MODULE II - CONCRETE

OUTLINE OF TOPICS
► General Information and Control of
Concrete Materials
► Sampling and Testing of Fresh Concrete
Mixes
► Molding Test Specimens of Concrete
► Determination of Compressive and
Flexural Strength of Concrete
► Evaluation and Acceptance of Concrete
► Design of Concrete Mixtures
General Information
About Concrete
Definition of Concrete:

Concrete is the finished product

of mixing aggregates with cement
and water together with the necessary
manipulations of placing and
observing curing requirements.
Composition of Concrete:

1. Paste
a. Cement
b. Water
2. Mineral Aggregate
a. Coarse Aggregate
b. Fine Aggregate
Composition by Volume:

1. 7 - 14% cement
2. 15 – 20% water
3. 66 – 78% aggregate
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF CONCRETE

1. Workability
2. Strength
3. Durability
4. Impermeability
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF CONCRETE

1. Workability – defined as the ease in

placing concrete without segregation
into the final position where it is allowed
to harden.
► degree of workability is dependent on the
type of construction and the methods of
handling and placing concrete
► water function
► grading and maximum size of aggregates
Measuring Workability:

There is no accurate method or

instrument to measure workability.
The method commonly used is the
slump test.
2. Strength – capability to withstand loads,
minimum strength requirements for
compression, flexure, shear and bond of
intended use.

►Strength of concrete is principally dependent

on the water-cement ratio.

►The strength of concrete continues to

increase with age as long as it is protected
from drying.
3. Durability – durability of concrete is
important to be able to withstand
deterioration due to weathering action.

► After construction, durability of

concrete decrease with time due to
physical, chemical reaction and
internal factors.

► Durability is also a function of the

water-cement ratio.
4. Impermeability – Imperviousness is
an essential requirement of concrete
exposed to the weather.

► Concrete that does not leak is made by

causing a small amount of water and curing
it well for a long period.

► With less water used in the mixing, the

concrete product can be made dense which
contributes to water tightness.
FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTION
OF HIGH QUALITY CONCRETE

1. Quality of Paste
2. Quality of Aggregates
3. Proper Handling and Placing
4. Proper Curing
FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTION
OF HIGH QUALITY CONCRETE

1. Quality of Paste – The quality of

concrete is largely dependent upon the
quality of the paste which is water and
cement that binds the aggregate
particles into a solid mass. Therefore, a
proper proportion of the water to
cement known as the water-cement
ratio is essential for successful results.
KINDS AND TYPES
OF
CEMENT
IN THE PHILIPPINES
 KIND OF HOW TO
CEMENT
TYPE IDENTIFY INTENDED USE OR APPLICATION
One color bond For general concrete construction use when the special properties specified for any
T–I RED COLOR other type are not required

For general concrete construction, Moderate Sulfate resistance or moderate heat of

T - II n/a hydration cement
PORTLAND
CEMENT T - III n/a For general concrete construction, High early strength cement

T - IV n/a For general concrete construction, Low heat of hydration cement

T-V n/a For general concrete construction, High sulfate resistance cement

White Portland For general construction use when the special properties specified for any other type
T-I n/a
are not required
Cement

BLENDED CEMENT
Three color bands For general concrete construction use, Moderate sulfate resistant and moderate heat
T – IP BRIGHT YELLOW of hydration cement

Two color bands For general concrete construction use when special characteristics attributed to the
Portland - larger quantities of pozzolan in the portland-pozzolan cement are not required.
T – I(PM) BRIGHT YELLOW
Pozzolan
One color band For general concrete construction use not requiring high early strength, sulfate
T-P BRIGHT YELLOW resistant, Low Heat of hydration cement

Portland Blast- Two color bands For general concrete construction, Moderate sulfate resistant and moderate heat of
T - IS hydration cement
furnace Slag BLUE COLOR

One color band For general concrete construction not requiring high early strength, sulfate resistant,
SLAG CEMENT T–S BLUE COLOR Low Heat of hydration cement
Cement

Cement will retain its quality indefinitely if it

does not come in contact with moisture.
Proper storage of cement at jobsite must
satisfy the following:

1. Warehouse or shed should be airtight as

possible. No opening between walls and
roof should be tolerated.

