TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DAN KOMUNIKASI

BAB 2

TECHNOLOGY
Content

• technological determinism versus technology

as the outcome of various individual and
social decisions;
• negative and positive social effects of
technology;
• technology push and pull.
 TECHNOLOGY IN CONTEXT
 distinction between technological determinism and
approaches based on the social decision-making process
surrounding technology, there are some approaches that
emphasize the positive effects of technology, the
contributions of technology to a more pleasant life, whereas
others focus on the negative aspects, not only in terms of
information overload, stress and the need to keep up.
TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
 Trends at a fundamental technological level determine what
computer manufacturers, network providers, software
developers and application designers can offer.
 Several list of technology trends : digitization, increased
processing capacity of computer chips, Miniaturization and
reduced use of energy, Increased technical integration, etc
 The general trend in ICT is that technology is becoming
‘smaller, faster, smarter, more natural, safer, and cheaper
CONVERGENCE
From calculator to Internet

since the end of the nineteenth century (after van

den Ende, 1998a):
• The (re)production and storage of documents.
• Accounting, calculations and data processing
• Communication.
Convergence

 From back office to front office

The final phase of this development is illustrated by the fact

that the internal automation (back office) is increasingly
connected to communication (front office) between
organizations and their environment: partners, suppliers,
customers, and so on.
LAYER MODEL
Traditional division between network
Current layer model
ICT IN ORGANIZATIONS
 End-user services
Applications and services can be divided on the basis of
functionality: consulting information, communicating with others or exchanging information to
support certain processes, often transaction processes and applications
that are integrated into elements of information, communication and registration services.

 Information services
financial information, economic information, legal information, scientific
information, government information; general news, educational information
 Communication services
There are various forms of communication services and applications that are relevant
to organizations. An important distinction that can be drawn in this respect is between
synchronous and asynchronous applications.
 Transaction or registration services

Transaction and registration services are becoming more and more important for organiations,
businesses and governments in dealing with their stakeholders.

Internal registration services can focus on technology as well as on business

processes. Technology-oriented registration services include, for example, monitoring the
occupation levels of the company network, checking the online presence and
performance of individuals and/or various technical systems and so on.

External registration services in particular have to do with the interaction

between the organization and the market, with various parties in its vicinity. It can also be
information that is collected for customer relation management (CRM).
Integrated applications
 Applications and services are increasingly merging into
information, communication and registration services.
They offer the possibility to consult information, and in
many cases to conduct transactions, for example on
websites or information kiosks in banks.
 computer-supported collaborative work (CSCW) and
group decision support system (GDSS).
 Intranet can be defined as a local (closed) version of the
Internet for organizations (Bouwman, 1998).
Developments at the level of services

 Information services are developing from speechoriented

towards image-oriented systems that facilitate person-to-
person communication as well as person-to-multiple-
persons communication.
Pertanyaan
)
(pengumpulan jawaban sebagai indikator kehadiran

 Jelaskan perbedaan “techonolgy determinism” dan

pendekatan pada proses pembuatan keputusan social!

 Berikan contoh pada teknologi aplikasi terintegrasi dan

jelaskan secara singkat kegunaan dan manfaatnya!