PAPERS ON NEUROLOGY DISSORDER

Arranged By:
Name : Dwi Mulyono Putra
NIM : P07220118 1455
Class : 3A Nurse
Lecturer : Wahyu Eny Setyohari, M.Pd

KEMENTRIAN KESEHATAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA

POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN TANJUNGPINANG
PROGRAM STUDI D-III KEPERAWATAN
2021
 PREFACE

           With praise and gratitude for the presence of Allah SWT, whose blessings
and mercy the author can finish this paper entitled " NEUROLOGY DISSORDER
" can be completed properly.
We realize that this paper is not yet optimal and is far from perfect.
Therefore, we look forward to the input, criticism and suggestions of readers for
the perfection of this paper.
Finally, I hope that all parties' good deeds are accepted by Allah and get a
reply from him with the appropriate reward and I hope this paper is useful for us
and also for all readers, Ameen.

Tanjungpinang, March 19, 2021

Author

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 Table Of Contents

PREFACE.................................................................................................................i
Table Of Contents....................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER I.............................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1
1.1 Background....................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Formulation.....................................................................................2
1.3 Purpose...........................................................................................................2
CHAPTER II............................................................................................................3
CONTENTS.............................................................................................................3
2.1 Definition Neurology Definition....................................................................3
2.2 Classification..................................................................................................3
CHAPTER III.........................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................11
3.1 Conclusion....................................................................................................11
3.2 Suggest.........................................................................................................11
BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................12

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Neurological disorders are increasingly recognized as one of the most
prevalent disorders with high burden to the patients, their families, and
society. However, until recently there were no accurate estimates of the
burden of neurological disorders on the global, regional, and national levels as
well as their trends over the last 3 decades.

This gap in the knowledge was filled in the recent series of 11 The Lancet
Neurology papers on the prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted
life years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability)
of 15 neurological disorders in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016 derived from
the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2016 Study (GBD
2016).
Neurological disorders included in the analysis were tetanus, meningitis,
encephalitis, stroke, brain and other nervous system cancers, traumatic brain
injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias,
Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, idiopathic
epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category of other
less common neurological disorders. All estimates were presented by age and
sex and each location was grouped into 1 of 5 quintiles based on its
sociodemographic index (a summary indicator of income per capita, years of
schooling, and total fertility rate) value in 2016. The estimates showed that
globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs
(276 [95% UI 247–308] million) and second leading cause of deaths (9.0 [8.8–
9.4] million). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all
neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44], DALYs
by 15% [9–21]) but their age-standardized rates decreased (deaths by 28% [–
30 to –26], DALYs by 27% [–31 to –24]) between 1990 and 2016. The only
neurological disorders that showed a decrease on both rates and absolute
numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The
4 largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42.2% [38.6–
46.1]), migraine (16.2% [11.7–20.8]), Alzheimer’s and other dementias
(10.4% [9.0–12.1]), and meningitis (7.9% [6.6–10.4]). For the combined

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 neurological disorders, age-standardized DALY rates were significantly
higher in men than in women (male to female ratio 1.12 [1.05–1.20]), but
headaches, Alzheimer’s and other dementias, and multiple sclerosis were more
common and caused more burden in women (male to female ratio ranging
from 0.54 [0.53–0.56] for migraine to 0.90 [0.88–0.92] for Alzheimer’s and
other dementias). With the exception of stroke, and to a lesser extent
Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, the 84 risks quantified in GBD
explain little to none of the burden of neurological disorders. Overall, it was
shown that the burden of neurological disorders over the last 27 years has
increased and is likely to be increased in the future due to aging of the
population and population growth, thus placing an increasing demand on
already overstretched resources and services for patients with neurological
disorders. There is an urgent need to improve prevention and management of
neurological disorders across the globe (Feigin, 2018)

1.2 Problem Formulation

What is the meaning of neurology disorder?