2. Flooring of shed should be well above

ground.
3. Cement sacks should be stacked
close together to reduce circulation
of air but should not be stacked
against outside walls.

4. Warehouse doors and windows

should be kept closed.
Water

Generally, water that is suitable for

drinking is satisfactory for use in
concrete. Water from lakes and
streams that contains marine life
usually is suitable. No sampling is
necessary when water is obtained from
sources mentioned above.
When it is suspected that water may
contain sewage, mine water, or wastes
from industrial plants or canneries, it
should not be used in concrete unless
tests indicate that it is satisfactory.
Water from such sources should be
avoided since the quality of the water
could change due to low water or by
intermittent discharge of harmful wastes
into the stream.
Chemical Admixture for Concrete

Approved set-retarding or water-reducing

and set retarding admixtures are
permitted in order to increase the
workability of the concrete.
 Chemical Admixtures as defined by
AASHTO M 194 are as follows:

Type A - Accelerating
Type B - Retarding
Type C – Water reducing
Type D - Water reducing High Range
Type E - Water reducing and Accelerating
Type F - Water reducing and Retarding
Type G - Water reducing High Range and
Retarding
2. Quality of Aggregates – Since the
aggregate constitute a large part of the
concrete ,equal importance should be
undertaken as that of the quality of the
paste.
Utmost care in their selection
concerning qualities such as: a) good
quality; b) strength; c) durability and d)
freedom from injurious materials.
Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregate (sand) must be

approved prior to use and meet the
requirements of the specifications. Fine
aggregate consists of relatively small
particles and does not tend to separate
as much as coarse aggregate.
Therefore, segregation generally is not
a problem with the fine aggregate
unless extremely careless methods of
handling are employed.
 Specifications for Fine Aggregate
- It shall consist of natural sand, stone screenings or
other inert materials with similar characteristics, or
combinations thereof, having hard, strong and
durable particles. Fine aggregate from different
sources of supply shall not be mixed or stored in
the same pile nor used alternately in the same
class of concrete without the approval of the
Engineer.

- It shall not contain more than three (3) mass percent

of material passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200 sieve)
by washing nor more than one (1) mass percent
each of clay lumps or shale. The use of beach
sand will not be allowed without the approval of the
Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregate

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

9.5 mm (3/8 in) 100

4.75 mm (No. 4) 95 – 100

2.36 mm (No. 8) -

1.18 mm (No. 16) 45 – 80

0.600 mm (No. 30) -

0.300 mm (No. 50) 5 – 30

0.150 mm (No. 100) 0 – 10

Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregate is a graded material

consisting of a combination of various
particle sizes that require extreme care
when handling to prevent the smaller
particles from separating from the larger
ones. The separation that may occur
during handling is known as
segregation.
If aggregate is dropped from a bucket or belt
and allowed to form a cone-shaped stockpile,
or if it is pushed over the edge of a stockpile,
the larger particles roll to the bottom outside
edge of the pile. The smaller particles have
less tendency to roll because of their small
size and weight and remain nearer to the
center. This results in a segregated
stockpile. Non-uniformity results when such
material is withdrawn for use in concrete and
difficulty is encountered in controlling the
water, slump, and yield of the resultant
concrete.
Specifications for Coarse Aggregates

It shall consist of crushed stone, gravel, blast

furnace slag, or other approved inert materials of
similar characteristics, or combinations thereof,
having hard, strong, durable pieces and free from
any adherent coatings.

It shall contain not more than one (1) mass percent of

material passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve, not
more than 0.25 mass percent of clay lumps, nor
more than 3.5 mass percent of soft fragments.
If the coarse aggregate is subjected to five (5)
cycles of the sodium sulfate soundness test, the
weighted loss shall not exceed 12 mass percent.

