teng Shao, hong Jin, lihua Zhao

Current Situation and improving StrategieS

for northeaSt China’S rural houSingS

Teng Shao, Hong Jin, Lihua Zhao

Abstract
According to the survey and measurement on rural housing in the Northeast severe cold regions of China, this paper
analyzed the existing situation and problems of current rural housing in terms of integral development, functional lay-
out, envelop structure, interior thermal environment, heating system and energy utilization etc.. Based on the climatic
open house international vol.42 no.4, december 2017. Current Situation and improving Strategies for northeast China’s rural housings.

features of severe cold regions, as well as rural financial and technical conditions, living and production mode, resi-
dential construction characteristics and existing resource status etc., the feasible approaches of achieving building ener-
gy saving has been proposed, thus acting as a guidance for new rural housing design in severe cold regions.

Keywords: Cold Regions, Rural Housing, Envelop Structure, Interior Thermal Environment, Heating System.

1. introduction systematic investigated, this paper analyzes the exist-

from the year of 1996 to 2008, the new rural hous-
ing is about 7-8 billion square meters each year in
China, and by 2020 the backwardness of 50 to 60
million rural people’s living environment is to be
solved annually on average. improving rural living
environment is a long-term historical task （Building
energy Conservation research Center of tsinghua
university ， 2012 ） . Currently, the Chinese gov-
ernment has put a premium on the new rural con-
struction. however, most of the China's new rural
housing construction has brought the problems of
energy waste and environment disruption due to the
lack of previous studies. therefore, the study of ener-
gy conservation for rural houses is essential. With the
harsh cold climate conditions ( the Jan. average tem-
perature is -31℃～-10℃, and the extreme low tem-
perature generally below -35℃), long cold winter and
heating period of up to six months (from october to
april the following year), severe cold regions have
huge heating energy consumption and more promi-
nent building energy and environmental problems. in
the aspect of rural houses’ indoor thermal environ-
ment and energy-saving design, some research has
been carried out with the method of questionnaire sur-
vey, field testing and experimental study etc （nguyen
a t, tran Q B, tran d Q, et al, 2011）（ana B, fábio
g, pedro f, 2014）（manoj K S, Sadhan m, atreya S
K, 2009）（liu Sheng, huang Chunhua, 2016）
（Sun hejiang, leng muji, 2014）（gou S Q, li Z r,
Zhao Q, 2015）. however, most of the results are for
a specific area of the climate, environment, culture
and social conditions, the study of severe cold region
of China is limited. therefore, relying on the project
research of national natural Science foundation of
China, 42 villages in four provinces of China--
heilongjiang, Jilin, liaoning and inner mongolia were
70
ing problems of villages and towns in cold regions and
provides the basis for energy-saving technologies.
2. methodology
2. 1 Questionnaire survey
the content of questionnaire survey includes two
types: objective information and subjective informa-
tion. the objective information such as building form,
structure types, function layout, building materials,
personal features and economic conditions are
recorded by enquiry, picture and drawing. Combining
the questionnaire survey and synchronically testing,
the residents' satisfaction of the indoor thermal envi-
ronment and thermal expectations are surveyed.
2. 2 Environment testing
the environmental testing contents include the out-
door and indoor temperature, humidity and black
globe temperature; the inner surface temperature and
heat transfer coefficient of envelop enclosure, and
building thermal infrared imaging.
applying BeS-02 recorder to continuous test
the indoor and outdoor temperature, humidity and
black globe temperature, in order to avoid the effect
of solar radiation, the outdoor recorder are placed at
the shady and ventilated place, the indoor recorder
are placed at the geometric centre of the room, 1.6m
height, automatic gathering a group of data every 15
min.using flir infrared thermal imager detect the sur-
face temperature of building envelope and heated
kang.
3. analysis and discussion
3. 1 Overall Condition of Rural Chinese Housing
the residential type in severe cold regions is predom-
inated by single-family detached housing (fig.1), along

