Novia Rahmawati

A320180106

Class C

1.

BEHAVIORISM

IMITATION REPETITION PRACTICE

REINFORCEMENT PUNISHMENT

+ - + -

INCREASE THE DECREASE THE

POSSIBILITIES TO POSSIBILITIES TO
REPEAT THE REPEAT THE
ANTECEDENT OF ANTECEDENT
 COGNITIVISM

MENTAL PROCESSES

THROUGH SENSE INTO

SHORT-TERM MEMORY

ENCODED

OR FORGOTTEN

RETRIEVED

LONG-TERM MEMORY
2. - Summary Behaviorism
Behaviorism concentrates on the study of overt behaviors that can be observed an measured. It
views the mind as a “black box” in the sense that response to stimulus can be observed
quantitatively, ignoring the possibility of cognitive.
Some key figure in the development of the behaviorist theory are :
1. Pavlov
He conducted a series of experiments by training a dog to salivate when hearing a turning
fork. Then it is known as classical conditioning. For him, the process of learning consisted of
the formation of association between stimuli and reflexive responses.
2. Watson (1913)
The founder of behaviorism. He adopted Pavlov’s classical conditioning to explain all types
of learning. He rejected mentalistic notion of innateness and instinct. He believes that by the
process of conditioning we can built stimulus-response connections.
3. Thorndike
His work is often referred to as connectionism. Since the idea that bonds between stimulus
and response take form of neutral connections. Learning involves the “stamping in” of
connections, forgetting involves “stamping out” connections. Learning Is the process of
forming associations or bonds. Thorndike proposed 3 laws of learning:
1. Law of readiness or law of tendency: readiness means a preparation of action. An
organism will learn only when he/she is physically and mentally ready for it.
2. Law of exercise: practice or drill helps in increasing learning efficiency.
3. Law of effect: the greater of the satisfaction, the strong motive to learn will be.
4. Skinner
In 1938 B.F. Skinner published his behavior of organism. He created a new concept called
Operant conditioning. He called Pavlov’s conditioning Respondent Conditioning.
Responding conditioning(Pavlov): stimuli precede response. Operant
conditioning:consequencesfollowresponse. E.g. crying can be either Respondent or Operant.

Learning process according to behaviorism

REINFORCEMENT(Behavior
likely to occur again and
become habit)
STIMULUS ORGANISM RESPONSE

NO REINFORCEMENT/
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
( Behavior not likely to occur
again)
The Applications of Behaviorist Theory in Foreign Language Learning

 In 1950s and 1960s, the learning theory of Behaviorism underpinned the used of Audiolingual
Method, with three crucial learning elements: stimulus, response, and reinforcement.
 The classroom environment is arranged in which there is a maximum amount of mimicry,
memorization, and pattern drills.
 Brook (1964: 156-61) proposed some various pattern drills used in ALM, as follows:
1. Repetition 7. Expansion
2. Inflection 8. Contraction
3. Replacement 9. Transformation
4. Restatement 10. Integration
5. Completion 11. Rejoinder
6. Transposition 12. Restoration
 likewise the Direct Method, ALM believes that language is primarily speech.
 Brook as quoted by Richard and Rodgers (2002) say, “ Language is primarily what is spoken and
only secondarily what is written.
 In ALM teaching writing skill is always dependent.
 At the beginning level, writing is purely imitative and consists of little more than copying out
sentences that have been practiced.
 At the advanced level, students may develop by using some variations in using the structures
that have been previously learned.
 Richard and Rodgers (2002) write, ”as proficiency increases, students may write out variations of
structural items they have practiced or write short compositions on given topics with the help of
framing questions, which will guide their use of the language.

- Summary Cognitivism
As a reaction to behaviorism, cognitivism believes that people are rational beings that require
active participation in order to learn, and whose actions are a consequence ofthinking.in
cognitive theory, the mind is viewed as an agent in the thinking learning process. Many ideas of
cognitive psychology can be traced to the early decades of twentieth century, i.e. Gestalt
psychology
3. answer question

1. learning can built from series of responses.

2. skinner believed that it wasn’t what comes before a behavior that influences it, but rather what
comes directly after it.

3. classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant
conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence.

4. implications of behaviorism in teaching or learning foreign language, behaviorism suggest that in

classroom instruction, learning tasks should be broken down into small, discrete individual behaviors to
be developed into good habits.

5.

6.