Electromagnetic Field Theory

EC-223
ECE- 2nd Year

Chandra Shekhar Prasad (Ph.D.)

Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department
2/17/2021 NIT, Hamirpur 1
UNIT-01 Introduction: Fundamental of vector algebra, Scalar &vector fields, Introduction and transformation on
different coordinate systems: (rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinate system), introduction to line, Surface and
volume integrals, Definition of gradient, Divergent and curl of a vector and their physical significance.

UNIT-02 Electrostatics: Principle of Coulomb's law, Definition of electric field intensity from point charges, Field due to
continuous distribution of charges on an infinite and finite line, Electric Field due to an infinite uniformly charged sheet,
Gauss’s law and its applications, Electric flux density, Potential fields duo to electric dipole, Laplace’s and Poison’s
equations.
UNIT-03 Magnetostatics: Definition and explanation on Magnetic Field intensity due to a finite and infinite wire
carrying current, Magnetic field intensity on rectangular loop carrying current, Ampere’s Circuital law and its
applications, Biot-Savart’s law, Lorentz force equation for a moving charge, Magnetic Vector Potential.

UNIT-04 Time Varying EM Field: Maxwell’s equation in differential and integral vector form and their interpretations,
Continuity of currents, Conduction and displacement current, Boundary conditions, Helmholtz equations, uniform plane
wave in dielectric and conductor media, Skin effect and depth of penetration, reflection and refraction of plane waves at
boundaries for normal incidence and surface impedance, Energy Flow and Poynting theorem.

UNIT-05 Transmission Lines: Transmission line model, Parameters and properties of transmission line equations,
Reflections in transmission lines, Voltage, current and impedance relations-open, Short circuit and matched lines,
Standing wave ratio, Impedance matching, Quarter and half wave lines, Single stub and double stub matching; Circle
diagram – Smith-chart.

Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics by Matthew N.O. Sadiku, Oxford University Press.

Engineering Electromagnetics by William Hayt, TATA McGraw-Hill

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 Lecture - 11
MAGNETOSTATICS

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 BIOT-SAVART'S LAW
Biot-Savart's law states that the magnetic field intensity dH produced at a point P,
by the differential current clement Idl is proportional to the product Idl and the sine
of the angle α between the clement and the line joining P to the element and is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance R between P and the element.

magnetic field dH at P due to

current element Idl.

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 Determining the direction of dH using (a) the right-hand rule, or (b) the
right-handed screw rule.

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We can have different current distributions: line current, surface current, and volume current

Current distributions: (a) line current, (b) surface current, (c) volume current.

If we define K as the surface current density (in amperes/meter) and J as the volume current
density (in amperes/meter square), the source elements are related as

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 Thus in terms of the distributed current sources, the Biot-Savart law becomes

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 Field at point P due to a straight filamentary conductor.

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This expression is generally applicable for any straight filamentary conductor of finite
length. Notice that H is always along the unit vector aϕ (i.e., along concentric circular
paths) irrespective of the length of the wire or the point of interest P

As a special case, when the conductor is semiinfinite (with respect to P) so that point A
is now at Q(0, 0, 0) while B is at (0, 0, ∞); α1 = 90°, α2 = 0°

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 The conducting triangular loop carries a current of 10 A. Find H at (0, 0, 5) due to side 1
of the loop.

Notice that we join the point of interest (0, 0, 5) to the

beginning and end of the line current

Here

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 Lecture - 12
AMPERE'S LAW

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 AMPERE'S CIRCUIT LAW

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 APPLICATIONS OF AMPERE'S LAW

Infinite Line Current

Consider an infinitely long filamentary current I along the z-axis.
To determine H at an observation point P, we allow a closed path
pass through P. This path, on which Ampere's law is to be applied,
is known as an Amperian path (analogous to the term Gaussian
surface). We choose a concentric circle as the Amperian path,
which shows that H is constant provided ρ is constant. Since this
path encloses the whole current I, according to Ampere's law Ampere's law applied to an infinite
filamentary line current.

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 Infinite Sheet of Current

If the sheet has a uniform current density K = Kyay A/m

Due to the infinite extent of the sheet, the sheet can be regarded as
consisting of such filamentary pairs so that the characteristics of H
for a pair are the same for the infinite current sheets, that is,

Application of Ampere's law to an infinite sheet:

(a) closed path 1-2-3-4-1, (b) symmetrical pair of
current filaments with current along ay

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where Ho and H4 are the contributions due to the current sheets z = 0 and z = 4, respectively

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 Lecture - 13

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 MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY

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Successive division of a bar magnet results in pieces with north and south poles, showing that magnetic
poles cannot be isolated.
An isolated magnetic charge does not exist.

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 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS FOR STATIC EM FIELDS

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 MAGNETIC SCALAR AND VECTOR POTENTIALS

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 Lecture - 14
Lorentz Force

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 FORCES DUE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS

There are at least three ways in which force due to magnetic fields can be
experienced. The force can be
(a) due to a moving charged particle in a B field,
(b) on a current element in an external B field, or
(c) between two current elements.

A. Force on a Charged Particle

The electric force Fe on a stationary or moving electric charge Q in an electric field is

given by Coulomb's experimental law and is related to the electric field intensity E as

This shows that if Q is positive, Fe and E have the same direction.

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 A magnetic field can exert force only on a moving charge. From
experiments, it is found that the magnetic force Fm experienced
by a charge Q moving with a velocity u in a magnetic field B is

This clearly shows that Fm is perpendicular to both u and B.

A comparison between the electric force Fe and the magnetic force Fm can be made.

Fe is independent of the velocity of the charge and can perform work on the charge and
change its kinetic energy.

Unlike Fe, Fm depends on the charge velocity and is normal to it.

Fm cannot perform work because it is at right angles to the direction of motion of the
charge (Fm • dl = 0);
It does not cause an increase in kinetic energy of the charge. The magnitude of Fm is
generally small compared to Fe except at high velocities.

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For a moving charge Q in the presence of both electric and magnetic fields, the total force on
the charge is given by

Lorentz force equation

Hendrik Lorentz
who first applied the equation to electric field motion.

It relates mechanical force to electrical force.

If the mass of the charged particle moving in E and B fields is m, by Newton's second law of
motion.

The solution to this equation is important in determining the motion of charged particles in
E and B fields. We should bear in mind that in such fields, energy transfer can be only by
means of the electric field

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 B. Force on a Current Element
To determine the force on a current element Idl of a current-carrying conductor due
to the magnetic field B

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