Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Guidelines For The Dynamic Behaviour of The Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
Guidelines For The Dynamic Behaviour of The Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
/ Examples
Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Dissertation Writing
Service. You can view samples of our professional work here.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect the views of UKDiss.com.
Share this:
Chapter 1
1 Introduction
1.1 Problem definition
As of today, the floor vibration due to normal occupant-induced loads has become a common concern in prestressed concrete systems.
In buildings, floors are the structural components that occupants primarily contact. In design issue, the vibration induced due to
occupant’s activities such as walking, running and jumping is of major concern, especially in the long-span floors. In modern prestressed
structural floor systems, the vibrations due to the occupants are of major concern because of the use of high-strength lightweight
materials and prestressing allows relatively light and long spans. The vibrations in the floor systems should be limited to certain factors
to achieve Human Comfort Level.
To achieve this goal many researchers have been working with regards to the study of vibrations in prestressed floor systems. Various
experiments are being done to get a better understanding of its behaviour and content.
In this thesis, the dynamic behaviour of the isolated beam and continuous beam is analysed and the discussion includes:
To predict the fundamental natural frequency in an isolated and continuous prestressed concrete beam due to free vibration.
Slab and beams interaction studies are carried out in free vibration.
To study about the mode shapes in the prestressed concrete beam systems.
To determine the active mode in the system, research is carried out by comparing the length of the girder and distance between
beams.
All the above-mentioned topics are the main goals to be achieved in this thesis. Although researchers from the past have covered some
of the parts of the subject in the field of floor vibration, this is an extension of the past studies and the knowledge gaps in the past will
be found.
Previous research in the field of vibration analysis in prestressed beams and floor systems as follows:
Da silva et al. attempted to grow hypothetical and exploratory analysis of dynamic behaviour caused by human activities. The vibration
characteristics determined are of slab component, given primary importance to the floor vibration. Whereas the vibrations in the beams
was neglected.[1]
Ljunggren and Agren [2] did some uncommon tests to make an artificial mass damper and decide the measure of viscous-elastic
materials which ought to be added to the floor framework to relieve vibration. They used finite element method to know the measure of
viscous-elastic materials and contrasted their new damping outcomes with the actual floor system so they could perceive the part of
changing over damper components in between the test.
Sapountazkis [3] analysed the dynamic behaviour of a reinforced concrete slab stiffened by steel bars. But the analysis made was only on
an isolated beam and the behaviour of the continuous beam was overlooked.
Ebrahimpour and Sack [4] described methods to mitigate floor vibration due to human activities. They explained two techniques using
advanced materials namely, semi-active control and passive control.
By this study, an attempt is made to find some limited answers to cover the gaps in the study. In this manner, keeping in mind the end
goal to make this research clear, some fundamental question with regards to the primary speculations will be discussed in the following
chapters.
1.2 Objectives
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 1/14
12/11/2020 Guidelines for the Dynamic Behaviour of the Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
The main goal of this research is to suggest realistic guidelines for the dynamic behaviour of the prestressed concrete floor systems
using numerical techniques. The key objectives of this project are as follows:
To study the dynamic behaviour of isolated prestressed concrete beam with various girder lengths.
To study the dynamic behaviour of continuous prestressed concrete beams with different beam section properties.
Computation of different modes of the structure in free vibration analysis.
To validate the numerical results.
Active mode of the system is identified through different cross-sectional and physical conditions in prestressed concrete beams
and floor systems.
Chapter one: This chapter is about the introduction and problem definition.
Chapter two: This section is a hypothetical examination of some of the past researchers in the field of prestressed concrete beams
and floor systems. Thereafter the key targets from late reviews will be examined to decide their essential gaps. In like manner,
some methodologies as a requirement for research will be discussed using finite element approach.
Chapter three: Before beginning our numerical analysis, an outline of essential and basic ideas about numerical systems is
introduced as a part of this thesis. The modelling procedure and the accessible strategies to take care of current finite element
issue under free vibration analysis will be discussed.
