APPARATUS

Torsion apparatus

Solid Circular Shaft

PROCEDURE

1. The load indicator and digital protractor was switched on to warm the system.
2. The diameter of the specimen and length of the round section was measured.
3. The torsiometer was set up at the middle of the specimen. Then the dial gauge reading was
set to zero.
4. The top screw that attached to the specimen setting bar was loosen.
5. After that, a socket was put to the end of the specimen setting bar and tightened.
6. The specimen was placed in the socket.
7. Another socket was put at the free end.
8. The specimen setting bar was put to the socket by pushing it into the socket.
9. Lock the socket and specimen with the hexagon portion by pushing the specimen until
hexagon fit.
10. Then lock thet specimen position by tightening the top and bottom screws.
11. Push the tare button to set load indicator to zero reading.
12. Push the R button to set the digital protractor to zero reading.
13. Turn the dial indicator face to set torsimeter reading.
14. Turn the handle until the load records a small reading(5 newtons) and the specimen is tight.
This is a preload condition.
15. Push the tare button, R button and turn the face of dial gauge to set load indicator, digital
protractor reading to zero.
16. Turn the handle to apply the torque.
17. The reading of the load cell, digital protractor and torsiometer was recorded for every 5
division.
18. The corresponding angle of twist was recorded with the increasing of the torque for every
increment.
19. The torsiometer was removed when the reading is increasing rapidly to avoid damage.
20. The load was kept increasing until specimen breaks.
21. It is good if the torsiometer not exceeding 0.3 yield stress of the material when doing the
experiment in linear range.
22. The torsiometer was removed when the experiment is conduct for testing the destruction.
DATA ACQUISITION

Length of specimen = 160 mm

Diameter of specimen, D = 6.15 mm

Gauge length ‘torsion meter’ = 50 mm

Torque arm, L = 100 mm

Polar moment of inertia = 140.443 mm4

For the torsion meter, 1 division represents 0.015 degree.

Load cell, W Torsionmeter (Actual Angle, θ)

(N) (Dial gauge) Digital Protector
1.0 1.1 0.80
2.0 2.1 1.00
3.0 3.1 1.50
4.0 4.2 2.20
5.0 5.0 2.70
6.0 6.1 3.20
7.0 7.2 3.50
8.0 8.0 3.70
9.0 8.2 3.80
10.0 8.5 4.00

RESULT AND ANALISIS

Applied Torque Angle Of Twist Angle Of Twist

T=W*100 (Torsionmeter) (Digital Proctractor)
 Nmm θ = (div * 0.02)*π/180 θ = θactual * π/180
(radian) (radian)
100.0 5.76 ×10 −6
13.96 ×10−3
200.0 1.099 ×10−5 17.45 ×10−3
300.0 1.623 ×10−5 26.18 ×10−3
400.0 2.20 ×10−5 38.40 ×10−3
500.0 2.62 ×10−5 47.12 ×10−3
600.0 3.19 ×10−5 61.08 ×10−3
700.0 3.77 ×10−5 64.58 ×10−3
800.0 4.19 × 10−5 64.58 ×10−3
900.0 4.29 × 10−5 66.32 ×10−3
1000.0 4.45 × 10−5 69.81 ×10−3

Polar moment of inertia

π (6.15)4
J=
32

J=140.443 mm 4

Torsion
Analysis
 Angle of Twist (rad)
1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Figure 1 shows graph of applied load (Nmm) versus angle of twist (rad).

400−100
Slope =
0.000022−0.00000576

= 18.473 x 106
Theoretical result
Stress
G = Strain
100+200+ 300+ 400+500+600+ 700+800+900+1000
= ( 0.576+1.099+1.623+2.20+2.62+3.19+3.77+ 4.19+ 4.29+4.45 )∗10−5
5500
= 2.8008−4

= 19.637 x 106 N/mm2

Experimental result

G = (Slope x L) / J
= (18.473 x 106 x 100) / 140.443
 = 13.153 x 106 N/mm2

The shear modulus for the theoretical is 19.637 x 106 N/mm2 while for the
experimental is 13.153 x 106 N/mm2. The percentage for the result is
33.0119%.

CONCLUSION

From the results, we can conclude that the relationship between the applied torque is proportional the
angle of twist. The higher the torque applied, the higher the angle of twist. The value G was obtained
from the graf that had been provided in Figure 1. The slope had been calculated and then times by the
lenght of the torque. Then, the calculation must be divided with the moment inertia. While the G also
could be obtained normally with the stress divided by the strain. As the data had been given and it just
need to calculate the total. The possible error in this experiment came from the error of theoretician. The
lack of math or simply had wrongly using the part of formula during the calculation was one of the error.
Parallax error also could be obtained from this experiment. This happen when we turn the handler to
anticlockwise to apply the loads. When the load had been exceed the load to apply, we had to turn it to the
clockwise. If the specimen is tested to failure, the surface of the circular will produce rough spots. The
type of materials also reflect this experiment. The smooth the surface of the shaft, the lower the maximum
stress produced. The brittle material will failure fastly than the ductile material. This could lead to the
stronger the shaft the more fine or smooth surface it will be to be twisted.