Geometric & Harmonic Means

Mode, Geometric &
Harmonic Means
Lecture#8&9
Instructor: Sulaman
Quartiles for Ungrouped/Raw data
Computation
• Arrange the data in ascending order (smallest value to largest
value)
• Compute an index, 𝑖 such that:
𝑛
• For First Quartile (Q1), compute 𝑖 =
4
2𝑛
• For Second Quartile (Q2), compute 𝑖 =
4
3𝑛
• For Third Quartile (Q3), compute 𝑖 =
4
Where, n is the number of observations
• If 𝑖 is not an integer, round up. The next integer greater than
𝑖 denotes the position of the corresponding Quartile.
• If 𝑖 is an integer, then the corresponding Quartile is the average of
the values in positions 𝑖 and 𝑖 + 1.
Instructor: Sulaman
Example: Suppose we have data on Monthly starting
salaries for a sample of 12 business school graduates:
Graduate Monthly Starting Graduate Monthly Starting

Salaries Salaries
1 34,500 7 34,900
2 35,500 8 37,300
3 36,500 9 35,400
4 34,800 10 39,250
5 33,550 11 35,200
6 33,100 12 34,800
Calculate Q1, Q2 and Q3.

Instructor: Sulaman
Solution:
• Arrange the monthly starting salary data in ascending order.
33,100 33,550 34,500 34,800 34,800 34,900 35,200 35,400
35,500 36,500 37,300 39,250
𝑛 12
• For Q1 compute index 𝑖 = = =3
4 4
• Because 𝑖 = 3 is an integer, so Q1 is the average of the
values in position 𝑖 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖 + 1 = 4
At position 3, we have number 34,500
34500+34800
Hence 𝑄1 = = 34650
2
Instructor: Sulaman
Solution:
33,100 33,550 34,500 34,800 34,800 34,900 35,200 35,400
35,500 36,500 37,300 39,250
2𝑛 2(12)
4 4
• Because 𝑖 = 6 is an integer, so Q2 is the average of the values
in position 𝑖 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖 + 1 = 7
34900+35200
Hence 𝑄2 = = 35,050
2
Instructor: Sulaman
Solution:
33,100 33,550 34,500 34,800 34,800 34,900 35,200 35,400
35,500 36,500 37,300 39,250
3𝑛 3(12)
4 4
• Because 𝑖 = 9 is an integer, so Q3 is the average of the values
in position 𝑖 = 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖 + 1 = 10
35500+36500
Hence 𝑄3 = = 36,000
2
Instructor: Sulaman
Quartiles for Un-grouped/Raw Data
• The quartiles divides the starting salary data into four parts,
with each part containing 25% of the observations.
33,100 33,550 34,500 34,800 34,800 34,900 35,200 35,400 35,500 36,500 37,300 39,250
𝑄1 = 34,650 𝑄2 = 35,050 𝑄3 = 36,000
Instructor: Sulaman
Deciles for Ungrouped/Raw data
Computation
value)
• Compute an index, 𝑖 such that:
𝑛
• For First Decile (D1), compute 𝑖 =
10
2𝑛
• For Second Decile (D2), compute 𝑖 =
10
9𝑛
• For Nineth Decile (D9), compute 𝑖 =
10
Where, n is the number of observations
𝑖 denotes the position of the corresponding Decile.
• If 𝑖 is an integer, then the corresponding Decile is the average of
the values in positions 𝑖 and 𝑖 + 1.
Instructor: Sulaman
Percentiles for Ungrouped/Raw data
Computation
value)
𝑘
• Compute an index, 𝑖 = 𝑛
100
Where, k is the percentile of interest and n is the number of observation.

𝑖 denotes the position of the kth Percentile.
• If 𝑖 is an integer, then kth Percentile is the average of the values in
positions 𝑖 and 𝑖 + 1.
Instructor: Sulaman
Note: Quartiles and Deciles are just specific percentiles.
• D1 first decile, or 10th percentile.
• D2 second decile, or 20th percentile.
• D3 third decile, or 30th percentile.
• D4 fourth decile, or 40th percentile.
• D5 fifth decile, or 50th percentile.
• D6 sixth decile, or 60th percentile.
• D7 seventh decile, or 70th percentile.
• D8 eighth decile, or 80th percentile.
• D9 nineth decile, or 90th percentile.
Instructor: Sulaman
Importance of Percentiles
• Colleges and universities frequently report admission test
scores in terms of percentiles.
• For instance, suppose an applicant obtains a raw score of 54
on the verbal portion of an admission test.
How this student performed in relation to other students taking
the same test may not be readily apparent.
However, if the raw score of 54 corresponds to the 70th
percentile, we know that approximately 70% of the students
scored lower than this individual and approximately 30% of the
students scored higher than this individual.
Instructor: Sulaman
Mode:
• Mode is a value which occurs most frequently in a data set.
• Mode is a French word meaning ‘fashion’. Adopted for most
adopted value. Denoted by 𝑥ො
Calculation:
The mode is the value in a dataset which occurs most often or
maximum number of times.
Instructor: Sulaman
Mode for Un-grouped Data
• Example1: Marks: 10, 5, 3, 6, 10
Mode= 10
• Example2: Runs: 5, 2, 3, 6, 2, 11, 7
Mode=2
Often, there is no mode or there are several modes in a data set

