Diseases in Living Organisms

Name: Abigail Thomas

Grade: 105

Teacher: Mrs. Gunzell

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my teacher for assigning this project. It has helped my research skills
significantly and I have learnt a lot from doing this project. I also want to thank my parents
for providing me with the necessary tools and equipment needed to carry out this research.
Most importantly, I would like to thank God for giving me the knowledge and the strength to
be able to do this project.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic Page

Introduction 4

Pathogenic Diseases 7

A.I.D.S Poster 10

Gonorrhoea Poster 11

Drug Abuse 12

Current Trends 15

Conclusion 28

Bibliography 29

3
 INTRODUCTION
A disease is a condition in which the health of an organism is impaired. Diseases can

affect people not only physically, but also mentally, as contracting and living with a disease

can alter the affected person’s lifespan, quality of life and their ability to interact with and

contribute to their society. Diseases may cause economic loss by having a significant impact

on years or productive life, increasing personal health care cost and an increased burden on

the government. Plant diseases are well known to reduce the food available to humans by

ultimately interfering with crop yields and yield quality. This can result in inadequate food to

humans or lead to starvation and death in worst cases as we now see in places like Haiti,

Sudan and Yemen. Zoonotic animal diseases can directly infect humans, as we see with the

Covid-19 pandemic. The loss of human life can be catastrophic, as in the case of the “black”

plague (25 million deaths) and the “Spanish” influenza (500 million deaths). Animal diseases

can also cause negative indirect medical effects in terms of nutrition, as meat shortages may

occur with the result being protein and fat soluble vitamin deficiencies.

Health has been defined by the World Health Organization as ‘complete physical, mental and

social well- being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity.

A disease is a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one

that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct

result of physical injury.

Treatment refers to steps taken by a diseased person or their health care provider aimed at

alleviating the symptoms of or removing entirely a disease from the body. Treatment might

include the use of drugs, surgery, lifestyle and dietary changes or counselling and

psychotherapy. Successful treatment of a disease is more likely when it’s done in the context

of a partnership between a patient and a trained physician.

4
Control can be defined as an action, method, or law that limits the amount, prevalence of or

the rate of spread and transmission of a disease.

Vectors are living organisms that spread diseases by carrying the pathogen from one host to

another and can include small animals such as bats and dogs or insects such as ticks and

mosquitoes.

Signs and symptoms are abnormalities that can indicate a potential medical condition.

Symptoms are said to be subjective and are what are felt by the sick person such as a fever,

sore throat, cough, weakness and joint pains. Signs are objective measures ascertained by

your health care provider such as your temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood

pressure.

Pathogenic diseases are caused by pathogens such as viruses (HIV, Covid-19), bacteria

(Yersinia Pestis causes plague), fungi (Candida Albicans causes yeast infections), protozoa

(Ameobiasis) and worms (Hookworms and Round Worms). Pathogenic diseases are also

known as communicable diseases and can pass from person to person directly or via a vector.

To treat pathogenic diseases we need to do a number of things including providing an

antimicrobial drug such as an antibiotic (penicillin) or an antifungal drug(fluconazole),

supportive treatment such a giving fluids and rest, treating symptom such as reducing pain

with drugs such as paracetamol. For control and prevention of pathogenic diseases we use

vaccines (MMR, BCG, and DPT), vector control measures such as mosquito eradication,

quarantining of sick persons and general sanitation and personal hygiene.

Deficiency diseases are caused by a shortage of a nutrient in diet. Examples of deficiency

diseases are: kwashiorkor (protein deficiency), night blindness (Vitamin A deficiency), and

anaemia (Iron Deficiency)

5
Eating a balanced and nutrient rich diet are necessary for preventing and treating the disease.

The specific nutrient that the person is deficient in the form of a supplement can also be used

to treat deficiency diseases e.g. iron and vitamin tablets.

Hereditary diseases are caused by genes being passed on from one generation to the next or

in other words from parents to their children. Examples or hereditary diseases are:

haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell and anaemia. No cures are yet available for most of

these disease but advances in genetics are making cures more likely. Treatment for the

symptoms and complications are available such as pain medications for sickle cell patients

and insulin for type 1 diabetics. Genetic counselling for couples planning to become parents

is a control measure.

