [1.2(0.00981)](9.45)(88.761)
= 9.874 kW
thus;
.
.
(a) = 71.81%
8. The forced draft fan is in parallel with a capacity if 73.2 per second each supplying
combustion air to a steam generator. Air inlet is at 43.33 , a static pressure of 254
mm water gage is developed and the fan speed is 1200 rpm. The fan input is 257 kW
each. Calculate the capacity of the fan for a speed increase of 20 percent.
a. 77.86 /s c. 89.46 /s
b. 87.84 /s d. 59.49 /s
5
Solution:
1.21
= 1.21 (73.2)
thus;
(b) 87.84 /s
9. Calculate the air power of a fan that delivers 1200 /min of air through a 1 m by 1.5
m outlet. Static pressure is 120 mm WG and density of air is 1.18.
a. 20.45 kW c. 30.45 kW
b. 25.64 kW d. 35.64 kW
Solution:
Solving for h:
0.120
.
101.695
from:
Q=AV
1 1.5
V = 13.33 m/s
.
.
= 9.06 m of air
+
= 101.695 + 9.06
= 110.756 m of air
thus;
(b) 25.64 kW
10. A fan delivers 4.7 /s at a static pressure of 5.08 cm of water when operating at a
speed of 400 rpm. The power input required is 2.963 kW. If 7.05 /s are desired in the
same fan and installation, finds the pressure in cm of water.
a. 7.62 b. 17.14
6
c. 11.43 d. 5.08
Solution:
Solving for :
600 rpm
then;
.
thus;
(c) 11.43 cm of water
11. A fan described in a manufacturers table is rated to deliver 500 /min at a static
pressure (gage) of 254 cm of water when running at 250 rpm and requiring 3.6 kW. If
the fan speed is changed to 305 rpm and the air handled were at 65 instead of
standard 21 , find the power in kW.
a. 3.82 c. 4.66
b. 5.08 d. 5.68
Solution:
Power Required at 305 rpm and 65 :
6.5 kW
then;
.
thus;
(d) 5.68 kW
7
12. What is the set efficiency of a fan if the fan efficiency is 45% and motor efficiency is
90%?
a. 40.50% c. 30.41%
b. 35.65% d. 40.94%
Solution:
Set of Efficiency = Fan Efficiency x Motor Efficiency
= (0.45)(0.90)
thus;
(d) 0.405 or 40.50%
13. A fan draws 1.42 /s of air at a static pressure of 2.54 cm of water through a duct 300
mm diameter and discharges it through duct of 275 mm diameter. Determine the
static fan efficiency if total fan mechanical efficiency is 70% and air is measured at
25 and 760 mm Hg.
a. 60% c. 30%
b. 50% d. 40%
Solution:
Solving for :
.
= .
. =
.
= 1.18 kg/
= 21.52 cm of air
Solving for :
.
.
20.09
.
.
23.9
. .
.
8.54 m of air
Solving for h:
+
= 21.52 + 8.54
8
= 30.06 m of air
thus;
0.70 21.52/30.06
(b) 0.5011 or 50.11%
14. A fan manufacturer rates his fans at 152 mm water gage static pressure for 10 of
air per second at 21 , 1200 rpm and static efficiency of 69%. At what speed would
these fans operate to develop 130 mm water gage when the temperature is 316 ?
a. 1570 rpm c. 1770 rpm
b. 1670 rpm d. 1470 rpm
Solution:
At 21 ,
1.52
A change in temperature will effect a change in density:
1.52 2 2
13.09 /
At 21 ∶
thus;
(a) 1570.8 rpm
15. A 12 Hp motor is used to drive a fan that has a total head of 20 m. If the fan
efficiency is 70%, what is the maximum capacity in /s?
a. 26.63 /s c. 24.43 /s
b. 25.53 /s d. 27.73 /s
9
Solution:
0.70 12 8.4
= 6.27 kW
6.27 = [(1.2)(0.00981)]Q(20)
thus;
(a) Q =26.63 /s
16. Find the air horsepower of an industrial fan that delivers 26 /s of air through a 1 m
by 1.2 m; pressure is 127 mm of water; air temperature is 21 and barometric pressure
is 760 mm of mercury.
a. 53.35 Hp c. 46.45 Hp
b. 43.33 Hp d. 56.45 Hp
Solution:
Solving for h:
21.667 /
.
.
.
= 1.2 kg/
@ 101.325 998.6 /
2
1.20 21.62
998.6 2 9.81
0.029
127 0.127
10
17. A large forced – draft fan is handling air at 1 atm, 43.3 under a total head of 26.6
cm WG (at 43.3 ). The power input to the fan is 224 kW and the fan is 75 percent
efficient. Compute the volume of air handled per minute. Local gravity of
acceleration is g = 9.81m/ .
a. 3,862.87 / c. 2,862.87 /
b. 4,862.87 / d. 4,567.97 /
Solution:
Power Input to fan = Shaft Power
P=
. .
224 =
.
Q = 64.38 /s
= 3,862.87 /
thus;
(a) 3,862.87 /
18. A fan develops a brake power of 150 kW at 1.2 kg/ air density. What is the new
brake power of the fan if it operates at 100 kPa and 30 at the same speed?
a. 163.75 kW c. 133.86 kW
b. 143.75 kW d. 173.86 kW
Solution:
Solving for :
= 1.15 /
then;
.
.
thus;
(b) 143.75 kW
11
18. Supplementary Problem
A cold storage compartment is 4.5 m long by 4 m wide by 2.5 m high. The four walls, ceiling
and floor are covered to a thickness of 150 mm with insulating material which has a
coefficient of thermal conductivity of 5.8 x 10-2 W/m-K. Calculate the quantity of heat
leaking through the insulation per hour when the outside and inside face temperatures of
the material is 15°C and -5°C respectively.
a. 2185.44 kJ c. 3185.44 J
b. 1185.44 kJ d. 4185.44 kJ
Solution
kAΔt
Q =
x
where:
then:
(5.8x10-2)(78.50)(15+5)
Q =
0.15
Q = 607.07 W or J/s
Q = 2185.44 kJ/hr
thus;
(a) the quantity of heat through the insulation per hour is 2185.44 kJ
19 Supplementary Problem
Solution
Q = A e σ T4
W
Q = (0.020m 2 ) (0.60) (5.67 x 10 -8 ) (1073)4 K4
m2K4
thus;
(a) Q = 900 Watts
20. Supplementary Problem
Solution
Q Δt
=
A RT
where:
k12 k23 k34 k45
RT = + + +
X12 x23 x34 x45
0.35 0.12 0.2 0.07
= + + +
1.557 0.346 0.692 45
m2K
= 0.862
W
then;
Q (1230-60)K
= = 1357.15 W/m2
A m2K
0.862
W
Q Q5-0 t5 - to
= =
A A 1
h0
60-70
1357.15 =
1
h0
W
h0 = 41.13
m2K
21. Supplementary Problem
A dry ice storage chest is a wooden box lined with glass fiber insulation 5cm thick. The
wooden box (k= 0.069) is 2 cm thick and cubical 60 cm on an edge. The inside surface
temperature is -76 degree C and the outside surface temperature is 18 degree C. Use k=
0.035 for fiber glass insulation. Determine the heat gain per day.
a. 10211 kJ c. 12211kJ
b. 11195 kJ d. 9185 kJ
Solution
A∆t
Q =
RT
where:
A = 6[(0.60)(0.60)]
= 2.16m2
k12 k23
RT = +
x12 x23
0.05 0.02
= +
0.035 0.069
= 0.1718
then;
2.16(18+76) J
Q = = 118.18
1.718 S
(3600s) (24hrs) (1kJ)
= (118.18)
(hr) (Day) (1000J)
kJ
= 10211.092
day
thus;
(a) the heat gain per day is 10211.092kJ
22. Supplementary Problem
One side of the refrigerated cold chamber is 6 m long by 3.17 m high and consists of
168mm thickness of cork between outer and inner walls of wood. The outer wood wall is
30 thick and its outside face temperature is 20 degree C, the inner wood wall is 35 mm
thick and its inside face temperature is -3 degree C. Taking the coefficient of thermal
conductivity of cork and wood as 0.42 and 0.20 W/m-K respectively, calculate the heat
transfer per second per sq. m of surface area.
a. 5.138 J c. 6.318 J
b. 4.138 J d. 3.318 J
Solution
Q ∆t
=
A RT
where:
0.03 0.168 0.035
RT = + + = 4.325
0.2 0.042 0.2
then;
Q 20+3
= = 5.918W
A 4.325
J
= 5.318
s
thus;
(a) the heat transfer per second per sq.m of the surface is 5.318 J
23. Supplementary Problem
Hot gases at 280 degree C flow on one side of a metal plate of 10 mm thickness and air
at 35 degree C flows on the other side. The heat transfer coefficient of the gases is 31.5
W/m-K and that of the air 32 W/m-K. Calculate the overall transfer coefficient.
