𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 ∶

𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑟

𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑟.
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
Population in lack
Division Both Male Female
Genders
Peshawar 64 33 31
Rawalpindi 40 21 19
Sargodha 60 32 28
Lahore 65 35 30
𝑃𝐼𝐸 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 ∶
𝑃𝑖𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚, 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎ℎ𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 .
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ∶ 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 360 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠
𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 .
Items food Clothing House Fuel Misc
rent and
light
Expenditures 50 30 20 15 35
 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡
Items Expenditure in Rs Angle of sectors
Food (50/150 ) 360^o 120
Clothing (30/150 ) 360^o 72
House Rent (20/150 ) 360^o 48
Fuel and light (15/150 ) 360^o 36
Misc (35/150 ) 360^o 84
Total 150 360

Items food Clothing Shelter Fuel Misc

and
light
Expenditures 32 20 8 4 16

Solution:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡
Items Expenditure in Rs Angle of sectors
Food (32/80 ) 360^o 144
Clothing (20/80 ) 360^o 90
House Rent (8/80 ) 360^o 36
Fuel and light (4/80 ) 360^o 18
Misc (16/80 ) 360^o 72
Total 80 360

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑠
∶ 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 , 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑, 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 .
(a)𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎
(𝑏)𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 . 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚, 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 .
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 ∶ 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 ∶
𝐴 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 1929 − 1936 .
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑖. 𝑒 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
Years : 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936
No of cars 98 74 68 50 99 172 245 302
𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 ∶
𝐴 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 (𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒃𝒚 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕)𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑋 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 .
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑎 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 (𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑑𝑎𝑦)𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
Age (years) 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-59
No of 9 188 160 123 84 15
OperatorsType equation here.
Class Class Interval Frequency Proportional
Boundaries Height
17.5-19.5 2Type equation here. 9 9/2=4.5
19.5-24.5 5 188 188/5=37.6
24.5-29.5 5 160 160/5=32.0
29.5-34.5 5 123 123/5=24.6
34.5-44.5 10 84 84/10=8.4
44.5-59.5 15 15 15/15=1
Height 60-62 63-65 66-68 69-71 72-74
No of 5 18 42 27 8
students

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑒: 𝐴 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎

𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑓𝑖 )
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙, ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚.
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒:
Class Mark 64. 74. 94. 114. 134. 154. 174. 194. 214.
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Proportion 0 12 15 20 5 3 5 7 0
al height

Class 64. 74. 84. 94. 104. 114. 124. 134. 144.
Mark 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
frequenc 0 12 15 20 5 3 5 7 0
y
 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 ∶
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠, 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑑, 𝑖𝑡
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 , 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒.
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑎 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 (𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑑𝑎𝑦)𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
Age (years) 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-59
No of 9 188 160 123 84 15
Class Class Frequency Class Proportional
Boundaries Interval Mark Height
17.5-19.5 2 9 9/2=4.5
19.5-24.5 5 188 188/5=37.6
24.5-29.5 5 160 160/5=32.0
29.5-34.5 5 123 123/5=24.6
34.5-44.5 10 84 84/10=8.4
44.5-59.5 15 15 15/15=1
Height 60-62 63-65 66-68 69-71 72-74
No of 5 18 42 27 8
students
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
Class 2.95 3.95 4.95 5.95 6.95 7.95 8.95 9.95 10.95
mark
Frequency 0 1 2 3 5 3 6 5 4
11.95 12.95 13.95 14.95
3 2 1 0
 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑁𝑜 3
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 .
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 ∶
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ∶ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 , 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 ,
𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 =
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑁 ∑ 𝑥𝑖
𝑷𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 = 𝝁 = =
𝑁 𝑁
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑖
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥 − = = , 𝑖 = 1,2,3, . . , 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ∶ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 9 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 ∶
45 , 32, 37 , 46 , 39 , 41 , 48 , 36
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦

−
∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥9
𝑥 = =
𝑛 9
45 + 32 + 37 + 46 + 39 + 41 + 48 + 36
= = 40
9
 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ∶ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠
𝑥1 𝑤1 + 𝑥2 𝑤2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 𝑤𝑛
𝑥𝑤 − =
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + ⋯ + 𝑤𝑛
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ∶ 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴. 𝑀 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
Item Expenditure Weights
Food 290 7.5
Rent 54 2.0
Clothing 98 1.5
Fuel 75 1.0
Misc 75 .5
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶
Item Expenditure Weights
Food 290 7.5 (290) 7.5
Rent 54 2.0 54(2.0)
Clothing 98 1.5 98(1.5)
Fuel 75 1.0 75(1.0)
Misc 75 .5 75(.5)
12.5 2542.5
𝑥1 𝑤1 + 𝑥2 𝑤2 + ⋯ + 𝑥5 𝑤5 2542.5
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥𝑤 − = = = 203.4
𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + ⋯ + 𝑤5 12.5
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 ∶
𝑓1 𝑥1 + 𝑓2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑓𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑥− =
𝑓1 + 𝑓2 + ⋯ + 𝑓𝑛
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑

Weight Sum of 𝑓𝑖 Mean 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 Midpoints 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖

(grams) actual weight
Observations of each
class 𝑥𝑖−
65-84 695 9 77.2 694.5 74.5 670.5
85-104 947 10 94.7 947 94.5 945.0
105-124 1919 17 112.9 1919.3 114.5 1946.5
125-144 1325 10 132.5 1325 134.5 1345.0
145-164 766 5 153.2 766.00 154.5 772.5
165-184 716 4 179.0 716.0 174.5 698.0
185-204 956 5 191.2 956.0 194.5 973.5
7324 60 7324.1 7350.0

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 ∶

𝑥1 𝑓1 + 𝑥2 𝑓2 + ⋯ + 𝑓𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑥− = = 122.5𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
𝑛
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 ∶
∑ 𝑥𝑖 7324
−
𝑥 = = = 122.07
𝑛 60
−
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖− 7324.1
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥 = = = 122.07
𝑛 60
Weekly 35-39 40-44 45- 50-54 55- 60- 65-
income 49 59 64 69
Number of 15 13 17 29 11 10 5
workers
Class boundaries Cumulative Frequency
ℎ 0
Less than 𝑥1 −
2
ℎ 𝑓1
Less then 𝑥1 + 𝑓1 + 𝑓2
2
ℎ
Less than 𝑥2 + 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 + 𝑓3
2
ℎ 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 + 𝑓3 + 𝑓4
Less than 𝑥3 +
2 .
. .
. .
.
ℎ ∑ 𝑓𝑛
Less than 𝑥𝑘 +
2

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑛
𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 , 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑡 .
𝑛 𝑛
(𝑛 + 1/2) if n is odd 𝑎𝑛𝑑 + 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2 2

𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ∶ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 9 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 ∶

45 , 32, 37 , 46 , 39 , 41 , 48 , 36
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
32,36, 37,39, 41, 45, 46 ,48
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 9 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠
9+1
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦 =5
2
𝑠𝑜 5 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑒ℎ 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑖. 𝑒 41 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 .
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ
𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 .
𝒉 𝒏
𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝒍 + ( − 𝑪)
𝒇 𝟐
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
: 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜 4 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑄1 , 𝑄2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄3
𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 ∶
𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜 10 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 ∶
99 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 100 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑗𝑛
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
100
𝑗𝑛
𝑃𝑗 = 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 [ ]+1
100
[10.1] = 10 = [10.99]; [𝑥 ] ≤ 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
 𝑗𝑛
𝑄𝑗 = 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 [ ] + 1
4
𝑗𝑛
𝐷𝑗 = 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 [ ] + 1
10

, [123.5] = 123
𝑗𝑛 𝑗𝑛
𝑃𝑗 = ( ),( )+1
100 100
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ∶ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 9 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 ∶
45 , 32, 37,36 , 46 , 39 , 41 , 48 , 36
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛;
32,36, 𝟑𝟔, 37, 𝟑𝟗, 41, 𝟒𝟓, 46 ,48
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 9 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 .
𝑛
𝑛 = 9 𝑖. 𝑒 = 4.5 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 [4.5] = 4
2
9
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 ([ ] + 1)
2
= 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (4 + 1)𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 39 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
9 9
𝑄1 = 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 ([ ] + 1) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 [ ] 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
4 4
𝑎𝑛𝑑 [2.025] = 2

𝑄1 = 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 3 𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 36