Example: Marks: 10, 5, 3 ,6, 7
No mode
Sometimes we may have several modes in a set of data.
Example: marks: 10, 5, 3, 6, 10, 5, 4, 2, 1, 9 ( Two modes: 5 and 10)
Instructor: Sulaman
Mode for Qualitative Data
• Mode is mostly used for
Qualitative data. Party Affiliation
12
10
10
Frequency
8 9
6
6
Mode is JUI. 4 5
0
JUI PTI PML-N PPP
Parties
Instructor: Sulaman
Mode in case of a Discrete frequency
distribution
• In case of a discrete frequency distribution, identification of
the mode is immediate, one simply finds that value which has
the highest frequency.
Instructor: Sulaman
Example: An airline found the following numbers of
passengers in fifty flights of a forty-seater plane.
No. of Passengers No. of Flights
X f
28 1
33 1
34 2
35 3
36 5
37 7
38 10
39 13
40 8
Total: 50 Instructor: Sulaman
Example: An airline found the following numbers of
passengers in fifty flights of a forty-seater plane.
No. of Passengers No. of Flights
X f
28 1
33 1
34 2
35 3
36 5
37 7
38 10
39 13
40 8
Total: 50 Instructor: Sulaman
Mode for Grouped Data:
• Formula for calculating Mode in case of Grouped data is:
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 + 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓2
𝑙 ∶ 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠.

𝑓𝑚 : 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠.
𝑓1 ∶ 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠.
𝑓2 ∶ 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠.
ℎ ∶ 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙.
Instructor: Sulaman
Example: Find Mode.
Marks No. of students (f)
30-39 8
40-49 87
50-59 190
60-69 304
70-79 211
80-89 85
90-99 20
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 + 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓2
Instructor: Sulaman
Example:
Marks Class No. of students
boundaries (f)
30-39 29.5-39.5 8
40-49 39.5-49.5 87
50-59 49.5-59.5 190
60-69 59.5-69.5 304
70-79 69.5-79.5 211
80-89 79.5-89.5 85
90-99 89.5-99.5 20
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 + 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓2
Instructor: Sulaman
boundaries (f)
30-39 29.5-39.5 8
40-49 39.5-49.5 87
50-59 49.5-59.5 190
60-69 59.5-69.5 304
70-79 69.5-79.5 211
80-89 79.5-89.5 85
90-99 89.5-99.5 20
Instructor: Sulaman
boundaries (f)
30-39 29.5-39.5 8
40-49 39.5-49.5 87
50-59 49.5-59.5 190
60-69 59.5-69.5 304
70-79 69.5-79.5 211
80-89 79.5-89.5 85
90-99 89.5-99.5 20
Instructor: Sulaman
boundaries (f)
30-39 29.5-39.5 8
40-49 39.5-49.5 87
50-59 49.5-59.5 190
60-69 𝑙 =59.5-69.5 304
70-79 69.5-79.5 211
80-89 79.5-89.5 85
90-99 89.5-99.5 20
Instructor: Sulaman
boundaries (f)
30-39 29.5-39.5 8
40-49 39.5-49.5 87
50-59 49.5-59.5 190
60-69 𝑙 =59.5-69.5 𝑓𝑚 =304
70-79 69.5-79.5 211
80-89 79.5-89.5 85
90-99 89.5-99.5 20
Instructor: Sulaman
boundaries (f)
30-39 29.5-39.5 8
40-49 39.5-49.5 87
50-59 49.5-59.5 𝑓1190
60-69 𝑙 =59.5-69.5 𝑓𝑚 =304
70-79 69.5-79.5 211
80-89 79.5-89.5 85
90-99 89.5-99.5 20
Instructor: Sulaman
boundaries (f)
30-39 29.5-39.5 8
40-49 39.5-49.5 87
50-59 49.5-59.5 𝑓1190
60-69 𝑙 =59.5-69.5 𝑓𝑚 =304
70-79 69.5-79.5 𝑓2 =211
80-89 79.5-89.5 85
90-99 89.5-99.5 20
Instructor: Sulaman
boundaries (f)
30-39 29.5-39.5 8
40-49 39.5-49.5 87
50-59 49.5-59.5 𝑓1190
60-69 𝑙 =59.5-69.5 𝑓𝑚 =304
70-79 69.5-79.5 𝑓2 =211
80-89 79.5-89.5 85
90-99 89.5-99.5 20
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑙 = 59.5, 𝑓𝑚 = 304, 𝑓1 = 190, 𝑓2 = 211 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 10
Instructor: Sulaman
boundaries (f)
30-39 29.5-39.5 8
40-49 39.5-49.5 87
50-59 49.5-59.5 𝑓1190
60-69 𝑙 =59.5-69.5 𝑓𝑚 =304
70-79 69.5-79.5 𝑓2 =211
80-89 79.5-89.5 85
90-99 89.5-99.5 20
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑥ො = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 + 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓2
304 − 190
𝑥ො = (59.5) + × 10
304 − 190 + 304 − 211
Instructor: Sulaman
boundaries (f)
30-39 29.5-39.5 8
40-49 39.5-49.5 87
50-59 49.5-59.5 𝑓1190
60-69 𝑙 =59.5-69.5 𝑓𝑚 =304
70-79 69.5-79.5 𝑓2 =211
80-89 79.5-89.5 85
90-99 89.5-99.5 20
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1
𝑥ො = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓1 + 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓2
𝑥ො = 65.3
Instructor: Sulaman
Merits of Mode:
Merits of Mode are:
• Easy to calculate and understand In many cases, it is
extremely easy to locate it.
• It works well even in the case of extreme values.
• It can be determined for qualitative as well as quantitative
data.
Instructor: Sulaman
De-Merits of Mode:
De-Merits of Mode are:
• It is not based on all observations.
• When the data contains small number of observations, the
mode may not exist.
Instructor: Sulaman
Jost Bürgi
(1552-1632)
32
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
33
0 1 16
65536 32 4294967296 48 281474976710656
1 2 17 131072 33 8589934592 49 562949953421312
2 4 18 262144 34 17179869184 50 1125899906842620
3 8 19 524288 35 34359738368 51 2251799813685250
4 16 20 1048576 36 68719476736 52 4503599627370500
5 32 21 2097152 37 137438953472 53 9007199254740990
6 64 22 4194304 38 274877906944 54 18014398509482000
7 128 23 8388608 39 549755813888 55 36028797018964000
8 256 24 16777216 40 1099511627776 56 72057594037927900
9 512 25 33554432 41 2199023255552 57 144115188075856000
10 1024 26 67108864 42 4398046511104 58 288230376151712000
11 2048 27 134217728 43 8796093022208 59 576460752303423000
12 4096 28 268435456 44 17592186044416 60 1152921504606850000
13 8192 29 536870912 45 35184372088832 61 2305843009213690000
14 16384 30 1073741824 46 70368744177664 62 4611686018427390000
34
15 32768 31 2147483648 47 140737488355328 63 9223372036854775808
268435456
1024  2048 33554432
28
=2  2
10 11 = 25
2
2
10+11
=2 = 228−25
=2
21
= 23
= 2097152 =8
35
36
John Napier
1024  2048
1024  2048
let x=1024  2048
=2  2
10 11
Taking log2
=2
10+11 log2(x) = log2(1024  2048)
=2
21
= log2(1024 ) + log2 (2048)
= 2097152
=10 +11
x= 21
log2 x= 21 taking anti − log
x= 2097152 37
Laws of Logarithm:
• log 𝑚 × 𝑛 = log 𝑚 + log(𝑛)
𝑚
• log = log 𝑚 − log 𝑛
𝑛
𝑛 1Τ 1
• 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑚 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑚 𝑛 = log(𝑚)
𝑛
Instructor: Sulaman
Geometric Mean
Instructor: Sulaman
GEOMETRIC MEAN:
• The Geometric Mean, of a data set of 𝑛 positive values
𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3, … , 𝑥𝑛 is defined as the positive 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of their product.
𝑛
𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × 𝑥3 × ⋯ × 𝑥𝑛 , (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥𝑖 > 0)
• When ‘𝑛’ is very large, then it is difficult to compute

𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 using above formula.
• This is simplified by considering alternative form of the above
formula.
Instructor: Sulaman
Geometric Mean for Un-Grouped Data
General formula For Un-Grouped Data:
𝑛
𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × 𝑥3 × ⋯ × 𝑥𝑛
Talking logarithm on both sides,
log(𝑥ҧ𝐺 ) = log 𝑛 𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × 𝑥3 × ⋯ × 𝑥𝑛
1
log(𝑥ҧ𝐺 ) = log 𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × 𝑥3 × ⋯ ×𝑥𝑛 𝑛
1
log(𝑥ҧ𝐺 ) = log 𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × 𝑥3 × ⋯ × 𝑥𝑛
𝑛
1
log(𝑥ҧ𝐺 ) = log 𝑥1 ) + log(𝑥2 )+log(𝑥3 ) + ⋯ + log(𝑥𝑛
𝑛
1 𝑛
log(𝑥ҧ𝐺 ) = σ𝑖=1 log(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑛
1 𝑛
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ෍ log(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑛 𝑖=1
Instructor: Sulaman
Example1: Marks obtained by 3 students 2, 8, 4.
3
𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 2×8×4
3
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 64
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 4
Instructor: Sulaman
Example2: Marks obtained by 4 students 2, 4, 8, 6.
(Alternative Method)
1
𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 ෍ log(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑛
𝑥ҧ𝐺 =
𝒙𝒊 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙𝒊 )
2
4
8
6
Instructor: Sulaman
1
𝑛
𝑥ҧ𝐺 =?
2 log 2
4 log(4)
8 log(8)
6 log(6)
Instructor: Sulaman
1
𝑛
𝑥ҧ𝐺 =?
2 0.3010
4 0.6020
8 0.9031
6 0.7782
෍ log 𝑥𝑖 = 2.5843
Instructor: Sulaman
1
𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2.5843)
4
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 4.3
2 0.3010
4 0.6020
8 0.9031
6 0.7782
෍ log 𝑥𝑖 = 2.5843
Instructor: Sulaman
Geometric Mean for Grouped Data
General formula for Grouped data:
𝑛 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3 𝑓𝑛
𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × 𝑥3 × ⋯× 𝑥𝑛
This can be written as:

