Aerodynamics B Stream function

Formula Overview ρu =
∂ ψ̄
∂y
, ρv = −
∂ ψ̄
∂x
(11)

∂ψ ∂ψ
u= , v=− (12)
Navier-Stokes Equations ∂y ∂x
1 dψ dψ
Continuity equation Vr = , Vθ = − (13)
r dθ dr
∂ρ
+ ∇ · (ρV) = 0 (1) Velocity potential
∂t
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
u= , v= , w= (14)
Momentum equation ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂p dφ 1 dφ
− = ∇ · (ρuV) (2) Vr = , Vθ = (15)
∂x dr r dθ
∂p
− = ∇ · (ρvV) (3)
∂y
∂p Elementary Flows
− = ∇ · (ρwV) (4)
∂z
Uniform flow
Energy equation
u = V∞ , v=0 (16)
V2
   
∇· ρ e+ V = −∇ · (pV) (5)
2 φ = V∞ x, ψ = V∞ y (17)

Substantial derivative Source/Sink

Dx ∂x Λ
= + (∇ · V) x (6) Vr = , Vθ = 0 (18)
Dt ∂t 2πr
Λ Λ
φ= ln r, ψ= θ (19)
Divergence of velocity 2π 2π
1 Dν
∇·V = (7) Doublet
ν Dt
κ cos θ κ sin θ
Vr = − , Vθ = − (20)
2π r2 2π r2
κ cos θ κ sin θ
φ= , ψ=− (21)
Lines and Equations 2π r 2π r

Two-Dimensional streamline condition Vortex

v dx = u dy (8) Γ
Vr = 0, Vθ = − (22)
2πr

Vorticity Γ Γ
φ=− θ, ψ= ln r (23)
ξ =∇×V (9) 2π 2π

Circulation
I
Γ=− V · ds (10)
C

1
 π
Elementary Flow Applications
Z
1 dz
A0 = α − dθ0 (37)
π 0 dx
Nonlifting flow over a cylinder 2
Z π
dz
An = cos nθ0 dθ0 (38)
r
κ π 0 dx
R= (24) π
2πV∞ cl = π(2A0 + A1 ), cm,c/4 = (A2 − A1 ) (39)
4
R2
 
ψ = V∞ r sin θ 1 − 2 (25) Camber line design
r
∞
R2
 
dz X
Vr = V∞ cos θ 1 − 2 (26) = α − A0 + An cos nθ0 (40)
r dx n=1
R2
 
Z π
Vθ = −V∞ sin θ 1 + 2 (27) 1 dz
r αopt = θ0 (41)
π 0 dx
Z π
dz
Lifting flow over a cylinder (cl )design = πA1 = 2 cos θ0 dθ0 (42)
0 dx
R2
 
Γ r
ψ = (V∞ r sin θ) 1 − 2 + ln (28)
r 2π R

R2 Three-Dimensional Wings
 
Vr = V∞ cos θ 1 − 2 (29)
r
 2
 Vortex filaments
R Γ
Vθ = −V∞ sin θ 1 + 2 − (30) Γ dl × r
r 2πr dV = (43)
4π |r|3

Angles of attack
Two-Dimensional Airfoils α = αef f + αi (44)
 
Vortex Sheets Z 2b dΓ dy
1 dy
b αi (y0 ) = (45)
4πV∞ − 2b (y0 − y)
Z
Γ= γ ds (31)
a Γ(y0 )
αef f (y0 ) = + αL=0 (46)
0
L = ρ∞ V ∞ Γ (32) πV∞ c(y0 )

Aspect ratio
Thin airfoil theory b2
A= (47)
1
Z c
γ(ε) dε

dz
 S
= V∞ α − (33)
2π 0 x − ε dx
Lift coefficient

Symmetric airfoils CL = A1 πA (48)

1 + cos θ
γ(θ) = 2αV∞ (34) Induced drag
sin θ
cl = 2πα, cm,c/4 = 0 (35) Di0 (y) = L0 αi = ρ∞ V∞ Γαi (49)

CL2
CD,i = (50)
Cambered airfoils πAe
N
!−1
∞
!
1 + cos θ X
X
γ(θ) = 2V∞ A0 + An sin nθ (36) e= A21 nA2n (51)
sin θ n=1 1