1.3 Purpose
1. To explain about neurology disorder
2. To explain classification of neurology dissorder

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 CHAPTER II
CONTENTS

2.1 Definition Neurology Definition

Neurological disorders are medically defined as disorders that affect the
brain as well as the nerves found throughout the human body and the spinal
cord. Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal
cord or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms. Examples of
symptoms include paralysis, muscle weakness, poor coordination, loss of
sensation, seizures, confusion, pain and altered levels of consciousness.
The specific causes of neurological problems vary, but can include
genetic disorders, congenital abnormalities or disorders, infections, lifestyle
or environmental health problems including malnutrition, and brain injury,
spinal cord injury or nerve injury. There are many recognized neurological
disorders, some relatively common, but many rare. 
Neurological disabilities include a wide range of disorders, such as
epilepsy, learning disabilities, neuromuscular disorders, autism, brain tumors,
and cerebral palsy, just to name a few. Some neurological conditions are
congenital, emerging before birth. Other conditions may be caused by tumors,
degeneration, trauma, infections or structural defects. Regardless of the cause,
all neurological disabilities result from damage to the nervous system.
Depending on where the damage takes place, determines to what extent
communication, vision, hearing, movement and cognition are impacted.

2.2 Classification
A. Stroke
1. Definition
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is
interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen
and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes. A stroke is a medical
emergency, and prompt treatment is crucial. Early action can reduce
brain damage and other complications.

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2. Type
There are two types of strokes:
 Ischemic stroke
 Hemorrhagic stroke
About 80% of strokes are ischemic—usually due to a blocked artery,
often blocked by a blood clot. Brain cells, thus deprived of their blood
supply, do not receive enough oxygen and glucose (a sugar), which are
carried by blood. The damage that results depends on how long brain
cells are deprived of blood. If they are deprived for only a brief time,
brain cells are stressed, but they may recover. If brain cells are deprived
longer, brain cells die, and some functions may be lost, sometimes
permanently. How soon brain cells die after being deprived of blood
varies. They die after only a few minutes in some areas of the brain but
not until after 30 minutes or more in other areas. In some cases, after
brain cells die, a different area of the brain can learn how to do the
functions previously done by the damaged area.
3. Etiology
The major modifiable risk factors for both types of stroke are
 High blood pressure
 High cholesterol levels
 Diabetes
 Insulin resistance (an inadequate response to insulin), which occurs
in type 2 diabetes
 Cigarette smoking
 Obesity, particularly if the excess weight is around the abdomen
 Consumption of too much alcohol
 Lack of physical activity
 An unhealthy diet (such as one that is high in saturated fats, trans
fats, and calories)
 Depression or other mental stresses

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 Heart disorders that increase the risk of blood clots forming in the
heart, breaking off, and traveling through the blood vessels as emboli
(such as a heart attack or an abnormal heart rhythm called atrial
fibrillation)
 Infective endocarditis (infection of the heart's lining and usually of
the heart valves)
 Use of cocaine or amphetamines
 Inflammation of blood vessels
4. Warning symptoms of stroke
Because early treatment of stroke can help limit loss of function and
sensation, everyone should know what the early symptoms of stroke are.
People who have any of the following symptoms should see a doctor
immediately, even if the symptom goes away quickly:
 Sudden weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (for example,
half of the face, one arm or leg, or all of one side)
 Sudden loss of sensation or abnormal sensations on one side of the
body
 Sudden difficulty speaking, including difficulty coming up with
words and sometimes slurred speech
 Sudden confusion, with difficulty understanding speech
 Sudden dimness, blurring, or loss of vision, particularly in one eye
 Sudden dizziness or loss of balance and coordination, leading to falls
 One or more of these symptoms are typically present in both
hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. Symptoms of a transient ischemic
attack are the same, but they usually disappear within minutes and
rarely last more than 1 hour.
Symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke may also include the following:
 Sudden severe headache
 Nausea and vomiting
 Temporary or persistent loss of consciousness

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  Very high blood pressure
B. Head Trauma
1. Definition
In general, head injuries can be divided into two categories based
on what causes them. They can either be head injuries due to blows to
the head or head injuries due to shaking. Head injuries caused by
shaking are most common in infants and small children, but they can
occur any time you experience violent shaking.
Head injuries caused by a blow to the head are usually associated
with:
 motor vehicle accidents
 falls
 physical assaults
 sports-related accidents
2. Type
a. Hematoma
A hematoma is a collection, or clotting, of blood outside the blood
vessels. It can be very serious if a hematoma occurs in the brain. The
clotting can lead to pressure building up inside your skull. This can
cause you to lose consciousness or result in permanent brain damage.
b. Hemorrhage
A hemorrhage is uncontrolled bleeding. There can be bleeding in the
space around your brain, called subarachnoid hemorrhage, or bleeding
within your brain tissue, called intracerebral hemorrhage. Subarachnoid
hemorrhages often cause headaches and vomiting. The severity of
intracerebral hemorrhages depends on how much bleeding there is, but
over time any amount of blood can cause pressure buildup.
c. Concussion
A concussion occurs when the impact on the head is severe enough to
cause brain injury. It’s thought to be the result of the brain hitting
against the hard walls of your skull or the forces of sudden acceleration