1 𝑛
𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ෍ 𝑓𝑖 log(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑛 𝑖=1
Where,
𝑓𝑖′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑥𝑖′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑛 = ෍ 𝑓 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Instructor: Sulaman
PROOF: 𝑥ҧ𝐺 =
𝑛 𝑓1
𝑥1 ×
𝑓2
𝑥2 ×
𝑓3
𝑥3 × ⋯×
𝑓𝑛
𝑥𝑛
𝑛 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3 𝑓𝑛
log(𝑥ҧ𝐺 ) = log 𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × 𝑥3 × ⋯× 𝑥𝑛
1
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3 𝑓𝑛 𝑛
log(𝑥ҧ𝐺 ) = log 𝑥1 × 𝑥2 × 𝑥3 × ⋯× 𝑥𝑛
1 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
log(𝑥ҧ𝐺 ) = log 𝑥11 × 𝑥22 × 𝑥33 × ⋯ × 𝑥𝑛𝑛
𝑛
1 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3 𝑓𝑛
log(𝑥ҧ𝐺 ) = log 𝑥1 + log 𝑥2 + log 𝑥3 + ⋯ + log 𝑥𝑛
𝑛
Instructor: Sulaman
1 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3 𝑓𝑛
log(𝑥ҧ𝐺 ) = log 𝑥1 + log 𝑥2 + log 𝑥3 + ⋯ + log 𝑥𝑛
𝑛
1
log(𝑥ҧ𝐺 ) = 𝑓1 log 𝑥1 + 𝑓2 log 𝑥2 + 𝑓3 log 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑓𝑛 log 𝑥𝑛
𝑛
1 𝑛
log(𝑥ҧ𝐺 ) = ෍ 𝑓𝑖 log 𝑥𝑖
𝑛 𝑖=1
1 𝑛
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log ෍ 𝑓𝑖 log 𝑥𝑖
𝑛 𝑖=1
1
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log ෍ 𝑓𝑖 log 𝑥𝑖
𝑛
Instructor: Sulaman
Example: Given the frequency distribution of weights
of 60 students. Calculate Geometric Mean
Weights Frequency (f)

(Kilograms)
65-84 9
85-104 10
105-124 17
125-144 10
145-164 5
165-184 4
184-205 5
Instructor: Sulaman
Weights Frequency (f) Mid-point (x)

(Kilogram)
65-84 9
85-104 10
105-124 17
125-144 10
145-164 5
165-184 4
184-205 5
Instructor: Sulaman

(Kilogram)
65-84 9 74.5
85-104 10
105-124 17
125-144 10
145-164 5
165-184 4
184-205 5
Instructor: Sulaman

(Kilogram)
65-84 9 74.5
85-104 10 94.5
105-124 17
125-144 10
145-164 5
165-184 4
184-205 5
Instructor: Sulaman

(Kilogram)
65-84 9 74.5
85-104 10 94.5
105-124 17 114.5
125-144 10
145-164 5
165-184 4
184-205 5
Instructor: Sulaman

(Kilogram)
65-84 9 74.5
85-104 10 94.5
105-124 17 114.5
125-144 10 134.5
145-164 5 154.5
165-184 4 174.5
184-205 5 194.5
Instructor: Sulaman
Weights Frequency Mid-point Log(x)

(Kilogram) (f) (x)
65-84 9 74.5
85-104 10 94.5
105-124 17 114.5
125-144 10 134.5
145-164 5 154.5
165-184 4 174.5
184-205 5 194.5
Instructor: Sulaman

(Kilogram) (f) (x)
65-84 9 74.5 Log(74.5)
85-104 10 94.5 Log(94.5)
105-124 17 114.5 Log(114.5)
125-144 10 134.5 Log(134.5)
145-164 5 154.5 Log(154.5)
165-184 4 174.5 Log(174.5)
184-205 5 194.5 Log(194.5)
Instructor: Sulaman

(Kilogram) (f) (x)
65-84 9 74.5 1.872156
85-104 10 94.5 Log(94.5)
105-124 17 114.5 Log(114.5)
125-144 10 134.5 Log(134.5)
145-164 5 154.5 Log(154.5)
165-184 4 174.5 Log(174.5)
184-205 5 194.5 Log(194.5)
Instructor: Sulaman

(Kilogram) (f) (x)
65-84 9 74.5 1.872156
85-104 10 94.5 1.975432
105-124 17 114.5 Log(114.5)
125-144 10 134.5 Log(134.5)
145-164 5 154.5 Log(154.5)
165-184 4 174.5 Log(174.5)
184-205 5 194.5 Log(194.5)
Instructor: Sulaman

(Kilogram) (f) (x)
65-84 9 74.5 1.872156
85-104 10 94.5 1.975432
105-124 17 114.5 2.058805
125-144 10 134.5 Log(134.5)
145-164 5 154.5 Log(154.5)
165-184 4 174.5 Log(174.5)
184-205 5 194.5 Log(194.5)
Instructor: Sulaman

