“60, = COORG BE ATA” AIT SGT Real Numbers and Inequalities fa E cacaR igre Bratt at fey ASAT ora Rata ANT aa ATA GTR FAS Hee 3f6 | aa ARTO EG Bafa act Te Feu Was Sattert woes | ory Fert wags asta SPBi-a7 airioe tot at A AIT ATT MPF | Feo stat SS et | HeTta Behe wer raf wl aBee eat wa ea) BT 1000-44 Fay Fest ORR APTA wAIeT (Vulgar fraction) 48a sR) RTF * (750—690)-4 HCA SASH ates BSS 500-1 meg farors afseaet OETA Heehts MAT OF | Rea aitea oR ear (John Wallies) (1616-1703) “a ara stem Praca asta (Pierre “Bouguer) 3a 1670 se 1734 Ret Weert wPTEIA HS (< aaa 3b) WAT S| RII" The Analytical Arts Applied to Solving “Algebraic Equations" ire 7m sitio unis Bari =feai5 (Thomas Harriot, 1560-1621) FRG4 @ HASH fe (< alae >) aRH FAT 1631 SICH ae eA | sh-craeé. = ST (Cauchy-Schwarz inequality) Faria oprTenraat > reset SR ae yt wire Ror Rafe =A a weTicaT Tage Ace A a Piece 8 ahea meeps fafea Bec’ eat eacw sAtaca | = ates nea Sart flees aa ate tac | 8 ART FT BETTI PHS Te SAT GAT SACS ARTA | = maT tera eta eal, SN. G etc PACS *INACA | 8 GS TAS HATS GTS] AHI! FATS AACA. 8 bets HafeTS SPITS WAI PALS ACA . ATTA AHS SAAS AMT FATS ARCA | IF DEY SAMOS ATCA APRN ATA FAS Aa 2 BR percere catstetM SPT! lal FATS TTS | “OR pase ci comers crib TIT ATT FACS, PACA | am + cstef eta (Georg Cantor) ST WHI, vBe 1 GF fabrtan, aire 2 ort 2 RRL eat ar @, AeA ASOT aE ARGt BS BAS APM (more numbers) | FER CRIA GH, ETH ye TET FATT FEAT aR Fey se) Aa TIE (cardinal) 2%. S515% (ordinal) GAA 35, , OF, ... APS AIT ase OITA brficos Poicat ae atat SCA | * FSR eons se, Stor ents ‘AAARV ae ASIA (transcendental) | SH id SIMs FACT TTA ANE | RT 2 FSR SF (co) 8h SITES | SO: bay oT A stee eM Fei gy OS WF | S808 Fees ome #19 8a | Ws wu, seyy atte ota > S-D 2 TSANG! @ TIA AT Bes > D-2 6 0 : Bee eigen Sie eat 78-8 2 OTT 6 WATS PMS Tenf > MD-@ 1 HATA Oe are bers TARTS PRTC 1-2 ee Date TARTS SPT ATA, APT Ta oPRl, Gareataret > Md-9 6 2 wRNAA-1(A) > MIB 2 Oe De SADIE ATR ANIC SA, HR Pat cAI PTET Mae PR DrERAS coh eps eS. > *d-S0 : Barer > NS-y9 98 99s BEperA-10B)Bows fe free a atts 1.13 Aeht ls Stas MTA BAAS (Real Numbers and Subsets of Real Numbers) ated Fe Pas HS erat ey one ache, wretee Hedy, Oi eet, B-setrrs ‘qefoieeht, Bee HAH, MUS AHA Re TS OT AAT HHT HV TAA ATE CATT | FAH (Integer): THT ITE TAH, VATS HPAI oT Pew POA AB SS | AAA « GHOCH Z wat eer Sat VA SAR Z = f..