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Lhuillier V British Airways
Lhuillier V British Airways
Lhuillier V British Airways
Warsaw Convention, the case should have been filed either in London or in Rome. Reference was made to the case of
Santos v. Northwest which had similar factual considerations. The Warsaw Convention was bind ing since the Philippines
was a signatory, and as such, as bound to follow the stipulations of the convention under the pacta sunt servanda rule.
Lhuillier brought the ca
case
se before the SC on a p pure
ure question of law
Ratio/Issues
I. Whether the Warsaw Conventio n Applies (YE
(YES)
S)
(1) The applicability of the Warsaw Convention was decided in the casecase of Santos III v. Northwest. There, the Court held
that the Philippines was a party to the Convention which was concurred in by the Senate on May 16, 1950, signed by
then President Quirino on October 13, and took
t ook effect on February 9, 1951. President Magsaysay later issued a
proclamation affirming the country’s formal adherence to the convention.
(2) Under Article 1 of the convention2; the convention applies to international carriage, which is
i s defined in the same
article. There is international carriage when the place of departure and the destination are situated in the territories of
the High Contracting Parties.
(3) In this case, the destina
destination
tion was Rome, and the place of departure
departure was London. Both Italy and the Un United
ited Kingdom
are signatories to the Warsaw Convention and are considered High Contracting Parties. Thus the fflight light Edna Lhuillier
was on was considered international carriage, as governed by the Warsaw
W arsaw Convention
II. Whether Philipp ine Courts have Juri sdict ion over Edna s complaint (NO)
’
(1) Applying the Warsaw Convention, Philippine courts would not have jurisdiction over Edna’s complaint. Article 28(1)
provides for the places where an action for damages under the convention can arise:
(1) The ccourt
ourt where the ca
carrier
rrier is domiciled;
(2) The court where the carrier has its principal place of business;
(3) The court where the carrier has an establishment by which the contract has been made; or
(4) The ccourt
ourt of the place
place o
off destination
(2) British Airways is a company domiciled in Lond London,
on, where it also does its business.
business. Thus under the firs
firstt two rules under
Article 28(1), an action may be brought in London. The ticket was bought through Jeepney Travel S.A.S in Rome,
which also happened to be Edna ’s destination. Thus under the last two jurisdictional rules, the case could be brought
in Rome.
(3) The Makati RTC, therefore, correctly ruled that that it had no jurisdiction ov
over
er the case
1
An action for damages must be brought, at the option of the plaintiff, in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, either before the C ourt having
jurisdiction where the carrier is ordinaril
ordinarily
y resident, or has his principal place
place of business, or has an establishment
establishment by which the contract has been made or before the
Court having jurisdiction at the place of destination.
2
1. This Convention applies to all international carriage of persons, luggage or goods performed by aircraft for reward. It applies equally to gratuitous carriage by
aircraft performed by an air transport undertaking.
2. For the purposes of this Convention the expression "international carriage"
carriage" means any carriage in which, according to the contract made by the parties, the place
of departure and the place of destination, whether or not there be a break in the carriage or a transhipment, are situated either within the territories of two High
Contracting Parties, or within the territory of a single High Contracting Party, if there is an agreed stopping place within a territory subject to the sovereignty,
suzerainty, mandate or authority of another Power, even though that Power is not a party to this Convention. A carriage without such an agreed stopping place
between territories
territories subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate or authority of the same High Contracting Party is not deemed to be international for the
purposes of this Convention.
(2) In Santos, the Court held that Philippine courts had no jurisdiction over an action for damages filed against Northwest
Orient Airlines for a flight with San Francisco as a final destination. (San Francisco-Tokyo-Manila-Tokyo-San
Francisco). The airline was domiciled and did business in San Francisco, where Santos also bought the ticket, thus
the Court ruled that applying the jurisdictional rules, the action should be brought in San Francisco.
Fra ncisco.
(3) The Court also rea reaffirmed
ffirmed the jurisdictional character of Art. 28(1) as stated in Santos3. Jurisdiction takes on a dual
28(1)
concept if the matter is governed by the t he Warsaw Convention. Jurisdiction in the international sense must be
established in accordance with Article 28(1) of the Warsaw Convention, following which the jurisdiction of a particular
court must be established pursuant to the applicable domestic law. Only after the question of which court has
jurisdiction is determined will the issue of venue be taken
taken up. This second question shall be governed
governed by the law of the
court to which the case is submitted
(4) Contrary to Lhuillier ’s assertions, the Santos case applies squarely to her situation. Like Lhuillier, Santos also claimed
that the Warsaw Convention did not apply in cases of tortious conduct. The Court decided in Santos that “the
allegation of willful misconduct resulting in a tort is insufficient to exclude the case from the comprehension of the
Warsaw Convention.” Lhullier argues that this pronouncement was obiter , the Court clarified that this was actually part
of the ratio disposing of the argument presented by Santos that the Warsaw Convention did not apply in cases of tort.
(5) Two American ca cases
ses illustrate the applicability of the Warsaw convention in cases of tort. In Bloom v. Alaska Airlines ,
the U.S Court of Appeals (9th circuit) affirmed that the convention did not create an exception for injury suffered as a
result of intentional conduct. In Carey v. United Airlines, the same court held that the "passenger's action against the
airline carrier arising from alleged confrontational incident between passenger and flight attendant on international
flight was governed exclusively by the Warsaw Convention, even though the incident allegedly involved intentional
misconduct by the flight attendant. ”
(6) It is thus settled that allegations
allegations of tort ious conduc t commit ted against
against an airline passe
passenger
nger during the
course of t he international
international carriage do not bring the case outside the ambit of the Warsaw Convention.
Convention.
IV.
IV. [Procedural]
[Procedural] Whether British Airways volunt arily submitted it self to the Court s jur isdiction (NO
(NO))’
3
In Santos, the Court gave the following reasons for affirming the jurisdictional character of Art. 28(1): “First, the wording of Article 32, which indicates the places
where the action for damages "must" be brought, underscores the mandatory nature of Article 28(1). Second, this characterizat
characterization
ion is consistent with one of the
objectives of the Convention, which is to "regulate in a uniform manner the conditions of international transportation by air." Third, the Convention does not contain
any provision prescribing rules of jurisdiction other than Article 28(1), which means that the phrase "rules as to jurisdiction" used in Article 32 must refer only to
Article 28(1). In fact, the last sentence of Article 32 specifically deals with the exclusive enumeration in Article 28(1) as "jurisdictions," which, as such, cannot be left to
the will of the parties regardless of the time when the damage occurred.”
4
Section 20.Voluntary appearance. — The defendant's voluntary appearance in the action shall be equivalent to service of summons. The inclusion in a motion to
dismiss of other grounds aside from lack of jurisdiction over the person of the defendant shall not be deemed a voluntary appearance.