ME 308

MACHINE ELEMENTS II

CHAPTER 2

SPRING DESIGN_1

1
 SPRINGS
NO RIGID BODY BEHAVIOUR(AS IN STATICS),

ON THE CONTRARY,

• A LOT OF DEFLECTION AND DEFORMATION

• BUT MAINLY ELASTIC

• PLASTIC DEFORMATION IN SPRINGS MEANS

“FAILURE”

2
Objectives of the Chapter
 Identify, describe, and understand principles of several
types of springs including
 helical compression springs,
 helical extension springs and
 torsion springs.
 Design and analyze helical compression springs, including
compatibility with allowable stresses.
 Develop necessary analytical tools for spring design.
 Review principles of design for other types of springs, such
as extension springs and torsion springs.
 Select predesigned springs from manufacturers’ catalogs
and
 incorporate them in appropriate designs.
3
Mechanical Springs
Springs are mechanical elements
used in machines for
 exerting force,
 storing and absorbing energy, and
 providing flexibility.

Springs are classified as

 Wire springs,
 Flat springs, or
 special-shaped springs

4
2.1 INTRODUCTION
 Springs are the mechanical elements which transfer a tensile or
compressive force with a certain linear deflection or a torque with
angular deformation.
 They also store energy and release it when the load or torque is
removed from the system.

 They have a characteristic called „‟spring rate‟‟ , „‟spring constant‟‟ or

F
„‟scale of spring‟‟ k or k
dF for compression springs
y
dy

Fig. 2.1 Deflection of compression

spring under load
5
 Force, N

dF
Fig. 2.2 Linear springs
(with constant spring rate) dy

Constant rate y, deflection, mm

Fig. 2.3 Non-linear springs Stiffening spring Softening spring

(with variable spring rate)

6
2.2 SPRING TYPES
A. Wire springs (made of wire with B. Other springs (made of
round crossection) non-wire)
1) Helical compression springs 4)Spring washers
 Standard constant rate (Belleville, wave, slotted
 Variable pitch-variable rate finger, curved etc.)
 Barrel 5)Beam springs
 Hour glass 6)Volute springs
 Conical 7)Constant force
8)Power or motor springs
2)Helical extension springs
 Extension springs with hooks
 Draw bar springs (compression
springs) used in tensile loading are
a kind of extension springs
applications.
3)Torsion springs
7
Here are some examples for wire springs

Fig. 2.4 Wire springs of compression, extension and

torsion types

8
These are the other springs (non-wire)

Fig. 2.7 Beam springs

Fig. 2.6 Other type springs

9
2.2.2 Wire springs
Wire springs are usually
manufactured from circular
crossection wires in different
configurations like
 helical compression springs
 helical extension springs and
 torsion springs

10
2.2.3 A torsion spring application in a garage door

Torsion springs

11
This is how coil springs are manufactured on a lathe

12
2.3 Spring configurations

There are two configurations of

springs

 a) In series
 b) In parallel

13
14
2.3 Spring configurations

There are two configurations of springs

a) In series b) in parallel

k1

k1 k2
 X1
k2
X  X1  X 2  X
 Ft
 xt F X2
F= F1=F2 Ft= F1+F2
Xt = X1+X2 X = X1=X2
15
a) In series

xt  x1  x2 1
F1  F2  Ft 2
F1 k1
F1  k1.x1  x1 
k1
F2
F2  k2 .x2  x2  into

 X1
k2 eqn 1
Ft k2
Ft  kt .xt  xt 
kt
Ft

F1 F2
 , Ft  F1  F2  xt F X2
kt k1 k2
1 1 1
   ... (2.1)
kt k1 k2 kt is the total system stiffness
in series applications.
16
b) In parallel

x1  x2 1
Ft  F1  F2  2  k1 k2
F1  k1.x1  k1.x
X  X1  X 2  X
F2  k2 .x2  k2 .x into  2  Ft
Ft  kt .x  F1  F2
kt .x  k1.x  k2 .x
kt  k1  k2  ... (2.2)

 F1  F2
total system stiffness in parallel
applications  F1  F2

 Ft 17
2.4 Spring materials
• Springs store potential energy while deflecting a noticable amount under
reasonably high loads.
• By doing so, they provide maximum elastic energy storage while not
failing due to high stresses in material
• Elastic energy storage capacity or Modulus of resilience was defined as
the area under the σ-ɛ curve within elastic range

1 1  y  S
1 y
2

R   y   y    (2.3)
2 2  E  2 E
Therefore springs are required to have:
 High yield strength (and hence high ultimate strength) and

 Low modulus of elasticity

There is, however, a limited number of materials and alloys suitable for
such applications of springs. Examples are:
 Medium to high carbon steels
 Alloys steels
 Few of stainless steel alloys
18
2.4.1 Spring Wire
Spring wires are usually “round” cross-section despite the fact that some
rectangular cross-sections are also available .
 d
Wire diameters usually vary from 0.1 mm to 16 mm.

