Groups Initial (U/L) After 10 days After 21 days P-values

1: Normal Control 19.28 ± 3.87 52.71 ± 1.94 44.96 ± 3.59 0.328

2: hyperlipidemic 36.04 ± 5.01 167.18 ± 16.55 148.42 ± 24.35 0.128

(pretreated with 100mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
3: hyperlipidemic 26.37 ± 8.94 102.61 ± 7.59 96.77 ± 14.40 0.431
(preteated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
4: positive control 23.01 ± 13.63 54.43 ± 5.44 42.86 ± 1.49 0.974
(hyperlipidemic, No
treatment)
5: hyperlipidemic + 27.68 ± 2.65 50.76 ± 6.12 57.31 ± 2.11 0.850
80mg/kg b.w artovastatin
6: hyperlipidemic (post 15.75 ± 5.11 102.26 ± 3.73 87.93 ± 10.49 0.512
treated with 100mg/kg b.w
saponin fraction)
7: hyperlipidemic (post 28.03 ± 9.87 89.47 ± 7.87 83.65 ± 15.31 0.555
treated with 500mg/kg b.w
saponin fraction

AST levels across groups.

Groups Initial (U/L) After 10 days After 21 days P-values

(U/L) (U/L)
1: Normal Control 8.48 ± 1.33 10.65 ± 0.73 10.32 ± 0.85 0.140

2: hyperlipidemic 9.92 ± 6.21 69.25 ± 6.93 71.12 ± 2.86 0.082

(pretreated with 100mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
3: hyperlipidemic 9.01 ± 3.51 70.87 ± 2.12 68.78 ± 1.61 0.093
(preteated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
4: positive control 6.03 ± 1.85 16.31 ± 1.72 20.27 ± 1.74 0.764
(hyperlipidemic, No
treatment)
5: hyperlipidemic + 5.81 ± 0.88 14.0 ± 0.52 29.24 ± 3.41 0.569
80mg/kg b.w artovastatin
6: hyperlipidemic (post 5.44 ± 2.35 55.58 ± 9.26 48.79 ± 5.12 0.256
treated with 100mg/kg b.w
saponin fraction)
7: hyperlipidemic (post 19.41 ± 1.80 23.58 ± 2.83 31.74 ± 4.14 0.520
treated with 500mg/kg b.w
saponin fraction

ALT levels across groups.

 Groups Initial After 10 days After 21 days P-values

1: Normal Control 24.88 ± 0.75 30.72 ± 2.95 29.29 ± 0.94 0.209

2: hyperlipidemic 18.07 ± 0.65 34.31 ± 3.05 34.10 ± 4.19 0.209

(pretreated with
100mg/kg b.w saponin
fraction)
3: hyperlipidemic 20.17 ± 0.47 37.07 ± 2.45 35.28 ± 2.07 0.124
(preteated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
4: positive control 15.82 ± 1.21 47.87 ± 2.95 60.47 ± 6.94 0.000
(hyperlipidemic, No
treatment)
5: hyperlipidemic + 16.96 ± 0.88 36.09 ± 4.20 30.93 ± 4.05 0.661
80mg/kg b.w artovastatin
6: hyperlipidemic (post 29.49 ± 2.19 45.22 ± 1.90 41.06 ± 1.69 0.006
treated with 100mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
7: hyperlipidemic (post 13.20 ± 3.02 41.16 ± 1.19 32.46 ± 1.83 0.399
treated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction
Mean and Standard Error of Mean for TC across groups

