ASIA PACIFIC COLLEGE OF ADVANCED STUDIES

AH Banzon St., Ibayo, City of Balanga, Bataan

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
IN REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE DESIGN
(CE PROF 10)

A.Y. 2020-2021

REFERENCES:
1. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc., (2015) National Structural Code of the
Philippines NSCP C101-15 Volume 1 Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures, 7 th Edition
Second Printing 2019, Philippines: ASEP.
2. McCormac, Jack C. and Brown, Russell H., (2015) Design of Reinforced Concrete, 10th Edition, USA:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3. Wright, James K., (2015) Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, 7th Edition, USA: Pearson
Education Inc.
4. Aghayere, Abi O., (2018) Reinforced Concrete Design, 9th Edition, USA: Person Education Inc.
5. Nawy, Edward G., (2009) Prestressed Concrete A Fundamental Approach, 5th Edition, Pearson
Education, Inc.
6. Zamani, Arzhang, (2017) Essential Prestressed Concrete Examples: In accordance with ACI 318-14,
1st Edition, USA: Structure Gate LLC.
Lesson 10: Axially Loaded Short Columns
OBJECTIVE

• Analyze, design and solve problems with compression strength of reinforced concrete

INTRODUCTION

CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS

In general, columns are classified as short columns and long columns. If the height of the column is less
than three times its least lateral dimension, it may be considered as short compression blocks or
pedestal. Pedestals may be designed without reinforcement with a maximum permissible compressive
strength of 0.85𝜙𝑓𝑐′ where, 𝜙 is 0.65 (NSCP 2010/2015 and 0.70 for NSCP 2001). If the compressive
strength is greater than this value, the pedestal will have to be designed as a reinforced concrete short
column.

If the reinforced concrete column fails due to initial material failure, it is classified as short columns. The
load of the short columns depends on the dimension and the strength of the material of which it is
made.

If the length of the columns Is increased, or the least lateral dimension of column is decreased, the
chances that it will fail by lateral buckling will be increased. Columns that fail by buckling are called long
columns.

TYPES OF COLUMNS

a) Plain concrete pedestal – This may be used only if the height does not exceed three times the least
lateral dimension
b) Tied columns – A column in which the longitudinal bars are braced with a series of closed ties.
c) Spiral columns – a column in which the longitudinal bars and concrete core are wrapped with a
closely spaced helix or spiral.
d) Composite columns – These columns may contain a structural steel shape surrounded by
longitudinal bars with ties or spirals or it may consist of high strength steel tubing filled with
concrete.
Tied and spiral columns are the most common forms. Either type may be circular, octagonal, square or
rectangular in forms. Tied columns may also be L, T or other irregular shape.

AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY OF COLUMNS

Axial load without moment is not a practical case in design of columns, but the discussion of such case is
necessary for explaining the theory involved in eccentrically loaded columns. For a column subjected
purely by an axial load, the nominal load 𝑃𝑛 that it can carry is the sum of the strength of steel which is
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 and the strength of concrete 0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ), where 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 is the net concrete area, or
(Eq. 10.1)
𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡

To counter the effect of possible eccentricities, the nominal strength 𝑃𝑛 is multiplied by 0.8 for tied
columns and 0.85 for spiral columns. Finally, the ultimate axial strength of the column is 𝜙𝑃𝑛 where 𝜙 is
0.65 for tied columns and 0.75 for spiral columns (2001 NSCP: 𝜙 = 0.70 for tied and 0.75 for spiral)

Tied Column

The axial load capacity of the tied column is given by

(Eq. 10.2)
𝜙𝑃𝑛 = 𝜙0.80[0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]

where
𝜙 = 0.65
𝐴𝑔 = gross concrete area
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = total area of longitudinal steel reinforcements
REINFORCEMENT LIMITS (Section 410.6)

410.6.1 Minimum and Maximum Longitudinal Reinforcements

410.6.1.1 For non-prestressed columns and for prestressed columns with average 𝑓𝑝𝑒 < 1.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎, area
of longitudinal reinforcement shall be at least 0.01𝐴𝑔 but shall not exceed 0.08𝐴𝑔 .

410.7.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement

410.7.3.1 For non-prestressed columns and for prestressed columns with average 𝑓𝑝𝑒 < 1.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎, the
minimum number of longitudinal bars shall be (a), (b), or (c).

a. Three within triangular ties;

b. Four within rectangular or circular ties;
c. Six enclosed by spirals or for columns of special moment frames enclosed by circular hoops.

MINIMUM SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT (Section 425.2)

425.2.3 For longitudinal reinforcement in columns, pedestals, struts, and boundary elements in walls,
clear spacing between bars shall be at least the greatest of 40 mm, 1.5𝑑𝑏 , and (4/3)𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔 .

TIES (Section 425.7.2)

425.7.2.1 Ties shall consist of a closed loop of deformed bar or deformed wire with spacing in
accordance with (a) and (b):

a. Clear spacing of at least (4/3)𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔 .

b. Center-to-center spacing shall not exceed the least of 16𝑑𝑏 of longitudinal bar, 48𝑑𝑏 of tie bar, and
smallest dimension of member.

425.7.2.2 Diameter of tie bar or wire shall be at least (a) or (b):

a. 10 mm ϕ enclosing 32 mm ϕ or smaller longitudinal bars;

b. 12 mm ϕ enclosing 36 mm ϕ or larger longitudinal bars or bundled longitudinal bars.