(Kilogram) (f) (x)
65-84 9 74.5 1.872156
85-104 10 94.5 1.975432
105-124 17 114.5 2.058805
125-144 10 134.5 2.128722
145-164 5 154.5 2.188928
165-184 4 174.5 2.241795
184-205 5 194.5 2.28892
Instructor: Sulaman
Weights Frequency Mid-point
Log(x) f.Log(x)
(Kilogram) (f) (x)
65-84 9 74.5 1.872156
85-104 10 94.5 1.975432
105-124 17 114.5 2.058805
125-144 10 134.5 2.128722
145-164 5 154.5 2.188928
165-184 4 174.5 2.241795
184-205 5 194.5 2.28892
Instructor: Sulaman
Log(x) f.Log(x)
(Kilogram) (f) (x)
65-84 9 74.5 1.872156 9×1.872156
85-104 10 94.5 1.975432 10×1.975432
105-124 17 114.5 2.058805 17×2.058805
125-144 10 134.5 2.128722 10×2.128722
145-164 5 154.5 2.188928 5×2.188928
165-184 4 174.5 2.241795 4×2.241795
184-205 5 194.5 2.28892 5×2.28892
Instructor: Sulaman
Log(x) f.Log(x)
(Kilogram) (f) (x)
65-84 9 74.5 1.872156 16.8494
85-104 10 94.5 1.975432 10×1.975432
105-124 17 114.5 2.058805 17×2.058805
125-144 10 134.5 2.128722 10×2.128722
145-164 5 154.5 2.188928 5×2.188928
165-184 4 174.5 2.241795 4×2.241795
184-205 5 194.5 2.28892 5×2.28892
Instructor: Sulaman
Log(x) f.Log(x)
(Kilogram) (f) (x)
65-84 9 74.5 1.872156 16.8494
85-104 10 94.5 1.975432 19.75432
105-124 17 114.5 2.058805 17×2.058805
125-144 10 134.5 2.128722 10×2.128722
145-164 5 154.5 2.188928 5×2.188928
165-184 4 174.5 2.241795 4×2.241795
184-205 5 194.5 2.28892 5×2.28892
Instructor: Sulaman
Log(x) f.Log(x)
(Kilogram) (f) (x)
65-84 9 74.5 1.872156 16.8494
85-104 10 94.5 1.975432 19.75432
105-124 17 114.5 2.058805 34.99969
125-144 10 134.5 2.128722 10×2.128722
145-164 5 154.5 2.188928 5×2.188928
165-184 4 174.5 2.241795 4×2.241795
184-205 5 194.5 2.28892 5×2.28892
Instructor: Sulaman
Log(x) f.Log(x)
(Kilogram) (f) (x)
65-84 9 74.5 1.872156 16.8494
85-104 10 94.5 1.975432 19.75432
105-124 17 114.5 2.058805 34.99969
125-144 10 134.5 2.128722 21.28722
145-164 5 154.5 2.188928 10.94464
165-184 4 174.5 2.241795 8.96718
184-205 5 194.5 2.28892 11.4446
Instructor: Sulaman
Weights Frequency (f) Mid-point
Log(x) f.Log(x)
(Kilogram) (x)
65-84 9 74.5 1.872156 16.8494
85-104 10 94.5 1.975432 19.75432
105-124 17 114.5 2.058805 34.99969
125-144 10 134.5 2.128722 21.28722
145-164 5 154.5 2.188928 10.94464
165-184 4 174.5 2.241795 8.96718
184-205 5 194.5 2.28892 11.4446
𝑛 = ෍ 𝑓𝑖 = 60 ෍ 𝑓𝑖 log 𝑥𝑖 = 124.247
Instructor: Sulaman
1
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log ෍ 𝑓 log 𝑥
𝑛
𝑛 = ෍ 𝑓 = 60 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ෍ 𝑓 log 𝑥 = 124.247
1
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log 124.247
60
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log 2.07078
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 117.700
Instructor: Sulaman
Example: Suppose it is discovered that a firm’s turnover
has increased during 4 years by the following amounts:
Percentage
Year Turnover Compared with
Year Earlier
1958 £ 2,000 ----
1959 £ 2,500 125
1960 £ 5,000 200
1961 £ 7,500 150
1962 £ 10,500 140
Instructor: Sulaman
Arithmetic Mean:
125 + 200 + 150 + 140

𝑥ҧ =
4
𝑥ҧ = 153.75%
Instructor: Sulaman
153.75% 𝑜𝑓 £ 200 = £ 3,075
153.75% 𝑜𝑓 £ 3,075= £ 4,728
153.75% 𝑜𝑓 £ 4,728 = £ 7,269
153.75% 𝑜𝑓 £ 7,269 = £ 11,176
Whereas the Actual turnover figures were

Percentage Compared
Year Turnover
with Year Earlier
1958 £ 2,000 ----
1959 £ 2,500 125
1960 £ 5,000 200
1961 £ 7,500 150
1962 £ 10,500 140
Instructor: Sulaman
GEOMETRIC MEAN:
4
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 125 × 200 × 150 × 140
4
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 525000000
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 151.37%
Instructor: Sulaman
151.37% 𝑜𝑓 £ 200 = £ 3,027
151.37% 𝑜𝑓 £ 3,027= £ 4,583
151.37% 𝑜𝑓 £ 4,583 = £ 6,937
151.37% 𝑜𝑓 £ 6,937 = £ 10,500
Exactly the same with the figure of 1962, in the