Figure 1. The traditional rural of severe cold regions in
China.
Figure 2-4.
with a small number of town houses. the distribution
ratio according to the survey is shown in fig. 2.
Judging from architectural forms, the proportion of
single-storey pitched roof housing reaches about
96%, with only a small number of single-storey flat-
roof houses, and two-story building occupy minimal
amount. the main building structures are earth/wood
structure, brickwork structure, stone-wood structure,
wood structure, among which brick structure is the
most commonly used, with a proportion of over
92%(fig.3). the housing in the form of the rest of the
structures are much less, most of which were built
before 1990 and with poor durability. Judging from
construction time, more than 77% of the housing was
constructed before 2000, over half of which were
before 1990s (fig. 4). as the housing were mostly
constructed by farmers themselves, the lack of consid-
eration for development while designing and the bias
towards large floor area and courtyard space have
resulted in many problems in residential use. the
number of new housing is small since 2000, account-
ing for only 23%, although levels were promoted in
the design, construction technology, material selec-
teng Shao, hong Jin, lihua Zhao
tion, etc.. however, due to the constraints of tradition-
al philosophy and economic factors, there are still
some problems in residential construction and opera-
tion. Compare to the urban dwellings, the rural hous-
es have special characteristics as follows: (1) the rural
houses are single-layer freestanding, with large heat
radiating areas, its energy consumption of per build-
ing area higher than the urban dwellings. (2)
restricted by the economic & technological conditions
and the farmer's consciousness of energy conserva-
tion, the heat preservation performance of building
envelope is far lower than the Chinese national stan-
dard. (3) the heating mode is independent and inter-
open house international no.4, december 2017. Current Situation and improving Strategies for northeast China’s rural housings.
mittent, with a variety of fuels such as coal, straw.
3.2 Functional Layouts
3.2.1 Analysis of Current Situation
rural residential layout of severe cold regions mostly
adopt the traditional "one bright two dark" type（Jin
hong, Zhao hua, 2001）, that is with the kitchen or
hallway in the middle and other auxiliary functions
arranged on both sides of the bedroom. the function
of this layout is single, where the bedroom shoulders
resting, associating, dining and other multiple func-
tions, resulting in cross-interference between different
functional spaces, so that the use of the space
becomes very inconvenient for the residents (fig. 5). in
addition, the lack of professional design, or some new
"new countryside" "project with no in-depth study of
local residents living characteristics, resulted in the
serious discrepancy between the designed housing
and villagers’ habits, thus the comfort of living did not
improve. for example, the living room is a product of
the advancement of village housing, and some of the
new towns have set it up, but some villagers do not
71
teng Shao, hong Jin, lihua Zhao
Figure 5. Appearance and floor plan of traditional rural
housing（Teng Shao, Hong Jin, Lihua Zhao, 2014.
know how to use it, and some even pile grains and
other sundries in the living room; another example is
the indoor toilet, which cannot easily be accepted by
open house international vol.42 no.4, december 2017. Current Situation and improving Strategies for northeast China’s rural housings.
the local population, mainly because of the develop-
ment and construction of these rural regions are lag-
ging behind, and there is no perfect water supply and
drainage system, resulting in the inconvenience of the
use of indoor toilet. a comprehensive consideration is
needed while designing.