Solution
1
U =
RT
where:
F k12 1 1 0.01 1
RT = + + = + +
h1 x12 x12 31.5 50 32
= 0.0632
thus;
1
U = = 15.82
0.06032
W
(a) U=15.82
m2-K
24. Supplementary Problem
The surface temperature of the hot side of the furnace wall is 1200 degree C. It is desired
to maintain the outside of the wall at 38 degree C. A 152 mm of refractory silica is used
adjacent to the combustion and 10 mm of steel covers the outside. What thickness of
insulating bricks is necessary between refractory and steel, if the heat loss should be keep
at 788 W/m2? Use k= 12.84 W/m-K for refractory silica; 0.15 for insulating brick, and 45 for
steel.
a. 220 mm c. 260 mm
b. 240 mm d. 280 mm
Solution
x12 x23 x34
RT = + +
k12 k23 k34
0.152 x23 0.01
RT = + +
31.84 0.15 45
Solving for RT
∆t
788 =
RT
(1200-38)
788 =
RT
RT = 1.475
then;
0.152 x23 0.01
1.475 = + +
13.48 0.15 45
thus;
x23 = 0.22mm
(a) x23 = 220mm
25. Supplementary Problem
How much heat will flow in 24 hours through a plaster wall that is 0.50 in thick and 8 ft x 14
ft in area if the temperature is 80 degree F on one side and 40 degree F on the other? Use
= 3.25 Btu-in/hr-ft2-degree F
Solution
kA∆T
Q =
x
3.25[(8)(14)](80-40)(24)
=
0.5
thus;
(b) Q = 6.99 x105 Btu
26. Supplementary Problem
A hollow sphere has an outside radius of 1 m and is made of polystyrene foam with a
thickness of 1 cm. A heat source inside keeps the inner surface 5.20 degree C hotter that
the outside surface. How much power is produced by the heat source? Thermal
conductivity of polystyrene foam is 0.033 W/M degree C.
a. 200 W c. 300 W
b. 216 W d. 316 W
Solution
kA∆T
Q =
x
where:
A = 4∏(1)2
= 12.56 m2
(0.033)(12.56)(5.20)
Q = = 216 W
0.01
thus;
(b) Q= 216 W
27. Supplementary Problem
A glass window has an area of 1.60 m2 and a thickness of 4mm. If one side is at a
temperature of 6.80 degree C and other is at -5 degree C, how much thermal energy flows
through the window in a time of 24 hours? The thermal conductivity of glass is 1.89 x 10-4
Kcal/ m-s-degree C
Solution
kA∆T
Q =
x
(1.89 x 10-4)(1.60)(6.80+5)(3600)(24)
=
0.004
= 77100 kCal
thus;
(d) Q = 77100 kCal
28. Supplementary Problem
The wall of a cold room consist of a layer of cork sandwiched between outer and inner
walls of wood, the wood walls being each 30 mm thick. The inside atmosphere of the room
is maintained at -20 degree C when the external atmospheric temperature is 25 degree
C, and the heat loss through the wall is 42 W/m2. Taking the thermal conductivity of wood
and cork as 0.20 W/m-K and 0.05 W/m-k respectively, and the rate of heat transfer
between each exposed wood surface and their respective atmospheres as 15 W/m2 –K,
calculate the thickness of the cork.
a. 31.90 mm c. 41.90 mm
b. 21.90 mm d. 51.90 mm
Solution
Q k∆T
=
A x
where:
Q W
= 42
A m2
W
k = 0.05
m-K
x = 30mm = 0.30m
from the heat through each wood wall:
0.20∆t
42 =
0.03
∆t = 6.30◦C
Interface temperature of outer wood and cork:
= 22.2 - 6.3 = 15.6◦C
Interface temperature of inner wood and cork:
= -17.2 + 6 = 10.9◦C
Temperature difference acros cork:
= 15.9-(-10.9) = 26.8◦C
From heat flow through cork:
0.05(26.8)
42 =
x
x = 0.0319m
thus;
(a) x = 31.90 mm
29. Supplementary Problem
A slab of material has an area of 2m2 and is 1mm thick. One side is maintained at a
temperature of 0 degree C while the other is at 12 degree C. It is determined the 6820 J of
heat flows through the material in a time of 10 minutes. What is the thermal conductivity
of the material?
Solution
kA∆T
Q =
x
6820 J k(2)(12-0)
=
10(60) s 0.001
J
k = 4.74 x 10- 4
s-m-◦C
thus;
W
(a) k = 4.74 x 10-4
m◦C
30. Supplementary Problem
An insulated steam pipe located where the ambient temperature is 32°C, has an inside
diameter of 50 mm with 10 mm thick wall. The outside diameter of the corrugated
asbestos insulation is 125 mm and the surface coefficient of still air, h0 = 12 W/m2-K.
Inside the pipe is steam having a temperature of 150°C with film coefficient hi = 6000
W/m2-K. Thermal conductivity of pipe and asbestos insulation are 45 and 0.12 W/m2-K
respectively. Determine the heat loss per unit length of pipe.
a. 110 W c. 130 W
b. 120 W d. 140 W
Solution:
∆
Q=
Where:
RT =
.
RT =
. . .
RT = 0.98345 / L
Then;
Q=
. /
Thus;
A pipe 200 mm outside diameter and 20 m length is covered with a layer, 70 mm thick
of insulation having a thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/m2-K and a thermal conductance
of 10 W/m2-K at the outer surface. If the temperature of the pipe is 350°C and the
ambient temperature is 15°C, calculate the external surface temperature of the
lagging.
a. 32.6°C c. 42.6°C
b. 22.6°C d. 53.6°C
Solution:
.
0.340 10 15
T2 = 32.6°C
32. Supplementary Problem
Dry and saturated steam at 6 Mpa abs. enters a 40 m length of 11.5 cm O.D. steel pipe
at a flow rate of 0.12 kg/s. The pipe is covered with 5 cm thick asbestos insulation (k=
0.022 W/m-k). The pipe is located in a tunnel with stagnant air temperature of 27 degree
C. The unit outside convective coefficient is 10 W/m2-K. Neglecting steam film and pipe
wall resistances, determine the mass of steam.
Solution:
The temperature of the outer surface of the pipe is equal to that of the steam since the
resistance of metal pipe and vapor are negligible. Vapour temperature t1 =t2 =tsat @
6Mpa = 275 degree C.
RT = R2 + R0
ln(10.75/5.75) 1
= +
2∏(40)(0.022) ∏(0.215)(40)(10)
= 0.11687 ◦C
∆t 275-27
Q = =
RT 0.11687
= 2112 W
= 2.122kW
The heat necessary to condense steam at 6Mpa is hfg @ 6Mpa is equal to 1571 kJ/kg.
Since there are 2.122 kW of heat lost from the steam, then
Steam 2.122kJ/s
=
Condensed 1577kJ/s
= 0.00135 kg/s
= 4.86 kg/hr
33. Supplementary Problem
Calculate the heat loss per linear ft from 2 in. nominal pipe (2.375 in. outside diameter )
covered with 1 in. of an insulating material having an average thermal conductivity of
0.0375 Btu/ hr- ft- degree F. Assume that the inner and outer surface temperatures of the
insulation are 380 degree F and 80 degree F respectively.
Solution
∆t ∆t
Q = =
RT ln( d2/d1)
2∏kL
380
=
ln(4.375/2.375)
2∏(0.0375)
Btu
Q = 116
hr-ft
34. Supplementary Problem
Calculate the heat loss per linear foot from a 10 in. normal pipe ( outside diameter = 10.75
in. ) covered with a composite pipe insulation consisting of 1 ½ in of insulation I placed next
to the pipe and 2 in. of insulation II placed upon insulation I. assume that the inner and
outer surface temperatures of the composite insulation are 700o F and 100oF respectively,
and that the thermal conductivity of material I is 0.05 Btu/hr-ft-oF and for material II is 0.039
Btu/hr-ft-oF.