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 and deceleration.
d. Edema
Any brain injury can lead to edema, or swelling. Many injuries cause
swelling of the surrounding tissues, but it’s more serious when it occurs
in your brain. Your skull can’t stretch to accommodate the swelling.
This leads to pressure buildup in your brain, causing your brain to press
against your skull.
e. Skull fracture
Unlike most bones in your body, your skull doesn’t have bone marrow.
This makes the skull very strong and difficult to break. A broken skull is
unable to absorb the impact of a blow, making it more likely that
there’ll also be damage to your brain.
f. Diffuse axonal injury
A diffuse axonal injury (sheer injury) is an injury to the brain that
doesn’t cause bleeding but does damage the brain cells. The damage to
the brain cells results in them not being able to function. It can also
result in swelling, causing more damage.

3. Symptoms
Common symptoms of a minor head injury include:
 a headache
 lightheadedness
 a spinning sensation
 mild confusion
 nausea
 temporary ringing in the ears

The symptoms of a severe head injury include many of the

symptoms of minor head injuries. They can also include:

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  a loss of consciousness
 seizures
 vomiting
 balance or coordination problems
 serious disorientation
 an inability to focus the eyes
 abnormal eye movements
 a loss of muscle control
 a persistent or worsening headache
 memory loss
 changes in mood
 leaking of clear fluid from the ear or the nose
C. Spinal Cord
1. Definition
A spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord. It’s an
extremely serious type of physical trauma that’s likely to have a
lasting and significant impact on most aspects of daily life. The spinal
cord is a bundle of nerves and other tissue that the vertebrae of the
spine contains and protects. The vertebrae are the bones stacked on
top of each other that make up the spine. The spine contains many
nerves, and extends from the brain’s base down the back, ending close
to the buttocks.
A spinal cord injury is often the result of an unpredictable
accident or violent event. The following can all result in damage to the
spinal cord:
 a violent attack such as a stabbing or a gunshot
 diving into water that’s too shallow and hitting the bottom
 trauma during a car accident, specifically trauma to the face, head,
and neck region, back, or chest area
 falling from a significant height

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  head or spinal injuries during sporting events
 electrical accidents
 severe twisting of the middle portion of the torso
2. Symptoms
Some symptoms of a spinal cord injury include:
 problems walking
 loss of control of the bladder or bowels
 inability to move the arms or legs
 feelings of spreading numbness or tingling in the extremities
 unconsciousness
 headache
 pain, pressure, and stiffness in the back or neck area
 signs of shock
 unnatural positioning of the hea

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20 vocabulary words:
1. Neurological disorders : Gangguan neurologis
2. Medically : Secara medis
3. Blood : Darah
4. Nausea : Mual
5. Nutrients : Nutrisi
6. Spinal cord : Sumsum tulang belakang
7. Classification : Klasifikasi
8. Vomiting : Muntah
9. Seizures : Kejang
10. Headache : Sakit kepala
11. Brain : Otak
12. Abdomen : Perut
13. Heart attack : Serangan jantung
14. Abnormal : Abnormal
15. Heart rhythm : Irama Jantung
16. Pain : Nyeri
17. Stroke :Stroke
18. Shock : Syok
19. Pressure : Tekanan
20. Arms : Lengan

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

3.1 Conclusion
Neurological disorders are medically defined as disorders that affect the
brain as well as the nerves found throughout the human body and the spinal
cord.
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted
or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients.
In general, head injuries can be divided into two categories based on what
causes them.
A spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord.

3.2 Suggest
We hope this paper can be useful and help people know classification of
neurology disorder.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adam Meier. Neurological Disorders. Melalui dphhs.mt.gov

Arizona. 2021. Stroke. Melalui mayoclinic.org
Head Injury. Melalui healthline.com
Ji Y. Chong , MD. 2020. Overview of Stroke. Melalui merckmanuals.com
Spinal Cord Compression. Melalui healthline.com

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