It shall have a mass percent of wear not exceeding

40 when tested by AASHTO T 96.

If the slag is used, its density shall not be less than

1120 kg/m3 (70 lb./cu. ft.). The gradation of the
coarse aggregate shall conform to Table 311.2.
The gradation of the coarse aggregate shall conform
to Table 311.2 for Item 311.
Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing
Standard Alternate Grading Grading Grading
Mm U. S. A B C
Standard
75.00 3 in. 100 - -
63.00 2-1/2 in. 90-100 100 100
50.00 2 in. - 90-100 95-100
37.5 1-1/2 in. 25-60 35-70 -
25.0 1 in. - 0-15 35-70
19.0 ¾ in. 0-10 - -
12.5 ½ in. 0-5 0-5 10-30
4.75 No. 4 - - 0-5
The gradation of the coarse aggregate shall conform
to Table 405.1 for Item 405.

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

Standard Alternate Class Class Class Class Class

Mm US A B C P Seal
Standard
63 2-1/2” 100 100 100 100 100
50 2” 95 – 100 95 – 100 90 – 100 95 – 100 95 – 100
37.5 1-1/2” - - 40 – 70 - -
25 1” 35 – 70 35 – 70 0 – 15* 20 – 55 25 – 60
19.0 ¾” - - 0 – 10* -
12.5 ½” 10 – 30 10 – 30 0 – 10*
9.5 3/8” 0-5 -
4.75 No.4 0-5
3. Proper Handling and Placing –
The proper methods of handling and
placing the fresh concrete contributes
to the production of quality concrete.
Segregation of the coarse aggregate
and improper tamping in placing the
concrete into final position are factors
contributing to weak concrete.
Concrete shall not be dropped more
than 1.5 m.
Concrete shall be placed as near as
possible to its final position to prevent
segregation.
Excess water that may accumulate on
the top layer of a deep pour should be
removed carefully.
Vibration shall be of sufficient duration
to provide thorough compaction, but not
prolonged as to cause segregation.
4. Proper Curing – Equally important to be
considered in the production of quality
concrete is proper curing.
Neglect in the matter of proper curing
especially within the first 72 hours after
concrete is placed will impair the
increase in strength, and the loss of
strength suffered within this period can in
no way be recovered.
 Curing is a serious phase of any
concrete job, especially in hot weather
concreting. Curing is the process of
maintaining a satisfactory moisture
content and a favorable temperature in
concrete during the period immediately
following final placement so that hydration
of the cement may continue until the
desired properties are developed to a
sufficient degree.
The curing shall be one or more of the
following:

Water Method – The concrete shall be kept

continuously wet for a minimum of 7 days.
Curing Compound-The compound shall be
applied with a pressure spray to cover concrete
with a uniform film.
Waterproof Membrane Method-Curing
membrane of waterproof paper or plastic
sheeting shall remain in place for not less than
72 hours.
 Water method can be done by a
number of ways like the application of
water to counteract evaporation, such as
ponding, sprinkling, spraying or applying
wet burlap,wet earth, sand, sawdust or
straw. Extra care must be taken to
prevent evaporation from the green
concrete during hot weather construction.
 CLASSES OF CONCRETE
USE IN STRUCTURES
Concrete can be made with wide
variations in quality.
Standard Specifications include
several classes of concrete which are
selected on the basis of intended use:
1. Class A
2. Class B
3. Class C
4. Class P
5. Class Seal
Class A : All superstructures and
heavily reinforced substructures.
The important parts of the structures
included are slabs, beams, girders,
columns, arch ribs, box culverts,
reinforced abutments, retaining walls
and reinforced footings and large
diameter cast-in-place reinforced
concrete piles (bored piles).
 Class B : Footings, pedestals, massive
pier shafts, pipe bedding, and gravity
walls, unreinforced or with a small
amount of reinforcement.

Class C : Thin reinforced sections,

railings, precast R.C. piles and cribbing
and for filler in steel grid floors.
Class P : Prestressed concrete
structures and members.