—3,-2,- 1,02, 3,1 MSHS AUT (Natural number); ASA TAS A HAICH WOHTH ACT TA VA) ASA AEs Feats AGTH IN Bat rad Fa VMAS IN = (1, 2,3)... | SFIS SATE Brees AEH MHPRPS za, Hare WTS HLH] HATHA ALITG At AT | HEAT TER APRA CABLE Zs wlal eM Fa BT”. Zo = IN = {1, 2, 3, I E-aeers oFiet (Non negative integer): “5 (0) 78 AFA MEAS HMC S-AHAE APAHT FeT| FH SATS PATE CHOC Z 29 A ISM FAB, Z 20 = {0, 1, 2,3, .} = {0} UZ >! > Gifts Fett (Prime number): 1 TAS @ AAA Bess HeIt AT a AeHt @ 1 wat EteG, @ TRAC ATS FANT A AA | Se TIS AeA GIDTS P Utah eet Fal BA | Sale, P = {2, 3, 5, 7, JU; 13, 17, 19, 23,0}. SNRs Hes GIB ara Fey CALA WAHT | ‘ese eet (Negative number): “FF (0) BCT cad AeaiAS at Metts AAT | QA: -1,=2, 4,32, 0.211, -0.62, -4.12034506 cree Bona ‘WTS ALT (Negative integer): “AT (0) Sere Ald aetaeasics Sets eae Set SA FSM AATF WATT ABZ eg FA, Z cg > (0 ae 3-29 FF | 3a Het (Rational number): @ 7A AVIS f SRA SFT A A, (GAIA p, q € Z aA q #0) 2 HBA AICS AM RAT FE A | FHA YA AHA CHS Q al Ft FAL | aH, Q= 2p, ge zen qeoh @ ED -phreara cat, Ramet ore aS A HE a oF neat RR RI kim wrt an, weet PT AR we AT CH: B = A=] ag a 2 8 =F (al pre AA) | HAT A (OAR Reha CAE ADH AIPis OHSS ACD, TI Sate (fractions) Ros APS | Gi) whe g = 1 ea ea, B eters sree gem TA SPIO AN Gif) Ome FH HT A Satet BIT AAT | ‘SEEM ACT (Lrrational number): ot =e AIT Estee eet eal AA AT (TA, pqezs RTT aR g 4 0), 2 RR Tee OT eel A | HT SET TA CATT Q! wal PL Fal WH Gls, Q’ = fk ox E R GR x ¢ Qh}, wa set Hela CS ye HeHt se SAT PreeTT SETA Feet |gat ARTS CTTST sparen: V2, V3, V5.7, VT, wa eA, w) ee SHE ACT | ome CH, BAT HeeNTTE He were rar ace I HT HTS at gE we! (CAs) =A ee 2 0.14 RH wai) en f= 0.54 54 Shove oe oe = 0.54 (STIS HAA) | aortic SR TCR Hm HT tT AT, A HTS TS eH ct ITA et “aa at | RA, of = 1.414213562 «-- ---, w= 3,141592654 «= BB | ‘ast ARIA GIG (Set of real numbers): 74 FM FR AT ARI PT HIS CHOC TSA NAIA ad set | Selig QUT FET A ATH HY as oH ST HT | TSA HATA Gabe R wal 1atgR=QUQ’ cba ee eee SE SEIT Oy = OnTy4 Boor =O =e SRE RATT CHB 3 Q) 2 7) 2 C > © SA ABR ga ASAT evra Saco a AHS PTA: Juale Soca pores lat TET YeRLe NEZEQERIRR=QUQ’ NeEZ ZcQQCRARKQ «5 1 23.12, 23,-2 jePreant (Z) 3,-2,-1,0, 23ers . _— ow Bi 20h-05,53,25,25, 32 wpa Sater 5,3.13,=3.42,- 05 1.3, 3.12, 3121212... 