Chapter four: This chapter is about the discussions of results obtained using numerical methods.
Chapter five: Conclusions of this research and recommendations for future study.
Chapter 2
The prestressing force can be applied with an eccentricity, which increases the compressive stress in the concrete leading to more
external load carrying capacity. The load carrying capacity varies with the eccentricity of the prestressing force and so for best results
usually draped tendons are used. Draped tendons apart from imposing the compressive force in the concrete, it also results in
transverse force wherever the direction of the tendons changes.
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 2/14
12/11/2020 Guidelines for the Dynamic Behaviour of the Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
Pre-tensioned concrete
In this method, the tendons are first tensioned and the concrete is cast. The prestressing force is developed due to the bond between
the steel and concrete.
Post-tensioned concrete
In this method, the concrete is the first cast on the hollow ducts later when the concrete attains its full strength the steel tendons are
tensioned and space is filled with grouting material. The prestressing force is developed due to grouting.
Most in-situ prestressed concrete is post-tensioned concrete. As it is corrosive resistive and the prestressed losses are relatively small.
dmdudtdt=f(t)
Finite element method divides any structure into several finite parts. The equation of motions can be developed to all the divided
elements at their nodal points. To understand the dynamic behaviour of the structure some parameters such as stiffness, flexibility, mass
and damping are introduced briefly in the following sections.
For example:
k=384EI5l3=1∂
Clough and Penzien [5] mentioned that the compressive axial force in the system reduces the stiffness
[K]Eafter prestressing.
[K]E=K-[K]G
Khan and Williams [7] suggest that the above phenomenon is not due to the axial forces caused by internal prestressing. The tendon
profile will be like a deformed prestressed member and as a result, there is no additional eccentricity formed between the centroid of
the member and the tendon. Therefore, second order effects caused due to prestressing should not be considered while analysing the
dynamic characteristics of internally prestressed concrete floor systems.
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 3/14
12/11/2020 Guidelines for the Dynamic Behaviour of the Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
Modal analysis is used to calculate the values of natural frequencies and mode shapes of nodes and the structure. A structure naturally
tends to vibrate at its natural frequency without any application of excitation force. The mode shape shows the deflected shapes of the
structure at respective natural frequencies.
The equation of motion can be expressed in terms of natural frequencies for respective mode shapes.
E(n)v̂n=0
Where
E(n)=k-ωn2m
K is the stiffness matrix, ωn is the natural frequency and m is the stiffness matrix.
MẌt+Kt={o}
To obtain the natural frequencies of the structure calculate the stiffness matrix and mass matrix and substitute it in the following
equation.
detK-ω2M=0
From the modal analysis, the eigen vector can be calculated. They can be scaled in two ways unity normalisation and mass
normalisation.
2.3.5 Vibration
Vibration is an instant of vibrating of an elastic body. Floor system can vibrate from its original position when a force is acted on it. Floor
vibration can be categorised into free and forced vibration. Free vibration takes place when the force is applied on a floor system the
system vibrates in its natural frequency if no excitation force is exerted. Forced vibration is due to continuous excitation of the floor
system.
mẍ+cẋ+kx=0
kx– Elastic force caused due to spring action of the structural element
mẍ+kx=0
For an MDOF the solution of the equation can be expressed as a simple harmonic motion as follows:
Xt=asin(ωt+θ)
Where ‘a’ indicates the function shape which is independent of time and
θis phase angle. The acceleration of the free vibration can be obtained by double derivating the displacement
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 4/14
12/11/2020 Guidelines for the Dynamic Behaviour of the Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
ẍ=ω2asinωt+θ=-aω2
k-ω2ma=0
Where
ais the displacement vectors which indicates the mode shape or Eigenvector.
a=(1T∫0Tatdt)12
In vibration point of view, floors are normally classified as low-frequency floors and high-frequency floors. Floor system in heavy
construction are generally low-frequency floors, in these type of floors, a resonance vibrations can be sensed by a person. Floors system
in light constructions are generally high-frequency floors and a person staying still can sense the vibrations due to another person
activities. In this research vibrations in high-frequency floors is consider as prestressed concrete constructions are light in weight.