 Seal : Concrete deposited in water.

Composition and Strength of Concrete for Use in Structures
Minimum
Minimum Maximum Consistency Designated Size of Compressive
Class Cement Water/Cement Range in Coarse Aggregate Strength of
Content per Ratio Slump Square Opening 150x300 mm
Of m3 concrete
cylinder
Concrete specimen at
Kg Kg/kg mm mm 28 days,
(bag*) (inch) (U.S. Standard) MN/m2
(psi)

360 50 – 100 37.5 – 4.75 20.7

A (9 bags) 0.53 (2 – 4) (1 ½” – No. 4) (3000)

320 50 – 100 50 – 4.75 16.5

B (8 bags) 0.58 (2 – 4) (2” – No. 4) (2400)

380 50 – 100 12.5 – 4.75 20.7

C (9.5 bags) 0.55 (2 – 4) (1/2” – No. 4) (3000)

440 100 max. 19.0 – 4.75 37.7

P (11 bags) 0.49 (4 max.) (3/4” – No. 4) (5000)

380 100 – 200 25 – 4.75 20.7

Seal (9.5 bags) 0.58 (4 – 8) (1” – No. 4) (3000)

* Based on 40 kg/bag
SAMPLING AND TESTING OF
FRESH CONCRETE MIXES
1. Sampling Fresh Concrete
2. Slump Test For Consistency
of Portland Cement Concrete
3. Unit Weight and Yield of
Concrete
4. Making and Curing Test
Specimens in the Field
SAMPLING FRESH CONCRETE
 Standard Method of
SAMPLING FRESH CONCRETE
AASHTO Designation: T 141-74
(ASTM Designation: C 172-71)
1. SCOPE

This method describes the procedures for

obtaining representative samples of fresh concrete
as delivered to the project site and on which tests
are to be performed to determine compliance with
quality requirements of the specifications under
which the concrete is furnished. The method
includes sampling from stationary, paving and truck
mixers, and from agitating and non-agitating
equipment used to transport central mixed
concrete.
2. SAMPLING

The elapsed time between obtaining the first and

final portions of the composite samples shall be a
short as possible, but in no instance shall it
exceed 15 minutes.

Transport the individual samples to the place

where fresh concrete test are to be performed or
where specimens are to be molded. They shall
then be combined and remixed with a shovel to
ensure uniformity.
3. PROCEDURE

a. Sampling from Stationary Mixers, Except

Paving Mixers – Sample the concrete at two or
more regularly spaced intervals during
discharge of the middle portion of the batch.
Take the samples within the time limit of 15
minutes and composite them into one sample
for test purposes. Do not obtain samples from
the very first or last portions of the batch
discharge. Perform sampling by passing a
receptacle completely through the discharge
stream or by completely diverting the discharge
into a sample container.
b. Sampling from Paving Mixers – Sample the
concrete after the contents of the paving mixer have
been discharge. Obtain samples from at least five
different portions of the pile and then composite into
one sample for test purposes. Avoid contamination
with subgrade materials or prolong contact with an
absorptive subgrade.
c. Sampling from Revolving Drum/Truck Mixers or
Agitators – Sample the concrete at two or more
regularly spaced intervals during discharge of the
middle portion of the batch. Take the samples
within the time limit specified for sampling fresh
concrete and composite them into one sample for
test purposes. In any case do not obtain samples
from the first or last portions of the batch
discharge. Sample by repeatedly passing a
receptacle through the entire discharge stream or
by completely diverting the discharge into a
sample container. Regulate the rate of discharge
of the batch by the rate of revolution of the drum
and not by the size of the gate opening.
SLUMP TEST FOR CONSISTENCY
OF PORTLAND CONCRETE
 Standard Method of Test
SLUMP TEST FOR CONSISTENCY OF PORTLAND
CONCRETE
AASHTO Designation: T 119-74
(ASTM Designation: C 143-74)

Apparatus:

1. Galvanized Mold, No. 16 gage (Frustum of Cone

with a base diameter of 8 in., to diameter of 4 in.
and height of 12 in.)
2. Scoop
3. Trowel
4. Tamping Rod (5/8” diam., length of 24 in. with one
end bullet-pointed at the lower end)
 SLUMP TEST FOR CONSISTENCY
OF PORTLAND CONCRETE

Apparatus:
Procedure:

1. Dampen the mold and place on a flat, moist non-

absorbent surface.