Common spring wire materials designated

in different standarts are:

SAE ASTM No Materials

1066 A227 cold drawn (hard drawn) wire
1085 A228 music wire
1065 A229 oil tempered wire (general purpose use)
1070 A230 oil tempered wire (valve spring quality-fatigue loading)
6150 A232 chrome vanadium
30302 A313 stainless steel
5254 A401 chrome silicon
etc. etc.

19
2.4.2 Tensile strength of spring materials
As known from ME 215 and ME307 courses, for the same mat. composition,
•Larger the material or specimen size higher the risk of having non-
homogenous material hence lower the material strength (Sy or Sut )

•On the contrary, smaller

the material or specimen size lower the risk of
having non-homogenous material or higher the chance of having a more
homogenous & cleaner material hence higher the material strength .

d  ; Sut  ıf d
sut
If or  ; Sut 

A=2000, m=0.167
d
3000

Function of y=1/x 2500

Sut, MPa

2000
Or Sut=1/d 1500

1000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
wire diameter, mm 20
 For spring materials Sut is defined as A
Sut  m (2.4)
d
where d is wire diameter in mm and constants A & m
are given in tables for different spring materials
( A= 1750 - 2170 MPa, m= 0.112 - 0.192)

The yield strength in tensile loading (stress) is usually

given as:
S = 0.75S (2.5)
y ut
When applying distortion-energy theory the yield strength in shear
loading (stress) is given as:
(2.6)
Ssy = 0.577Sy or nearly Ssy = 0.60Sy
Similarly, the ultimate shear strength (Sus ) could be taken as

Sus = 0.60Sut (2.7)

21
 2.4.3 Materials for Helical Springs
 Springs are most commonly manufactured by hot- or cold-working processes
depending upon the material size, the spring index (C), and the desired
properties.
 The are a numerous spring materials available for the designer. These
include: plain carbon steels, alloy steels, corrosion resisting steels, phosphor
bronze (nonferrous alloy), spring brass, beryllium copper and various nickel
alloys.

The most common way for selecting spring materials is

by looking at their tensile strength, a property that is only A
defined once the wire diameter is chosen: S ut  m (2.4)
d
Table 1.1 Spring materials and constant for estimating tensile strength
Material Size range Exponent, m Constant, A
(mm) (MPa.mmm)
Music wire 0.10-6.5 0.146 2170
Oil-tempered wire 0.50-12 0.186 1880
Hard-drawn wire 0.70-12 0.192 1750
Chrome-vanadium 0.80-12 0.167 2000
Chrome silicone 1.60-10 0.112 2000
22
 A=2000, m=0.167
A
Sut  m 3000
Where d
2500

Sut, MPa
A (MPa.mm-m) is a constant defined
2000
through experimentation,
d (mm) is the diameter of the wire and 1500

m is the slope for the Force vs. 1000

Displacement graph for the wire. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
wire diameter, mm

Strength(Sut) has units of MPa.

Sy usually varies between 60% to 95% of Sut. (average 75%)

Torsional yield strength (Ssy ) of wire can be estimated using distortion
energy theory (Ssy = 0.577Sy).

This then results in the range (steel only):

0.35Sut  S sy  0.52Sut (2.8)

23
 Here are the lower limits of Ssy for different
spring materials:

For Music & Hard-drawn wire: S sy  0.45Sut (2.9)

Valve Spring Wire (Cr-Va, Cr-Si), hardened and tempered carbon and
low alloy steel wire:
S sy  0.50Sut (2.10)

Nonferrous Materials:
S sy  0.35Sut (2.11)

24
2.5 Helical Compression Spring Geometry
Compression springs carry only compression loads.

