‫اسالمی شریعت کے ماخذ‬

Sources of Islamic sharia

‫اجتہاد‬
Ijtehad
Primary Sources
• Quran
• Hadith
Secondary Sources
secondary sources of Islamic law
• Ijma
consensus ((‫ ا&جماع‬the exact nature of which bears no consensus itself; 
• Qiyas‫ق&&یاس‬
analogical reason; pure reason; seeking the public interest; juristic discretion;
the rulings of the first generation of Muslims

IJTEHAD IS BASED ON THESE TWO, as well as it can include certain other

factors.
 ‫اسالمی قانون کا سب سے پہال ماخذ قرآن مجید ہے۔‬
‫دوسرے ماخذ کی حیثیت حدیث و سنت کو حاصل ہے‪ ،‬تیسرا اجماع اور چوتھا‬
‫ماخذ قیاس ہے‬

‫اجماع وقیاس‪ ،‬درحقیقت‪ ،‬اجتہاد کی دو قسمیں ہیں‬

‫ایک مجتہد کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ وہ اجتہاد کرتے ہوئے مسائل ا ور دالئل‪ ،‬عامۃ الناس کی سہولت‬
‫اور بھالئی اور معاشرے کی رسوم و اقدار کو بھی ملحوظ رکھے۔ اجماع کی اس کے عالوہ کوئی‬
‫حیثیت نہیں کہ وہ فقہا کی متفقہ اجتہادی رائے ہے‪،‬معاشرے کا عرف اور عامۃالناس کی مصلحت کا‬
‫‪.‬لحاظ‪ ،‬درحقیقت‪ ،‬قابل عمل اور حقیقت پسندانہ قانون سازی میں محض مددگار کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔‬
‫اجماع‬
)‫ ابو داؤد‬،‫میری امت گمراہی پر جمع نہیں ہوگی (ترمذی‬
My followers will never agree upon an error or what is wrong.
(tirmizi, abu daud)
 Terminology
• Ijtihad ‫( ا&جتہاد‬striving to find something new, independent reasoning)
• Istihsan‫( ا&ستحسان‬to consider something good: expressing preference for
particular judgements in Islamic law over other possibilities. It is one of
the principles of legal thought underlying scholarly interpretation
or ijtihad.)
• Taqlid (to follow ‫ )ت&&&قلید‬the conformity of one person to the teaching of
another
‫استاد کی تعلیمات پر حرف بحرف چلنا‬/ ‫امام‬/
• Urf ) ‫ت رسم& و ر وا&ج‬ ،‫ ح&ا&&ال‬،&‫(موقع‬ ‫ع&رف‬
‫اجتہاد میں عرف کا اسالمی اصولوں سے مطابقت رکھنا ضروری ہے‬
the custom, or 'knowledge', of a given society
 ‫مقلد‬
‫جو تقلید کے راستے پر چلے وہ مقلد کہالتا ہے‬
person who performs taqlid is termed muqallid

‫مجتہد‬
‫جوشخص اجتہاد کرنے کے معیار پر پورا اترے مجتہد کہالتا ہے‬
• An Islamic scholar who is qualified to perform ijtihad is called
a mujtahid
 ‫\شرائط‬conditions for mujtahid
• Enough knowledge of Arabic so that the scholar can read and understand both the Qur'an and the
Sunnah.
• Extensive comprehensive knowledge of the Qur'an and the Sunnah. More specifically, the scholar
must have a full understanding of the Qur'an's legal contents. In regards to the Sunnah the scholar
must understand the specific texts that refer to law and also the incidence of abrogation in the
Sunnah.
• Must be able to confirm the consensus (Ijma) of the Companions, the Successors, and the leading
Imams and mujtahideen of the past, in order to prevent making decisions that disregard these
honored decisions made in the past.
• Should be able to fully understand the objectives of the sharia and be dedicated to the protection
of the Five Principles of Islam, which are life, religion, intellect, lineage, and property.
• Be able to distinguish strength and weakness in reasoning, or in other words exercise logic.
• Must be sincere and a good person
Procedure for ijma
• Conditions for the scholars for consensus must be met
• Consensus among all the scholars
• Consensus for the problem
• Consensus for the possible solutions
Procedure for ijtehad
• Mujtahid
• Status of all scholars as mujtahids… established and accepted
• Consensus on team of mujtahids
• Consensus on institution of ijtihad for the said issues
Ijtehad in present day
• Need of the hour
• Issues in medical science, war, technology etc
• Distant communications, implementation of several deeds
• Issues relating to finance, concepts of interest, fix deposits, debts,
banking etc