2. Fill the mold with concrete in three layers, each

approximately one-third the volume of the mold. In
placing the concrete, move the scoop-full around
top edge of the mold as the concrete slides from
it, in order to insure symmetrical distribution of
concrete within the mold.
3. Each layer should be rodded with 25 strokes of a
5/8” diameter rod having a length of 24 in. and
bullet pointed at the lower end. The strokes
should be distributed in a uniform manner over
the cross-section of the mold and should
penetrate into the underlying layer by ½ inch.

4. After the top layer has been rodded, strike off the
the surface of the concrete with a trowel so that
the mold is exactly filled.
5. Remove the mold from the concrete by raising it
carefully in a vertical direction, then measure
immediately the slump by determining the difference
between the height of the mold and the height of the
concrete:

Slump = 12” – height of concrete after its subsidence

6. After the slump measurement is completed, tap

gently the sides of the concrete frustum with the
tamping rod. A well proportioned workable mix will
gradually slump to lower elevation and retain its
original identity, while a poor mix will crumble,
segregate and fall apart.
Slump Test
Slump is a measure of the workability of the
concrete. This test is done at the point of placement.

Slump is controlled by the amount of water that is

batched into the concrete. Slump is increased as
water is added to a batch of concrete. There are
chemical admixtures (Water reducing) that can
increase the slump chemically, without the
addition of extra water.
 UNIT WEIGHT AND
YIELD OF CONCRETE
 UNIT WEIGHT AND YIELD OF CONCRETE
AASHTO DESIGNATION: T 121-82
ASTM DESIGNATION: C 138-7

I. APPARATUS
1. Balance
2. Tamping Rod
3. Measure – a cylindrical container made from
metal that is not readily attacked by cement
paste
- watertight and sufficiently rigid to
retain its forms and calibrated volume under
rough used.
4. Strike-off – a flat rectangular plate
5. Mallet – with rubber or rawhide head
UNIT WEIGHT AND YIELD OF CONCRETE

Unit weight measure

II. SAMPLE

Obtain the sample of freshly mixed concrete in

accordance with the Standard Sampling of Fresh
Concrete.

III. PROCEDURE

1. Consolidation – consolidate by rodding for

concrete having a slump greater than 75 mm, by
rodding or vibration if the slump is 25 to 75 mm,
and by vibration if the slump is less than 25 mm.
2. Rodding ►place the concrete in the measure in
three layers of approximately equal volume.
► rod the bottom layer throughout its depth but
the rod shall not forcibly strike the bottom of the
measure.
► distribute the strokes uniformly over the cross
section of the measure and for the top two
layers, penetrate about 25 mm into the
underlying layer.
► after each layer is rodded, tap the sides of the
measure smartly 10 to 15 times with the
appropriate mallet.
► add final layer so as to avoid overfilling.
► 25 strokes if the measure used is 14 liters or
smaller in capacity.
► 50 strokes for 28-liter measure
3. Internal Vibration

► fill and vibrate in two equal layers

► insert vibrator at three different points for each
layer
► in compacting the bottom layer, do not allow
the vibrator to rest on or touch the bottom or
sides of the measure
► in compacting the final layer, the vibrator
shall penetrate into the underlying layer
approximately 25 mm
► the duration of the vibrator will depend upon
the workability of the concrete and effectiveness
of the vibrator
4. Strike-Off
► after consolidation, strike-off the top surface of the
concrete and finish it smoothly with the flat strike-off
plate
5. Cleaning and Weighing
► after stike-off, clean all excess concrete from the
exterior of the measure and determine the net
mass of the concrete.