425.7.2.3 Rectilinear ties shall be arrange to satisfy (a) and (b):

a. Every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie
with an included angle of not more than 135 degrees;
b. No unsupported bar shall be farther than 150 mm clear on each side along the tie from a laterally
supported bar.
SPIRAL COLUMN

The axial load capacity of spiral column is given by

(Eq. 10.3)
𝜙𝑃𝑛 = 𝜙0.85[0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]

where 𝜙 = 0.75 (same value for 2001, 2010, and 2015 NSCP)

REINFORCEMENT LIMITS (Section 410.6)

Refer to previous section presented for tied column

SPIRALS (Section 425.7.3)

425.7.3.1 Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous bar or wire with clear spacing conforming to
(a) and (b):

a. At least the greater of 25 mm and (4/3)𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔 .

b. Not greater than 75 mm.

425.7.3.2 For cast-in-place construction, spiral bar or wire diameter shall be at least 10 mm.

425.7.3.4 Spirals shall be anchored by 1-1/2 extra turns of spiral bar or wire at each end.

425.7.3.5 Spirals shall be permitted to be spliced by (a) or (b):

a. Mechanical or welded splices in accordance with Section 425.5.7;

b. Lap splices in accordance with Section 425.7.3.6 for 𝑓𝑦𝑡 not exceeding 420 MPa.

425.7.3.6 Spiral lap splices shall be at least the greater of 300 mm and the lap length in Table 425.7.3.6.
MECHANICAL AND WELDED SPLICES OF DEFORMED BARS IN TENSION AND COMPRESSION (Section
425.5.7)

425.5.7.1 A mechanical or welded splice shall develop in tension or compression, as required, at least
1.25𝑓𝑦 of the bar.

425.5.7.2 Welding of reinforcing bars shall conform to Section 426.6.4.

425.5.7.3 Mechanical or welded splices need not be staggered except as required by Section 425.5.7.4.

425.5.7.4 Splices in tension tie members shall be made with a mechanical or welded splice in
accordance with Section 425.5.7.1. Splices in adjacent bars shall be staggered at least 750 mm.
LATERAL SUPPORT OF LONGITUDINAL BARS USING SPIRALS (Section 410.7.6.3)

410.7.6.3.1 In any storey, the bottom of the spiral shall be located at the top of footing or slab.

410.7.6.3.2 In any storey, the top of the spiral shall be located in accordance with Table 410.7.6.3.2.

425.7.3.3 Volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio 𝜌𝑠 shall satisfy Eq. 425.7.3.3.

𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐′
𝜌𝑠 ≥ 0.45 ( − 1) (425.7.3.3)
𝐴𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑦𝑡

Where the value of 𝑓𝑦𝑡 shall; not be taken greater than 700 MPa

where:
(Eq. 10.4)
𝑎𝑠 𝜋(𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏 ) 𝑉𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝜌𝑠 = =
𝜋𝐷𝑐2 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑠
4
Maximum pitch:
(Eq. 10.5)
4𝑎𝑠 (𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏 )
𝑠=
𝐷𝑐2 𝜌𝑠
where 𝐷𝑐 is the diameter of the core out to out of the spiral, 𝑎𝑠 is the cross-sectional area of the spiral
bars, and 𝑑𝑏 is the diameter of the spiral bar.

COMPOSITE COLUMNS (Section 410.2.2)

410.2.2.1 If a structural steel shape, pipe, or tubing is used as a longitudinal reinforcement, the column
shall be designed as a composite column.

According to Section 422.4.2.2, the strength of composite member shall be computed for the same
limiting conditions applicable to ordinary reinforced concrete members.
(Eq. 10.6)
𝜙𝑃𝑛 = 𝜙0.85[0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 𝐴𝑠𝑥 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑥 ]

where 𝜙 = 0.75 and 𝐴𝑠𝑥 = area of steel shape, pipe, or tubing in a composite section, 𝑚𝑚2

REINFORCEMENT LIMITS (Section 410.6)

410.6.1.2 For composite columns with a structural steel core, area of longitudinal bars located within
the transverse reinforcement shall be at least 0. 01(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑥 ), but shall not exceed 0. 08(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑥 ).
STRUCTURAL STEEL ENCASED CONCRETE CORE

410.3.1.6 For composite columns with a concrete core encased by structural steel, the thickness of the
steel encasement shall be at least (a) or (b):

a.
𝑓𝑦
𝑏√ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑏;
3𝐸𝑠
b.
𝑓𝑦
ℎ√ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ.
8𝐸𝑠

PROBLEM 10.1

A square tied column 450 mm on each side is reinforced with 8-25 mm bars with fy = 415 MPa.
Determine the safe service axial live load if the axial dead load on the column is 820 kN. Use f’c = 21
MPa.

PROBLEM 10.2

Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of a round spiral column having a diameter of 450mm
reinforced with 6-25mm bars having fy = 276 MPa. Assume f’c = 34 MPa.

PROBLEM 10.3

Design a square tied column to support an axial dead load of 575 kN and an axial live load of 770 kN.
Assume f’c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 414 MPa. Use 28 mm main bars and 10 mm diameter bars. Assume 𝜌g =
0.02.

PROBLEM 10.4

Design a round spiral column to support an axial dead load of 900 kN and an axial live load of 200 kN.
Assume that 3% longitudinal steel is desired. f’c = 27.6 MPa, and fy = 414 MPa. Use 25-mm main
reinforcement. Determine also the minimum spacing of 10 mm spiral (fyh = 275 MPa)

PROBLEM 10.5

Calculate the maximum factored axial load that the concrete-filled pipe shown can resist.
Verify also if the section complies with the code. Use f’c = 27.6 MPa and Fy = 250 MPa for
the steel pipe.