Compression springs are the wire springs wound helically with coils not
touching each other under no load and while operating.

The figure below shows compression spring under different loads

25
There are 4 common types of ends of compressions springs:
 Plain end
 Squared end
 Plain& ground end
 Squared & ground end

26
Here again 4 common types of compressions springs ends and
corresponding inactive (dead) coils due to squaring and grinding

27
“d” is the wire diameter

“D” is the mean coil diameter

N is the number of coils (7.5 coils here)

Lf (or Lo) is the free length of the spring

Ls is the solid length of the spring

and spring index, C, is a parameter

defined as:
D
C
d

28
The solid height/length of a spring is the height of a compression
spring when under sufficient load to bring all the coils into contact
with adjacent coils.

Ls  Nt  a d
For squared ground ends

Where Nt = total number of coils,

“a” represents the dead coils and can vary
depending on the amount ground off (see
table).
“d” is the spring wire diameter.
The free length is represented by Lo.
For a squared & ground end spring this free
length (Lo) takes the form:

L0  pN a  2d
p
29
Here are the similar equations for different end conditions:

Ls  Nt  a d
L0  pN a  2d
30
2.5 Helical Compression Springs under loads (Recommended
Design Conditions)
Spring Index factor C usually takes a value between 4 & 12.
D
C 4  C  12 (2.12)
d

 For C>>12 springs tend to tangle and thereby require individual

packaging (spring are likely to buckle)

 For C<<4 spring wire diameters become too large compared to the
diameter of the coil thus increasing the risk of surface cracking when
winding the spring (spring are difficult to manufacture)

The number of active coils (when designing springs) is suggested as:

3  N a  15 (2.13)

31
Spring rate or stiffness of the spring is
the ratio of force applied to
corresponding deflection (or the slope
of the curve)
F
k  (2.14)
y
Springs are not to be used in first and
last 15% of the deformation range
hence leaving a “clash allowance”
before the solid condition
  0.15
In case the spring is forced to solid
condition, design factor of solid
height, ns is also suggested as

ns  1.2 (2.15)

32
 F
Applying
section method
and taking
upper half of
the spring

F FreeBodyDiagram of the same spring –

Compression spring wire being exposed to
under axial load
F • direct shear (F) and
• torsional shear (T) loads

33
  Wire cross section resists both direct shear
stress and torsional shear stress at the same
time
F Tr
 max   (2.16)
A J
Direct Torsional
shear part shear part

Since T
FD
r
d d 4 d 2
2
J A
2 32 4
The shear stress is then expressed as

4 F 8FD
 max  2 (2.17)
d d 3
Direct shear
Torsional
part
shear part 34
Defining the spring index, C=D/d 4 F 8FD
and using it in the stress equation  max   (2.18)
d 2
d 3

leads to the following expression for

the maximum stress:
8FD  0.5 
 max  3 
1  
d  C  (2.19)
Now defining the shear
stress concentration
factor, Ks, as
 0.5
K s  1  
 C  the maximum shear stress in (2.20)
the spring element is then given
as
8FD
 max  Ks
d 3 (2.21)

8FD
OR in general terms  max K (2.22)
d 3
35
Within the general equation

8FDK is called “Wahl correction factor” and includes

 max K
d 3
two types of effects:
• Shear stress concentration (direct shear)
4C  1 0.615 effect (Ks) and
K  • curvature effect (Kc) due to circular coil
4C  4 C
shape

Ks was derived for a straight wire and does not

include curvature effect.

Thus the actual multiplication factor for coil

springs is K (including both direct shear and
curvature effects) and can be defined as: K  K S KC
K
KC is the curvature effect and can be found from KC 
KS
36
 2.5.2 The Effect of Curvature on Stress
8FD  0.5  8FD
 max 
8FD 4F
 2  max  1    max  K s
d 3
d d 3  C  d 3
Original equations above are based upon the
assumption of wire being straight.

The curvature of the wire actually increases the

stress on the inside of the wire & decreases the
stress on the outside of the wire.

Therefore Ks in equations is replaced by K

which corrects for both the curvature and the
direct shear effects.