Original data set.
Instructor: Sulaman
Example: Suppose that a factory-worker receives a 5
percent increase in salary this year and a 15 percent increase
next year.
It should be noted that a 5 percent increase in salary means
that if the salary was Rs. 100/- at the beginning of the first year,
then it becomes 105 at the beginning of the second year.
In other words, the salary at the beginning of the second year is
105% of the salary at the beginning of the first year, or 1.05.
Similarly, it should be noted that a 15 percent increase in the
salary that if the salary was Rs. 100/- at the beginning of the
second year, then it becomes 115 at the beginning of the third
year.
In other words, the salary at the beginning of third year is 115%
of the salary at the beginning of the second year, or 1.15.
Instructor: Sulaman
If we compute the arithmetic mean of these two values, we
obtain.
1.05 + 1.15
= 1.10
2
In other words, according to this formula, on the average, the
salary at the end of a year is 110% of the salary at the
beginning of the year.
Hence, according to this formula, the average annual increase
is 10 percent.
But it is important to note that, in this situation, it is the
geometric mean, and not the arithmetic mean that provides
the correct answer.
The Geometric mean is given by:
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 1.05 × 1.15 = 1.09886

Instructor: Sulaman
In other words, according to this formula, on the average, the
salary at the end of a year is 109.886% of the salary at the
beginning of the year.
Hence, according to this formula, the average percent increase
is 9.886, not 10.
In order to verify that it is the geometric mean, and not the
arithmetic mean, that provide the correct answer, let us assume
that the monthly earning of the factory-worker was Rs: 3,000
to start with, and he receives two increases of 5 percent and 15
percent respectively.
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒 1 = 𝑅𝑠. 3,000 × 0.05 = 𝑅𝑠. 150
Hence, at the beginning of the second year, the salary
becomes Rs. 3,150.
Now, 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒 2 = 𝑅𝑠. 3,150 × 0.15 = 𝑅𝑠. 472.5
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 150 + 472.5 = 6,22.5
Instructor: Sulaman
Now, if we calculate the raise according to the geometric mean
that we obtained a short while ago, we have:
𝑅𝑠. 3,000 × 0.09886 = 𝑅𝑠. 296.58
𝑅𝑠. 3,296.58 × 0.09886 = 325.9
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅𝑠. 622.48
= 𝑅𝑠. 622.50
Exactly the same result as what we obtained just now!
Hence, it is clear that, in this type of situation, it is the
geometric mean, and not the arithmetic mean, that provides
the correct answer.
Instructor: Sulaman
Merits of Geometric Mean
Merits of Geometric Mean are
• Based on all observation.
• Defined by a mathematical formula
• It gives equal weight to all observations
• It is not much effected by sampling variability.
Instructor: Sulaman
De-Merits of Geometric Mean
De-Merits of Geometric Mean are:
• It is neither easy to calculate nor understand.
• It vanishes if any of the observation is zero.
• In case of negative values, it can not be calculated. ( As log of
negative number is undefined).
Instructor: Sulaman
next year.
Increment in Salary at start of

Year Salary Increment
%age the year
First 3,000 ------ ----- 3,000
Second
Third
Instructor: Sulaman
next year.

%age the year
First 3,000 ------ ----- 3,000
Second 3,000 5% 150 3,150
Third
Instructor: Sulaman
next year.

%age the year
First 3,000 ------ ----- 3,000
Second 3,000 5% 150 3,150
Third 3,150 15% 472.5 3,622.5
Instructor: Sulaman
next year.

%age the year
First 3,000 ------ ----- 3,000
Second 3,000 5% 150 3,150
Third 3,150 15% 472.5 3,622.5
10.5 + 1.15
𝑥ҧ = = 1.10
2
2𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 3000 + 3000 × 0.1 = 3300
3𝑟𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 3300 + 3300 × 0.1 = 3630
Instructor: Sulaman
Geometric Mean:
𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 1.05 × 1.15 = 1.09886
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 9.886 %
2𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 3000 + 3000 × 0.09886 = 3296.589
3𝑟𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 3296.589 + 3296.589 × 0.09886 = 3622.49999999577
Instructor: Sulaman
Harmonic Mean
Instructor: Sulaman
Harmonic Mean for Raw/Un-Grouped Data
General formula for Raw/un-grouped data:
For ‘n’ observations, 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 .
The Harmonic mean is defined as:
‘𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠’.
𝑛
𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ𝐻 =
1 1 1 1
+ + +⋯+
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛
𝑛
𝑛 1
σ𝑖=1
𝑥𝑖
Instructor: Sulaman
Harmonic Mean for Raw/Un-Grouped Data
General formula for Raw/un-grouped data:
For ‘n’ observations, 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 .
Th Harmonic mean is the
‘𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠’.
𝑛
1 1 1 1
+ + + ⋯+
𝑛
1
σ
𝑥𝑖
Instructor: Sulaman
Example: Suppose a car is running at the rate of 15km/hr
during the first 30km, at 20km/hr during the second 30km,
and at 25km/hr during the third 30km. Calculate average
speed of the car.
𝑛
1 1 1 1
+ + + ⋯+
3
1 1 1
+ +
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
3
1 1 1
+ +
15 20 25
Instructor: Sulaman
3
1 1 1
+ +
15 20 25
3
20 + 15 + 12
300
3
47
300
900
47
𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ𝐻 = 19.15 𝐾𝑚/ℎ𝑟

Instructor: Sulaman
Harmonic Mean for Grouped Data
General Formula for Grouped Data:
𝑓1 + 𝑓2 + 𝑓3 + ⋯ + 𝑓𝑛
1 1 1 1
𝑓1 + 𝑓2 + 𝑓3 + ⋯ + 𝑓𝑛
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
1
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
𝑥𝑖
σ 𝑓𝑖
1
σ 𝑓𝑖
𝑥𝑖 Instructor: Sulaman
of 60 students. Calculate Harmonic mean.
Weights Frequency (f)