The first study was done by Reiher and Meister in 1930. They had carried out their experimental work by considering 10 specimens
under continuous steady-state vibration. By comparing the critical frequency and maximum displacement they had attempted to
present human tolerance in steady state vibration. Their interest is mainly on the receivers (humandma behaviour.
Lenzen [8] developed a procedure to check the floor vibrations. This procedure is used to check the floor vibrations during the design
phase. Goldman [9] proposed a criterion on human perception. He had considered peak accelerations and frequency of vibration to
suggest three-floor acceptability criteria from a variety of sources.
Threshold of perception
Unpleasant
Intolerable
Murray [10] considered the human perception criteria as acceptable or annoying. Serviceability of floor vibration is classified as
springiness by Ohlsson [11]. He said that the vibration can be observed by the person creating vibration. Pavic and Reynolds [12] said
that the footfall induced vibration can be observed by a different person apart from the person making it vibrate.
Ellingwood and Tallin [13] conducted vibration tests on a shopping centre and suggested design criteria for composite steel-concrete
beam and floor systems based on maximum deflection caused by a point load anywhere in the whole system.
Toratti [14] has proposed vibration and acceptance limits classes for various type of floor systems. They conclude that for lightweight
structures point load deflection is also the best indicator to analyse floor vibration apart from the natural frequency and maximum
velocity. They had considered only the fundamental frequency and whole point load deflection and the rest of the vibration criteria such
as displacements, velocities and accelerations are not considered.
The force due to human activities can be harmonic or periodic or transient or impulsive or a combination of these.
According to ISO 1989 [15], vibrations due to human activities are sub-divided into two categories:
Transient vibrations:
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 5/14
12/11/2020 Guidelines for the Dynamic Behaviour of the Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
This type of vibrations is due to impulsive force and after some time the acceleration of vibration will come down to zero. For example,
vibration caused due to jumping.
Continuous vibrations:
These are the vibrations which are continuous in nature, separated by lower wavelengths like a sine curve. For example, vibration caused
by a group of people walking.
Human activities in a structure are never the same and so the vibrations in the structure.
Pt=P01+∑n=1nαnsin2nπfpt-ϕn
Where
Ellingwood and Tallin [13] obtained the relation between the dynamic forces frequency and number of steps per minute due to walking
and said that if a person is walking normally with a rate of 112 steps per minute then the forcing frequency will be around 1.86 Hz.
For the harmonic type of loading Allen [18] proposed an equation to calculate the exerted dynamic force (F).
F=p[1+∑aicos2πift]
Where
As per SCI P354 [19] forcing function is periodic due to the walking type of activity. The following figure shows the dynamic load
function due to continuous walking.
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 6/14
12/11/2020 Guidelines for the Dynamic Behaviour of the Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
Figure 2.1 Dynamic load function for continuous excitation due to walking [19]
The amplitude of the force in the above figure can be calculated by Fourier analysis. The amplitude of nth harmonic is as follows:
Fh=αhQ
Where
Qis the static force applied by a normal person (usually taken as 76*g, g = 9.81 m/s2).
Young [20] proposed an equation for the impulsive type of excitation due to walking. This equation is developed from Young’s
theoretical model.
F=60fp1.43fn1.3Q700
Where Fp is pace frequency, fn is the frequency of considered mode, Q is a static force applied by a normal person (76 kg * 9.81 m/s2).
Wiss and Parmelee [21] experimental study suggests that the product of displacement and frequency is constant for a combination of
human exposure to vibration and damping in the structure. They experimented on a group of people by considering frequency,
displacement and damping. They suggested a vibration criteria scale.
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 7/14
12/11/2020 Guidelines for the Dynamic Behaviour of the Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
Allen and Rainer [18] came up with a vibration criterion by considering the acceleration and floor damping. They performed heel impact
test on long-span floors to analyse the vibrations in the floor systems. Their line criterion is particularly intended to residential buildings
and offices. If the damping in the structure increases the continuous steady state vibration becomes transient vibration which leading to
small vibration patterns.