Following two eqn‟s could be used for factor K  max  K s

8FD
since the results are so close to each other. d 3
8FD
4C  1 0.615 4C  2  max  K
K  K d 3
4C  4 C 4C  3 (2.26)

37
 In static type loadings (constant load), the curvature factor
Kc will be neglected and only factor Ks will be used within
equation
8FD
  Ks
d 3
 Whereas in fatigue type loadings (varying load), the
curvature factor Kc will be used, but not as a stress raiser, on
the contrary as a strength reduction factor in Sse. Factor Ks
will still be used in stress equation

K 1 8FD
KC  1 ke    Ks
KS Kc d 3

S se ka * kb * kc * kd * ke * k f * S se '
38
Remembering from failure theories of ME307 (static loading
case) that:

 For a safe spring under maximum load, the maximum

stress created within the spring material should be less
than the strength of the spring material,

 max S sy or  max K
8Fmax D
 S sy
d 3

 Or the ratio of spring material strength to the maximum

stress created in the spring should be more than unity.

S sy
s   1.2
 max
39
 2.5.3 Deflection and Stiffness of Helical Springs
By using Castiglione's theorem, the total
strain energy for a helical spring is
composed of a torsional component and a
shear component.

Now if the spring is deformed a distance y

and if the Force– displacement relationship
is elastic (linear), the strain energy is equal
to the product of the average force and the
deflection.

F F2
U  y U
T 2l

F 2l
2 2k 2GJ 2 AG
Where
FD d 4 d 2
T , l  DN , J  , A , N  Active CoilNumber
2 32 4
40
 Therefore to find total deflection the total strain energy
is partial derivated wrt the force F

U 8FD 3 N 4 FDN
y   2
F 4
d G d G
Since C = D/d

8FD 3 N  1  8FD 3 N
y 1  2 
 (2.28)
d G  2C 
4
d 4G
F
The spring rate (know also as the scale of the spring) is : k
y
d 4G k is spring constant
k Na=active coil number (2.29)
8 D 3 Na
41
 Remembering that there are 4 common types of compression spring ends
with some coils made inactive (dead) due to squaring and grinding:

42
 For important or critical applications springs
should be both squared and ground for
better load transfer and stability.
 Stability means a spring will not buckle
under load

A long/tall spring with small mean diameter

will easily buckle (similar to long columns)
under load and this will prevent the
functioning of the spring.

This condition of buckling (also called spring

surge ), therefore, is a failure of the spring.

To prevent buckling of springs the

geometrical ratios between
• free length and mean diameter and l f D
• deflection under maximum load and
free length y lf
have to be kept in certain limits.
43
44
Since springs are flexible in nature they may buckle depending on the end
conditions and Lf /D and y / Lf ratios when they are loaded in compression

To prevent buckling:
1) Either the ratios of y l f andl f D should be kept in
certain limits given in figure in text book.

2) or a rod should be inserted through the spring to hold it

straight
Drod  Dinsidespring
3) or it should be inserted into a hole
Dhole
Dhole  Doutside spring

Drod Do
Di  Drod   0.1d w
Di Dhole  Do   0.1d w
45
2.6 Buckling of the springs in compression
Springs with
Lf /D > 3.8 are likely to fail by buckling

Lf /D < 3.8 are likely not to buckle (SAFE).

.
ymax .
.
lf .
.
.

3.8 lf D
46
Example 1
A Chromium-Vanadium wire spring has a mean diameter of 10.0 mm,
a spring index, C = 5.56, and there are 100 active coils. The pre-load
is 20 N and the modulus of elasticity is 207.5 GPa.

Table 1.1 Spring materials and constant for estimating tensile strength
Material Size range Exponent, m Constant, A
(mm) (MPa.mmm)
Music wire 0.10-6.5 0.146 2170
Oil-tempered wire 0.50-12 0.186 1880
Hard-drawn wire 0.70-12 0.192 1750
Chrome-vanadium 0.80-12 0.167 2000
Chrome silicone 1.60-10 0.112 2000

47
Determine:
 The tensile and torsional yield strengths of the wire
 The initial torsional stress in the wire
 The spring rate; and
 The force required to cause the spring to be stressed to the yield
strength

Solution:
Given: material=Chromium-Vanadium, coil mean dia D=10mm,
coil no=100, C=5.56 (can determine wire diameter, d)
This is not a design problem. This is an analysis problem since spring
specifications like material, diameter, coil no etc. are known)
therefore we do not use 3<Na<15 criterion
• C = 5.56 = D/d = 10/d
therefore, d = 10/5.56 = 1.8mm
2000
Using Table 1.1,
Sut   1813.00MPa
1.8mm 0.167