Physiological diseases are caused by a malfunction of the body’s cells, tissues, organs and

systems. These diseases are sometimes referred to as chronic non communicable diseases.

Examples of physiological diseases are: asthma, hypertension, diabetes, glaucoma and stroke.

Lifestyle changes such as smoking cessation and exercise, medications such and Insulin

injections/ tablet and low carbohydrate diet with adequate rest are treatments for this type of

disease. Education on the importance of diet and exercise, weight control, the harmful effects

of smoking and excessive alcohol intake are control measures.

6
 PATHOGENIC DISEASES

A pathogen, or disease- causing organism, lives on or inside an organism, the host, causing it

to be diseased or sick. Pathogens can move from one host to another, or infect another

organism in a number of ways. Examples of pathogens are: viruses, bacteria, fungi and

protozoa.

Mosquitoes are the vectors that carry the dengue virus, the organism responsible for the

dengue fever. All mosquitoes go through four distinct stages during their life cycle: Egg

hatches when exposed to water. Larva “wriggler” lives in water; molts several times; most

species surface to breathe air. Pupa “tumbler” does not feed; stage just before emerging as

adult. In the first stage the control method remains unproven; mosquito management

7
professionals often consider the next stage of development the best option in mosquito

control efforts. In the larva stage, the use of larvicides has proven very effective in breaking

the transmission chain of mosquito borne diseases. It is designed primarily to impact

mosquito larvae thereby reduces the risk to non- target organisms. In the pupa stage pupacide

is used, a highly refined mineral oil thinly applied to the surface of the water where pupae are

present thereby suffocating them. In the adult stage, adulticicdes minimizes the impact on

non- target organisms and maximizes impact to mosquitoes.

Flies and other insects carry viruses and bacteria that cause various diseases for example

gastroenteritis. The house fly life cycle closely mirrors that of most insects: a basic cycle that

begins with an egg, then develops through a larva phase, a pupa phase, and finally, into an

adult. The first step in house fly control is exclusion and sanitation. After these measures, you

can use insecticides that come in residual forms, aerosols, fogging materials and baiting

forms. Fly traps can also be used.

Rat fleas are the vector for the bacteria Yersinia Pestis that causes the disease Bubonic

Plague. The flea remains a pupa from one week to six months changing in a process called

metamorphosis. When a flea emerges, it begins the final cycle, called the adult stage. A flea

can now suck blood from host and mate with other fleas. Control is carried out by applying

residual insecticides to the runs, burrows and hiding places of rats.

Rats carry the leptospirae bacteria that causes the disease leptospirosis. From birth to adults,

rats take about three weeks to mature and begin fending for themselves. The rodents reach

sexual maturity in about five weeks and begin mating soon after to produce the next

generation to start the rat life cycle over again. Inspection is an important first step in getting

rid of rats. Once you know the location of the rats, you can set traps or place bait. Exclusion

is an important rodent control technique. It will get rid of the rats by making it difficult for

8
them to enter the home or structure. Having a clean environment with regular and proper

garbage disposal and solid waste management is essential the prevent rat infestation.

The Malaria parasite is transmitted to humans by female mosquitoes of the genus

Anopheles. Female mosquitoes take blood meals for egg production, and these blood meals

are the link between the human and mosquito hosts in the parasite life cycle. Gastroenteritis is

caused by the ingestion of viruses, certain bacteria, or parasites. Food that has spoiled may

also cause gastroenteritis.

9
 A.I.D.S

10
GONORRHOEA

11
 DRUG ABUSE

Drug abuse refers to the

harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs.

Physiological effects of drug abuse vary by the type of drug. Stimulants, such as

amphetamines, can delay sleep and elevate a person’s mood, but high amounts can cause

nervousness and anxiety in the user. Depressants, by contrast, impair mental and physical

functions, and slow neural activity in the brain. With some drugs, especially narcotics such as

opium or heroin, the body can build a tolerance in which it adjusts to the drug’s presence.

Over time, the body requires higher doses to maintain the same effect. When an abuser stops

taking the drug, the body experiences withdrawal symptoms, such as feeling weak or sick.