Solution
Q =
Where:
. / . . / .
RT = +
. .
= 1.826
Then:
Q =
.
Thus;
(d) Q = 323.13
35. Supplementary Problem
A steam pipe carrying a steam at 380 kPa pressure for a distance of 120 m in a chemical
plant is not insulated. Estimate the saving in steam cost that would be made per year if this
8 cm steam line were covered with 85% magnesia pipe covering 5 cm thick. Take room
temperature to be 25˚C, the cost of steam is 65 cents per 1000 kg. thermal conductivity of
magnesia k = 0.0745 W/m-K, unit convective coefficient of room air, ho = 12 W/m2-K.
a. $ 305 c. $ 505
b. $ 405 d. $ 605
Solution
Q1 =
Where:
Ro =
=
.
= 0.00276 oC/W
Then;
Q1 =
.
= 42,343.64 W
= 42,344 kW
Total Resistance from the insulated pipe:
R1 = R2 + Ro
/
= +
/
= +
. .
R1 = 0.01113 ˚C/W
Heat loss from the insulated pipe:
Q2 = =
.
= 10,512.13 W
. /
m =
. /
= 0.014878 kg/yr
36. Supplementary Problem
A liquid to liquid counter flow heat exchanger is sued to heat a cold fluid from
120 310 . Assuming that the hot fluid enters at 500F and leaves at 400F, calculate the
log mean temperature difference for the heat exchanger
a. 132F c. 332F
b. 232F d. 432F
Solution
∆ ∆
LMTD = ∆
∆
Where:
A blower with the inlet open to the atmosphere delivers 300 cfm of air at a pressure of 2in.
WG trough a duct 11 in. diameter, the manometer being attached to the discharge duct
at the blower. Air temperature is 70ºF, and the barometer pressure is 30.22 in Hg. Calculate
the horsepower.
a. 1.54 Hp c. 3.54 Hp
b. 2.54 Hp d. 0.75 Hp
Solution:
Pair = ɣgh
where:
Q = 3000 cfm
Solving for h:
30.2
ρair = 0.075 ( ) = 0.076 lb/ft3
29.92
2 62.4
hs = ( ) = 136.84 ft of air
12 0.076
3000/60
11 2
V π/4( )
hv = =[ 12
] = 89.13 ft
2g 2(32.2)
then;
ft - lb 1 Hp
P = 847.39 ( )
s 550 ft-lb/s
thus;
(a) P = 1.54 Hp
38. Supplementary Problem
A certain fan delivers 12,000 cfm at a static pressure of 1in. WG when operating at a speed
of 400 rpm and requires an input of 4 Hp. If the same installation 15,000 cfm are desired,
what will be the new speed, and the new power needs?
Solution:
N2 Q2 P2 N2
= = (
N1 Q1 P1 N1
N2 15000 P2 500
= = (
400 12000 4 400
thus;
A certain fan delivers 12,000 cfm at 70ºF and normal barometric pressure at a static
pressure of 1 in. WG when operating at 400 rpm and requires 4 Hp. If the air temperature is
increased to 200ºF (density 0.06018 lb/ft3) and the speed of the fan remains the same, what
will be the new static pressure and power?
Solution:
h2 ρ2 P2 ρ2
= =
h1 ρ1 P1 ρ1
h2 0.06018 P2 0.06018
= =
1 0.075 4 0.075
thus;
Solution:
N2 0.075 Q2 0.075
= =
400 0.06018 12000 0.06018
thus;
If the speed of the fan of the previous examples (Problem 39-40) is increased so as to
deliver the same weight of air at 200ºF as at 70ºF. What will the new speed, new capacity,
new static pressure and new power?
N2 0.075 h2 0.075
= =
400 0.06018 1 0.06018
Q2 0.075 P2 0.075
= =(
12000 0.06018 4 0.06018
thus;
A fan discharges 10,000 cfm of air through a duct 2 ft by 2 ft against a static pressure of
0.90 in. of water. The gage fluid density is 62lb/ft3, air temperature is 85ºF and the
barometric pressure is 28.7 in. Hg. If the power input to the fan is measured as 3.6 Hp, what
is the over-all mechanical efficiency of the fan?
a. 50 % c. 60 %
b. 56 % d. 65 %
Solution:
Pair
em = h = hs + hv
3.6
Q
V= Q = 10000 ft3/min
A
V= 2gh then;
41.67 = 2(32.2) hv Pair = ɣgh
ρw
hs = hw ( ) Pair = 1.515 kW
ρair
1000
hs = 0.9 ( ) = 750 in. Pair = 2.03 Hp
1.2
hs = 19.05 m thus;
2.03
(a) em = = 0.564 = 56.4 %
3.6
A ventilation system includes a fan with a mechanical efficiency of 45% against a static
pressure of 30 cm WG. If the total pressure created by fan is 300m of air, what is the static
efficiency?
a. 37.5 % c. 40.5 %
b. 35 % d. 45 %
Solution: thus;
hs
es = em ) (a) es = 0.375 or 37.5 %
h
1000
hs = 0.30 )
1.2
hs = 250 m
then;
250
es = 0.45 )
300
It requires 55 Hp to compress 1000 cfm of air at 60ºF and 14.7 psi to a pressure of 10 psig.
The temperature of the air leaving the blower is 184ºF. What is the flow in cfm from the
blower discharge?
a. 852.64 cfm c. 737.06 cfm
b. 801.62 cfm d. 700.91 cfm
Solution:
P1 V1 P2 V
= 2
T1 T2
P1 Q P2 Q
1
= 2
T1 T2
thus;
A blower draws 3000 cfm of air through a duct of 12 in. in diameter with a suction of 3 in.
of water. The air is discharged through a duct 10 in. in diameter against a pressure of 2in.
of water. The air is measured at 70ºF and 30.2 in. Hg. Calculate the air horsepower. Use
specific weight of 62.34lb/ft3.
a. 2.82 Hp c. 3.87 Hp
b. 2.87 Hp d. 1.75 Hp
Solution:
P = ɣgh
Solving for h:
Pd - Ps Vd2 – Vs2
h = Zd – Zs + +
ɣ 2g
where:
3000 3
ft /s
Vs = π6010 2 2 = 91.67 ft/s
( ) ft
4 12
3000 3
ft /s
Vd = π
60
2 2 = 63.56 ft/s
4
(1) ft
Ps = ɣh = (62.34)(2/12) = 0.072 psi
Zs = Zd
14.7
P 30.2(29.92)(144)
ɣ= =
RT 53.34(70 + 460)
ɣ = 0.0756 lb/ft3
then;
2 2
(0.072 + 0.108)(144)lb/ft3 (91.67) -(63.66)
h= +
0.0756 lb/ft3 2(32.2)
h = 410. 42 ft of air
thus;
1 Hp
Pair = 1551.39 ft-lb/s ( )
550 ft-lb/s
A blower operating at 15,000 rpm, compresses air from 68F and 14.7 psia to 10 psig. The
design flow is 1350 cfm and at this point the BHp is 80. Determine the efficiency of the
blower at the design point.
a. 48.41 Hp c. 55.62 Hp
b. 40.54 Hp d. 57.65 Hp
Solution:
Pair = ɣgh
P (14.7)(144)
ρ= =
RT 53.34 (68 + 460)
ρ = 0.07516 lb/ft3
Solving for h:
k-1
kRT1 P
h= [( 2 ) k -1
k - 1 P1
h = 15,743.7 ft
then;
1350
Pair = 0.07516( (15,743.7)
60
thus;
A fan running at 2000 rpm delivers 16,000 cfm against 3 in. static pressure, thereby
consuming 15BHp. If the rpm is increased to 2200 rpm so that the rpm ratio is 1:1:1. What
is the new cfm?
a. 17,500 c. 17,600
b. 16,600 d. 16,500
Solution:
N2 Q2
=
N1 Q1
Q2
1.1 =
16000
thus;
A 0.70 m vane axial fan is running at 2000 rpm delivers 7.5 m3/s against 0.08 m static
pressure thereby consuming 12 BkW. If the fan wheel diameter is increased from 0.70 m
to 0.76 m, so that the diameter ratio 1.10:1, what is the new static pressure?
a. 0.10 m c. 0.13 m
b. 0.09 m d. 0.15 m
Solution:
h2 D2
=
h1 D1
h2
= (1.10
0.8
thus;
(a) h2 = 0.097 m
At standard air density a fan delivers 8m3/s against 0.05 m static pressure consuming 12
BkW. If it will operate in Baguio City where due to high altitude the air density is only 82.4%
of the standard air density, what is the new BkW?