6. Calculation
Unit Weight = Net Mass of Concrete x Calibration Factor of
Measure
Yield = Total Mass of Batch / Unit Weight of Concrete
Cement Content = Mass of Cement in the Batch / Volume of
Batch
MAKING AND CURING CONCRETE
TEST SPECIMENS IN THE FIELD

Cylinder Samples Beam Samples

 MAKING AND CURING CONCRETE TEST
SPECIMENS IN THE FIELD
AASHTO Designation: T 23
(ASTM Designation: C 31)

A. COMPRESSION TEST SPECIMENS

1. Size of Specimens

Diameter = 3 x maximum nominal

size of aggregate
Height = 2 X diameter
2. Molding ► fill mold in 3 layers of approximately
equal volume
► rod each layer with a bullet-shaped tamping rod
at the lower end
► the strokes shall be distributed uniformly over
the cross-section of the mold and shall just
penetrate into the underlying layer
► the bottom layer shall be rodded throughout its
depth
► tap the side of the mold to close the voids left by
the tamping rod
► after the top layer has been rodded, the surface
of the concrete shall be struck off with a trowel
and covered with a glass or metal plate to
prevent evaporation.
Molding Concrete
Cylinder Specimens
 No. of Roddings per layer/Rod Diameter

Cylinder Dia., mm(in,) Rod Dia., mm(in.) No. of Strokes/layer

100(4) 10 (3/8) 25

150(6) 16 (5/8) 25

200(8) 16 (5/8) 50

250(10) 16 (5/8) 75
 No. of Layers Required

Ht. of Cylinder Mode of Compaction No. of Layers Approx. Depth of

mm, (in.) layer, mm (in.)

Up to 300 (12) rodding 3 equal -

Over 300 (12) -do- As required 100 (4)

300 (12) – 460 (18) vibration 2 equal Half depth

Over 460 (18) -do- 3 or more 200 (8) as near as

practicable

Consolidation by vibrator – use 3 insertions of the vibrator at different

points for each layer
- allow the vibration to penetrate through layer being vibrated, and
into the layer below, approximately 25 mm (1 inch)
3. Curing ► after molding, cover top with wet burlap
and store in a cold place
► remove from mold after 24 hours and soak in
water
► tests specimens shall be sent to the laboratory
not more than 7 days prior to the time of test
(tests specimens shall be kept in the field at
least three-fourths of the test period)
► while in the laboratory the specimens shall be
kept at laboratory temperature until 24 to 48
hours before testing
GENERAL RULES:

1. Take samples from at least three parts of the load

2. Use only non-absorptive molds
3. Fill mold in three equal layers, rod each layer 25
times with a spherical-nose rod
4. Let cylinders stand undisturbed from 12 to 24
hours, with tops covered at temperatures
between60° and 80° F (20° - 26°C)
5. Pack cylinders carefully in sawdust and ship to
laboratory for testing.
B. FLEXURE TEST SPECIMENS
 B. FLEXURE TEST SPECIMENS

1. Size of Sample

Depth = 3 x maximum nominal size of aggregate

Width = depth, or may be wider by not more than half
Length = 3 x depth + 2 inches or more
2. Molding ► fill mold with concrete in layers of
approximately 75 mm ( 3 inches) in depth
► rod each layer 50 times for each square foot
( or 1stroke for each 2 square inches)
► the top layer shall slightly overfill the mold
► after each layer is rodded, the concrete shall
be spaded along the sides and ends with a
mason’s trowel or other suitable tools
► when the rodding and spading operations are
completed, the top shall be struck off with a
straightedge and finished with a wood float
 Rod Size and No. of Strokes per Layer

Top surface area of Rod dia., mm (in.) No. of Strokes/layer

specimen, sq.cm. (sq.in.)

160 (25) or less 10 (3/8) 25

165 – 310 (26 – 49) 10 (3/8) 1 for each 7 sq.cm.