2,3,5,7, 11,13,8 Sea Ae RE om ea er -5,2,V35007,22, 1,123 «+--+ 243, 0.24 enn IN Z CQ CR BRT AI | 1.1.1 Stas Heesta UHihaSes aeayt (Geometrical Interpretation of Real Numbers) FS TES HTS OA HGP COE MS aaAls Baa SAPS (9 Fifes carenbcw aReateTet a BA At (real line) FAA omen f= 1.732... . ial | [on e= 2.718... m= 3.14159... 2 P [Aa {7 Sah IIE 0 1 Q 2 3 off, Gen fice Fares gs ast Hae X'OX, Gen O yafey | yah O c 0 (ET) Feld Gray cavAT Sea, O Ga VIA WAM ANIA WATE Aj, Ad, As, s.. PRTC AATEC 1, 2,3, ... FRU BPA ae TAVASHA, O AGT AY, AD, A's, ou fermafeice Betery -1;-2, -3, ... 1 13 meer Samar Facaoat-aH wre,3,3 2 sera X'OX cA MAIC OS AL, ALS An, Ar Aj Srp we eas saga, 5-3, 2 neenafit watacs O ae Ar AY Als, ADR AY fag art TAPS | Yale ASI FI AGI, XOX Gris Baa wahes aa AAS fey cam aq O aU first ‘eeteger rrree cree ara Facet HRT Setar eat FACIAL aT AT WH, PA; L OX a4 OA, = A,P = 1; SR, OA,P aid Tah wafeay fase | GTO a wa ofsee OP = OAT + AP =P +P = 1/2 a8 am ENE fica ae geott SIs, aT OX Q Rage cer Fa TAA, OQ = 2, Fash SET Heh | qEae, Q RYE as aa ATT aor Sea (bea Bias SAID SPM Fe, AA: 4/3, e, 1, V2, 3, aA Fels Sas eats Berl sare, ea weg AeriklShr gctaler Slee Berl at fre Ser aay eases Sart oy | PeriSts tale iss al at fre art: ses AeA GH R ga Testa gata iss arf AS CAN (+) Gee YAM (,) at Bra rsa lat: cat: se]aS4 FRAG SPOT Vara tte ara; 3"! =} ER337S33F1 le @ ab ato ab eR@atbeR aR aT aut FR AM: 2,3 ERW2+3=5ER TR Closure Law |(ii) a,b R @AabeR SRA GPM: 2,3 ER .2.3=6ER Re oe Fae an |G) abe R@atb=bta ‘affam BR See OMA, 3 eRe 2+353+2 aca (Gi) a,b, © R WA ab=ba Lan eo 3 " OPA: 2,3 ¢ R WAI =3.2 ree re inane Ga, b, ce R BA (a+b) +c=at(b4c) ment Ta ACATEHT T4, Bane GRA: 2, 3H Rv. (2+3)44=2+ (344) ae i (ii) a, b, CER AI (ab)c = abe) vical Law AL fae arm: 2, 3,4 ER’. (234 = 23.4) ta () ae RBtat0=0+a=a a percer se GP: 3 €R.34+0=0+3=3 eres ‘y. (@)a @R&al=lana aie Meniity GPR: 3. R31 =13=3 hail (i) a e@ R&A —ae R @iat(—a) = (-a) +a=0 a @a:2 eR Wa, ER ata Rotter ota f 24(-2)=(-2) +220 Existence of |(ii) a7! = eR aa’ inverse. seta feetiores aig oa fae Distributive Law () a,b,c eR A a(b +c) ab tac GPR 2,3,4eR +4)=2.3+24=6+8=14 (i) a, b,c ER Ba (b+ c)a=batca GA: 2,3,4eR 2.3 +4)2=3.2442=648=14 aon Fae Bee A Uniqueness Law la, bjo, de R Ra=bec=d Bi, atc=b+da4Rac=bd [srrrrer fae ‘@afee Herd (Order axioms): 0; : Wa, be R ASH a>bNa=bTab Sb>cW OA a>c; TA ab WA, ate>b+oRWAs 