Solution:
P2 ρ2
=
P1 ρ1
P2
= (0.824)
12
thus;
What horsepower is supplied to air moving at 20 fpm through a 2x3 ft duct under a
pressure of 3in. WC?
a. 0.057 Hp c. 0.123 Hp
b. 0.043 Hp d. 0.241 Hp
Solution:
Pair = ɣgh
where:
Q = AV
62.4
h = 3 in. (
0.075
h = 2496 in.
h = 208 ft of air
then;
thus;
A fan whose static efficiency is 40% has a capacity of 60,000 ft3/hr at 60ºF and barometer
of 3 in. Hg and give a static pressure of 2 in. WC on full delivery. What size of electric
motor be used to drive this fan?
a. ½ Hp c. 2 Hp
b. 1 Hp d. 1.5 Hp
Solution:
Pair
efan =
Pmotor
Q = 60,000 ft3/hr
Q = 16.67 ft3/s
62.4
h = 2( )
0.075
h = 138.67 ft of air
then;
Pair = ɣgh
Pair = 0.075(16.67)(138.67)
Pair = 0.315 Hp
thus;
0.315 Hp
0.40 =
Pmotor
A fan delivers 4.7 m3/s at a static pressure of 5.08 cm of water when operating at speed
of 400 rpm. If the power input required is 2.963 kW and if on the same installation 7.05
m3/s is desired, find the static pressure in cm of water.
h2 N2 2 N2 Q2
=( ) =
h1 N1 N1 Q1
h2 N2 2 N2 7.05
=( ) =
5.08 400 400 4.7
N2 = 600 rpm
thus;
h2 600 2
=( )
5.08 400
a. 0.049 Hp c. 0.077 Hp
b. 0.058 Hp d. 0.066 Hp
Solution:
Pair = ɣgh
where:
Q = AV
Q = 0.0735 m3/s
h = 0.08(1000/1.2)
h = 66.67 m of air
then;
Pair = 0.058 kW
thus;
What horsepower is supplied of air moving at 25 fpm through an air duct 2 ft x 3 ft? Fan
pressure is 4 in. of water column.
a. 0.0945 Hp c. 0.0495 Hp
b. 0.495 Hp d. 0.849 Hp
Solution:
Pair = ɣgh
where:
then;
Pair = (0.075)(2.5)(277.33)
Pair = 52 ft-b/s
thus;
A fan delivers 1.42 m3/s air at static pressure head of 2.54 cm of water through a duct 300
mm in diameter and discharge it through a duct 275 mm in diameter. Determine the
static fan efficiency if the total fan mechanical efficiency is 70% and air is measured at
25ºC and 760 mm of Hg.
a. 60 % c. 30 %
b. 40 % d. 50 %
Solution:
hs
estatic = efan ( )
h
Solving for h:
V1 = 20.089 m/s
V2 = 23.907 m/s
hv = 8.562 m of air
hs = 0.0254 (1000/1.2)
hs = 21.17m of air
h = hs + hv
h = 21.17 + 8.562
h = 29.73 m of air
thus;
estatic = 0.4984
19. Supplementary Problem
A 95 tons refrigeration system has a compressor power of 90 Hp. Find the coefficient
of performance, COP.
a. 3.85 c. 4.77
b. 2.77 d. 1.99
Solution:
where:
RE = 95 tons = 334.02 kW
= 90 hp = 120.64 kW
thus;
334.02
120.64
(b) COP = 2.77
Solution:
∆
where: T
345 K
72 273 345 3 2
25 273 248
solving for ∆ :
∆ 4 1
2 248 K
∆ = 17.39 kJ/min-K S
thus,
345 248 17.39
(c) 1 686.83 /
21. Supplementary Problem
In a 0 refrigerating plant, the specific enthalpy of the refrigerant as it leaves the
condenser is 135 kJ/kg and as it leaves the evaporator it is 320 kJ/kg. If the mass flow the
refrigerant is 5 kg/min, calculate the refrigerating effect per hour.
a. 55 500 kJ/hr c. 65 500 kJ/hr
b. 35 500 kJ/hr d. 45 500 kJ/hr
Solution:
where:
m = 5 kg/min = 300 kg/hr
320 /
135 /
thus;
RE = 300 ( 320 – 135 )
(a) RE = 55 500 kJ/hr
Solution:
Q=m
Solving for Q:
Q=UA∆
where:
A = 2 2 1.2 1.2 1 2 1
A = 11.2
Q = 148.96 W = 0.14896 kW
then;
0.14896 = m ( 335 )
m = 4.4466 x 10 kg/s
thus; ice melted per hour is:
(a) m = 1.60 kg/hr
Solution:
∆
where:
= +1
COP = 2.34
then;
= + 300
.
427.99
.
∆ = =
.
∆ 0.012
thus;
427.99 0.012
(c) 5.02
24. Supplementary Problem
A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates at an evaporating
temperature of -5 and a condensing temperature of 40 . Determine the volume
flow rate for a refrigerant capacity of 1 kW.
Properties of R-12:
At -5 , 349.3
0.06496 /
At 40 , 238.5
a. 0.0005866 / c. 0.05865 /
b. 0.005866 / d. 0.00005866 /
Solution:
Solving for m:
1 /
349.3 238.5 /
m = 0.00903 kg/s
thus;
= (0.00903)(0.06496)
(a) 0.0005866 /
Solution:
By Energy Balance:
∆
where:
RE = 150 ( 3.516 )
RE = 527.4 kW
from:
COP =
.
5.86 =
= 90 kW
then:
527.4 90 617.4
617.4 = ∆
617.4 = 417.4 10
thus;
(a) 14.75 /
Solution:
m=
where: 35
350
0 351.48 / 0
35 233.5 /
thus;
m=
. .
(a) m = 2.97 kg/s
Solution
Volume of brine circulated:
where:
= 1 1.05 1.05 /
= (3.14 )(40 – 5)
424
then;
∆ 424
3.76 3 0 424
37.59 /
thus;
(a) 37.59 kg/s
28. Past ME Board Exam
A simple vapor compression cycle develops 13 tons of refrigeration. Using ammonia
as refrigerant and operating at a condensing temperature of 24 and evaporating
temperature of -18 ; and assuming that the compressions are isentropic and that the
gas leaving the condenser is saturated. Find the power requirement.
a. 13 kW c. 12 kW
b. 8.79 kW d. 9.79 kW
Properties of R-12:
At 24 :
312.87 /
h @ 974 kPA ( P at 24 974 kPA 24
and 1657 /
At -18 : -18
1439.94 /
0.5729 /
Solution
where:
@ 947 &
= 1657 kJ/kg
@ 18
= 1439.94 kJ/kg
from:
Solution
COP =
where:
∆
= [ 10(1)] ( 4.187 ) ( 13 – 1 )
= 502.44 kW
= 142.90 TOR
Solving for compressor work, :
. .
=
.
. .
0.65 =
. .
78.055
thus;
.
COP =
.
(c) COP = 6.44
Wax Wax
15 -12
where:
m = mass of distillate chilled per hour
m = 400 ( 0.87 ) 1
Solution
Piston displacement of the compressor:
Where:
m= 974 kPA 20
m= -16
.
m=
. .
m = 0.513 kg/s
then;
. .
=
0.0081 8000
thus;
(a) 8000
Solution
=
where:
Solving for m:
0.91 320
291.2 /
0.12 320
38.4 /
where:
RE =
= 201.2 - 38.4
= 252.8 kCal/kg = 1058.47 kJ/kg
= 17 033 / ( 0.00981 kN/
then;
.
COP = = 6.335
.
Solving for the volume of vapor entering the compressor per minute:
where:
m = 5.64 kg/min
= 0.001527 + 0.91(0.436)
= 0.3983 /
then;
= LN
= LN
.
