ANIMAL BREEDING

LAWRENCE C. RAGUINE
Instructor
 Species Age of Estrus Cycle Heat Period Length of
Puberty (Days) Gestation
(Month)
Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range

Cattle 10 - 15 21 19-25 18 hrs 6-30 hrs 283 279-290

Horses 12-15 21 10-37 4-6 days 1-9 days 336 332-340

Swine 4-7 21 18-24 2-3 days 1-5 days 114 112-116

Carabao 12-14 21 18-24 1 day 18-28 hrs 315 300-325

Ewe 5-7 16-17 14-20 30 hrs 20-42 hrs 150 140-160

Goat 4-8 20 12-24 39 hrs 1-4 days 150 140-160

• Production of ova starts early in the prenatal
period.
• When ovum is formed, it is enclosed in a
structure called Ovarian Follicle or Graafian
Follicle (GF) consisting of:
 Epithelial cells around the ovum
 Folliculi (Theca internal and external)
 Antrum which is filled with brown and
yellowish, alkaline, albuminous fluid.
• The female reproductive tract starts to
function at age of puberty.
• Puberty indicates that the female has
reached sexual maturity – varies between
breeds and among females of the same
breed.
 ANTERIOR Inhibin
PITUITARY
GLAND

Causes growth &

Development
OVARY
Follicle OVUM
Stimulating
Hormone Graafian Follicle (GF)

Secretes:
ESTROGEN
Stimulates
production of
ESTRUS
(Heat)
Luteinizing
Hormone
© L.C.RAGUINE 2014
 UTERUS IF THERE IS NO Corpus Corpus
PREGNANCY Luteum Albicans
Prostaglandin F2 alpha
(PGF2α)
OVARY
Ovum

Progesterone
…AND ANOTHER CYCLE BEGINSInitiates the
As long as the CL is secreting
formation of
progesterone, estrus is inhibited Corpus Luteum

Luteinizing Causes Ovulation

Hormone of matured follicle

© L.C.RAGUINE 2014
• Application of genetic principles to improve
animal performance
• Improvement the quantity of production of farm
animals and of their products per unit of time
• Improvement the efficiency of production of farm
animals and their products
• Improve the quality of farm animals and their
products
• Improve the aesthetic value of farm animals and
their products
 A process in which certain genotypes
contribute more progeny in the next generation
than other types

• NATURAL SELECTION – took place because of

natural forces
• ARTIFICIAL SELECTION – with the intervention
of man
• Individuality – phenotype/performance
• Pedigree – “clean” or “dirty” ancestry; EBV or
EPD
• Progeny Test – standardized testing protocols
• Collateral Relatives – accuracy depends on
information for all relatives
• Specific Combining Ability – “nicking ability”
due to pleiotropy
• DNA Markers – Marker Assisted Selection
(MAS)
• Marker Assisted Selection or Marker Aided
Selection (MAS) is a process whereby a marker
(morphological, biochemical or one based on
DNA/RNA variation) is used for indirect selection
of a genetic determinant or determinants of a
trait of interest (e.g. productivity, disease
resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and quality).
• This process is used in plant and animal
breeding.
• For example, if MAS is being used to select
individuals with disease resistance, the level of
disease resistance is not quantified but rather a
marker allele that is linked with disease
resistance is used.

Genetic Analyser
• The assumption is that the marker used for
selection associates at high frequency with the
gene or quantitative trait locus (QTL) of interest,
due to genetic linkage (close proximity, on the
chromosome, of the marker locus and the
disease resistance-determining locus).
• Gene pyramiding has been proposed and
applied to enhance resistance to disease and
insects by selecting for two or more than two
genes at a time.
• For example in rice such pyramids have been
developed against bacterial blight and blast. The
advantage of use of markers in this case allows
selecting for QTL-allele-linked markers that have
same phenotypic effect.
• Pleiotropy describes the genetic effect of a
single gene on multiple phenotypic traits.
• The underlying mechanism is that the gene
codes for a product that is, for example, used by
various cells, or has a signaling function on
various targets.
• Pleiotropy occurs when one gene influences
multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits,
an example being phenylketonuria, which is a
human disease that affects multiple systems but
is caused by one gene defect.
• Other well-known examples of pleiotropy include
albinism and sickle-cell anemia.
• Breeding system is defined as several types of
mating to combine desirable qualitative and
quantitative characteristics through mating
systems which are planned or non-random.
• Mating of closely related individuals within a
breed to increase homozygosity and decrease
heterozygosity of the inbreed.