Murray [10] performed heel drop tests on different types of floors under different conditions and he proposed a vibration scale based
on the results. The suggested human perception scale is based on displacement, frequency and damping. The parameters in his scale
are same as Wiss-Parmelee scale.
International Standards Organisation [15] [15] considered root mean square (RMS) acceleration and frequency and proposed a vibration
criteria. These vibration limits are based on a baseline curve. For a different type of occupancies, different multipliers ranging from 1 to
128 are used to baseline curve.
Figure 2.2 Peak accelerations for human comfort for vibrations due to human [15]
Toratti [14] had carried out several experiments based on vibration on floors. They had carried out experiments for 10 years on
lightweight floor systems with a fundamental frequency greater than 10 Hz and proposed vibration classes for residential and office
buildings.
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 8/14
12/11/2020 Guidelines for the Dynamic Behaviour of the Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
Dynamic behaviour of prestressed concrete floor systems have several numbers of modes, but only some modes are considered in this
discussion. In prestressed concrete floor systems, the shape of the basic mode can be created by maximum deflection due to distributed
or concentrated live load. To avoid resonance phenomenon assessment of the fundamental natural frequency is set as primary criteria to
design floor serviceability.
The resonance phenomenon was discussed in 1978 by Weaver and Johnston for any structural system. They also mentioned that the
structure will vibrate if a harmonic load of force Po and frequency f is applied. Here they introduced a parameter D, which is the ratio of
resultant amplitude to static displacement and can be calculated as follows:
D=1(1-β2)2+(2βξ)2
Where
ξ – damping ratio
Note that the applied load frequency should be close to the fundamental frequency and the structure should be damped lightly. When
β =1 peak steady state response can be observed. This is the primary cause to study the active fundamental frequency of the system. To
improve the damping artificial damper, viscose elastic material, or tuned mass damper (TMD) can be used.
In 1994, the vibration serviceability criteria of post-tensioned floors were addressed by UK Concrete Society in Concrete Society
Technical Report 43 (CSTR43). This handbook provides the procedure to check the vibration serviceability of post-tensioned concrete
floors.
Pavic et al. [22] has modelled the dynamic performance of post-tensioned concrete floors using finite element analysis. He proposed a
procedure to check the vibration serviceability criteria for post-tensioned concrete floors using finite element analysis and this seems to
be satisfactory than CSTR43 criteria. He recommended the appropriate boundary conditions, stiffness, mass and damping factors for
post-tensioned floors.
Some guidelines to human-induced floor vibration are mentioned in Australian standard domestic metal forming and AS 2670 codes.
The serviceability design in this code mainly concentrates on floors which have natural frequency more than 8 Hz. [23]
SCI guidelines was published by Wyatt [24] to evaluate human induced floor response. In his view, he considered the root mean square
acceleration as the main criterion.
arms=apeak2
Note
arms ≤0.005R if 3 Hz≤ fo ≤8 Hz
arms ≤0.005Rfo8 if fo>8 Hz
R=5.08×(f1A1ξ0.217)0.265
“Response factor” was introduced by Willford et al. [25]. It is the ratio of vibration level to the threshold of human perception and the
threshold baseline curves are mentioned in BS6472. Following table indicates the typical criteria for footfall induced vibration.
Type of building R
Normal office 8
Busy office 12
Special office 4
Operating theatre 1
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 9/14
12/11/2020 Guidelines for the Dynamic Behaviour of the Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
kand mass
ω=km
A floor having high stiffness and low mass will have a high natural frequency. The fundamental can be classified in horizontal and
vertical direction. It can also be termed as horizontal and vertical modes. Institute of Structural Engineers mentions that vertical mode
has a sufficiently greater component to displaces the system in the vertical direction due to vertical dynamic excitation. Whereas the
horizontal dynamic mode excites a horizontal mode which can vibrate the system in lateral or longitudinal directions. In the real
structure, a combination of these two modes is seen. But here the vertical mode is taken as the fundamental mode of the system.