= (D)(120) Note: L=D
.
thus;
(a) L = D = 0.31 m = 31 cm
Solution
Properties of Freon-12
At 5.673 bar At 1.509 bar ( t = - 20 )
54.87 / 17.82 /
178.73 /
160.91 /
Since, the saturation temperature at 1.509 is -20 and the refrigerant at this pressure
leaves the evaporator at -5 , it is superheated by -5 , it is superheated by 15
@ 1.509 bar superheated 15 = 187.75 kJ/kg
then;
RE =
RE = 187.75 – 54.87
thus;
(a) RE = 132.88 kJ/kg
35. Past ME Board Exam
An ammonia compressor operates at an evaporator pressure of 316 kPa and a
condenser pressure of 1514.2 kPa. The refrigerant is subcooled 5 and is superheated
8 . A twin cylinder compressor with bore to stroke ratio of 0.85 is to be used at 1200
rpm. The mechanical efficiency is 76%. For a load of 87.5 kW, determine the size of the
driving motor.
a. 24.26 kW c. 34.26 kW
b. 25.26 kW d. 35.26 kW
Solution
Properties of Ammonia
@ 316 & 0 1472 /
@ 316 & 0 0.41 /
@ 34 361.2 /
@ 1514.2 1715 /
= P
5
= = 34 3 1514 kPa
= 316 kPa 0
Solving for m:
Q=
thus;
(b) = 25.26 kW
36. Supplementary Problem
A refrigeration system having a 30 kW capacity requires 10 Hp compressors. Find the
COP of the system.
a. 2.78 c. 4.02
b. 3.78 d. 5.02
Solution
COP =
=
.
thus;
(c) COP = 4.02
37. Supplementary Problem
A refrigerating machine uses ammonia as the working fluid. It leaves the compressor as
dry saturated vapor at 8.57 bar passes the condenser at this pressure and leaves as saturated
liquid. The pressure in the evaporator is 1.902 bar and the ammonia leaves the evaporator 0.96
dry. If the rate of flow of the refrigerant through the circuit is 2 kg/min, calculate the volume
taken into the compressor in m³/min, and the refrigerating effect in kJ/min.
a. 1.198 m³/min, 2,183 kJ/min c. 1.198 m³/min, 3,183 kJ/min
b. 2.198 m³/min, 3,183.38 kJ/min d. 2.198 m³/min, 2,183 kJ/min
Solution:
Properties of Ammonia:
At 8.57 bar At 1.902 bar
Solving for the volume taken into compressor per minute:
. .
2
= 1.198 m³/min
Solving for the Refrigerating effect in kJ/min:
RE= m(h1 – h2)
Where:
89.8 0.96 1330.2
1336.79 /
275.1 /
Then;
2 / min 1366.79 275.1 /
Thus;
(a) . , , . /
38. Supplementary Problem:
The water enters the condenser at 30°C and leaves at 50°C. If the heat rejected in the condenser
is 500 kW, determine the volume of water needed to cool the refrigerant.
a. 5.69 kg/s c. 6.69 kg/s
b. 4.69 kg/s d. 7.69 kg/s
Solution:
∆
500 4.187 50 30
5.97 /
Then; the volume of water is:
. /
/
Thus;
. /
39. Supplementary Problem:
A 500 kW refrigeration system is used to produce cooled water from 24°C to 3°C. Calculate the
mass flow rate of water in kg/s.
a. 5.69 kg/s c. 6.69 kg/s
b. 4.69 kg/s d. 7.69 kg/s
Solution:
∆
500 4.187 24 3
Thus;
(a) . /
40. Supplementary Problem:
A vapor compression refrigeration system is designed to have a capacity of 100 TOR. It produces
chilled water from 22°C to 2°C. Its actual coefficient of performance is 5.86 and 35% of the
power supplied to the compressor is lost in the form of friction and cylinder cooling looses.
Determine the size of the electric motor required to drive the compressor in kW and the volume
flow rate of chilled water is L/s.
a. 92.31 kW, 4.199 L/s c. 93.75 kW, 5.724 L/s
b. 90.71 kW, 5.277 L/s d. 91.75 kW, 7.575 L/s
Solution:
.
5.86
6
.35
0.65 60
.
.
Thus;
92.31
Solving for the volume flow of chilled water:
∆
100 3.516 4.187 22 2
4.199 /
Thus;
. /
/
4.199 /
Thus;
(a) . , . /
41. Supplementary Problem:
A four cylinder, single‐acting, V‐type compressor with 8 cm and 10 cm stroke operates at 600
rpm. It used in a Freon‐12 vapor compression system with condenser and evaporator pressure
of 725.5 kPa and 189.5 kPa respectively. If the compression is dry and isentropic, the clearance
is 2 percent and the there is no subcooling or superheating (before compression) of the
refrigerant, determine the refrigerating capacity of the compressor in tons.
a. 7.31 TOR c. 7.54 TOR
b. 8.54 TOR d. 8.31 TOR
Solution:
Properties of Freon‐12
@ 29° 227.557 /
@ 725.5 @29°
And 368 /
Solving for the refrigerating Capacity ∶
345.365 227.557
Solving for m :
.
0.0878951 0.10 4
Where;
1
. .
1.02 0.02
.
0.9544
Then;
.
0.0878951 0.9544 0.10 4
0.2183 /
Thus;
42. Supplementary Problem:
The dryness fractions of the entering and leaving the evaporator of a refrigerating plant are
0.28 and 0.92 respectively. If the specific enthalpy of the evaporation ( of at the
evaporator pressure is 290.7 kJ/kg, Calculate the mass of ice at ‐5°C that would theoretically be
made per day from water at 14°C when the mass flow of through the machine is 0.5 kg/s.
Note:
Specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ/kg‐K
Specific heat of fusion of ice = 2.04 kJ/kg‐K
Enthalpy of fusion = 335 kJ/kg‐K
a. 17.89 tons/day c. 19.89 tons/day
b. 18.89 tons/day d. 20.89 tons/day
Solution:
Specific enthalpy gain of through evaporator:
186.05 /
Heat to be extracted from water to make 1 kg of ice:
404 /
Then;
0.50
0.23 /
Thus; the mass of ice in tons per day:
0.23
(b) . /
43. Past ME Board Problem
A vapor compression refrigeration system has a 30 kW motor driving the compressor. The
compressor inlet pressure and temperature are 64.17 kPa and ‐20°C respectively and discharge
pressure of 960 kPa. Standard liquid enters the expansion valve. Using Freon‐12 as refrigerant,
determine the capacity of the unit in tons of the refrigeration.
a. 17.145 TOR c. 19.145 TOR
b. 18.145 TOR d. 20.145 TOR
Solution:
Properties of Freon‐12
345 /
398 /
238.5 /
Solving for the RefrigeratingCapacity:
345 238.5
Solving for m:
30 398 345
0.566
Thus;
(a) 17.145 TOR
44. Past ME Board Problem
A refrigerating system operates on the reversed Carnot Cycle. The higher temperature of the
refrigerant in the system is 120°F and the lower is 10°F. The capacity is 20 tons. Neglect losses.
Determine the network in Btu/min.
a. 935.21 Btu/min c. 745.71 Btu/min
b. 457.57 Btu/min d. 765.81 Btu/min
Solution:
∆
Where;
Solving for ∆ :
∆
/
∆
∆ 8.511 / °
Thus;
(a) . /
45. Supplementary Problem:
What is the coefficient of performance of a vapor compression refrigeration system with the
following properties: Enthalpy at suction is 190 kJ/kg; enthalpy after compression is 210 kJ/kg.
The enthalpy after condensation is 60 kJ/kg.
a. 4.5 c. 6.5
b. 5.5 d. 3.5
Solution:
Thus;
(c) .
46. Supplementary Problem:
A refrigerating machine is driven by a motor of output power 2.25 kW and 2.5 tons of ice at ‐7 °C
made per day from water at 18 °C. Calculate the coefficient of performance of the machine and
express its capacity in terms of tons of ice per 24 hours from and 0 °C, taking the following
values:
Specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ/kg‐K
Specific heat of fusion of ice = 2.04 kJ/kg‐K
Enthalpy of fusion = 335 kJ/kg‐K
a. 5.476, 3.17 tons/day c. 5.476, 4.17 tons/day
b. 4.476, 3.17 tons/day d. 4.476, 4.17 tons/day
Solution;
Where;
2.25
Solving for ;
.
4.2 18 0 335 2.04 0 7
Then;
.
5.476
.