48
Determine:
The tensile and torsional yield strengths of the wire (Sy and Ssy)
Sy=0.75*Sut A 2000
S ut  m Sut   1813.00MPa
Ssy=0.577*Sy d 1.8mm 0.167

Then calculating the tensile yield Strength:

S y  0.75Sut  0.75 1813  1360MPa

We can then get the torsional yield Strength
(based on distortion energy theory):

S sy  0.577 S y  0.577  0.75Sut  0.433Sut

 0.433 1813  785.03MPa Ans

49
Determine:
• The initial torsional stress τi in the wire under the effect of preleoad

ii. In order to calculate τ we first need to 8FD

get the multiplication factor K (Ks or K)  K
d 3

Using Ks given below:

 0.5   0.5 
K s  1    1    1.089
 C   5.56 

τ
Initial stress i can be calculated as follows:

8Fi D 8  20 N 10mm
 i  Ks  1.089   95.1MPa
d 3
  (1.8mm) 3

50
Determine:
 The spring rate; and
 The force required to cause the spring to be stressed to the yield strength

iii. The spring stiffness can now be calculated (with G=77.2GPa):

Gd 4 (77.2 103 N / mm2 )  (1.8mm) 4

k 
3
8D N a 8  (10mm)3 *100
 1.013N / mm Ans

iv. Finally the force required to yield the material can now be
calculated from:
8Fsy D
 max  K s  Ssy
d 3
d 3 S sy   (1.8mm)3  785 N / mm2
Fsy  
8K s D 8 1.089 10mm
 165 N Ans 51
Problem: A helical spring of wire diameter 6mm and
spring index, C, 6 is acted by an initial load of 800 N.

After compressing it further by 10 mm the stress in the

wire is 500 MPa.

Find the number of active coils.

G=84000 Mpa.
d 4G
Solution: k 
8D 3 N a
F F 2  F1
k  
y y 2  y1

52
 2.7 Critical frequency of helical springs
Since the springs are flexible they can vibrate at certain
frequencies under the effect of loadings.
When the loading frequency „f „of the spring under the
dynamic load F= F*sin wt reaches one of its natural
frequencies (f n) the spring coils will vibrate at large
amplitudes until the coils impact each other and create
high impact loads and hence fail.

To prevent this resonant condition (f = f n) the forcing

frequency f should be much smaller than f n . f << f n
;
the suggested limit is f n ≥ 15 f .

The fundamental critical frequency should be greater than 15 to 20 times the

frequency of the force or motion of the spring in order to avoid resonance with
the harmonics.

If the frequency is not high enough, the spring should be redesigned to increase
k or decrease spring weight W. 53
 Natural frequency

 rad / sec 
1 k*g k*g k N /m (kg * m / s2) / m
fn     
2 Wa m* g m kg kg

where d 4G  2 d 2 DNa  ρ is the material weight

k  Wa 
8D 3 N a density (N/m3)
4
2 d G*g
or fn  rad / sec
N a D 2 32 

For flat-flat surfaces fn 

1 kg 1

k
rad / sec 
2 Wa 2 m

For flat-free(rounded) end fn 

1 kg 1

k
rad / sec 
4 Wa 4 m
54
Example for compression springs
Question: Design a compression spring for a static load known deflection
such that the spring must give a minimum force of 500 N and a maximum
force of 750 N over an adjustment range of 20 mm deflection.
Solution: Use the least expensive, unpeened, cold drawn (hard drawn) spring wire
(ASTM A 227) since the load is static (table 10.1)

From table 10.2; for hard drawn wires diameter range is between 0.7 mm-12 mm
The coefficients are: m= 0.192, A= 1750 MPa to be used in eqn.
A
Sut  m
d
S sy
Design criteria: 1)  max  S sy or ns   1.0
 max
2) 4  C  12
Lf ymax
3) check for buckling ?  ?  (related figure)
D Lf
4) not a must , but check if  solid  S sy
55
Table 1.1 Spring materials and constant for estimating tensile strength

Material Size range Exponent, m Constant, A

(mm) (MPa.mmm)

