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열시스템 공정설계
및 P&ID 실무
SPRING 2021

2021.3.25
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강의소개

과목명 : 열시스템 공정설계 및 P&ID 실무

(2021.3/4~6/10)

No. Date Contents Remarks No. Date Contents Remarks

Search Methods
강의 소개(진행방식, 교재) 8 4/22
1 3/4 Dynamic Programing
평가 방법
Geometric Programing
9 4/29
열시스템 설계 개요 Homework / 제출기한
2 3/11 Engineering Design
A Workable System 10 5/6 중간고사
Economics & Engineering
3 3/18 Equation Fitting Special Lecture on HVAC system
11 5/13
Modeling Thermal Equipment P&ID 설계 개요
Equation Fitting Linear Programing
4 3/25 Modeling Thermal Equipment 12 5/20
P&ID 설계 예
미션 부여
Mathematical Modeling
13 5/27
5 4/1 System Simulation - Thermodynamic Properties
상황에 따라
14 6/3 열시스템 설계 개념 정리 기말고사 시
행가능
6 4/8 미션 조사 발표
15 6/10 기말고사
Optimization
7 4/15
Lagrange Multipliers

※ 일부 강의 내용이 수정될 수 있음.

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Problem – pump selection

pipe

Location A B C

L/s 2.5 3.5 1.5

S(source)로부터 물을 공급
A, C는 day time, 동시 공급
B는 night time
펌프는 저장탱크에 물을 공급
1. Pipe network
2. Pipe size에 따른 pump 선정과 저장탱크 내 물 높이
pump
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ECONOMICS
• INTEREST
• LUMP SUM, COMPOUNDED ANNUALLY
• LUMP SUM COMPOUNDED MORE OFTEN THAN ANNUALLY
• COMPOUND-AMOUNT FACTOR(f/p) AND PRESENT-WORTH FACTOR(p/f)
• FUTURE WORTH(f/a) OF A UNIFORM SERIES OF AMOUNTS
• PRESENT WORTH(p/a) OF A UNIFORM SERIES OF AMOUNTS
• GRADIENT-PRESENT-WORTH FACTOR
• SUMMARY OF INTEREST FACTORS
• BONDS
• SHIFT IN TIME OF A SERIES
• DIFFERENT FREQUENCY OF SEIRES AMOUNTS AND COMPOUNDING
• CHANGES IN MIDSTREAM
• EVALUATING POTENTIAL INVESTMENTS
• TAXES
• DEPRECIATION
• INFLUENCE OF INCOME TAX ON ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
• CONTINUOUS COMPOUNDING
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SUMMARY OF INTEREST FACTORS

𝑖
𝑓/𝑝 = 1 +
𝑚

1+𝑖 −1
𝑓/𝑎 =
𝑖

𝑝/a =

엑셀자료

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Problem

The first cost of an investment is $600,000 borrowed at 11 percent interest

compounded semiannually. The expected income (less operating expense) for
every 6-month period is $60,000. If there is no salvage value, how long must the
plant operate in order to pay off the investment?

An investor buys common stock in a firm for $1,000. At the end of the first year
and every year thereafter, she receives a dividend of $100, which she immediately
invests in a savings and loan institution that pays 5 percent interest compounded
annually. At the end of the tenth year, just after receiving her dividend, she sells
the stock for $1,200. What is the rate of interest (on an annual compounding
basis) yielded by this investment program?

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EQUATION FITTING

• MATHEMATICAL MODELING
• MATRICES
• SOLUTION OF SIMULATANEOUS EQUATION
• POLYNOMIAL REPRESENTATIONS
• POLYNOMIAL, ONE VARIABLE A FUNCTION OF ANOTHER VARIABLE
AND n+1 DATA POINTS

• SIMPLIFICATIONS WHEN THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS UNIFORMLY SPACED

• LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION
• FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES
• EXPONENTIAL FORMS
• BEST FIT : METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES
• METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES APPLIED TO NONPOLYNOMIAL FORMS
• THE ART OF EQUATION FITTING

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EQUATION FITTING

Goal
; developing equations that represent the performance characteristics of
equipment, the behavior of processes, and thermodynamic properties of
substances.

1) To facilitate the process of system simulation

2) To develop a mathematical statement for optimization

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Problem

The data in Table are to be fit to an equation using Lagrange

interpolation with a form similar to Extended Lagrange interpolation. The
variable x corresponds to t_e, y corresponds to t_c, and z to q_e. Compute
the coefficient c23

Refrigerating capacity, q_e

T_e T_c

25 35 45

0 152.7 117.1 81.0

5 182.9 141.9 101.3

10 215.4 170.7 126.5

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Problem

A frequently used form of equation to relate saturation pressures to

temperatures is
𝐵
ln 𝑝 = 𝐴 +
𝑇

Where p = saturation pressure, kPa

T = absolute temperature, K

With the method of least squares and the 11 points for Table 4.3,
determine the values of A and B that give the best fit. Then compute the
values of p at the 11 points using the equation just developed.

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Modeling Thermal Equipment

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Modeling Thermal Equipment

Heat exchangers Effectiveness

Distillation separators Thermal processing industry – binary mixture

Turbomachinery Dimensionless group

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Heat Exchanger

Shell and tube : two liquids (tube side fluid, shell side fluid)
Compact (Finned-coil) HEX : gas and liquid (Rgas high → fins in gas side)
> 700 m2/m3

One shell pass and one tube pass

cross-counterflow mode
(a) One shell pass and two tube passes
(b) Two shell passes and four tube passes
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Heat Exchanger

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Heat Exchanger

Selection
sizing
To select a shell-tube HEX,..
The flow rates, entering temp., leaving temp. of the both fluids would be known.
To select the combination of shell diameter, tube length, number of tubes,
number of tube passes, and the baffle spacing that will accomplish the specified
heat transfer duty.
Pressure drop limitations are not exceeded!