Solving for m in tons per day;
2.5 424.88
Then;
3.17 /
Thus;
(a) . & . /
47. Supplementary Problem:
Determine the heat extracted from 2000 kg of water from 25°C to ice at ‐10°C.
a. 621, 150 kJ c. 821, 150 kJ
b. 721, 150 kJ d. 921, 150 kJ
Solution:
Where;
209,350
2000 335
2000 2.09 0 10
41,800
Thus;
(d) ,
48. Supplementary Problem:
A single acting, twin cylinder, ammonia compressor with bore equal to stroke is driven by an
engine at 250 rpm. The machine is installed in a chilling plant to produce 700 kW of refrigeration
at ‐18°C evaporating temperature. At this temperature the cooling effect per kg mass is 1160 kJ.
The specific volume of the vapor compressor is 0.592 m³ per kilogram. Assume 85% volumetric
efficiency, determine the bore in mm.
a. 400 mm c. 450 mm
b. 300 mm d. 500 mm
Solution:
2 6.545
Solving for the piston displacement, :
.
.
.
From:
700 1160
0.603 /
Then;
0.42 ³/
Thus;
0.42 6.545 ³
(a) D = 0.40 m = 400 mm
49. Past ME Board Problem
Saturated vapor Freon‐12 refrigerant at 219.12 kPa leaves the evaporator and enters the
compressor at ‐5°C. The refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 25°C and enters
the expansion valve at 22°C. Heat rejected from the condenser amount to 74 kW. The work to
the compressor is 55.5kJ/kg while the heat lost from the compressor is 4.2kJ/kg. If 1.15 kJ/kg 0f
heat are lost in the piping between the compressor and condenser, calculate the refrigeration
capacity in tons.
a. 15.06 TOR c. 14.57 TOR
b. 17.76 TOR d. 12.75 TOR
Solution:
Properties of Freon‐12
@ 22° 220.75 /
@ 219.12 347.13 /
By energy balance in the compressor:
4.2 55.5
401.30 /
By energy balance in the piping from the compressor to condenser;
1.15
400.15 /
By energy balance in the condenser;
223.65 400.15
176.5 /
Solving for the mass flow rate:
/
. /
0.419 /
Thus; the refrigerating capacity:
(a) . .
50. Past ME Board Problem
The mass flow of water entering the condenser is 20 kg/s. If the temperature difference
between the entrance and exit temperature is 20°C, determine the rejected heat in the
condenser.
a. 1, 674.80 kW c. 1, 574.80 kW
b. 1, 774.80 kW d. 1, 884.80 kW
Solution:
∆
20 4.187 20
Thus;
(a) , .
51. Supplementary Problem:
The cooling load of a small walk‐in freezer has been calculated to be 1.10 tons of refrigeration at
‐30°C. A compressor and motor must selected to handle the load. The following conditions are
given:
Refrigerant F‐12
Compressor, rpm 600
Motor, rpm 1800
Compressor discharge pressure 800kPa
Liquid receiver temperature 20°C
Assume dry and isentropic compression, compressor volumetric efficiency of 80%, mechanical
efficiency of 85%, and power transmission efficiency of 90%. Calculate the displacement of the
compressor in cm³.
a. 641.40 c. 661.40
b. 651.40 d. 671.40
Solution:
Properties of Freon‐12
@ 800 33
338.143 /
375 /
218.321 /
0.159375 ³/
Solving for :
Where:
. .
. .
. 322 /
Then:
. .
.
0.006414
.
0.0006414
Thus;
(a) . ³/
52. Supplementary Problem:
The refrigerant leaves the compressor and enters the condenser of a Freon‐12 refrigerating
plant at 5.673 bar and 50 and leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at the same pressure.
At compressor suction the pressure is 1.826 bar and temperature 0 . Calculate the coefficient
of performance.
a. 3.09 c. 5.09
b. 4.09 d. 6.09
Solution:
Properties of Freon‐12
At 5.673 bar, Sat. temp = 20
Thus, At 50 refrigerant is superheated by 30 , and the compressor
discharge, 216.75 /
At 1.826 bar, Sat. temp. = ‐15
thus, At 0 refrigerant is superheated by 15
190.15 /
54.87 /
54.87 /
Then;
. .
. .
Thus;
(c) .
53. Supplementary Problem:
a. 345.34 c. 145.34
b. 245.34 d. 445.34
Solution:
∆
10 4.187 30 1
1, 214.23
345.34
Thus;
(a) .
54. Supplementary Problem:
a. 100 kW c. 200 kW
b. 150 kW d. 50 kW
Solution:
∆
2.5 1.0 30 10
100
Thus;
(a)
73. Supplementary Problem
To cool farm products, 300 kg of ice at -4.4 0C are placed in bunker. Twenty four
hours later, the ice have melted into water at 7.2 0C. What is the average rate of
cooling provided by the ice in kJ/hr?
Solution
2.09 0 4.4 335 4.187 7.2 0
thus;
(d) 4679.28 /
The combined loads of an ice and cold storage are 25 tons of ice per day and
137,000 kJ/hr, respectively. Refrigeration required per ton of ice is 1.925. Ammonia
compressor carrying these combined loads operates between -14 0C and 42 0C
liquefaction. Determine the number of units of 7 pass multiple tube condenser each
unit made up of 200 mm pipe shell where there are 7 pieces extra strong 50 mm
tubes inside each pipe shell. Length is 6 m condensing water enters at 29 0C and
leaves at 38 0C. U = 539 W/m2 – K, LMTD = 39.22 0C and cross flow factor = 0.75.
a. 3 units c. 5 units
b. 4 units d. 6 units
Solution
Properties of Ammonia:
h1 = 1427.7 kJ/kg
h2 = 1714.0 kJ/kg
h3 = h4 = 383.5 kJ/kg
then;
Solving for Q:
= 38.06 kW
= 169.21 kW
QT = 207.27
From:
m=
.
m=
. .
m = 0.1985 kg/s
then;
Q = m (h2 – h1)
= 264.12 kW
Solving for Q1:
A = π (O.D.) L N
= 7.92 m2
then;
Q1 = A U F (LMTD)
= (7.92)(539)(0.75)(39.22)
= 125,569.11 W
= 125.57 kW/units
thus;
.
n= =
. /
(a) n = 3
a. 4.33 c. 6.33
b. 5.33 d. 3.33
Properties of Ammonia:
h3 = h4 = h7 @ 37 0C = 375.9 kJ/kg
h5 = h6 = hg @ 10 0C = 1471.6 kJ/kg
h8 = hg @ -5 0C = 1456.2 kJ/kg
then;
. .
COP =
COP =
m4 = =
. .
= 0.0319 kg/s
m7 = = . .
= 0.0648 kg/s
m1 = m6 + m8
= m4 + m7
= 0.0967 kg/s
By Energy Balance:
h1 = 1461.3 kJ/kg
then;
WC = m (h2 – h1)
= 0.0967(1665 – 1461.3)
= 19.7 kW
thus;
COP =
.
Solution
Q = mCp∆t
= (20lb)(1 )(190-80)0F
thus;
Suppose that 30 gpm of water are removed from 60 0F to 40 0F. Calculate the heat
energy removed in Btu per hour.
Solution
Q = mCp∆t
= m(1)(40-60)
Solving for m:
m = ρV
thus;
Q = (14,994)(1)(-20)
(a) Q = -299,880
If the latent heat of water is 144 Btu/lb, determine the quantity of latent heat given
up by 10 lb of water at 32 0F when it freezesinto ice at 32 0F.
Solution
Q = mLf
= 10 lb (144 )
thus;
(b) Q = 1440 Btu
Compute the cooling rate (energy flow rate in Btu/hr) produces by ice melting at the
rate of 150 lb/hr.
