FOURIER SERIES

PusPapet-
9 {
J:Po a )
P+OhUTmuauPapar- y (Grovp-a

B h 0 - mun-U+
PUt
D e h u K e n ard Resulls: oda
to
b
bee
fulnchon Sa
Sud
Even hr) M
hm) in
unchom
u n e k o n

odol1
O ,- A n ¬R
e R
Aanch'm
-f*)
=
(odd h-)

funekon
f = " - á n )

Sínhn*
Pu m = -
-

=
nn) t u n c h o n

Sin(- ovd evch

e v e h

h - n ) =
be
S i n a i Sid
S'id w
Ao
=
in
M
hn) hn
b r;
u n c K m

Hn f u n c h m

E-R
A
funthon
i) Eyen
h-*)
=
kr
funeKon
6Tm
=
n)
ter e V < n u h e h O n
u n e K o n

E h l e -

eV<n f1nchom
i P e i o i c f u n e h n

C s i m

P-eriodic

FRhL&,
fn)
be fo
f rr
<llr
t-

funthion
S u d s
án
A n)
)
==

Peyiods'c
fr)
m h n + T )
T)
k on f
h m +

func 2nN)
vT(>0)
A S i n n n
(nn+

Sn
P e r i

hn)
=

=
Sinn(nt2)=
n * 2 /

feaipd
f e a i o d
n
le Pu
e: P e rá
in ) h i h ce n
ic
= h u h e N n

f u h c h
S i n n n

h m 2 )
eriodít e r í o r e
=

S $ n h n t n
i
C s h a

2.Similrel
H
He he
sn e,

Perí
Perio 2 dflaea

o r
Convezend o
A 1 h c h c n

3UifoYm Comverz«rd:
*f C o m v e r g e

t1)

S e m e n
t o be Con
Conye
ye
Sid
P a r t w i e

i n t e r v e d
S ,L) GH
r hrad
clofed C O n v e Y S e

m m) Am) n) de
unufornela
, Coon r ee
rE EVN
P o n t w i

A u n e K o n
C n y rE

ntR
of u u f o Y n e l a

seple ha
a
An ho á)
Sd
On
C,b) 1 c o n y R T J L S ;

u n s f o r m e

hel
 Po SK Ke 1nte}er
¬ forrl h2m
Hat | f ) -ha)|
m such d a k r a o l

u,tn)
~
4 n uf o r - e l y ConieIpCH
bmehon Coneapo

A S e r i e f
of fornely f41R
t he uni
u m u f o r r n e C o m y e r f e t

Sum u d e m e

PTKd
Sud

n5,3 S,tn]
of
Conyeg
TleSefllehis U n f o r m e l y

SR

4,ta) i
Cih

ScNS Sen
Conyefent
S, } u , ( n

uniformely term lo3 RYm

interited term 67
+--
Sima)
o h o mei SeriesS

2 n
4 b,
+(
Sen-e Sina)
Comsy-ihts
b, Sinnn)
ann
( ,
t, 1 «
H e r í c

Gsnn bn d i f n o

(S, in, s
o, S e l
COnVeTges
C o n V T g e s

io+ oefYeNM C a l U l o l

$tel
14
,
ConreFent
+e
of
ndejendsnt
iA
w e r e

S e n i u

Shel
Sinna))
a h o r e

S e i e s

te hn)
feriooke
t , uncsons o
Aunch'Ons f f
qt Con

a
+Z(,
funchon
ferollc
to +
s T E
hn)
= d u h e K o n

C s h a

An)
e l

f Puet
rni od 2 T 24

SinaSinn Herfor Lor

í
íts
h
Perí
od
f
2/ huhcson
P e r i o d
cesulls

Periode -
dn cKm
Inporlsnt odol habcKon
h-n))
( h » )+
huh
Scomen

Oodol

Sovn = f. A - )

Ar)
, =-h
A n n è k o n

dn V e h

Ar) kn
fe m#h

2
n)dn e - n )

m( o f n >o
=
3 n d r

^n
o fm #h
Ussmn Cs3nadn
2 G#ann
on
=
m=h
Sinm Snndn
Sinm
 Sinnat Cssmndn = o f m +n or 1n = n

