SQL Cheatsheet

KEY
---
Curly braces group alternatives together,
and alternatives are separated by pipes:
Clauses in brackets are optional:
An asterisk indicates 0 or more instances:
A plus-sign indicates 1 or more instances:
A plus-sign also indicates addition:
{this | that | t'other}
You [and john] can come.
I like to eat[ and eat]*.
Run fast,[ go]+!
select (1 + 3) from dual;

Elements are defined in terms of other elements.

<number> : [0-9]+ means that a number is composed of one or more digits.
<datatype>: {integer | char(<number>) | varchar2(<number>) | date}
means that a <datatype> element is one of the four strings shown.
<column-set>: <column> = <expression>
means that a <column-set> element is composed of a <column>, followed by
an equals sign and an <expression>.

Readability of PL/SQL is much improved by highlighting certain keywords;

this is why some word are in all caps. icbc road test ---

INSERTS and UPDATES

-------------------
<insert>: insert into <tablename> [<columns>] {values <values> | <select>}
<select>: select [distinct] <columns> from <tables> [<where>] [group-by]
<select-union>: <select> union <select> [<order-by>]
<select-order>: <select> <order-by>

<update> : update <tablename> set <column-set> [, <column-set>] [<where>]

<column-set>: <column> = <expression>
<update-from-query>: update <tablename> set <columns> = <select> [<where>]

FUNDAMENTALS
------------
<name> : [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]* - that is, a string of alphanumeric chars
and underscores starting with an alpha
char.
<number> : [0-9]+
<datatype>: {integer | char(<number>) | varchar2(<number>) | date}

<ora-alias>: a temporary nickname for a table or column, for the purposes

of condensing a query.

LITERALS
--------
<value> : {<number> | <string> | <number-expr> | <string-expr>}
<values> : ( <value> [, <value>]* )
<number-expr>: {<number> | <column-name>} + [<number> | <column-name>]*
<string-expr>: {<string> | <column-name>} || [<string> | <column-name>]*

NAMES and DEFINITIONS

---------------------
<column-name>: name of a column in a table in the current scope
<columns> : ( <column-name> <ora-alias> [, <column-name> <ora-alias>]* )
<new-column> : <name> <column-def>
<new-columns>: <new-column> [, <new-column>]*
<column-def> : <datatype> [default <value>] [<constraint>]*

<table-name> : name of a table in the current scope

<tables> : <table-name> <ora-alias> [, <table-name> <ora-alias>]*

<constraint> : {not null | primary key | references <table-name>}

CREATION
--------
<create-table-new> : create table <name> ( <new-columns> )
<create-table-from>: create table <name> as <select>

<create-tablespace>: create tablespace <name> datafile '<filespec>'

size 50m autoextend on default storage (pctincrease 1);
<filespec> : /opt/ora8/m02/oradata/ora8/<name>01.dbf

<create-user> : create user <name> identified by <db-password>

default tablespace <name> temporary tablespace temp quota
unlimited on <name>;
<grant-user> : grant connect, resource, ctxapp to <name>;
grant javasyspriv to <name>;

ADDING, DROPPING, AND DELETION

------------------------------
<add-column> : alter table <table-name> add ( <new-columns> )
<drop-column>: alter table <table-name> drop column <column-name>

<drop> : drop {table|view|sequence|function} <name>

<delete>: delete from <table-name> [<where>]

PL-SQL BASICS
-------------
<var-name> : A variable passed into a function, or definied in <declarations>
<argument> : <name> IN <datatype>
<arguments>: <argument> [, <argument>]*
<args> : <value> [, <value>]*

PL-SQL
------
<create-function>: create or replace function <name> ( <arguments> )
return <datatype> AS [<declarations>] BEGIN <function-body> END;

<declarations> : <name> <datatype>[:= <value>];

<function-body>: [{<statement> | <loop>};]*
return {<var-name> | <value>};

<statement>: { <var-name> := {<expression> | <function>} |

open cursor <cursor-name> |
fetch <cursor-name> into <var-name>} |

<loop> : LOOP [{<statement> | <loop>};]*

 exit when <condition>
END LOOP;

<ora-call-function>: select <name>(<args>) from dual;