(1 sq.in.) of surface

310 (50) or more 16 (5/8) 1 for each 14 sq.cm

(2 sq.in.) of surface
 No. of Layers
Depth, mm (in.) Mode of No. of Layers Approx. Depth per
Compaction layer, mm (in.)

150 – 200 (6 – 8) rodding 2 equal half depth

over 200 (8) -do- 3 or more 100 (4)

150 – 200 (6 – 8) vibration 1 depth of sample

over 200 (8) -do- 2 or more 200 (8) or as near

as practicable
Various Sizes of Cylinder and Beam Molds
Sampling

► A set of 3 cylinder samples for structural

concrete or a set of 3 beam samples for
paving concrete shall be obtained for each
day of concreting operations.

► A set shall represent 75 cu.m. or fraction

thereof for each class of concrete.
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE SPECIMEN

I. APPARATUS

1. Compression Testing Machine – of sufficient

capacity capable of providing a rate of loading
of 0.05 in. (1.3mm) / min. or 20 to 50
psi/second (0.14 to 0.34 MPa per second).

2. Capping material and facilities

III. PROCEDURE

1. After removal from the curing room, cap the specimen

as soon as practicable with the melted capping
compound to distribute the applied load uniformly during
the test.

2. Determine the diameter of the test specimen to the

nearest 0.01 in (0.25mm) measured at right angles to
each other at about midheight of the specimen. This
average diameter will be used to calculate the cross
sectional area of the specimen.

3. Place the specimen at the table of the compression

tester directly under the upper bearing block.
4. Apply the load
continuously at a rate of
travel of approximately
0.05 in/min or 20 to 50
psi/sec. until the
specimen fails.

5. Record the maximum

load carried by the
specimen during the test.
IV. CALCULATION

Maximum Load, lbs.

Compressive Strength, psi = ---------------------------------
Cross Sectional Area, in2
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
( Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading )

I. APPARATUS

1. Flexure Testing Machine

II. PROCEDURE

1. Measure the average depth of the test

specimen.

2. Adjust the test span of the tester such that it is

three (3) times the average depth of the test
specimen.
3. Place the specimen on the support blocks
of the tester.

4. Apply the load rapidly up to approximately

50 percent of the expected load
continuously at a rate between 125 and
175 psi (861 and 1207 KPa) per minute until
rupture occurs.

5. Record the maximum load carried by the

specimen during the test.
> 5%L
II. CALCULATIONS
1. If the fracture initiates in the tension surface
within the middle third of the span length, calculate the
modulus of rupture as follows:
 1. If the fracture initiates in the tension surface
within the middle third of the span length, calculate the
modulus of rupture as follows:

PL
R = -------------
bd2

Where: R = modulus of rupture, psi, (or KPa)

P = maximum applied load, lbf, (or N)
L = span length, in., (or mm)
b = average width of specimen, in., (or mm)
d = average depth of specimen, in., (or mm)
2. If the fracture occurs in the tension outside of the
middle third of the span length by not more than 5
percent of the span length, calculate the modulus of
rupture as follows:

< 5%L

a
2. If the fracture occurs in the tension outside of the
middle third of the span length by not more than 5
percent of the span length, calculate the modulus of
rupture as follows:
3Pa
R = -------------
bd2
Where: a = average distance between line of fracture
and the nearest support measured on the tension
surface of the beam, in., (or mm)
3. If fracture occurs in the tension surface outside the
middle third of the span length by more than 5
percent of the span length, discard the results of the
test.