A.1. CLOSE BREEDING

• Mating of closely relatives e.g. father-
daughter, son –mother, brother-sister
A.2. LINE BREEDING
• Breeding of not so close relatives e.g. cousins.
This is a form mild inbreeding designed to
concentrate the genes of a certain ancestor of
the genetic constitution of the progeny.

A.3. STRAIN BREEDING

• A very mild form of inbreeding which leads to
increase homozygosity within the strain in the
long term.
EFFECTS OF INBREEDING
• Marked decrease in fertility
• Reduces vigor
• Decrease in growth rate of offspring
• Reduces viability of the offspring
• Mating of individuals from two or more
established purebred.
• To increase heterozygosity
• To take advantage of Hybrid Vigor or
Heterosis.
• Hybrid Vigor is defined as the average quality
of the first generation exceeding the average of
the two parental breeds. Heterosis is displayed
mainly in the fitness traits, fertility and viability.
HEREFORD BRAHMAN

F1 (50% HEREFORD & 50% BRAHMAN)

HOLSTEIN SAHIWAL

F1 (50% HOLSTEIN & 50% SAHIWAL)

ANGLO-NUBIAN SAANEN

F1 (50% ANGLO-NUBIAN & 50% SAANEN)

LANDRACE DUROC

F1 (50% LANDRACE & 50% DUROC)

GGP Large White X Large White Landrace X Landrace Duroc X Duroc Pietrain X Pietrain

GP Large White X Landrace Duroc X Pietrain

X
PS X

Triple Cross Pigs

(Slaughter Pigs)
Four Way Cross Pigs
(Slaughter Pigs)

GGP = Great Grand Parental Line

GP = Grand Parental Line
PS = Parental Stock
• The mating of purebred sires to nondescript or
native females and their offspring generation
after generation
PHIL. NATIVE BRAHMAN

F1 (50% NATIVE & 50% BRAHMAN)

PHIL. CARABAO MURRAH

F1 (50% NATIVE & 50% MURRAH)

PHIL. NATIVE
ANGLO-NUBIAN

UPGRADE
• Increased in the number of females that could be
mated by a single male
• Minimize transmission of sexual transmitted
diseases
• Males that are physically unable to mate naturally
may still be used for breeding
• Semen of sires that may have been long dead can
still be used
• Because of the number of progenies that could be
produced by a single male is increased, accuracy
of evaluating the breeding value (EBV or EPD) of a
male is increased proportionately
• In Cattle a bull through natural mating may service
50 to 100 cows per year. In AI it is not unusual for a
bull to service 10,000 to 20,000 cows per year.
• In Buffalo, using natural breeding, one bull can
service only 50 buffalo cows every year. Through
Artificial Insemination, One bull can make 5,000
dose of semen every year that can be inseminated
to 2,000 – 3,500 buffalo cows
• In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is the process of creating
embryos from oocytes (unfertilized egg cells) by
fertilizing them with semen in a Petri dish.
• Oocytes are first collected from the ovaries of
donors by ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration.
Oocytes are then placed in a Petri dish and
fertilized the following day with conventional,
sexed-frozen, or reverse-sorted semen.
• They then mature in an incubator for seven
additional days, and the resulting viable embryos
are transferred into recipients.
• An advantage with the IVF is that the animals can
be aspirated every 20 days instead of every 60 as
in In Vivo embryo collection.