Benzodiazepines are usually prescribed for short term anxiety and sleep problems. When

taken at low doses tolerance does not develop to a great extent, but when people use large

amounts their tolerance can develop rapidly and there is a danger of dosage increase and

toxicity.

12
The effects of cocaine are similar to amphetamines and crack in that they create physical and

mental arousal. When cocaine is snorted the effect is almost immediate and then peaks and

fades within 15-30 minutes. This often results in users repeating their use almost every 20

minutes or so in order to maintain the desired effect.

Consuming too much alcohol is linked to high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, trouble

pumping blood through the body, blood clots, stroke, cardiomyopathy (sagging, stretched

heart muscle), or heart attack. Excessive alcohol use, both directly and through malnutrition,

can also lead to anaemia.

The social effects of drug abuse begin with abusers and their families. Substance abuse has

been a factor in divorce, family violence and related problems. The social effects extend into

the larger society, as well, such as through crimes committed by drug abusers to get money

needed to feed drug habits. Further, the lucrative nature of drug trafficking fuels crime as

rival drug gangs fight for control of the traffic. The U.S. government, for example, noted

13
increased drug related violence on the U.S.- Mexico border and citied drug gangs in these

areas as the nation’s leading organized crime threat.

Reports by UNOCP have pointed out that the economic effects of drug abuse can be

measured in two ways. One is the cost of government dug enforcement policies. Nations

around the world spend billions yearly on law enforcement and other efforts aimed at drug

interdiction. Because a central principle in economics is that resources are scarce and require

decisions about how to allocate them, it follows that money spent on drug enforcement is

money spent on education, public infrastructure, or give to the public in the form of lower

taxes. Another economic effect from drug abuse is the lost human productivity, such as lost

wages and decreased production that results from illnesses and premature deaths related to

drug abuse.

14
 CURRENT TRENDS

Pathogenic Diseases

Pathogenic diseases are caused by organisms such as, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.

Some pathogenic diseases are contagious meaning they can be passed from one person to the

other. Some are transmitted by insects and animals while others can be caught by eating

contaminated and spoiled food or water. Most pathogenic diseases can be prevented using

vaccines or practicing good hygiene. Signs and symptoms are methods the body uses to

communicate health problems and trigger the search for a solution. Some signs and

symptoms of pathogenic diseases are: fever, diarrhoea, fatigue, muscle aches, coughing etc.

Most pathogenic diseases are contracted by coming in contact with a person or animal with

the disease. Diseases can also be contracted indirectly, for example, touching a doorknob that

an infected person carrying germs on their hands touched. Some germs and bacteria are

carried by insects that pass on the disease. These insects are known as vectors. The

consumption of contaminated food and water can also cause pathogenic diseases. This

mechanism can cause the spread of a disease from person to person coming from just one

15
source. Pathogenic diseases can be contracted by anyone, but persons with a very weak

immune system are more vulnerable to catching the disease. Some pathogenic diseases can

have complications that can become life threatening. For example, a person who has chicken

pox can develop shingles later in life. Some prevention measures that can be used to prevent

exposure to pathogenic diseases are: wash your hands regularly, get vaccinated, to stay home

when feeling ill, prepare food safely, refrain from the sharing of personal items like your

toothbrush etc. and travel wisely.

16
Deficiency Diseases

A deficiency disease occurs when the body doesn’t absorb or get from food the necessary

amount of nutrients. Worldwide the most widespread nutrient deficiency disease is iron

deficiency. Iron deficiency can lead to anaemia. Symptoms of anaemia are: fatigue, heart

racing, shortness of breath and weakness. When you are iron deficient your body makes less

red blood cells. The red blood cells that are produced are paler and smaller than regular,

healthy red blood cells. A treatment for this is to eat foods that are rich in iron, for example:

green leafy vegetables and red meat. Iron tablets are also advised to be taken.

According to the World Health Organization, vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of

preventable blindness in children. Pregnant women deficient in vitamin A also have a higher

mortality rate. A good source of vitamin A is beta carotene, it is converted to vitamin A in the

body when needed. For new born babies the best source of vitamin A is breast milk.