Solution
Q = mLf
= (150 )(144 )
thus;
a. 4,605.7 kJ c. 2,000.1 kJ
b. 4,000.2 kJ d. 2,302.85 kJ
Solution
Q = mCp∆t
thus;
(a) Q = 4,605 kJ
81. Supplementary Problem
a. 15,491.90 kJ c. 17,321.90 kJ
b. 14,591.90 kJ d. 18,231.80 kJ
Solution
Q = mCp∆t
= 1000 4.187 35 10
thus;
(a) Q = 15,491.90 kJ
Suppose that 30 kg/s of water are cooled from 35 0C to 10 0C. Compute the required
energy flow rate in kJ/s.
a. 3140.25 kW c. 3457.75 kW
b. 3240.25 kW d. 3567.25 kW
Solution
Q = mCp∆t
= 30 4.187 35 10
thus;
Compute the cooling rate produced by ice melting at the rate of 150 kg/hr.
a. 737.5 kW c. 937.5 kW
b. 837.5 kW d. 637.5 kW
Solution
Q = mLf
= m 335
where:
m = 1.50 kg/hr
= 2.50 kg/s
Q = 2.5 335
thus;
Seventy-five hundred pounds of fresh beef enter a chilling cooler at 102 0F and are
chilled to 45 0F each day. Compute the product load in Btu per 24 hours. The specific
heat of beef above freezing is 0.75 Btu/lb-0F.
Solution
Calculate the piston displacement of a two cylinder compressor rotating at 1450 rpm
if the diameter of the cylinder is 2.5 in. and the length of stroke.
Solution
VD =
.
= 2 1450 2
= 28,470.68 in.3/min
thus;
Solution:
Compression =
R=
Where:
.
R=
.
(d) R = 3.68
Solution:
Wc = compressor theoretical
Ws = shaft power
Then:
eo =
.
0.80 =
Thus;
(b) Ws = 3.33
Solution:
N1D1 = N2D2
Where:
N(10) = (1750)(4)
Thus;
Solution:
= (16,500)(1.32)
= 21,780 BTU/hr
Thus;
(c) Condenser Load = 21,780 BTU/hr
Solution:
Q = mCpΔt
150,000 = m(1)(10)
m = 15,000 lb/hr
, /
V= =
. /
Thus;
(a) V = 30 gpm
CHAPTER VI
A coil has an inlet temperature of 60 and outlet of 90 . If the mean temperature of the
coil is 110 , find the bypass factor of the coil.
a. 0.20 c. 0.40
b. 0.30 d. 0.50
Solution:
Bypass factor =
BF =
Thus;
(a) BF = 0.40
If the latent and sensible heat loads are 20 kW and 80 kW respectively, what is the
sensible heat ratio?
a. 0.80 c. 0.70
b. 0.60 d. 0.90
Solution:
SHR = =
Thus;
a. 50.8 c. 40.5
b. 60.8 d. 70.9
Solution:
=m ( )
Solving for m:
PV = mRT
m = 6.049 kg/s
thus;
= (6.049)(1.003)(25 – 25)
(a) 60.80 kW
Compute the pressure drop of 30 air flowing with a mean velocity of 8 m/s in a circular
sheet-metal duct 300 mm in diameter and 15 m long. Use a friction factor, f = 0.02 and
1.1644 / .
a. 37.26 Pa c. 29.34 Pa
b. 25.27 Pa d. 30.52 Pa
Solution:
∆ =
. .
∆ =
.
Thus;
(a) ∆ 37.26 Pa
A pressure difference of 350 Pa is available to force 20oC air through a circular sheet-
metal duct 450 mm in diameter and 25 m long. At 20oC, 1.204 / and take
friction factor, f = 0.016. Determine the velocity.
Solution:
∆ =
. .
350 =
.
Thus;
A duct 0.40 m high and 0.80 m wide suspended from the ceiling in a corridor, makes a
right angle turn in the horizontal plane. The inner radius is 0.2 m and the outer radius is
1.0 m measured from the same center. The velocity of air in the duct is 10 m/s.
Compute the pressure drop in this elbow. Assuming; f = 0.3, 1.204 / and L =
10 m.
a. 341 Pa c. 143 Pa
b. 441 Pa d. 144 Pa
Solution:
∆ =
Where:
= 0.53 m
Thus;
. .
∆ =
.
(a) ∆ 341 Pa
a. 0.40 m c. 0.70 m
b. 0.80 m d. 0.30 m
Solution:
.
=
.
Thus;
(a) 0.40 m
A 0.30 x 0.40 m branch duct leaves a 0.30 x 0.60 main duct at an angle of 60°. The air
temperature is 20 . The dimensions of the main duct remain constant following branch.
The flow rate upstream is 2.7 ⁄ . What is the pressure downstream in the main duct.
Note: at 20 , 1.2041 / .
a. 346 Pa c. 634 Pa
b. 436 Pa d. 643 Pa
Solution:
2.7 = 1.3
= 1.4 ⁄
.
= =
. .
= 7.78 m/s
.
= =
. .
= 15 m/s
.
= =
. .
= 10.43 m/s
Then;
. . . .
= 1
= 3.38
Thus;
(a) 345. 64
A sudden enlargement in a circular duct measures 0.20 m diameter upstream and 0.40
m downstream. The upstream pressure is 150 Pa, downstream pressure is 200 Pa.
What is the flow rate of 20˚C air through the fitting? Use p = 1.02041 kg/m3.
Solution:
Q = AuVu
Ploss = 1
where:
. 2
=( = 0.25
.
then:
.
(200-150) = 1 0.25
= 12.15 m/s
Thus;
Л .
Q= (12.15)
Water at 55oC is cooled in a cooling tower which has an efficiency of 65%. The
temperature of the surrounding air is 32oC dry bulb and 70% relative humidity. The heat
dissipated from the condenser is 2,300,000 kJ/hr. Find the capacity in liters per second
of the pump used in the cooling tower.
Solution:
Solving for m:
e=
= 27.40oC
0.65 =
.
= 37.06oC
, ,
m(4.187)(55 – 37.06) =
m = 8.51 kg/s
Ѵf = 1.0068 L/kg
Thus;
An atmospheric cooling tower is to provide cooling for the jacket water of a four stroke,
800 kW Diesel generator. The cooling tower efficiency is 60% at a temperature
approach of 10oC. If the ambient air has a relative humidity of 70% and dry bulb
temperature of 32oC, determine the cooling tower supplied to the diesel engine in liters
per hour. Generator efficiency is 97% useful work = 30% and cooling loss = 25%.
Solution:
Volume of water = m Ѵf at t4 :
twb = 27.45oC
tapproach = t4 – 27.45
10 = t4 – 27.45
t4 = 37.45oC
= = 824.74 kW
.
Qw = 0.25 (2749.14)
= 687.285
mw = 10.98 kg/s
= 39,527.14 kg/hr
Thus;
Vw = 39,527.14(1.007) L/hr
Fifty gallons per minute of water enters a cooling tower at 46oC. Atmospheric air at 16oC
db and 55% RH enters the tower at 2.85 m3/s and leaves at 32oC saturated. Determine
the volume of water that leaves the tower.
Solution:
V4 = m4(Ѵf at t4)
h1 = 32 kJ/kg h3 = hf at 46oC
.
ma = = = 192.62 kJ/kg
ѵ .
.
m3 = = 3.12 kg/s
.
By mass balance:
m3 – m4 = ma(W2 – W1)
By energy balance:
h4 = 106.65 kJ/kg
t4 = 25.42oC
Ѵ4 = 1.0031 L/kg
Vw = 3.09(1.0031)
A 250,000 kg/hr of water 35oC enters a cooling tower where it is to be cooled to 17.5oC.
The energy is to be exchanged with atmospheric air entering the units at 15oC and
leaving the unit at 30oC. The air enters at 30% RH and leaves at 85% RH. If all process
are assumed to occur at atmospheric pressure, determine the percentage of total water
flow that is make up water.
a. 2.22% c. 4.44%
b. 3.335 d. 1.11%
Solution:
Percentage make-up water =
,
h1 = 23.02 kJ/kg
w1 = 0.0033 kg/kg
h2 = 89.01 kJ/kg
w1 = 0.0233 kg/kg
ma = 277,589.41 kg/hr
m5 = ma(w2 – w1)
m5 = 277,589.41(0.0233 – 0.0033)
= 5,551.79 kg/hr
How much refrigeration capacity is required to cool 56.67 m3 of air per minute from
29oC to 21oC. Assume that the cooled air is saturated.
Solution:
QA = ma(h1 – h2)
h1 = 70 kJ/kg
ѵ1 = 0.875 m3/kg
h2 = 70 kJ/kg
ma =
. /
=
. /
ma = 64.766 kg/min
= 1.079 kg/s
Then;
QA = 1.079(70-61)
= 9.715 kW
Thus;
Find the refrigeration capacity required to cool 29 cubic meter per minute from 29oC to
18oC if air from the outside has an RH of 90%.