(Kilograms)
65-84 9
85-104 10
105-124 17
125-144 10
145-164 5
165-184 4
184-205 5
Instructor: Sulaman
of 60 students. Calculate Harmonic Mean

(Kilogram)
65-84 9
85-104 10
105-124 17
125-144 10
145-164 5
165-184 4
184-205 5
Instructor: Sulaman

(Kilogram)
65-84 9 74.5
85-104 10 94.5
105-124 17 114.5
125-144 10 134.5
145-164 5 154.5
165-184 4 174.5
184-205 5 194.5
Instructor: Sulaman
Weights Frequency (f) Mid-point (x) 𝟏
(Kilogram) 𝒙
65-84 9 74.5
85-104 10 94.5
105-124 17 114.5
125-144 10 134.5
145-164 5 154.5
165-184 4 174.5
184-205 5 194.5
Instructor: Sulaman
(Kilogram) 𝒙
65-84 9 74.5 𝟏
𝟕𝟒. 𝟓
85-104 10 94.5 𝟏
𝟗𝟒. 𝟓
105-124 17 114.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟓
125-144 10 134.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟓
145-164 5 154.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟓
165-184 4 174.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟓
184-205 5 194.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟓
Instructor: Sulaman
(Kilogram) 𝒙
65-84 9 74.5 𝟏
𝟕𝟒. 𝟓
85-104 10 94.5 𝟏
𝟗𝟒. 𝟓
105-124 17 114.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟓
125-144 10 134.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟓
145-164 5 154.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟓
165-184 4 174.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟓
184-205 5 194.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟓
Instructor: Sulaman
(Kilogram) 𝒙
65-84 9 74.5 0.013423
85-104 10 94.5 𝟏
𝟗𝟒. 𝟓
105-124 17 114.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟓
125-144 10 134.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟓
145-164 5 154.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟓
165-184 4 174.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟓
184-205 5 194.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟓
Instructor: Sulaman
(Kilogram) 𝒙
65-84 9 74.5 0.013423
85-104 10 94.5 0.010582
105-124 17 114.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟓
125-144 10 134.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟓
145-164 5 154.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟓
165-184 4 174.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟓
184-205 5 194.5 𝟏
𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟓
Instructor: Sulaman
(Kilogram) 𝒙
65-84 9 74.5 0.013423
85-104 10 94.5 0.010582
105-124 17 114.5 0.008734
125-144 10 134.5 0.007435
145-164 5 154.5 0.006472
165-184 4 174.5 0.005731
184-205 5 194.5 0.005141
Instructor: Sulaman
Weights Frequency Mid-point 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇.
(Kilogram) (𝑓) (x) 𝒙 𝒙
65-84 9 74.5 0.013423
85-104 10 94.5 0.010582
105-124 17 114.5 0.008734
125-144 10 134.5 0.007435
145-164 5 154.5 0.006472
165-184 4 174.5 0.005731
184-205 5 194.5 0.005141
Instructor: Sulaman
𝒇.
65-84 9 74.5 0.013423 0.120805
85-104 10 94.5 0.010582 0.10582
105-124 17 114.5 0.008734 0.148472
125-144 10 134.5 0.007435 0.074349
145-164 5 154.5 0.006472 0.032362
165-184 4 174.5 0.005731 0.022923
184-205 5 194.5 0.005141 0.025707
Instructor: Sulaman
𝒇.
65-84 9 74.5 0.013423 0.120805
85-104 10 94.5 0.010582 0.10582
105-124 17 114.5 0.008734 0.148472
125-144 10 134.5 0.007435 0.074349
145-164 5 154.5 0.006472 0.032362
165-184 4 174.5 0.005731 0.022923
184-205 5 194.5 0.005141 0.025707
1
෍𝑓 = ෍𝑓 =
𝑥
Instructor: Sulaman
𝒇.
65-84 9 74.5 0.013423 0.120805
85-104 10 94.5 0.010582 0.10582
105-124 17 114.5 0.008734 0.148472
125-144 10 134.5 0.007435 0.074349
145-164 5 154.5 0.006472 0.032362
165-184 4 174.5 0.005731 0.022923
184-205 5 194.5 0.005141 0.025707
1
෍ 𝑓 = 60 ෍ 𝑓 = 0.530439
𝑥
Instructor: Sulaman
𝒇.
65-84 9 74.5 0.013423 0.120805
85-104 10 94.5 0.010582 0.10582
105-124 17 114.5 0.008734 0.148472
125-144 10 134.5 0.007435 0.074349
145-164 5 154.5 0.006472 0.032362
165-184 4 174.5 0.005731 0.022923
184-205 5 194.5 0.005141 0.025707
1
෍ 𝑓 = 60 ෍ 𝑓 = 0.530439
𝑥
σ𝑓 60
𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ𝐻 = = = 113.1139 kg
1 0.530439
σ𝑓
𝑥
Instructor: Sulaman
Rules
𝑥
1. When values are given as (𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦), where 𝑥 is
𝑦
constant and 𝑦 is variable, the Harmonic Mean is the
appropriate average to use.
𝑥
2. When values are given as 𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦 , where 𝑥 is variable
𝑦
and 𝑦 is constant, the Arithmetic Mean is the appropriate
average to use.
Instructor: Sulaman
Example: Suppose that 10 students have obtained
the following marks (in a quiz) out of 20.
13, 11, 9, 9, 6, 5, 19, 17, 12, 9
13+ 11+9+ 9+ 6+5+19+17+12+9