> 5%L
EVALUATION AND ACCEPTANCE OF CONCRETE

1. The strength level of the concrete

will be considered satisfactory if the
averages of all sets of three (3)
consecutive strength test results
equal or exceed the specified
strength, fc’ and no individual
strength test result is deficient by
more than 15% of the specified
strength, fc’.
2. Concrete deemed to be not acceptable using the
above criteria may be rejected unless the
Contractor can provide evidence by means of
core tests, that the quality of concrete
represented by failed test results is acceptable in
place. At least three (3) representative cores
shall be taken from each member or area of
concrete in place that is considered deficient. The
location of cores shall be determined by the
Engineer so that there will be least impairment of
strength of the structure.
3. Concrete in the area represented by
the cores will be considered
adequate if the average strength of
the cores is equal to at least 85% of
and if no single core is less than
75% of the specified strength, fc’.
4. If the strength of control specimens
does not meet the requirements, and
it is not feasible or not advisable to
obtain cores from the structure due to
structural considerations, payment of
the concrete will be made at an
adjusted price due to strength
deficiency of concrete specimens as
follows.
Deficiency in Strength of Percent (%) of Contract
Concrete Specimens, Price Allowed
Percent (%)

Less than 5 100

5 to less than 10 80
10 to less than 15 70
15 to less than 20 60
20 to less than 25 50
25 or more 0
DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIXTURES
 The design of a concrete mixture is
the determination of the relative
proportions of cement, fine aggregate,
coarse aggregate and water. The
concrete mixture shall be designed to
give the most economical and practical
combination of the materials that will
produce the desired workability, strength
and durability.
Based on mix having a water-cement
ratio of 0.57 by weight of 22.8 kg. per bag
of cement (22.8 L/bag of cement), 75.0
mm slump and natural sand having a
Fineness Modulus of 2.75.
 TABLE V
APPROXIMATE SAND AND WATER CONTENTS PER CUBIC METER OF CONCRETE

Rounded Coarse Aggregate Angular Coarse Aggregate

Maximum Sand Net Water Content Sand Net Water Content

size of per cu.m. per cu.m.
Aggregate % of Total % of Total
Agg. by Agg. by
mm (inch) Absolute Kg. Liters Absolute Kg. Liters
Vol., cu.m. Vol., cu.m.

12.5 (1/2) 51 199 199 56 214 214

19.0 (3/4) 46 184 184 51 199 199

25.0 (1) 41 178 178 46 192 192

37.5 (1 ½) 37 166 166 42 181 181

50.0 (2) 34 157 157 39 172 172

75.0 (3) 31 148 148 36 163 163

150.0 (3) 26 131 131 31 146 146

Based on mix having a water-cement ratio of 0.57 by weight of 22.8 kg. per bag of cement, 75.0 mm slump and natural sand having F.M. of 2.75.
 Adjustments of Table V for Other Conditions

Effect on Values in Table V

Changes in Conditions
Stipulated in Table V Percent Sand Net Water Content

Each 0.05 increase or decrease in

water-cement ratio ±1 0

Each 0.1 increase or decrease in

Fineness Modulus of sand ± 1/2 0

Each 25 mm increase or decrease

in slump 0 ± 3%

Manufactured Sand +3 + 8.9 kg.

For less workable concrete as

pavement - 3 - 4.7 kg.
Illustrative Example :

Structural Concrete Mix Design

Illustrative Example:

Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

Mix Design
Corrected Batch Weights Due to
Changes in Moisture Content of
Aggregates
Corrected Weights:

Supposing MC of FA = 6.1 and MC of CA = 2.45

When M.C. is greater than Absorption, there is Free Water

Corrected wt. = Uncorrected Wt. x (1+ (MC-Absorption)/100 )

Corrected Wt. of F.A. = 75.80 ( 1+(6.1-2.71)/100)

= 78.37 Kg.
Corrected Wt. of C.A. = 139.50 ( 1+(2.45-1.34)/100)
= 141.05 Kg.
Corrected Wt. of Water = ( 75.80 + 139.50 + 17.44) – (78.37 +
141.05)
= 13.32 Kg.
Preparation of Trial Mix
Materials for Three Cylinders:

Volume required = 0.0212 cu.m.

Cement = (0.0212/0.11111) x 40 = 7.63 Kg.

F.A. = (0.0212/0.11111) x 78.37 = 14.95 Kg.
C.A. = (0.0212/0.11111) x 141.05 = 26.91 Kg.
Water = (0.0212/0.1111) x 13.32 = 2.54 Kg.
Thank You!!!