3.2.2 Improvement Strategies
traditional rural housing has been unable to meet the
demand of increasing living standards of farmers.
therefore, in the residential flat functional layout, the
foremost parts are reasonable partition and compre-
hensive functions, and a separate living room, dining
room, bathroom and other space should be set up to
accommodate the residents of the modern lifestyle.
Based on the abovementioned steps, a reasonable
thermal partition is needed to meet the residential
requirements of comfort and energy conservation. in
the design, the depth of the building should be
increased to form the double depth mode. in order to
maximize the use of sunlight, major functional areas -
---the frequently used and require high indoor tem-
perature----such as the bedroom, the living room,
etc., are arranged in the south; the store room, north
hall and other auxiliary space are arranged in the
north to function as a "temperature buffer" to avoid
cold air infiltration effects on the north side of the main
functional areas ; the kitchen (heat source), the restau-
rant and other space are set in the "central position"
architecture, and close to the main rooms, so that the
heat can be fully utilized. furthermore, the position of
the exterior door should be reasonably arranged, and
the proposed position of arrangement is in the south.
it is better not to set the exterior door in the north; oth-
erwise an additional door is needed to resist the wind.
also, the northern exterior door is not supposed to be
accessible straight to the main room which requires
higher temperature, in order to prevent cold air from
entering the main room directly, causing fluctuations
in room temperature (fig. 6). in addition, to ensure
residential comfort, the shape coefficient of the hous-
ing should be controlled. too many concave-convex
changes in the plan may lead to additional increases
in energy consumption and waste of resources, thus
layout modes such as semi-detached and townhouse
72
Figure 6. Reasonable floor plan and layout of rural housing
（Jin Hong, Chen Kai, Shao Teng, Jin Yumeng, 2015）
should be used to effectively reduce the building
shape coefficient.
3.3 Envelopes
3.3.1 Analysis of Current Situation
• exterior Walls
the main wall types are brick walls, adobe walls,
masonry wall, soil brick walls, and soil stone walls and
so on. the investigated wall type distribution is shown
in fig. 7. the largest proportion is the brick wall,
mainly solid bricks with thickness generally between
370-620mm, among which 370mm wall (fig. 8)
accounted for more than 60%, while most have not
taken insulation measures. tests show that the heat
transfer coefficient of 370mm brick wall is up to 1.56
W/m2·K, far from meeting the requirements of energy
conservation design standards, even 490mm brick
wall, with the heat transfer coefficient reaching 1.29
W/m2·K. adobe walls, masonry, brick and earth com-
pound walls are the main wall types of old buildings,
but with the development of economy and technology
and due to their poor durability, such walls only retain
a few. as is shown in fig.9, walls taken insulation mea-
sures only account for 26.8%, and the usual way is to
set up an air layer in the wall or exterior insulation.
insulation materials are usually polystyrene board and
expanded perlite particles (board), but research found
that thickness of insulation is only about 50mm or
paved only in the north gable wall, thus the ideal ener-
gy-saving effect has not yet reached in spite of the
insulation measures taken.
•doors and Windows
the materials of exterior windows are mainly wood,
steel, iron, aluminium alloy, and plastic steel, etc.. the
window type distribution based on research is shown
in fig. 10, among which the proportion of single and
double wooden windows account for 44.4%.
however, wooden windows’ poor durability, deforma-
tion and large heat transfer coefficient (4.7 W/m2·K