Groups Initial After 10 days After 21 days P-values

1: Normal Control 32.57 ± 4.75 47.71 ± 9.94 42.97 ± 7.60 0.008

2: hyperlipidemic 41.03 ± 1.70 28.62 ± 1.21 43.80 ± 14.99 0.933

(pretreated with
100mg/kg b.w saponin
fraction)
3: hyperlipidemic 36.83 ± 3.31 36.81 ± 7.75 42.67 ± 6.99 0.974
(preteated with
500mg/kg b.w saponin
fraction)
4: positive control 36.39 ± 1.14 76.56 ± 7.18 125.47 ± 13.89 0.000
(hyperlipidemic, No
treatment)
5: hyperlipidemic + 36.09 ± 3.15 70.02 ± 2.57 73.10 ± 4.05 0.007
80mg/kg b.w
artovastatin
6: hyperlipidemic (post 36.01 ± 6.05 93.84 ± 5.09 90.16 ± 5.15 0.000
treated with 100mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
7: hyperlipidemic (post 36.74 ± 3.97 88.13 ± 3.09 81.36 ± 4.33 0.001
treated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction

Mean and Standard Error of Mean for TG across groups

 Groups Initial After 10 days After 21 days P-values

1: Normal Control -15.82 ± 16.45 -10.41 ± 3.80 -19.59 ± 3.51 0.000

2: hyperlipidemic -20.65 ± 3.44 8.79 ± 4.03 -3.02 ± 1.35 0.001

(pretreated with
100mg/kg b.w saponin
fraction)
3: hyperlipidemic -14.45 ± 3.44 2.87 ± 7.15 -1.48 ± 4.33 0.000
(preteated with
500mg/kg b.w saponin
fraction)
4: positive control -38.12 ± 2.59 22.58 ± 6.17 17.61 ± 6.39 0.000
(hyperlipidemic, No
treatment)
5: hyperlipidemic + -35.16 ± 3.11 8.53 ± 7.73 -11.23 ± 4.05 0.055
80mg/kg b.w
artovastatin
6: hyperlipidemic (post -15.15 ± 3.90 1.22 ± 5.90 -8.57 ± 1.56 0.015
treated with 100mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
7: hyperlipidemic (post -35.93 ± 6.25 14.72 ± 2.58 -4.15 ± 4.34 0.002
treated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction

Mean and Standard Error of Mean for LDL-C across groups

Groups Initial After 10 days After 21 days P-values

1: Normal Control 34.19 ± 15.48 31.51 ± 1.36 40.29 ± 2.99

2: hyperlipidemic 30.53 ± 4.47 19.81 ± 2.21 28.35 ± 1.07 0.001

(pretreated with
100mg/kg b.w saponin
fraction)
3: hyperlipidemic 27.26 ± 3.50 26.86 ± 3.27 29.71 ± 5.98 0.003
(preteated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
4: positive control 46.67 ± 2.49 10.04 ± 3.45 17.77 ± 1.50 0.000
(hyperlipidemic, No
treatment)
5: hyperlipidemic + 44.64 ± 2.+66 13.56 ± 3.08 27.54 ± 1.50 0.001
80mg/kg b.w artovastatin
6: hyperlipidemic (post 43.82 ± 10.75 25.23 ± 3.59 31.61 ± 1.16 0.012
treated with 100mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
7: hyperlipidemic (post 41.78 ± 4.02 8.68 ± 1.49 20.35 ± 3.32 0.000
treated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction
Mean and Standard Error of Mean for HDL-C across groups
 Groups Initial After 10 days After 21 days P-values

1: Normal Control 6.51 ± 0.95 9.51 ± 1.97 8.59 ± 1.52 0.000

2: hyperlipidemic 8.20 ± 0.34 5.71 ± 0.24 8.76 ± 3.00 0.003

(pretreated with
100mg/kg b.w saponin
fraction)
3: hyperlipidemic 7.36 ± 0.66 7.33 ± 1.54 7.05 ± 0.41 0.658
(preteated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
4: positive control 7.27 ± 0.23 15.25 ± 1.43 25.09 ± 2.78 0.001
(hyperlipidemic, No
treatment)
5: hyperlipidemic + 7.21 ± 0.63 14.0 ± 0.52 14.62 ± 1.53 0.481
80mg/kg b.w artovastatin
6: hyperlipidemic (post 7.20 ± 1.21 18.77 ± 1.02 18.03 ± 1.03 0.535
treated with 100mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
7: hyperlipidemic (post 7.35 ± 0.79 17.56 ± 0.62 16.27 ± 0.86 0.007
treated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction
Mean and Standard Error of Mean for VLDL across groups