04: Wi a, by, dE R FRa> bae>d Wo, ate>b+dwas Os: Aa, bce R RRa>b ¢ c> 0 BBA ac> be; SAH a> b Re <0 WA, ac 0;.b > 0H BA, ab>O RA! ER 4 85 a 20X41v _ Boer ie fase ag 1.2.1 TBI Als BACT CHT SHA Mehta earASiSe eertoat_ SISA Fela ser BASS Ass Hehia aT Banh GA Het aA AT | PCH AT HITS BAGH Z ae cote teenie yah See Ret wie cust @ seme SMC Fay RCT | @ SR AR: CF 6 pT af HOF ZY Ue TT abe ZAUTatbeZ @Rabe Z Gi) FATE AR; creme yer efeara AIR Z Crba Sora ACTEM TS Sale AHA a, b,c ZA Fiat (b+ c)=(a+b)+ c HR a(be) = (ab)e Gil) TETHT SEAM: Z as CRE ANTS 6 STI OO PATA At, He a © Z aa op a+0=O+a=agRal=La=a vy) Petters Seite: yen Z as cra austere Fea Ra udie HE ae Zea oy extbae — a CET Tew) Fa aS a + Ca) = Ca) + a= 0.13 Z aa -1 6 1 FSO OH CAT TACT Ta Fete Za FAIA GR | CHA: Qe Z oa AstHs Reais 4 at oy axe} xie i Rghez (v) Far FAR: CATER @ oom elfeaa aI Z a Sarma RRMA adie He a, b eZ aa Wat b=b+aaarab=ba (vi) 355 AR, cHer afeura Big gem ea aE Z oa Bamayft. acy adie HT a,b,c e Z M3 Sha (b+c)=ab+acwar(b+c)la=batca (vil) GTS A: Ba, b, c,d eZ GRa=b, c= dB, WHat+c=—b+d aac =bd. BC HPA SATS Bera eels Oca Sta Hee ParhPR UCIT FA Carat: crite a, If fae ag etre 3 eis VR CET eT) NaS ACA SA, m Bf ah gt aatb eS Bf eT | SY AG AA A, «J SAT HT | HBT AaB TTS ot n STR, AEE n2 16a p @ gq oar FRCS AF eet | ‘ a, Vmi= 5 = p=viiig =p mq (af aa] =F =ma AIRY p's q Waa FAAS, BE p? @ q THA ARATE | TAI, q > 1 (poate Ea A AG TTS FET Feel ari =A | BARAT, mg Wat ATR IF eet BS AT 2 “Bre mg eee AT RTS a a SA mg orem aa So Gra Heegt OS TA, Belle fm on 2m et or eT | MyaS ALT 8 SPHTST a 1.2.2 TSI Media spialers Sart fees sersioa att (Some proofs of axioms of real numbers properties) (a) WHALE Rg AIT BTSHF GAT | Ott: WET SA, TSA eas CD IR-9 0 ae O! BRAG arta SESS GZ, GA APAX € RAT X+0=x RX +O =X, ARG A x eR TTT x + 0 =x; Bae ors ceca, 0 +0 =0" SNA, CLAS APA x CR AF A x + 0’ =x, Fare fata oew, 0+ 0" =0 (i) 8 (ii) FR RS AR, 0" = 0, [> As FAI, 0 +0= 040] FSAI, TSI ALI CG R-4 AIA TOTS GAA | (b) TSTAVIA CT R-9 PICA MOTE TAT | ates TA BAR, aq Aah OH Rd c GAR e HRB Acs SCOAS BITE, OM AA x € RGU xe =x ARR xe! =x, CRY AFA x O'R GA OT xe = x; Uae ROTI CFT e’e =e! ORS, ARS AHI xER GT GAT xe"= x, Fae AT CHT ee! = €. (i) ¢ Gi) "RWS AR e' =e, [-- My WHI, ee ee] ; BUG, TST FHT AP R~9 SO TEAS OAT | (oT OH R-9 atta Reales Ba IT | OM; AT HA, ATS ARES HAT KT TT