Figure 7-8-9.
for single wooden window) result in a significant
increase in building energy consumption. new hous-
ing uses more aluminium windows or plastic steel win-
dows. due to problems in quality of materials and
installation, aluminium windows have a higher heat
transfer coefficient and poor sealing performance, so
they have gradually been replaced by plastic steel win-
dows, but most plastic windows are single frame and
double glazing, the energy conservation effect of
which has not met the requirements of severe cold
regions. in addition, in order to increase the insulation
properties of windows, modular forms of exterior win-
dows are sometimes used, such as an additional inter-
nal single layer wooden window in a single aluminium
or plastic steel window, to play the temporary role of
insulation in winter, and can be removed in summer
without affecting indoor natural ventilation; in order to
reduce cold air infiltration through exterior windows,
farmers will use some simple insulation measures,
such as a window on the inside or outside of the addi-
tional layer of plastic film or glass.
as is shown in fig. 11, the exterior door of
rural housing in severe cold regions are mainly single
and double wooden doors, with a proportion of 66%,
but the durability, sealing and insulation properties of
the doors are poor, often using iron wrapped wooden
doors or additional cotton curtain inside or outside the
door to enhance its strength and insulation properties.
new or retrofitted housing mostly use aluminium
doors or plastic steel doors, and a few with better eco-
nomic conditions use metal insulation doors. in order
to increase the insulation performance of the
entrance, an additional layer of single wooden door is
usually set outside the door to form a buffer space
between the two doors. another way is to put up a
Figure 10. Distribution of exterior window types of rural
housing in severe cold regions.
teng Shao, hong Jin, lihua Zhao
open house international no.4, december 2017. Current Situation and improving Strategies for northeast China’s rural housings.
Figure 11. Distribution of exterior door types of rural hous-
ing in severe cold regions.
plastic shed outside the door, forming a simple sun-
shine space, reducing cold air infiltration caused by
frequent opening of the entrance.
• roofs
the main form of rural housing roofs in severe cold
regions is double sloping roof, with only a small
amount of flat roofs, in the consideration of the quick
drainage of snow in winter, and to avoid an impact on
the roof caused by the load of snow. as is shown in
fig. 12, the frame of sloping roof is mainly wooden
trusses, with only a small number of steel trusses.
prefabricated concrete panels are mainly for flat roofs.
the main forms of insulation in roof trusses are ther-
mal insulation and ceiling insulation. as is shown in
fig. 13, more than 70 percent of rural housing has
taken insulation measures in roofs. truss insulation is
laying insulation on the panel under the bottom chord
of the truss, using rice husk, sawdust, ash and slag as
the usual materials, with a thickness of 150mm-
200mm or so, the insulation properties of which are
poor; based on truss insulation, ceiling insulation is
laying insulation on the interior ceiling keel, using
benzene board, perlite board (particle) and other
lightweight materials, but the thickness of the insula-
tion layer is thinner, usually around 40-60mm, and it
has not achieved the desired insulation effect, mainly
restricted by the farmers’ awareness of energy conser-
vation and economic factors.
• ground
the floor of rural housing in severe cold regions bare-
ly takes the insulation measures, only a small amount
of new housing gradually began to use insulation on
the ground. the insulation materials are mainly Slag,
benzene board.etc. housing of years earlier generally
73
teng Shao, hong Jin, lihua Zhao
Figure 12-13
has no surface, the ground of which generally uses
traditional forms like rammed earth, red brick; cement
floors, etc., in recent years, floor tiles, wood and other
open house international vol.42 no.4, december 2017. Current Situation and improving Strategies for northeast China’s rural housings.
modern paving materials are increasingly used in new
housing.
3.3.2 Improvement Strategies
the performance of building envelope has an impor-
tant impact on the thermal insulation and energy sav-
ing of buildings. aiming at the current situation of tra-
ditional rural housing envelope in severe cold regions,
the performance can be improved through improving
building envelope materials and construction.
preferred exterior materials and rational struc-
ture design. percentage of heat loss contributing to the
exterior walls of rural residential buildings in severe
cold regions account for up to about 40 % of total
heat loss（Zhao hua, Jin hong, 2007）, thus thermal
insulation energy saving design towards exterior walls
of rural housing is of great importance. the use of new
type of wall materials is recommended, such as brick,
hollow brick and other masonry materials or straw
board , grass tiles and other ecological building mate-
rials(fig 14); and wall insulation types should
be reasonably chosen, such as outer insulation walls ,
sandwich insulation walls and self insulation walls
which are suitable for severe cold regions.
additionally, epS board insulation system can be used
in outside wall insulation and the sandwich walls can
take walls with epS board and brick (fig. 15), or straw
board sandwich walls (fig.16), and then as for the self
insulation walls framework and grass brick infill walls
Figure 14-15-16-17
74
(fig. 14) or framework aerated concrete block can be
adopted.
reasonable set of roof insulation. the
method of benzene board insulation on the ceiling
should be adopted in the form of sloping roof ceiling
insulation. Besides, insulation materials should use
building materials of good insulation properties, such
as polystyrene board, perlite particles (fig.17). if the
local biomass resources can meet the insulation
requirements, sheet made of rice husk, sawdust, straw
and biomass materials can be used as insulation.
increasing ground insulation measures. the
thermal quality of ground has great impact on human
health, but it is often overlooked（Sun Shijun, Yu
Yixin, Chen Qingfeng, 2003）. the ground of rural
housing in severe cold regions should be insulated,
because in the 0.5-1.0m range away from the inside
of the exterior wall, due to the effect of outdoor air and
the low temperature soil around the building in winter,
there will be a lot of heat transferred away from this
part, resulting in increased energy consumption for
heating. materials such as slag, general and extruded
polystyrene board panels etc can be chosen as insula-
tion materials (fig.18, fig.19).
reducing the heat transfer and improving the
tightness of doors and windows. there are two main
ways of heat loss caused by doors and windows: one
is heat conduction, radiation and convection though
faces of doors and windows; the other is cold air infil-
tration through gaps. therefore, measures for energy-
saving of windows and doors should be taken in both
ways: the first one is increasing the number of layers
or adopt excellent performance glass for doors and
 teng Shao, hong Jin, lihua Zhao
Figure 18-19. Fig.18. Ground insulation structure Fig.19. Paving the ground insulation
windows to reduce the heat transfer coefficient; the
second one is using pvC-steel doors and windows of
good sealed performance to reduce cold air infiltra-