L– member span in m
kn– constant for nth mode of vibration, depends on the boundary support conditions and can be determined from the following table
Boundary condition Kn
Simply supported π2
Fixed/Pinned 15.4
Cantilever 3.52
For a simply supported beam with uniform loading for which K1 is π2, the fundamental f1 (lowest) natural frequency of the beam is as
follows:
f1=17.8δ≈18δ
Dunkerly’s approximation states that from the above equation the fundamental natural frequency can be obtained when the δ is
considered as the sum of all deflections of the structural components (Primary beams, Secondary beams and the slab).
Wyatt [24] estimated the natural frequency by calculating the global self-weight deflection in the system.
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 10/14
12/11/2020 Guidelines for the Dynamic Behaviour of the Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
As already introduced, Lenzen [8] experimental analysis states that masses in the structure increases the damping. He found that four
occupants increase damping over 300 percent.
In real structures damping nature usually, lie between viscous and frictional. If the damping forces are viscous then they are proportional
to the magnitude of velocity in opposite direction. If the damping forces are constant and restrict the motion of the body it is known as
frictional or coulomb damping and they are independent of frequency and amplitude. In prestressed concrete, both frictional and
viscous damping influence the floor vibration.
Sapountazkis [3] performed numerical analysis on the dynamic issue of reinforced concrete slab which is stiffened by steel beams. The
analysis performed and the results extracted were limited to an isolated beam criteria. The analysis of the continuous beam is yet to be
performed.
Toyota [28] carried out an experimental study on vibration characteristics of the prestressed concrete beam based on the effect of
prestressing force. The size of the model beam used in the test is L9,000mm, W400mm, H600mm and a PC rod of diameter 32mm was
used. The compressive strength of concrete is 36 N/mm2.The following figure shows the modelled prestressed beam.
In the test, the effect of prestressing force on vibration characteristics before and after grouting was also done. The prestressing force
applied on the rod was 490 (kN) and it is the design prestress force which is at 100%. The vibration test was performed by decreasing
the prestress force over 10% starting from the design prestress force to 0%. To measure the vibrations in the beam accelerometer, laser
displacement sensor and strain gage were installed. The natural frequency of the system was estimated using the sweep test. The beam
was tested by applying forced vibration at first mode. Toyota [28] also performed numerical analysis on the same beam model and the
results of the experimental and theoretical analysis were close enough to compare. He concludes that if the prestress is lowered the
natural frequency of the beam is also lowered, but on the other hand the damping in the beam increases.
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 11/14
12/11/2020 Guidelines for the Dynamic Behaviour of the Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
However, the vibration characteristics in the actual bridge were different because the vibration are induced by multiple types of vehicles
and in this experiment, he has assumed it as the vibrations are in various patterns. Furthermore, the boundary conditions considered
were based on an isolated beam but in the real structure it is different.
Whereas others believed that the fundamental frequency can be determined from the combination of modes. According to Dunkerly’s
equation.
1f12=1fs2+1fb2+1fp2
Where
fs is slab component
2.12 Research methodology
In this thesis, the theoretical and analytical analysis is done to meet the objectives of this research. The theoretical analysis is based on
the dynamic behaviour of the prestressed concrete floors under free vibrations and the analysis is made using finite element software
ABAQUS and RAPT. Then results of the theoretical analysis are verified by experimental or analytical analysis using finite element
method and the analytical calculations are done using EXCEL or MATHCAD.
References
1. da Silva, J.G.S., et al., An evaluation of the dynamical performance of composite slabs. Computers & Structures, 2003. 81(18–19): p.
1905-1913.
2. Ljunggren, F. and A. Ågren, Development of a new damper to reduce resonant vibrations in lightweight steel joist floors. Applied
Acoustics, 2002. 63(11): p. 1267-1280.