Roo BRA aes eT y @ z Fara, @A xt+ysy+x=0 GRxtZ=z2t+x=0 URGE, 2=2+0 [ars Sroncra Ofay ATS! FR] =zt+(x+y) — [(i) ¥ll =(2#x)ty — [lets Heres Fale] =0+y (Gi) a] =y [arcs sconces Gag Arret FRR “zy WS, ass AeA CAB R- AIA alos Goitmea GAT | @. Aer TeH CB R-9 Sie Rete Ba oT | ems; Wea SR, ACOTS OAT TSS AT x OTR WRI ste et y 6 2 PA GA xy=yx=1 FR XZ= zx = 1 GORE z= 2.1 (aes Seerces Starr PR] = x(xy) (@) At) = @oy [sets carers FRR] sly (Gi) ra] =y [atest SeEAes way TT FR] z=y URag, TH ATA. AD R-9 Wea Fralos Boras Gy |v Bow He fear tq “a3 Hale Cnterval). : ft a 6 b FRB Tea Fees AR a b} Cate BARRA = b 4, -() an ats orbs Baten Ate, ay Ae at TOSS ts BART TILE A | (il) GF Gat Onda Brteat Me, wa Rafa a GaYE Reis YA GAYE A | 1.2.5 HSI AIT CG F}Fot “F (Completeness property of real numbers) areas Ha OD aT eget BARS ses ets Brora cate aT ART x € R TA ae ral FD a ag Pasie ates eas Baca aa erry RARE < R UTA 1a CTE area mera sPsor eof aa Baty: Fa eis GC Hse of AMG AT | GW: WA A, S = {xx © QURO o fg (Z)= 22> 3, Foy Se Sake § ea BAS oF | st15-8 AAS (Inequalities) SPST aa. oteate “UfSs ACIS AAP (Mathematical expression) at Ae, afsaty At ufos aaa STIS APTS (Order Relation) Fem aca | sHfSiferwErs UPTO '<' (less than), '>' (greater than), 's' (less than or equal), '2' (greater than or equal) Soph} wre eShs Bat APT Fa 2> 1 OMT 1 <2 GF TE AR 2, 1 CHF AW HT 1, 2 CCS CAP) GIA, x > O VPVG x aH ATT TCA BAT HSL RAG x? > 0 TCHS x = 0 FAS AHA VWSI WC OY AST) HHT! F STR ACT Sere CaP TIe Fre ATI atecne CHTTOI eT FPA CHICAT Feast ST AIC ST Res a cae ters TS Rot aca | die AAG CI at weer FETA HRT AIT CAT SPTTET Bre aa | SpTTeT sifcw Rona Fer HAT SA TTR | CATA contains, IS, aT BHT Pate, FeRBTT S VEE ifs Vreingy Wer ACOs SEAS GMS SepraPey GAGA HAT TA FATT |ARS ALIS CPST @2x-y<4 (ii)2x-ys4 5 ze EY ® Gah nf (Properdige? Adatison): abceR Goa @AhabB Waate>bte BHRA: CRP 2 <3, TRA, 241<3 41 MRGATRYS> 4, OAS HLS 441 @ Aencta &F (Properties of Subtruction): 4, b,c eR 4s 5A5- (3H a bw a—c>b-c ‘Wate: ABI <3, SA, 2-13 — 1 ae TRB 4 33, UE 42> 32 @)- eta of (Properties of Multiplication): a, b,c € R 4 Wy- (DAM a OW, SA ac be Beateat: (i) AAG 2<3 A (2) (4) <3) (4) (ii) CRG, 2 < 3 IRA (2) (4) (3) (-4) ©) wis «nf (Properties of Division) : a,b, c « Kua try (x a 3RQ Swe ie Se te PTET HAS sor ers RecA Aa Q) aia, b,c oR a a= b-a>0 ‘atata, b,c E R