( 2/
Sinmdn
(V)SS
(V)
Shn dn =
2/ Cssn
(vi) Covmdn

índ3ertlen

sep of n e
n E Z Z
z betle S2n =o
=o T
V
Vnne
ezz

S i n h s
17Cs32nn
Css2h =I
=I

(-19 (0hA
= (-1
) C s s n s

= (s3n =
+4)
Si(ht)
=
SnlnM
=
-
Snn
STmn
=
- oo
-

u an nT+ £ )
)=
GV) o s n fn
odel
T
Sinn
=

( O n odd

V e 1 ,

M
n
(Vi) re
(-1) tunchon f
a
S
See7
rii-e
ess of
Fouri<r Bhu'os2
efne o C o 2 N )
n u m b e T s

h e o s c m l1) p u ' 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 ,1 4 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8
te
stol
( - , M),
ovev
n,
h,

K
nteycble

s 1 b ,b
u l s a -

l, F a e r f
for r
v n
innuuli
iss

4
f F a u y ' e r

f G u l s y -

m e
m e thhs
s
2-
meed by
de
hr) Snmnd
K n Sinm dn

Sent

trGonoemc
Sinhn)

te +b, o r
y e r

len C 5 3 h n

AaheKen
hn)
ha)
Auheko
+ 2 ( ,

Sene
Seno
of
of
n as
o ,
fuyier,
2 A ) S A w r H e n

Celled

(-,) ( n = 1 , 2 , 3 , - )

(n=i,2,7,* *
Sdn ,
fony=+ h
,1,2,
(n=*,
),2,-.-) --9
S Sn n = of fa)
Coe(Auct C o k C i E H

T Fugíey
C u e e
 behween fourier
Estsblish a darm
(i Serie
Arigomonemc
Seyies Shd
Seyies AHerent fron
fron
Pu'u,12 Seyis
Herert
fuyier
, How Pu''
PU''S
tgonomfnc
geres ,
form
Le
ASer-e independent
Sínnn)
l: ,Coha a
6,
+ f e n e l

fen
t r ' f n o t m e
n S ConveNIee

C«lled

rerse
Con rer
, i Con
Seye
An)HLem
4his
24 heon Si'nnn)
Sinnm)
o
Sm
(
7,
sohm
, Gohm
t b,
+b,
f
finnc
cKAo
o m
n

+Z P e r i r d s i c
Peitedit L e A r a d

) hn) iA
i4
Sínnm u
f anne
chke
enn

Cs3hn d su
S um
m On (-T, yY
Sin H-
H eeart
feor
r om (-,
tly nckom
h m e K n

Peyroel 2 u'velen S4m

or ith
2J O C a

Callod
l l e d

OVey
C, Senes
o 2/T)

-1, A
r ( , 2 T )

m f m o n e í c

(
(-11,
+e , T er
om (-
oven
Now, hn
h )
r)
m ) d e f r i e
A
A h un
e heo
honn (-N,
A
cner

Sere
4 ble Smal

Fourser mt =0,1,2,--)
hn) an (h Eulsr-Faurier
L,2N)
Coefhue1

1d deh1eal b)
T CO,9 are
-
)
,(n,
2,3,

fomula
dn
= f hr)Snnr
Simdn
hot
Am) Seís

heN n
m ma'c
eVeT)
Covsnt
Se
S -M
enee
S
+Le
He Cost
h a Four
unckon
hunckOn
k a),
Aa),
hecessTi
See f TelsKon
Fuyier
F en b3 +Le
11bn ** FnureY
S-erel of qn
abkhj
Ieorem(2)
6btain lor Es
Furer
Sere of Sh
estkblish
even
funehom

BhU'8(ob5
Pu'IL, 13,IS,1
o, show thet tle fourieT Seíd of n «yen
uachm Coms is+s of Cos ines Jerm o
P'o3,oS, 04 ene wne Kev
Fouri* Sen e ff fmneKm
howthe
We ba
M iven
(-M, A)
m) ove
hr) F o u T r e r C o e f f h r u s r h

eT

( h 1 , 2,
(h:,2,

Coim
dm
n)
h=,2
n ) Sinnn d a

(-N,h
oyer
on
hm)
hch
f
Sen
F o u VAh
y i è wnetm.
r +en

h - ) = hr) E R
neR

ern eR
dun c ho
m

< n
dun
ha) i1 dr
2. 6 )
Sina
=

hm)
dn A x )

mdn
) o

ue
n=-1 ini4 h » ) laha
Put
fut
(-ha)
=

h-*) Cn
E - ) -

= F n )