Conventional Embryo
Transfer
• The other advantage of IVF is that the animals can
be harvested at a very young age; this will create a
major impact on breeding selection since it reduces
the generation interval for the animals with a
specific desirable trait.
• Transgenesis is the process of introducing an
exogenous gene – called a transgene – into a
living organism so that the organism will exhibit
a new property and transmit that property to its
offspring.
• Transgenesis can be facilitated by

.
• Transgenic organisms are able to express
foreign genes because the
. This means that a
specific DNA sequence will code for the same
protein in all organisms.
• Due to this similarity in protein sequence,
scientists can cut DNA at these common protein
points and add other genes. An example of this
is the "super mice" of the 1980's. These mice
were able to produce the human protein tPA to
treat blood clots.
TRANSGENESIS USING BACTERIAL PLASMIDS
PRONUCLEAR INJECTION
Cloning of Dolly: Dr. Ian Wilmut , Roslin Institute (Edinburgh, Scotland)
 Scientists of National Dairy
Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
have developed the landmark technique
i.e. “Handguided Cloning Technique”
and have produced the world's first and
second cloned buffalo calves. This
technique is simpler and is an advanced
modification of the “Conventional Cloning
Technique” which was used for the
production of the cloned sheep “Dolly”.
The conventional technique required
sophisticated and expensive equipments
like micromanipulators etc.
 This new technique is less demanding in
terms of equipment, time and skill. One of the
biggest advantages of this technique is that the calf
is of desired sex. This technique will lead to an
new era of faster multiplication of superior
germplasm and help boosting the growth rate of
milk in India.
 Oocytes isolated from abattoir ovaries

In Vitro Maturation, denuded, treated with

an enzyme to digest the zona
Somatic cell from ear of a donor
buffalo was propagated to be used
as donor-nuclei
Enucleated with the help of
handheld fine blade

Enucleated oocytes are then electro fused with donor-nuclei, cultured,

grown in the laboratory

Resultant embryos were transferred to recipient buffaloes for the production of the calf of
desired gender
A. SAMRUPA
The world's first cloned buffalo calf, was to be
India's answer to Dolly the sheep. But unlike
Dolly, the first mammal cloned 13 years ago,
who lived for seven years, Samrupa succumbed
to a lung infection, five days after it was born
B. GARIMA
The world‟s second
cloned buffalo calf through
the Advanced Hand-
guided Cloning Technique
is born at NDRI, Karnal on
June 6, 2009. Earlier the
Scientists of NDRI had
developed this landmark
technique and had
produced the first cloned
buffalo calf on February 6,
2009.
C. GARIMA II
Another cloned buffalo calf,
through the new and
advanced „Hand-guided
Cloning Technique’ was born
at NDRI, Karnal on August
22, 2010. Dr. A.K. Srivastava
said that “this cloned buffalo
calf is different from the
earlier clone calf because, in
this case the used donor cell
was Embryonic Stem
Cell”.
 The Philippine Carabao Center (PCC), an
attached agency of the Department of Agriculture,
was created in 1992 to study and promote the
carabao in the Philippines as a multi-purpose
animal that can be raised for milk, meat, hide, and
draft It was sponsored as a bill by the then senator
Joseph Estrada and eventually enacted as a law
through or the
.
 The PCC had some success in reproductive
biotechnology in 2004 when the first test-tube
buffalo was born on April 5, also the birthday of
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Incidentally,
the test-tube buffalo is a female and was named
as after the President.
 Late in 2007, according to Filipino scientists,
the Center located in Nueva Ecija initiated a study
to breed the super water buffalo that could
produce 4 to 18 liters of milk/day using gene-
based technology. The majority of the funding
came from the Department of Science and
Technology. When this
is perfected it will allow the
poor farmers to conserve their resources by raising
only the best producers that are genetically
selected soon after birth.
• Suba, Mario S., A.T.Badua, E.A. Martin, A.J. Barroga, et.al, Agriculturist
Licensure Examination Review 2009 (Animal Science) Manual, CLSU,
2009
• The Institute of Animal Science, Lecture Notes in Animal Science 1A –
Introduction to Animal Science, UPLB-College of Agriculture, Los Baños,
Laguna
• Dr. R. A. Siddique, In Vitro Embryo Production, N.D.R.I. Karnal
(Haryana), India (PPT Presentation)
• www.icar.org.in/en/node/955
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Carabao_Center