open house international no.4, december 2017. Current Situation and improving Strategies for northeast China’s rural housings.
tion in winter.
Cutting the thermal bridges reasonably. the
thermal bridges should be cut at lintels of walls, doors
and windows, the joint of exterior wall and roof, the
joint of other parts of the exterior walls and the ground
with efficient insulation materials.

3.4 Heating mode and the indoor thermal environ- Figure 20.a）Kang b） Fire wall c） Heater Common
ment heating modes of rural housing in severe cold
3.4.1 Situation Analysis
regions
heated kang is a heating system most commonly used
in towns and villages of severe cold regions. often
heated kang utilizes waste heat of cooking to heat
kang surface, so that indoor temperature rises, there
for not only heat source of cooking and the heating
can be solved at the same time. after testing, when the
outdoor temperature reaches -30 ℃, kang surface
remain at a comfortable temperature, but it is likely to
cause uneven distribution of the indoor temperature.
Kang is also often used in conjunction with other heat-
ing methods , such as the heating mode of integration
of kang and firewall, which means the kang and fire-
wall communicate with the big stove, then gas gener-
ated by the fuel combustion in the stove goes through
kang and firewall then discharges after entering the
chimney . in addition, kang and firewall have a sepa- Figure 21. Traditional residential indoor temperature curve.
rate filler port, so one can use supplemental heating the results also show (fig. 21) that due to the heating
with filler port when not cooking. in response to fre- mode and envelope characteristics of rural housing,
quent extreme climate, in recent years, a lot of new fluctuations of indoor temperature is greatly influ-
housing uses heater and heated kang together. When enced by outdoor temperature. When the outdoor
the weather is coolish only kang heating is used, and temperature reaches -30 ℃, the indoor temperature is
when the weather turned colder, soil heating is also lowered to below 10 ℃, seriously affecting the indoor
used with kang heating (fig. 20). rural residential thermal comfort of village residents, which is consis-
heating energy consumption mainly comes from crop tent with the villagers’ subjective feelings we learned in
stalks and other biomass and coal , however, for kang the interview with villagers.
and small coal-fired furnaces, due to its structure and in addition, the degree of condensation of
the fire-blocking combustion limit, furnace heat , the traditional residential envelope and frost knot is
smoke , incomplete combustion heat losses are large, very serious at the four corners of the housing, due to
the heating efficiency is only 30% -40 % of which in long winter frost, the interior surface of the wall is
urban areas（Yuan Wenqian, 2006）, causing great moldy and long-haired, seriously affecting the use and
waste of energy. beauty of interior, and in winter living quality is poor.
through testing of traditional rural residential using infrared cameras to detect (fig. 22), in a three-
indoor thermal environmental in severe cold regions,
75