ARB bac—b>0 4) 88 (ii) GAIT FEHR, (b— a) + (C= b)> 0 +0 =>c-a>0 => crata>Ota [Soritma GIT a] =>cra a <4 . Q@ afia,b,ceR@,aa=b-a>0 => b-atc> Orc lSoaITF c IA +a] =>bte>are wateac0 Qt: a,b € Rgae WPF TPH, aa=>b-a>0 => (b-a).c>c.0,Ic>0 > be-ac>0. => be —ac + ac > 0 + ac SEIT ac AN Rel) =>be>ac : yeac be, We <0 (4) afta, b,c, de RB, atea-b<0 @aeco-d (ato)<(b+d)+(b+d)<0 + (b+ d) [BemATF (b + d) eat vatex0,b>omert >t © sata; GIB. a,b ER GAR a> 0, b> OCR a Fa wl “ab BBG: a,b eR BA a 0): a> O WA, -a<0 HAJ al=a=p—lal=—a [also Unis, 0 Oe] al=-a>-lal=a 2 -lal=a<0<-a=|a| adie, —|a|=a 0): az 0°, |al=a Baa FHS FE (TAT a a secon (ii) @ 8 Gi) RISA, |al2a38 VO We ab eR AW, |af=a’ ent : a> 0 WA, 'a|=a—> [al lata <0@A, |a|=-a—> (pe (i) FAS AR fa P= a? wegen, |— a P= (— a) =a? Bw te far ig al aR|ab|=|a]]b] (Pir cat: 30; at: Catz od] , is laPaat spay, |aP ais, | ab |? = (ab)* [(ii) Ae stat] =a'b'=|af|bf=( ais, fab = ((a |b? a||b)P RE | ab | oe" a: || b | Boras errs, eae Bor TF AS aL TITS AA gS wa M1, | ab|=|a||b| Fa, b eR AH; (i) |atb|< PR Gt: 98, Ob; AI: Al: 90, 99, 09, o€; i: CAI: 98, 92, 30; Gi) | a=b Jal+|b| [or Gate '90, ob, Ob; Fi Gz 98, 92, 30, ob, o@; tr 9Y, 90, 09; A? Gt BY, 38, 90,08] Slal+ }b| [Dlr Gl: 94, WAIB d2-D0; Br Cl: 0d; T Gl: do] ear: () a] + |b) =\aP+2 a] [bl+|biF =at+2|ab|+b? [elaP=a%[ bP =b, |a||b|=| ab ] => (Ja|+(b |)? >a? + 2ab +b? [-- | ab |2 ab] => (lal+]b)P2 (+ by => (a+) d)P2 (abd = a+ bP < (lal + v fa b|< jal + fb) a Gi) a+b | <|a]+|b | > b eat afeaes —p TN, | a+ (-b) | < ja|+|C»)| |a-b]s|a/+|b] gira venir, ja-bl= att: |al=|(a—b)+blsfa-b FelCby=|b 1] la|—|b]| [pa 30-95 TI: Cat: 39; Az Cals 9@, ob; IAP CA: 32, 03] [+]b] >lal-tb]slaxb} =pja-bl>fal-[b] NO @ Hts, |b|=|(b-a)+a|<|b—al+al=|a—b|+]ah[- |b-al=|-@-b)|=|a-b]] = |a-bl2[b|-la] =]a-bl2- isis ja—b|sla|—|b] co) @ @ (ii) US HZ, -|a—b/||al—|b|} 2ares AOS STS xe Hal: OF OTS TUS SU eats gay is GSE AP Go Get aA OTN AID Naat AG, CAB at rar (less than or equal), 48 1 4A (greater than or equal) Seat eeMGS AHL GWA; X<7,X>7,XS7,X27,xX€7,X £7,% 7 BM | Dore THIS SHCT ax > by WH a> OC ax ab x>2 aaa (2, 2) FR TT b acoomanam (x, 2) ree ses ote | Pea = 0 OEE oe COAT THT ERAT az b= 0 44RD <0 4A TS HST | le] FT: x > 9 OTTO SEY A Bicee Satan HRs fre | Gifts SP (Compound inequalities):.a 3 Gab wa SPE | AAT AAT aA x > 0 Me CAT ETT ABT | CEA SPAST (Unconditional inequalities): & 7S GME] WHYS VACA ATS AAT ST FOS HS GHATS FT A | Bat x + 1 > x Gels HSB WT SAA AB x GI ACTS ACTS TA FATT | * her aes Folre ae bas TERS PIO CE ACAIOT | IK Nay RAT PTT AAP ICS FT OA Mears Heayl GAT Yo At GIT SAT SPTTO fire mC UAT | Os Gor Tas BHT SPOR fee 1c at | lyl ‘aR; (a) a> b= b> 7 Ix=1 FAM: 3x 2 > 2x — 1 => 3x-2=2x52x-1-2x [SemIeF (—2x) AIT eal] > x52>-1 DX-242>- 142° [Borer 2 AIA sea] “XD ] FAN: x > 1 We aa aa: x 923K +1yy Boowa aS RT oy ‘ 1 ‘Weare. 2, Ta a AR HTT CHD RANT AMD: x SX TT Sater xsgxtl 1 1 1 aix-dxpxsl => 29x S21 [Bear 2 3 ara] seg S2 Free ate IB: S= {x ER: x<2} xs2 FRITTA: 2-1 OND 23 HT HTT eee TAT GH eT le: x <5 + 4 ~ + [Eeteae a sare en ee sere eat meat ete ADS 9 x(x + sere: ED. 4 (7 SRI ey Ree UH ee Cora A x, CE 1) RR (x =_2), oF Rafa WeeG Bafta BRR eae Bide! forts wees yaia fos saree aa aida fe ATS = [1s [saat sai [orients | «-2) | + ~ z + + " P 0 2A - Fea aa GAB: Sx ER: - 1 2} Reagan: -15 FAA CAB REA (20,2) U (8, 00)-1 Sarna SPO Fate orca foal orca Bet AT |x| 0 4a CRC wa —a -2-2-45-22 HAMA FH AR HAT HD FRAGA CFA | 2.ra Sosa We RE ag (38) [eer pen eae ei eee rte : Gog > 2; (x5) [gab o-y9; Utz cats 905 Bz Als 90; Piz cats, 28, 90; 7 A: 38, o@; BE I: 09] 1 rly sata: moa? 2(- x#3) 1 At, |3x-5] <5 1 1 4-7 SK- 559 AG, 1 A OG +5<3x-S45<5 +5 2 3 u 4, 3 <3x<5 2) 2 4m? = 2q " sq =m... ... Gi) aaa, 2m’, 2 wal FRSTET, FEaKe ?, 2 eat ety Beis, g, 2 wat STET | staal (i) 8 (fi) LS GTA TH A, pe q Beas 2 tat fwroy, a etataet Fara | cor AT po GF WH 1 StS cata Heat Bee aE | 22, RUT ES tT AT Ware /2 rae ee F.: GaRETA ate eat wa 3, 5,7, Tl Borne aE Feet | Bret-11, ata eR MOA AA a. 0=0 Tot: Gtr'98, ob; At: Gay 98; Fr Gt: SY; GT: oF] etait: AEE Le R, 14051 lanes acer] al, [etera Sera Fate] 7, [a ntetel at, [aceta WEA] a, -atat+a0=-at+a laresa araTeI Fae] @,-Cata)+a0=-ata [eaters Herat FAR] a, 0+a0=0 force Fates] * a0=0 [extent seSAs] ‘Brrea-12, at ay b e R WA, Hae A (a+b)=—a-b . facut: ss] ett: a, b € R A -a, -b eR ©. (a+b) +(-a—b)=(-a—b) + (a+b) (careers, Fafa Fate] > (atb)+Card)=[Ca+ Cb) + +b) _ [Reatets sarge; =(-a)+[@b)+(at+b)] — lane ae PR] =(-a)+[(Cb) + (b+a)] leacts fafa fa) =(-a)+[{(-b) +b} Ha) [earra Feces FRR =(-a)+[0+a] lamers erste] =(-a)+a latcrs aTSHs] =0 : leas Retsto] ~ (a+b) F(Ca—b)=0 . 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