Music wire 0.10-6.5 0.146 2170

Oil-tempered wire 0.50-12 0.186 1880

Hard-drawn wire 0.70-12 0.192 1750

Chrome-vanadium 0.80-12 0.167 2000

Chrome silicone 1.60-10 0.112 2000

56
 For a spring to be designed, the parameters:
d=? D=? Nt = ? Lf = ? should be determined.
1) Since none of the design parameters are known, we have to start
by assuming a wire diameter d between 0.7-12 mm
Let d= 4 mm and C= 8 D= C.d = 32 mm
8 FD 0.5
Thus :
 max  Ks Ks  1  1.0625
d 3 C
(8)(750)(32) F  750 N
 max  1.0625
 43 D  32 mm
 max  1014.6 MPa d  4 mm

1750
Sut   1341 MPa
40.192

S sy  0.5770.75 1341  580 MPa


S sy 580
ns    0.57  1.0 FAILURE !
 max 1014.6
57
Re-size the wire diameter to reduce τmax
Let d= 5 mm & c =8 D=40 mm

0.5 8(750)(40)
Ks  1  1.0625   max  1.0625  649.4 MPa
8 5 3

Sut  0.192  1284.8 MPa  S sy  0.577 0.751285  556 MPa

1750
5
S sy 556
s    0.85  1.0 FAILURE !
 max 649.4

Re-size to d=5mm & C=6  D=30mm

Ks=1.0833, τmax =496.5MPa, Ssy=556MPa,

ns=556/496.5=1.12 >1 SAFE

Thus a spring material of ASTM A 227 with

d=5mm & D=30mm satisfies the criteria of 1 & 2 (C=6)
58
 To find out other parameters Nt & Lf we proceed as:

Given a deflection of 20 mm over a force range of 500N-750 N

F 750  500 250 N

k    12.5 N mm or k  12500 N m
y 20 20 mm
Also
d 4G
k 3
 12.5 N mm
8D N a
where
d  5 mm
G  79.3 109 N m 2 or G  79.3 103 N mm2
D  30 mm
Na  ?
59
 d 4G 5 79.3103
4
So
Na   rounded to nearest quarter
830 12.5
3 3
8D k
49562500
Na   18.356 coils N a  18.5 coils
2700000

Assuming squared & ground ends N D  2  Nt  N a  N D  20.5 coils

Ls  NT  d  20.5  5  102.5 mm
y w  20 mm given in problem 
L f  Ls  yclash  ywork  yinitial y clash 0.1 y w  2 mm
L f  102.5  2  20  40  164.5 mm Fmin 500
yinitial    40 mm
L f  164.5 mm k 12.5

60
3) Check for buckling
.
Lf 164.5 ymax .
  5.48  3.8  likely to buckle Lf .
D 30 .

ymax yi  yw 40  20 . B
   0.365 . A
Lf Lf 164.5 3.8 Lf D

 If one end of spring is rounded (curve A) it buckles,

but if both ends are compressed between flat & parallel surfaces
(curve B) it does not buckle although near the curve B. 61
So these springs should be compressed between flat & parallel surfaces.

If not compressed between parallel-flat surfaces then some kind of rod or

hole mechanism should be used to fix the springs.

If you use rod inside the spring: d rod  Di  0.1 d

max

d rodmax  30  5  0.1 5  24.5 mm

If you fit the spring in a hole: Dholmin  Do  0.1 d

Dholmin  30  5  0.1 5  35.5 mm

62
 ?
4)
 solid  S sy
 solid requires the force Fsolid  k  L f  Ls 
 12.5164.5  102.5  775 N
8  775  30
 solid  1.0833   513 MPa
  53

S sy
nsolid 
 max
556
  1.08  1.0 OK ! no failure
513

63
 5) critical frequency

fn 
1 k
rad / sec
2 ms

 102 rad / sec 

1 12500 N / m
fn 
2 0.296 kg

 52  9 m 3 
   30  20.5 10
kg
ms  A  L     
3 
 7800 3
4  mm  m
ms  0.296 kg

if dynamic force is applied

f force 
fn
 
 10 rad / sec  10rad / sec*
1cycle
 1.6cycle / sec  1.6Hz
10 2 * pi * rad

64
 SOLUTION:

ASTM A 227 hard-drawn wire with

d  5 mm
D  30 mm Di  25 mm NT  20.5 coils squared & ground ends.
C 6 Do  35 mm L f  164.5 mm flat & parallel ends.

65
TO BE CONTINUED

66