17
Treatment for vitamin A deficiency is eating foods rich in vitamin A, such as: milk, eggs,

green vegetables, orange vegetables and reddish- yellow fruits.

Another common deficiency disease occurs with vitamin B-1. A lack of this vitamin can

cause: weight loss, fatigue, confusion and short-term memory loss. Vitamin B-1 deficiency

can also lead to nerve and muscle damage and can affect the heart. In the United States,

vitamin B-1 deficiency is often seen in persons with excessive alcohol use. Vitamin B-1 can

also cause dementia. A prevention measure for this is to consume foods high in vitamin B-1,

these include: eggs, legumes, nuts, seeds, wheat germ and pork.

According to Harvard’s School of Public Health, about 1 billion persons does not get enough

vitamin D. Vitamin D is essential for healthy bones and helps the body maintain the right

levels of calcium in order to regulate the development of teeth and bones. Vitamin D is only

18
found naturally in a few foods. These are: fish liver oils, fatty fish, mushrooms, egg yolks and

liver. The best source of vitamin D is sunlight. According to the NIH, research suggests that 5

to 30 minutes of midday sun exposure twice a week on the face, arms, neck, or back can

provide you with enough vitamin D. A prevention measure for vitamin D deficiency is to

consume foods rich in vitamin D and get enough exposure to the sun.

19
Hereditary Diseases

Hereditary disease is a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically. They are passed on

from one generation to another through defective genes. Hereditary haemorrhagic

telangiectasia is an inherited disorder that causes abnormal connections, called arteriovenous

malformations (AVMs), to develop between arteries and veins. The most common locations

affected are the nose, lungs, brain and liver. HHT is a genetic disorder that you inherit from

your parents. Its severity can vary greatly from person to person, even within the same

family. Signs and symptoms of HHT are: nosebleeds, iron deficiency (anaemia), shortness of

breath, headaches and seizures. Treatments for HHT include: medications and surgical

procedures. Preventative measures that can be taken are: lifestyle changes and home

remedies.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs, digestive

system and other organs in the body. CF signs and symptoms may vary with each patient

depending on the severity of the disease. Even in the same patient, symptoms may worsen or

improve as time passes. Persons with cystic fibrosis have high salinity level in their sweat and

it can be tasted when kissed. Some common symptoms of CF include: a persistent cough,

20
wheezing, lack of ability to do exercises, stuffy nose, poor weight gain and growth, intestinal

blockage and chronic or severe constipation. Children need to inherit one copy of the gene

from each parent in order to have the disease. If children only inherit one copy then they

won’t develop cystic fibrosis, but their gene will still be passed down to their children. A

prevention measure is, if you and your partner have close relatives who have CF you may get

genetic testing before having children.

Sickle cell disease is an inherited red

blood cell disorder in which there isn’t enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen

throughout your body. Normally, the flexible, red blood cells move easily through blood

vessels. In sickle cell, the red blood cells are shaped like sickles or crescents moons. These

sticky cells get stuck in small blood vessels which can stop or block blood flow and oxygen

to parts of your body. Signs and symptoms of sickle cell usually begin about 5 months of age.

Symptoms include: anaemia, episodes of pain, swelling of hands and feet, frequent infections,

delayed growth and puberty and problems with vision. Sickle cell is caused by a mutation in

the gene that tells your body to make the iron-rich compound that makes red blood cells and

enables them to carry oxygen in your body. Both mother and father must pass down the

defective gene for the child to be affected. If a person carries and sickle cell trait, seeing a

genetic counsellor can help you understand the risks of having children and them developing

the disease.

21
Haemophilia is a rare disorder in which your blood doesn’t clot normally because it lacks

sufficient blood-clotting proteins. If a person has haemophilia, they may bleed for a longer

time after an injury than the normal time if the blood clotted normally. The greatest health

concern for a person with haemophilia is internal bleeding which can damage your organs

and tissues and can be life-threatening. Haemophilia is a genetic disorder and can be treated

with the regular replacement of the specific clotting factor that is reduced. Signs and

symptoms of haemophilia depend on the level of your clotting factors. Some common

symptoms are: unexplained and excessive bleeding from injuries, cuts, after surgery or dental

work, many large or deep bruises, unusual bleeding after vaccinations, pain, swelling and

tightness of joints, blood in urine or stool and strange nosebleeds. Other treatments that are

used include: medications and medical therapeutic sessions.