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 12/14
12/11/2020 Guidelines for the Dynamic Behaviour of the Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
3. Sapountzakis, E.J., Dynamic analysis of composite steel–concrete structures with deformable connection. Computers & Structures, 2004.
82(9–10): p. 717-729.
4. Ebrahimpour, A. and R.L. Sack, A review of vibration serviceability criteria for floor structures. Computers & Structures, 2005. 83(28–30):
p. 2488-2494.
5. Clough, R.W. and J. Penzien, Dynamics of structures. 1993. Copyright of Applied Mechanics & Materials, 1993.
6. Eriksson, P.-E., Vibration of low-frequency floors-dynamic forces and response prediction. 1994: Chalmers University of Technology.
7. S. Khan, M.S.W., Post-Tensioned Concrete Floors. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1995.
8. Lenzen, K.H., Vibration of steel joist-concrete slab floors. Engineering Journal-American Institute of Steel Construction Inc, 1966. 3(3): p.
133-&.
9. von Gierke, H.E. and D.E. Goldman, Effects of shock and vibration on man. Shock and vibration handbook, 1987: p. 41-58.
10. Murray, T.M., Acceptability criterion for occupant-induced floor vibrations. Engineering Journal, 1981. 18(2): p. 62-70.
11. Ohlsson, S.V. A design approach for foot-induced floor vibration. in Proceedings of the International Conference on Timber Engineering.
1982. USA.
12. Pavic, A., et al., Evaluation of mathematical models for predicting walking-induced vibrations of high-frequency floors. International
journal of structural stability and dynamics, 2003. 3(01): p. 107-130.
13. Ellingwood, B. and A. Tallin, Structural serviceability: floor vibrations. Journal of Structural engineering, 1984. 110(2): p. 401-418.
14. Toratti, T. and A. Talja, Classification of human induced floor vibrations. Building Acoustics, 2006. 13(3): p. 211-221.
15. Organization, I.S., Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration – Part 2: Human Exposure to Continuous and Shock Induced
Vibrations in Buildings, in International Standard, ISO 2631-2. 1989.
16. Murray, M., E. Allen, and E. Ungar, Floor Vibrations Due to Human Activity. American Institute of Steel Construction. Inc., USA, 1997.
17. Ellis, B., On the response of long-span floors to walking loads generated by individuals and crowds. Structural Engineer, 2000. 78(10): p.
17-25.
18. Allen, D.E. and J. Rainer, Vibration criteria for long-span floors. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 1976. 3(2): p. 165-173.
19. P354, S.P., Design of Floors for Vibration: A New Approach. 2009, The Steel Construction Institute.
20. Young, P., Improved floor vibration prediction methodologies. Engineering for Structural Vibration–Current developments in research
and practice Arup Vibration Seminar. Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2001.
21. Wiss, J.F. and R.A. Parmelee, Human perception of transient vibrations. Journal of the Structural Division, 1974. 100(Proc Paper 10495).
22. Pavic, A., et al., Dynamic modelling of post-tensioned concrete floors using finite element analysis. Finite elements in analysis and
design, 2001. 37(4): p. 305-323.
24. Wyatt, T., Design Guide on the Vibration of Floors (SCI Publication 076). Ascot, UK: SCI, 1989.
25. Willford, M., Improved floor vibration prediction methodologies. Engineering for Structural Vibration, Arup Vibration Seminar, 2001.
26. Hicks, S., Vibration characteristics of steel–concrete composite floor systems. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 2004.
6(1): p. 21-38.
27. Bachmann, H. and W. Ammann, Vibrations in structures: induced by man and machines. Vol. 3. 1987: Iabse.
28. Toyota, Y., et al. Experimental Study on Vibration Characteristics of Prestressed Concrete Beam. in Procedia Engineering. 2017.
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 13/14
12/11/2020 Guidelines for the Dynamic Behaviour of the Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems
Capstone progress plan and proposed timeline
Share this:
/ Examples
https://ukdiss.com/examples/prestressed-concrete-floor-systems.php 14/14