Simulation

Given HEX, the performance characteristics of the HEX are available (U, A)

To predict outlet conditions – temp. – for various inlet temp., and flow rates.

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Counterflow Heat Exchanger

𝑞=𝑊 𝑡 , −𝑡 , hot

𝑞=𝑊 𝑡 , −𝑡 , cold

𝑡 , −𝑡 , − 𝑡 , −𝑡 ,
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴
𝑙𝑛 𝑡 , −𝑡 , / 𝑡 , −𝑡 ,

𝑊, 𝑈𝐴, 𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛

→ 3 𝑒𝑞𝑠. 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛, 𝑞, 𝑡 , ,𝑡 ,

𝑊 𝑡 , −𝑡 , =𝑊 𝑡 , −𝑡 ,

𝑡 , −𝑡 , − 𝑡 , −𝑡 ,
𝑊 𝑡 , −𝑡 , = 𝑈𝐴
𝑙𝑛 𝑡 , −𝑡 , / 𝑡 , −𝑡 ,

𝑡 − 𝑡 + 𝑊 /𝑊 𝑡 −𝑡 1 1
𝑙𝑛
, , , ,
= 𝑈𝐴 − D
𝑡 , −𝑡 , 𝑊 𝑊
𝑊
𝑡 , −1 +𝑡 , 1−𝑒 1−𝑒
𝑊
𝑡 , = =𝑡 , − 𝑡 , −𝑡 ,
𝑊 𝑊
−𝑒 −𝑒
𝑊 𝑊
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Counterflow Heat Exchanger

Mathematical approach
𝑊 =𝑊
𝑡 , −𝑡 ,
Express series for ex and W1→W2 𝑡 , =𝑡 , −
𝑊
+1
𝑈𝐴

𝑑𝑞 = 𝑊𝑑𝑡 = 𝑊𝑑𝑡 = 𝑈𝑑𝐴 𝑡 − 𝑡 Physical approach

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑈
= = 𝑡 , −𝑡 , Constant slope
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝑊

𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴 𝑡 , −𝑡 , =𝑊 𝑡 , −𝑡 ,

𝑡 , 𝑈𝐴 + 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑡 , + 𝑈𝐴𝑡 ,

𝑊𝑡 , + 𝑈𝐴𝑡 , 𝑡 , −𝑡 ,
𝑡 , = =t , −
𝑈𝐴 + 𝑊 𝑊/𝑈𝐴 + 1

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Evaporators and Condensers

𝑡 −𝑡 − 𝑡 −𝑡
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑤𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑡
𝑙𝑛 𝑡 − 𝑡 / 𝑡 − 𝑡
𝑈𝐴 𝑡 −𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡
= 𝑙𝑛 = −𝑙𝑛
𝑤𝑐 𝑡 −𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡

𝑡 −𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡 +𝑡 −𝑡
𝑒 = =
𝑡 −𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡

/
𝑡 =𝑡 + 𝑡 −𝑡 1−𝑒

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Heat Exchanger Effectiveness

𝑞
𝜖=
𝑞

𝑞
𝑞 =𝑊 𝑡 −𝑡 𝜖=
, , (𝑤𝑐 ) (𝑡 , −𝑡 , )

Oil leaves at 30℃

171.6
𝑞 = 2.6 × 2.2 × 60 − 30 = 171.6 𝑘𝑊 𝑇 , = 30 + = 57.3℃
1.5 × 4.19

Water leaves at 60℃

188.6
𝑞 = 1.5 × 4.19 × 60 − 30 = 188.6 𝑘𝑊 𝑇 , = 60 − = 27℃
2.6 × 2.2

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Effectiveness of a Counterflow Heat Exchanger

1−𝑒 1 1
𝑡 =𝑡 − 𝑡 −𝑡 𝐷 = 𝑈𝐴 −
, , , , 𝑊 𝑊 𝑊
−𝑒 1 1 𝑈𝐴 𝑊
𝑊
= 𝑈𝐴 − = 1−
𝑊 𝑊 𝑊 𝑊

Fluid 1 : lesser wc_p

𝑡 , −𝑡 ,
𝑤𝑐 (𝑡 , −𝑡 , ) 𝑞 1−𝑒
= = =𝜖=
𝑡 , −𝑡 , 𝑤𝑐 (𝑡 −𝑡 , ) 𝑤𝑐 (𝑡 −𝑡 ) 𝑊
, , , −𝑒
𝑊

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Number of Transfer Units, NTU’S

𝑁𝑇𝑈 = 𝑈𝐴/𝑊

Given HEX type, size, fluid flow rates NTU, Wmin/Wmax ε

Outlet temperature

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Effectiveness of a Counterflow Heat Exchanger

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Pressure Drop and Pumping Power

C : constant
∆𝑝 = 𝐶 𝑤
w : mass rate of flow

The exponent n varies between 1.8 to 2.0.

N is close to 2.0, except for flow in straight pipes at Reynolds numbers in the low
turbulent range.

Pumping Power
𝑤 𝐶𝑤 𝐶
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝑝 = ≈ 𝑤
𝜌 𝜌 𝜌

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Turbomachinery

The tool of dimensional analysis frequently permits reducing the number of

independent variables to a smaller number by treating groups of terms as
individual variables.

Performance of a centrifugal compressor

𝜔𝐷/   𝑐 𝑇
𝑝 /𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝑤   𝑐 𝑇 /𝐷 𝑝

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Problem

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Problem

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Problem

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