Solution:
Qn = ma(h1 – h2)
h1 = 88.45 kJ/kg
h2 = 50.45 kJ/kg
ѵ1 = 0.886 m3/kg
ma = = 32.73 kg/min
.
ma = 0.546 kg/s
then;
QA = 0.546(88.45 – 50.45)
= 20.75 kW
Thus;
The temperature of the air in a dryer is maintained constant by the use of steam coils
within the dryer. The product enters the dryer at the rate of one metric ton per hour. The
initial moisture content is 3 kg moisture per kg of dry solid and will be dried to moisture
content of 0.10 kg moisture per kg dry solid. Air enters the dryer with a humidity ratio of
0.016 kg moisture per kg of dry air and leaves with a relative humidity of 100% while the
temperature remains constant at 60 . If the total pressure of the air is 101.3 kPa,
determine the capacity of the forced draft far to handle this air in ⁄ .
a. 85.75 ⁄ c. 55.87 ⁄
b. 87.55 ⁄ d. 58.75 ⁄
Capacity of fan =
At point 1:
.
=
.
0.16 =
.
2.54
1 0.968 ⁄
At point 2:
@ = 19.94 kPa
= RH ( @ )
= (1)(19.94)
= 19.94 kPa
.
=
. .
=
. .
= 0.1524 kg/kg
At point 3:
= 250 kg
At point 4:
.
Moisture content =
.
= 0.0909 or 9.09%
= 0.0909
= 0.0909 250
= 275 /
=
. .
Thus;
= 5142.16 ⁄
Alternate Solution:
Fan Capacity =
= 0.968 ⁄
0.1524 /
Moisture removed = m (
3 (350) – (0.10)(250) = m (0.154- 0.1016)
M = 5315.25 kg/hr
Thus;
= 5145.16 ⁄
Wet material containing 215% moisture (dry basis) is to be dried at the rate of 1.5 kg/s
in a continuous dryer to give a product containing 5% moisture (wet basis). The drying
medium consist of air heated to 373 K and containing water vapor equivalent to a partial
pressure of 1.40 kPa. The air leaves the dryer at 310 K and 70% saturated. Calculate
how much air will be required to remove the moisture.
a. 50 kg/s c. 60 kg/s
b. 55 kg/s d. 65 kg/s
Solution:
(1.5) = 0.95 m
.
m = 0.501 kg/s
= 0.999 kg/s
= 0.00871 kg/kg
thus;
One hundred fifty cubic meters of air per minute at 35oC dry bulb and 25oC wet bulb
temperature are to be cooled to 21oC. Determine the refrigeration capacity.
a. 10 TOR c. 12 TOR
b. 11 TOR d. 13 TOR
Solution:
QA = maCp(t1 – t2)
ma = = 168.16 kg/min
.
then;
= 39.24 kW
Thus;
Solution:
Qs = maCp(t2 – t1)
ma = 22 kg/s
thus;
= 12,289.16 kg/hr
then;
mW = 12,289.16 (0.307 – 0.07)
thus;
(a) mW = 2,192.53 kg/hr
Solution:
From Psychrometric Chart:
At 32oC db and 70% RH
twb1 = 27.5oC
The temperature of water leaving the tower can be determined by tower
efficiency equation:
Actual cooling range
Tower eff. =
Theoretical Cooling range
ta -tb
=
ta -twb1
55-tb
0.65 =
55-27.5
tb = 37.125 oC
By Energy Balance in the condenser:
QR = mw Cpw ( ta – tb )
2,300,000 = mw (4.187) (55-37.125)
mw = 30,731.15 kg/hr
Density of water at 55oC:
1 1
ρw = =
vf@55o C 0.0010146
= 985.6 kg/m3
Then; the capacity of the pump to be used in the cooling tower:
kg L
30,731 (1000 )
hr m3
Pump capacity = kg s
935.6 (3600 )
hr hr
thus;
(a) Pump Capacity = 8.66 L/s
Solution:
mo + mt = ms
mo + 3mo = 20
4mo = 20
thus;
(a) mo = 5 kg/s
Solution:
h3 = 90.49 KJ/kg
h2 = 53 KJ/kg
Qs = ms Cp (t2 – t1)
ms = 10 kg/s
QT = ms (h2 – h1)
110 + 37.5 = 10 (53 – h1)
h1 = 38.25 KJ/kg
by mass balance:
mo + mr = ms
0.25mr + mr = 10
mr = 8 kg/s
by Heat Balance
moh3 + mrh2 = msh4
[0.25(8)] (90.49) + 8 (53) = 10 h4
h4 = 60.50 KJ/kg
thus;
Refrigerating Capacity = 10 (60.50 – 38.25)
= 222.48 kW
Refrigerating Capacity = 63.28 Tons of Refrigeration
Solution:
Refrigeration Capacity, QA:
QA = ms (h4 – h1)
Ventilation load, QV:
QV = mo (h3 – h1)
Solving for ms:
Qs = ms Cp (t2 – t1)
150 = ms (1.0) (26 – 15)
ms = 13.64 kg/s
From psychrometric chart:
h3 = 86.5 KJ/kg
h2 = 53 KJ/kg
Solving for h1:
QT = ms (h2 – h1)
150 + 51.3 = 13.64 (53 – h1)
h1 = 38.24 KJ/kg
Solving for mr and mo:
mr = 0.80 (13.64)
mr = 10.91 kg/s
mo = 0.20 (13.64)
= 2.73 kg/s
By heat balance:
moh3 + msh4
2.736(86.5) + 10.91(53) = 13.64h4
h4 = 59.69 kJ/kg
thus;
QA = 13.64 (59.69 – 38.24)
= 292.61 kW
= 83.22 tons of refrigeration
Qv = 2.73(86.5 – 38.24)
= 131.75 kW
= 37.47 tons of refrigeration
(a) QA = 83.22 TOR, QV = 37.47 TOR
Solution:
Conditioner Capacity, QA:
QA = ms (h4 – h1)
Solving for ms:
QT = ms (h2 – h1)
From Psychrometric Chart:
h4 = 35.82 Btu/lb
h1 = 25.78 Btu/lb
h2 = 31.35 Btu/lb
then;
620,000 + 210,000 = ms (31.35 – 25.78)
ms = 149,012.57 lb/hr
thus;
149,012.57 35.82 - 25.78 Btu/hr
QA = 12,000 Btu/hr
TOR
Solution:
From Psychrometric Chart:
At tdb1 = 20oC and 80% RH
h1 = 50kJ/kg
v1 = 0.85 m3/kg
h2 = 65.5 kJ/kg
Q = m (h2 – h1)
Solving for m:
V 20
m= =
v 0.847
= 23.61 kg/min
= 0.394 kg/s
thus;
Q = 0.394 (65.5 – 50)
(a) Q = 6.10 kJ/s or kW
Solution:
Pv
W = 0.622
Pt -Pv
Pv
0.05 = 0.622
101.325-Pv
thus;
(a) 7.54 kPa
At 40oC db saturated;
h = 166 kJ/kg, w = 0.0488 kg/kg
a. 8977 c. 8055
b. 8055 d. 8388
Solution:
m = ma (W2 – W1)
Solving for mass of air, ma:
Heat absorbed by air = heat rejected by water
ma (h2 – h1) = mw Cw ∆t
ma (166 – 72.5) = 126 (4.187) (40 – 29)
ma = 62.07 kg/s
then;
m = 62.07 (0.0488 – 0.013)
= 2.22 kg/s
thus;
(a) m = 7999.08 kg/hr
Solution:
PV = mRT
m P
=ρ=
V RT
0.1475 (144)
=
85.66 (45+460)
thus;
ρ = 0.000491 lb/ft3
Solution
Actual partial pressure
RH = x 100
partial pressure at saturation
0.178
= x 100
0.36
thus;
(a) RH = 49.44 %
Solution:
Wactual
Saturation ratio = x 100
Wsaturation
0.00763
= x 100
0.01576
thus;
(c) Saturation ratio = 48.41
Solution:
QR 6
SHR = =
QS 10
thus;
(a) SHR = 0.60
Solution:
150 (21+273)
Vs =
(15+273)
thus;
(a) Vs = 153 m3/s
Solution:
The quantity of water lost by bleed-off,
Vw = 0.33 (30)
thus;
(a) Vw = 0.099 gpm