F n e V h u n c K i m

" f n ) dr
fm)
d

dn
= 2 [
a f f m )

t) Camdr
= 2
Conmdn
)
G nd
dn = 2
ahn
. m
 Gn) r) Sinht
ngain l
(-nn)
= m) (-Simm)
h-r) Sin
h) - m)
m ) Sinwm

- Gn)
or n) = hinthtn

odd
6 )
i

n ) Sinhndn

d = 0p
km)Sinnn ír O
y rel, b,
f o, n
Valli
tlefe
Pu
IM

duhc8m
hn) iM1
<Vn

Serey
of
Fourier
Hene,

CosihesRTm
nEl
on b
tRYm
Coínes

CmsisH

) dr
A t e h

( n 1,2,2,***)
o
lerc D

Frume*
r hd)
Llishler
obdein
orem(3) Es-
e Serse f o d fuhcken
AuneKon dr)
Serfej f bls
furyer
,Delermi

in He
interVJ(-K, M Bhu'21oL7
Pu'12,14,16,18,20 sn odol funebon
Series f
, Sh ow that 4 FouYer
Comsss of Stne erms onb IPoS
 FouYiCTSen e f Anehn
Ong de 1<n Cw+ha
Knaa)..
(n63hr+,

)
Skn) dn
Wet
dn
) Co hm
f
a
Cdol

vr Anekon
do)

se-e
f
FuyieY +en

N ow, f (- ,
I1)
i'n
tunekom

h - ) = - 6 ^

unekon.

oo
in
An)
sima O

m ) dn =

a
(63n

ha)
(-
Pu C o n - h )

= h-- m )
f r )C s m - F )

F-n)

ER
R

n
- f m)
=
F l - }

= o
dm
F)

ha) STnho
n
= h) (-Shhn)
Gm)
Aasin e
l-n)
(-)
Put
h-a) S n G(n)
C - m ) =

= h ) Sinha

C n)
=
C-m)
 G) eVen funchon

Cn) dr =
2 G (n) dn
I da
n ) Sín
2
Am)S n ndn
=

S Simndr
Sinmdr
=

7) jel
u e ger-
In O e
i
, n
v<lue, f 3o, n,
+heie
We Pu Simn)
,
+5
(0 C m +
-hm) o

Sinnn
+He
n i
funeKn kn) in
odd
Seríes f
frasier
Hena
Heme
inev (-A,T)
Sínhm
) n
onby
Sin-e +erms on +erms

of Sine
Consist
thych n) Sinm
n Comverzed
eveT}
Umiform ej
hat Se
S erríle
es of i
s of
(4) ProNe Fn
F ou r i e r
Leorem
Sefies M He
onometie
Cmreraes

BhU'o6, 10,19 Serie

Wkieh
i
Su m mee Series f
thattLe
yizeno Faurie
a
Show
Y

ynifomb;
oven (o,2 )
Sum funchm Pu'13
Sinhm)

froof: l e + (, Coshn+b, yuiform

sesies
hch em VRrzes a
om C-,)
arr*monhrs
entij
e OVer co,2) oN e_i va O
Am)
Cosnt , Sinhn) Faarier
, S
hr)= a +
+his
Ser1e
îA
+hs
we

hive show +h ha). for

e
4Sum
n eo n
Sees f
show 41 -
 4 ufor ely ComeTPe r
Sine SeneA O
, n) 1 e rfei t Cr b m 40ysideA
SeNes one -
(- A, n)
RMK m)C
Ce y