 𝑄3 = 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦
3(9) 3(9)
([ ] + 1) 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 [ ] 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
4 4
𝑎𝑛𝑑 [6.74] = 6
= 7𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 45
No of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
assistance

F 3 4 6 7 10 6 5 5 3 1
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 50
𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑢𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒 .
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

Number of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
assistance
Frequency 3 4 6 7 10 6 5 5 3 1
Cumulative 3 7 13 20 30 36 41 46 49 50
frequency
50 50
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 25 𝑎𝑛𝑑 + 1 = 26
2 2
𝑏𝑦 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑤 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑥 = 4
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 4
50
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑄1 𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
4
 50
𝑄1 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ([ ] + 1)
4
= 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (12 + 1), 𝑖. 𝑒 13 = 2 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
3(50)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑄3 𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
4
3(50)
𝑄3 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ([ ] + 1)
4
= 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 38 𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 6 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
7(50)
𝐷7 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑
10
7(50)
( ) + 1 = 5 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
10
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 8𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 ,
Marks 30- 40- 50- 60- 70- 80- 90-
39 49 59 69 79 89 99
Number 8 87 190 304 211 85 20
of
students
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
Class Mid points Frequency Cumulative
Boundaries frequency
29.5-39.5 34.5 8 8
39.5-49.5 44.5 87 95
49.5-59.5 54.5 190 285
59.5-69.5 64.5 304 589
69.5-79.5 74.5 211 800
79.5-89.5 84.5 85 885
89.5-99.5 94.5 20 905

𝒉 𝒏
𝑇𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝒍 + ( − 𝑪)
𝒇 𝟐
𝑛 905
ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = = 452.5
2 2
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 59.5 − 69.5
10
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 59.5 + (452.5 − 285) = 65
304
905
𝑄1 = 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑓 = 226.25 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒
4
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 49.5 − 59.5
ℎ 𝑛 10
𝑄1 = 𝑙 + ( − 𝐶) = 49.5 + (226.25 − 95) = 56
𝑓 4 190
ℎ 3𝑛
𝑄3 = 𝑙 + ( − 𝐶) =
𝑓 4
𝑄3 = 74 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷8 = 76
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 ∶ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ℎ
(𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 ) + (𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓2 )
𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑓2 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
 304 − 190
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 59.5 + 10 = 65
(304 − 190) + (304 − 211)
Class- Interval Frequency
Under 25 222
25-29 405
30-34 508
35-39 520
40-44 525
45-49 490
50-54 457
55-59 416
60 and above 166
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑄𝑢𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑁𝑜 ∶ 6
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∶
𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑡
{1,2,3,4,5, … }
1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5, …
𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 , …
𝑂𝑛𝑒 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∶ 𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 1 − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑐 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐵 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑙𝑦 .
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎.
𝐴𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠
𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡.

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∶ 𝐴𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠

𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 .
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 ∶ 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑎
𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 .
𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∶ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 .
𝑀𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠: 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑡
𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 .
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝐿𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠: 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑦
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 .
𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐴 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 . 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠, 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛
𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙
𝑛!
𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟 )!
6! = 6.5.4.3.2.1 = 6.5! = 6.5.4! = 6.5.4.3!
 0! = 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
∶ 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑖𝑠
𝑁(𝐴) 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴
𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑁(𝑆) 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑖𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1
𝐴 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 . 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
𝑁 (𝑆 ) = 8

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝐴 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻}
𝑁 (𝐴 ) = 7
𝑁(𝐴) 7
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = =
𝑁(𝑆) 8
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐵 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐵 = { 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
𝑁 (𝐵 ) = 7
𝑁(𝐵) 7
𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) = 𝑃 (𝐴 ) = =
𝑁(𝑆) 8
𝐴𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 200 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
𝑊ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 6 .
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑆 = {1,2,3, … ,200}𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑁(𝑆) = 200
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 6 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝐴 = {6,12,18,24, … , 198}
𝑎 = 6 𝑑 = 6 𝑛 =? 𝑙 = 198
𝑙 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
198 = 6 + (𝑛 − 1)6 = 6 + 6𝑛 − 6
𝑛 = 33
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑁(𝐴) = 33
𝑁(𝐴) 33
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = =
𝑁(𝑆) 200
𝑃𝑖𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 , 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚, 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚, 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛, 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒, 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 , 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 , 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 , 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒, 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝐴. 𝑀 , 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴. 𝑀 ,
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