teng Shao, hong Jin, lihua Zhao
open house international vol.42 no.4, december 2017. Current Situation and improving Strategies for northeast China’s rural housings.
Figure 22. Surface infrared imaging map of traditional
rural housing (unit: ℃)（Jin H, Kang J, Jin Y M, Shao T,
2016）
dimensional angle of the envelope, the surface tem-
perature is significantly lower than the main walls,
mainly due to the poor performance of the building
envelope insulation, combined with intermittent heat-
ing mode so that the indoor temperature distribution is
uneven, leading to the inner wall surface temperature
is below the dew point temperature of the room air.
3.4.2 Improvement Strategies
for the existing problems of heating mode and the
indoor thermal environment, new forms of heating can
be introduced based on the inheritance of the tradi-
tional heating methods. Kang can create a comfort-
able micro thermal environment for its residents, so it
has been liked by the majority of farmers, but relying
solely on kang were difficult to meet the heating needs
of residential heating, and uneven distribution of
indoor temperature is likely to be caused, it is difficult
to meet the conditions of the requirements of residen-
tial thermal comfort in modern life. therefore, the
research group adds radiant floor heating mode in
new residential design practice, using the heating
mode of “kang + radiant floor heating "（Jin hong,
Chen Kai, Shao teng, Jin Yumeng, 2015）, making
kang work with radiant floor heating. tests showed
that the combined heating mode can create more uni-
form distribution of the indoor temperature, and
improve the comfort of the living environment (fig.23).
moreover, severe cold regions are rich in solar
energy resources, and in rural areas buildings are
Figure 23-24 . Kang combine with radiant heating（Jin Fig.24. Sun rooms in rural housing Hong, Chen Kai, Shao Teng, Jin
Yumeng, 2015.
76
without shelter, thus have good conditions for the use
of solar energy. in order to reduce the amount of com-
mercial energy use, according to the economic and
technological conditions in rural areas, passive solar
houses can be designed and built. Currently, there
were some villagers build the temporary sun room at
the south of the house in winter (fig.24), to form the
temperature damping region, in this way not only can
they get a lot of solar energy, but also reduce the heat
transferred capacity and cold air infiltration of exterior
walls, doors and windows.
4. Conclusions
through the systematic survey and testing analysis on
rural housing in severe cold areas, the present situa-
tion in terms of the functional layout, building enve-
lope, indoor thermal environment, heating modes is
grasped: (1) the plane layout lack of reasonable divi-
sion for function and thermal environment; (2) the
building envelope has poor thermal properties, most
of (73%) houses without thermal insulation measures,
leading to the building energy consumption up to 2-3
times of urban dwelling; (3) the indoor thermal envi-
ronment is poor, the intermittent heating system lead-
ing to the indoor temperature great fluctuations and
most of time the temperature below 12℃, unable to
satisfy the residents’ comfort requirement,
according to the existing problems, it put for-
ward the feasible energy-saving ways: (1) increasing
the building depth to form the “two-depth” plane lay-
out mode and "temperature buffer"; (2) adopting new
materials or reasonable structure to enhance the ther-
mal performance of building envelope and cut the
thermal bridge; (3) improve the heating system and
fully utilize solar energy.
in the construction of rural houses, all aspects
such as building design, construction measures, heat-
ing modes and construction technique etc. should be
taken into account, and also through the energy poli-
cy advocacy and demonstration house implementa-
tion, to improve the villagers’ awareness of energy
conservation, thus promote the construction of new
rural houses and the popularization of energy- saving
technologies.
acknowledgements
this paper is sponsored by the national natural
Science foundation of China (grant no. 51378136).
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author(s):

teng Shao*, hong Jin, lihua Zhao

Harbin Institute of Technology, NO.66 Xidazhi Street,

Nangang District, Harbin and 150001, China

77