U l Kn)
oney
Heym
e m by odh
odh
Sidej
Sides f

ve
hie 781 ,,Sinnmdn
Na,
we Je Caishmdn +
C, ) Comdn =0

nydn

Cos*
= m ) dr.
Kn O La
feULk

beth
Sides oyes-N,AY
pHig
m u '

ohadn
Hfm Com.
,
eo3ndn
+ S i n n n
dn
ohom

a )Conn
S i n n

C 3 h m .G n n nd m = N

S
Cm dn
Sinm
+b,°J
nT
Sd

+
2
0
d
hn
C
hm) Om
=
z + +

hn
dn a, +
m)

h m ) S3hm dm
n 2,7,
,2,3,
( h ,

, - Cam dm Sinh
(Ar)
- WA
JP
OY
ofth
S{des
vMer (-N, T )
hlAna b ba
e r m

mulh t e r n m

he interT
 Sin n Cond

Sínnndn
Sinnn
+
=0
dn o n n dn
0
Snna n n
Shna

S i m nd
pu
Bu
Snm Sinna dn
O+b )
D

Ary Sinn ch

(n-1, 2,1,-*
n) Sinmdn

, n) Sinndn

hn) f Mfoh07mehic
C o n v e E e f A i f o n 0 e m s
AhcKon

Serr
of Comverfc S u m
u n c k e n .
u n c K e n .

Sum
F o u r i e r

fouger f e r e o f i
i ts of
U n i f o r m e

uniform
Ser-e
ever7 Furier
Hene,
A HA nec-ess rra
Serie
He
troe Convejente

S hC
io 4ne
en d i k o m f o r + Le
e
C o n V e r i e r

(S) L
for
JLeem C o n d i KOm
Fumer f k eS
p et
rí-es. Bhu'11,1S
Bh'11,1S COnel'Kom

Su
+ S u f h u e r t

1md Ao
hecessr3a
ConyerILI

funchon
hr)
St<4earnet;-

1DH: Serid of + h a
Fourir
+lR
for

du 0 Os h 9
Stn (h+ +u .n

Stn
Si -2S

=
hn+u)+ hn-u)
wher lu)

over
n- unchon ha7
4le f u r ' 4
Seyies of
e Ruívelentely (-A, T) wWerR
(o,2)
 A ) dn htydi
dl
ht ont
n) Cosndn
/ uSnntd
Ar)Simnadn
=

Sum "f Hl2

b Seuihta
f
fiu

tLe
be
leS,(m))

Fouyver Serie
Sere O
nat)
Cnn
b,Sin
(4,
CoThtdt
Cotnt
Ao 66 4
S ,I ) shr hn
Css
+
)
Sinntdt
ht)dt gihwnd)
2/T

Sinnt

= h+) ht)
S.m)
+Sint smdt
+
[ O

CahL
ht)

h t d k
D

(Cy(n-nm) ht)d

+ s n ( t - 7 ) )h t ) d t S i n ( h t ) 0

2 + o n )
==
2 Ssn

120
+
0t
is
+ ht1dt
dt
(t-r)
ft1
(ht)

Sin
S n

2S A
( t - n )
ht)dt
t d t

S i n t n t )

2
Sin 2

fu
dE = du
U
=o
-
N
tLen
2f
=
- o
u
len
t Hen
2f
=
i Wen t
Gr

become
 Sm
hn4u)da
Sn tn15)ur n u ) dy
Sin
01 Co 9h S
fnau)du
nnt,"
"
Sm we
Pus

nto9rvd

fecord -du
e d u
=
Fr
M = - u

d
(-du)
Sin n - u )

( ) ( u)
Sin( du

m -u )
Sin h
Sn dM
du
hm-u)
-u)
(nt)u

Sm

Sin hn-ujdu
)u
Sn
(ht
e

-u) du
An-u) d
Sin in
O
e

Sm (n
u

Vslui

this
w Put hndu)du + Sn
S n u
du

hm- u))
Sin hntu) +
i
inntieerradd)
)
( S h t n 5 ) u

ss
Sn DiYichiet
D i y i c h l e t

Cor foymuls
c

tn
acallsl
l l o l

m
TS
?sykewaT, Le km-u) 2 =2
=

2/T
(),
h n + u ) = I

tha

So
, h)dn = 2A
o

Comdh = S I.Cendn = 0
h»
2
Sinnr dn
dn =
. Ar) Sínmm
 19)