22
Physiological Diseases

A physiological disease is a condition in which the organs of the body malfunction causing

illnesses. Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce

extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and can trigger coughing or wheezing when

you breathe out and shortness of breath. For some, asthma is a just a minor nuisance while for

others it is a major problem and affects their daily life and may lead to a life-threatening

asthma attack. Asthma cannot be cured however the symptoms can be controlled. Some of

these symptoms include: shortness of breath, tightness of chest and pain and wheezing when

exhaling. It isn’t clear why some people get asthma and some don’t. While there is no

prevention measure for asthma there are ways to help you live a normal life and avoid asthma

attacks. These ways are: to follow your asthma action plan, get vaccinated for influenza and

pneumonia, identify and avoid asthma triggers and take medication as prescribed.

23
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar

(glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it’s an important source of energy for the

cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It’s also your brain’s main source of fuel. The

underlying cause of diabetes varies by type but, no matter what type of diabetes you have it

can lead to excess sugar in the blood. Excess sugar in the blood can lead to major and serious

health problems. Chronic diabetes conditions include diabetes type 1 and diabetes type 2.

Diabetes symptoms vary on how much your sugar level is elevated. Common symptoms of

diabetes include: increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, unexplained weight

loss, fatigue, blurred vision, slow healing sores and frequent infections. The exact cause of

diabetes type 1 is unknown. What is known is that your immune system attacks the insulin

making cells in the pancreas. This leaves you with little or no insulin. Instead of being

transported into your cells, sugar builds up in your bloodstream. In type 2 diabetes, your cells

become resistant to the action of insulin, and the pancreas is unable to make enough insulin to

overcome the resistance. Instead of moving into the cells where it is needed for energy, sugar

builds up in your bloodstream. Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented. However, the same

lifestyle practices that help treat type 2 diabetes can also help with the treatment of type 1.

These include: eating healthy foods, getting more physical exercise and losing excess pounds.

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases

that can damage the optic nerve, the health of which is vital for good vision. This damage is

24
often caused by an abnormally high pressure in your eye. Glaucoma is one of the leading

causes of blindness for people over the age of 60. The signs and symptoms of glaucoma are:

patchy blind spots in your vision frequently, severe headache, eye pain, nausea and vomiting,

blurred vision, halos around lights and eye redness. If left untreated glaucoma will eventually

cause blindness. Glaucoma is a result of damage to the optic nerve. As this nerve deteriorates,

blind spots develop in your vision fields. Types of glaucoma include: open-angle glaucoma,

angle closure glaucoma, normal-tension glaucoma, glaucoma in children and pigmentary

glaucoma. These self- care steps can help you prevent glaucoma or slow down the progress:

getting regular dilated eye examinations, knowing your family’s eye health history,

exercising safely, taking prescribed eye drops regularly and wearing eye protection. The

damage caused by glaucoma cannot be reversed, however regular check-ups and treatment

can help slow or prevent vision loss.

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to a part of your brain is interrupted or reduced,

preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Signs and symptoms of strokes

include: trouble speaking and understanding what others are saying, paralysis or numbness of

the face, arm or leg, problems seeing in one or both eyes, headaches and trouble walking.

There are two main causes of a stroke: a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or leaking or

bursting of a blood vessel (haemorrhagic stroke). Preventative measures for strokes are

having a healthy lifestyle. Healthy lifestyle recommendations include: controlling high blood

pressure, lowering the amount of cholesterol and saturated fat in diet, quitting tobacco use,

managing diabetes, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables,

exercising regularly and avoiding illegal drugs. Treatments for strokes include: blood thinners

such as aspirin, emergency IV medication to break up blood clots also known as

thrombolytics, emergency endovascular procedures, surgery, surgical clipping, coiling and

surgical AVM removal.

