Biology

Principles and Concepts of Life • From the Greek words bios = life and logos = study
Science • Branch of knowledge that deals with living organisms and
vital processes
 Introduction to Biology

 How Science Solves Problems: The Scientific Method

 Fields in Biology

 List of Known Biologists

 Common Biological Tools and Techniques

 Characteristics of Living Things

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Biology_organism_collage.png/300px-Biology_organism_collage.png

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Value/Importance of Biology Limitations of Biology

• Biology tries to answer most questions that pertain to how • It is limited to the study of things that can be observed or
we should live our daily lives measured
• Man is not alone in the planet; he must co-exist with other • It is unable to make moral or value judgments
living things for life to be prolonged and preserved
• It cannot be accountable to all our problems especially with
• Technological advancement creates new opportunities to regard to questions of ethics and morals
solve current problems
• Equips us to better respond to situations where sometimes
humans are the cause
• It directly connects with other fields of science

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 Science The Scientific Method
• An objective, logical, and repeatable attempt to understand 1. Observation
the principles and forces operating in the natural universe
2. Propose a hypothesis
• From the Latin word scientia = to know 3. Experimentation
4. Drawing a conclusion

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1) Identify the problem.

Fields In Biology According To Discipline
2) What was Fleming's hypothesis? • anatomy – structures
• histology – tissues
3) How was the hypothesis tested?
• cytology – the cell
4) Should the hypothesis be supported or rejected based on • physiology – structure in relation to their function
the experiment?
• taxonomy – classification of organisms
5) This experiment leads to the development of what major
medical advancement?

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 Fields In Biology According To Study of
Fields In Biology According To Discipline Particular Organisms
• genetics – heredity and transmission of traits
• microbiology – microscopic organisms
• evolution – survival and adaptation through natural selection
• parasitology – organisms that live as parasite and cause
• embryology – embryos and how they develop serious damage to host
• ecology – interrelationship of an organism with its
• nematology – roundworms
environment
• malacology – molluscs
• entomology – insects
• ichthyology – fishes

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Fields In Biology According To Study of Fields In Biology According To Practical
Particular Organisms Applications

• herpetology – reptiles and amphibians • animal husbandry – animal domestication and propagation
• ornithology – birds • horticulture – study of growing trees, plants and vegetables
• mammalogy – mammals • fisheries – management of fish populations to support food
needs
• anthropology – humans
• medicine – normal condition and diseases of humans and
• limnology – freshwater systems animals and their treatment
• public health – diseases that concern majority of the
population and may cause harm to a greater number of
people

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 Filipino Biologists
• Pedro B. Escuro – plant breeder who developed several
varieties of rice
• Claire Baltazar – entomologist who studied different insects
affecting yields of important crops
• Asuncion K. Raymundo – microbiologist who identified the
genetic cause of a disease in banana through techniques in
molecular biology
Filipino Biologists
• Jose R. Velasco – plant physiologist known for his research in
cadang cadang disease of coconut
• Edgardo Gomez – marine biologist who is known for his work
on conservation of marine ecosystems
• Romulo Davide – nematologist who studied several species
of nematodes affecting important crops

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Foreign Biologists Microscope

• Carl Linnaeus – Swedish naturalist who developed the • An important tool used to magnify small objects that cannot
binomial system of classifying organisms be seen by the unaided eye
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek – Dutch microbiologist and
naturalist, first to develop the simple microscope and first to
discover protozoans
• Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace – separately formulated
the theory of evolution by natural selection
• James Watson and Francis Crick – built the structure of the
genetic material (DNA)

http://www.microscope.com/media/catalog/product/cache/2/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d2
7136e95/o/m/omano_om115ld_compound_microscope_angle_1.jpg

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 Types of Microscope Types of Microscope
• Electron Microscope – most powerful type which uses an
• Compound Light Microscope – electron beam to magnify minute objects unseen under
uses at least 2 lenses and light normal light microscopes; Has two types:
rays as source of illumination o Scanning EM – renders 3D view surface
o Transmission EM – gives powerful 2D view sections
http://mccarterbiology.edublogs.org/files/2010/11/compound-microscope-
rwiwy2.jpg

• Stereoscopic Microscope –
provides less magnification but is
helpful in dissecting small
specimens like insects
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ge/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/o/m/omano_omv_zoom
_stereo_microscope_1.png
http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/images/fesem_beam_zoom.jpg

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Other Tools and Techniques Characteristics of Living Things

• Tissue culture – used to know the effect/s of certain • Organization – ability of multicellular organisms to be
substances on cell growth, reproduction and metabolic subdivided into cells, organelles
processes
• Metabolism – chemical processes in building and breaking
• Electrophoresis – used to purify a protein and separate its down of biological molecules
constituents
• Motility – ability of living things to propel themselves to
• Dissection – a technique that requires dainty hands and space
meticulous attitude • Responsiveness – enables organisms to perceive the
environment and react to it

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 Hierarchy of Life Hierarchy of Life
• Groups of similar individuals who tend to
• The sum of all living things taken in
mate with each other in a limited geographic
Biosphere conjunction with their environment Population area

• The relationships of smaller groups of • The relationships of smaller groups of

organisms with each other and their organisms with each other and their
Ecosystem environment Organism environment

• The relationships between groups of different • A group of cells, tissues, and organs that
Community species Organ System perform a specific major function

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Hierarchy of Life Hierarchy of Life

• A group of cells or tissues performing an
• A subunit of a cell
Organ overall function Organelle

• The fundamental functional levels of

• A group of cells performing a specific function
Tissue Molecules, biochemistry
atoms, and
subatomic
• The fundamental unit of living things particles
Cell

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 Theory of Evolution
• Adaptation – all organisms adapt to their environments
• Variation – all organisms are variable in their traits
• Over-reproduction – all organisms tend to reproduce
beyond their environment's capacity to support them
• Evolution – not all organisms are well adapted to their
environment; some will survive and reproduce better
than others (natural selection)

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