O,
hnd fy o Sin(n)u (1d 1)
M
S

S,m Sm
Sinh u . adu
o,S ) S

du
2
Sin (nt
Sn)
Sin enumber
S

p k j n 2
b
w
w e
f
fee
Side, Smnt)u 2s du
both

S1m
s -2S)dun
hn-u)
- ive hnau)
+

Sin(h
Sn)-S 2 Si
Snnt) A(u) d
-
2 S
hn-u)

+
u)
=
hn*
Dlu)

eyR
l u du
Sin n ) u
S,)-S). n Sintnz)u

Sn
h a o
Yh Pum +

h Sum S
b h . n S

C o n v a r A

Gm
See
O Sn
, )= S
Co

=0
Stn(h ) u
lydu
dy =o
=o

n ) -S )
- 4 l u )

LS ,
Sr
h d

na
a
kana o m
u)du
o
"Sin(h

Sm
 TeorcmlS)(ij oblain h DiTichlets inter
See phu'2,11
in C e ffguier

estL Lich 4le fomula

hm-u)) du
L (" Sinln+)u (hm+u)t
f He Furier
Sin
Sum
h e e S, PagK
S e i e f bn) (5) udo
theorem
albore
Wyik Pxoof f
so
elrhon in (-A, n)
(-",
")

Furl i e ri n trrbe
CoefHUerts
be
Prove
boumdeol Tolint frov
Thorem (6) 1 f 1
Faricr
CoefRueNs,

qTe
`bn
S
Converge3
BhU1
(+, )
+h
essels
neukty ín ( ,)
o. Prsov intersbu

d
C y a A U C H
e f f u e H

b(rnelel Fauier
F o u r i e r

e f it.
T * i .
YR
hn) S
Simmndr
ndn,
yoof , m)
atd let 11d b =l
b,,
n)7
hdn b,
dn=T
,
sd
hm)Simm
d n = M4
Coshn
m)

haR |
+bnSsnnr)
,

we
Now, ( C o m

Sinna)
20
(anm+,

z,
2kn)
+2 , bh
Sinta s mm)
Sinhm
G C63hm + b,
hn)+ )>0
hn) Sinhn
.n

+,
S , hoy osm
n

2 2
Smm Comdn
a,, Cmdn + Sinmn +29,
h) d +. - I

dn ] 0
, hn) sndn +b, [ Am) Sinnn
 b o)
dr + 2 (a% t b, + 2 ,,
-T

h)) dm - n

A
I
S(Am)dn dm
inehto)
Sezes

HR
H 2
Sen
Bessel'A

f $7ol
.C<llod P s a h l SS
u um
m
boundaol

Psrh'
TRis
Pwd
+ha + )
577
ComVexPErt-
k ee
ComaSPEKT
shewes

hrch
fo si 4
A
) o f
ZSt,)
t b )
n t e s l e

+,
i n i e r s b e

G.
S f s
Gh

+1e
Se Co
C oe
efff
firu
ueen
ntts
s

hene
0 Dhu2(a
wbi)
e 12hcw a
u n
F u nei err

ueChow i n t e j t s k
z e r o

th t
i
Prore
funehm
JemdBessel ineikt
i h e l a k *

et
of
n

1
Bessel's
Coefku

t b, )
hrom
F o r i Y
S,

Proof
+ H e n - + R S e m e n

Sem
+R ConveK
ConverEH
+lem

bir)
on
funch t n

C o n v e r E H
(
f e n e n

S i h e

Nw, Sid b,
a h h
a,
Fhur a e e e
a e y e d

oe e r

F u r i e

t
r

e h d l
FouTieYS-enes
do

h f u n e h m
S s h o w e s

a
S e r í e

hseh
e h

r<ble n o + n e t e s SA
inte mem
1 h
Bh
riug'o
o s
n (o
ob), 11(obj]

eVer
t r n om e t e s
S Eénnee
s
Gi).Ls
U L S

mehe

t r i _omo
O - E V e r
Semt

Sedes
F o u r s e r

Sen¬s

amfmomehris

SfdY
e Con
 Sinm+Sm2+t -
WKHen as
lbe O
C ih 3m)
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