25
Animal diseases can have a large social and economic impact. The diseases that bring about

the most effects are the highly contagious diseases, which could cause high fatality rates

among livestock and have the chance of infecting humans. When animals are infected with

diseases they get sick and most of the times die. According to YouGov 68% of Americans eat

meat. There is a constant high demand for meat around the world so when animals get sick

and die the farmers loose income this can have a ripple effect on them and their employees

and families.. It also leaves humans less to eat because meat production is decreased and

there would not be enough meat for everyone. A lot of famers nowadays raise livestock as a

living, so when their livestock gets infected with diseases and die it puts the famers out of

jobs and leaves them incapable of providing for their homes.

It is very expensive to control diseases and can be extremely bad for economies. Money has

to be spent on equipment like: machines used in hospitals, face masks, hand sanitizers,

nebulizers etc. The government also has to buy a vaccine if available to be used as a control

measure. Millions of dollars have been spent over the years trying to control and get rid of

diseases in countries and some countries economy are still trying to recover from such

experiences. Economic issues that would be implicated are that people would be put of jobs

and businesses will go bankrupt and shut down which means less tax for the government. A

lot of people will be jobless and unable to take care of their families.

When a contagious and life-threatening disease out breaks in an area, the everyday life of

people will change. The social implications would be large in the sense that people will not

be able to carry on their everyday lives as they used to. Over- crowding of areas would not be

allowed for example: going to school and the workplace. Persons would not be able to come

into close contact with each other without observing the safety precautions to ensure

26
protection for themselves and others. Sanitization would be advertised and advised a lot more

than it is usually advised.

When a disease infects crops of a farmer, the farmer will lose income. If the disease kills off

the whole crop the farmer could be looking at 1 year of poverty. In an agricultural area

incomes could drop and shops and business could face lower profits. Diseases in plants could

cause food shortages; smaller amounts of crops will be produced. This will have a significant

economic impact as the decrease in food will lead to a raise in the price. Some families will

be unable to afford the new price and that could possibly lead to malnutrition and starvation.

Animal diseases have been known to adapt and affect humans. These diseases could turn out

to be contagious and dangerous and can lead to a pandemic. Many lives can be lost during

this pandemic.

27
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, I have learnt that there are four types of diseases; namely pathogenic,

deficiency, hereditary and physiological. Vectors carry the pathogens from host to host in

order to transmit pathogenic diseases. Deficiency diseases are caused by not eating the right

amount of nutrients that the body needs. Hereditary diseases are developed by the passing

down of defective genes from parent to child. Physiological diseases are caused by the body

malfunctioning.

Signs and symptoms are what help the doctor diagnose the illness that the patient is

experiencing. When the disease is diagnosed appropriate treatment can be issued to the

patient as seen fit by the doctor attending to them. Different control measures can be used by

the government and society to decrease the spread of a disease.

Drug abuse has a large impact socially, physiologically and economically on the society.

Most people tend to abuse drugs for personal pleasure and relief of pain or misery, the effect

does not last long so the person continues to abuse the drug until they are addicted and find it

impossible to stop. Drug abuse has been proven to be detrimental to the human life.

Diseases; whether plant or animal, have a very large effect on society and how we live our

everyday lives. If a disease gets out of control and causes a pandemic, lots of lives will be lost

and the normal everyday life as we know will be no longer, until a cure or vaccine is found.

Education on the different types of diseases and prevention measures are very important and

help us protect ourselves and our loved ones from getting infected.

28
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

August 6, 2020

Linda Atwaroo-Ali – Biology for CSEC Examination

en.wikipedia.org
www.ijnpnd.com
orbisbio.com
oxfordlanguages.com
www.cdc.gov
www.encyclopedia.com
www.epa.gov
animals.howstuffworks.com
www.crittercontrol.com
www.vdci.net
www.doyourownpestcontrol.com
www.who.int
www.cityofberkeley.info

August 9, 2020
classroom.synonym.com
www.who.int
www.gov.je
www.alcohol.org

August 16, 2020

mayclinic.org
www.medicalnewstoday.com
healthline.com

29
August 23, 2020
www.longdom.org

August 27, 2020

www.scitechnol.com
www.sciencedirect.com
gwentprepared.com
www.coursehero.com

30