𝐴. 𝑀 = 𝑥ҧ =
10
110
𝑥ҧ = = 11
10
13 11 9 9 6 5 19 17 12 9
, , , , , , , , ,
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
13 11 9 9 6 5 19 17 12 9
+ + + + + + + + +
𝑥ҧ = 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
10
11
𝑥ҧ =
20
Instructor: Sulaman
Example: Suppose a car is running at the rate of 15km/hr
during the first 30km, at 20km/hr during the second 30km,
and at 25km/hr during the third 30km. Calculate average
speed of the car.
3
1 1 1
+ +
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
3
1 1 1
+ +
15 20 25
Instructor: Sulaman
3
1 1 1
+ +
15 20 25
3
20 + 15 + 12
300
3
47
300
900
47
𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ𝐻 = 19.1489 𝐾𝑚/ℎ𝑟

Instructor: Sulaman
Arithmetic Mean
15 + 20 + 25
𝑥ҧ =
3
60
𝑥ҧ = = 20𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
3
Instructor: Sulaman
30 𝑘𝑚
30 𝑘𝑚 30 𝑘𝑚
Instructor: Sulaman
20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
30 𝑘𝑚 30 𝑘𝑚 30 𝑘𝑚
15 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 25 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Instructor: Sulaman
30𝑘𝑚
1.5ℎ𝑟
15 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 25 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
30𝑘𝑚 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 30𝑘𝑚

2ℎ𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 1.2ℎ𝑟
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Instructor: Sulaman
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 19.1489𝑘𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
1.5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
30 𝑘𝑚 30 𝑘𝑚 30 𝑘𝑚
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 90 𝑘𝑚
2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 4.7 hrs 1.2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
Instructor: Sulaman
Merits of Harmonic Mean
Merits of Harmonic mean are:
• Defined by mathematical formula.
• Based on all observations.
• It is not much affected by sampling variability.
Instructor: Sulaman
De-Merits of Harmonic Mean
De-Merits of Harmonic mean are:
• It is not easier to calculate nor understand.
• It can not be calculated if any of the observation is zero.
• It gives too much weightage to the smaller observations.
1
(𝑒. 𝑔. = 1,000,000)
0.000001
Instructor: Sulaman
Relation between Arithmetic, Geometric
& Harmonic Mean
𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ≥ 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ≥ 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑥ҧ ≥ 𝑥ҧ𝐺 ≥ 𝑥ҧ𝐻
Instructor: Sulaman

Geometric &amp; Harmonic Means

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Geometric &amp; Harmonic Means

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Mode, Geometric &

Graduate Monthly Starting Graduate Monthly Starting

Calculate Q1, Q2 and Q3.

𝑄1 = 34,650 𝑄2 = 35,050 𝑄3 = 36,000

• If 𝑖 is not an integer, round up. The next integer greater than

Often, there is no mode or there are several modes in a data set

𝑙 ∶ 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠.

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑙 = 59.5, 𝑓𝑚 = 304, 𝑓1 = 190, 𝑓2 = 211 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 10

• When ‘𝑛’ is very large, then it is difficult to compute

This can be written as:

Weights Frequency (f)

Weights Frequency (f) Mid-point (x)

Weights Frequency (f) Mid-point (x)

Weights Frequency (f) Mid-point (x)

Weights Frequency (f) Mid-point (x)

Weights Frequency (f) Mid-point (x)

Weights Frequency Mid-point Log(x)

Weights Frequency Mid-point Log(x)

Weights Frequency Mid-point Log(x)

Weights Frequency Mid-point Log(x)

Weights Frequency Mid-point Log(x)

Weights Frequency Mid-point Log(x)

𝑛 = ෍ 𝑓 = 60 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ෍ 𝑓 log 𝑥 = 124.247

𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − log 2.07078

125 + 200 + 150 + 140

153.75% 𝑜𝑓 £ 3,075= £ 4,728

153.75% 𝑜𝑓 £ 4,728 = £ 7,269

153.75% 𝑜𝑓 £ 7,269 = £ 11,176

Whereas the Actual turnover figures were

151.37% 𝑜𝑓 £ 3,027= £ 4,583

151.37% 𝑜𝑓 £ 4,583 = £ 6,937

151.37% 𝑜𝑓 £ 6,937 = £ 10,500

Exactly the same with the figure of 1962, in the

𝑥ҧ𝐺 = 1.05 × 1.15 = 1.09886

Increment in Salary at start of

Increment in Salary at start of

Increment in Salary at start of

Increment in Salary at start of

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 9.886 %

2𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 3000 + 3000 × 0.09886 = 3296.589

3𝑟𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 3296.589 + 3296.589 × 0.09886 = 3622.49999999577

𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ𝐻 = 19.15 𝐾𝑚/ℎ𝑟

Weights Frequency (f)

Weights Frequency (f) Mid-point (x)

Weights Frequency (f) Mid-point (x)

13+ 11+9+ 9+ 6+5+19+17+12+9

𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ𝐻 = 19.1489 𝐾𝑚/ℎ𝑟

15 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 25 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

15 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 25 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

30𝑘𝑚 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 30𝑘𝑚

𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ≥ 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ≥ 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛

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