Groups Initial After 10 Days After 21 Days P-Value

1: Normal Control -0.35 ± 0.14 -0.02 ± 0.13 -0.27 ± 0.03 0.005

2: hyperlipidemic -0.39 ± 0.07 0.75 ± 0.27 0.19 ± 0.12 0.006

(pretreated with
100mg/kg b.w saponin
fraction)
3: hyperlipidemic -0.25 ± 0.08 0.40 ± 0.25 0.31 ± 0.20 0.001
(preteated with
500mg/kg b.w saponin
fraction)
4: positive control -0.65 ± 0.03 4.77 ± 2.90 2.40 ± 0.34 0.000
(hyperlipidemic, No
treatment)
5: hyperlipidemic + -0.62 ± 0.03 1.90 ± 1.08 0.13 ± 0.22 0.083
80mg/kg b.w
artovastatin
6: hyperlipidemic (post -0.28 ± 0.18 0.84 ± 0.35 0.29 ± 0.01 0.381
treated with 100mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
7: hyperlipidemic (post -0.67 ± 0.10 3.91 ± 0.98 0.65 ± 0.36 0.352
treated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction
Mean and Standard Error of Mean of Atherogenic Index (AI)
 Groups Initial After 10 days After 21 days P-value

1: Normal Control 1.01 ± 0.64 0.96 ± 0.12 0.73 ± 0.03 0.633

2: hyperlipidemic 0.60 ± 0.07 1.75 ± 0.27 1.19 ± 0.12 0.057

(pretreated with
100mg/kg b.w saponin
fraction)
3: hyperlipidemic 0.75 ± 0.08 1.40 ± 0.25 1.22 ± 0.18 0.023
(preteated with
500mg/kg b.w saponin
fraction)
4: positive control 0.34 ± 0.02 5.72 ± 2.84 3.41 ± 0.35 0.000
(hyperlipidemic, No
treatment)
5: hyperlipidemic + 0.37 ± 0.02 2.90 ± 1.08 1.14 ± 0.21 0.095
80mg/kg b.w
artovastatin
6: hyperlipidemic (post 0.71 ± 0.18 1.84 ± 0.35 1.29 ± 0.01 0.025
treated with 100mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
7: hyperlipidemic (post 0.32 ± 0.11 4.91 ± 0.98 1.65 ± 0.36 0.001
treated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction

Mean and Standard Error of Mean of Total Cholesterol to High Density Lipoprotein ratio
(TC:HDL-C)
 Groups Initial After 10 days After 21 days P-value

1: Normal Control 0.83 ± 0.12 1.53 ± 0.36 1.05 ± 0.11 0.001

2: hyperlipidemic 1.38 ± 0.28 1.46 ± 0.12 1.53 ± 0.49 0.062

(pretreated with
100mg/kg b.w saponin
fraction)
3: hyperlipidemic 1.36 ± 0.19 1.36 ± 0.15 1.55 ± 0.56 0.146
(preteated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
4: positive control 0.78 ± 0.05 8.86 ± 3.74 7.04 ± 0.18 0.000
(hyperlipidemic, No
treatment)
5: hyperlipidemic + 0.80 ± 0.03 5.43 ± 1.22 2.67 ± 0.43 0.037
80mg/kg b.w artovastatin
6: hyperlipidemic (post 0.89 ± 0.34 3.77 ± 0.41 2.86 ± 0.26 0.136
treated with 100mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
7: hyperlipidemic (post 0.89 ± 0.18 10.49 ± 2.12 4.14 ± 0.91 0.001
treated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction

Mean and Standard Error of Mean of Triglyceride to High Density Lipoprotein Ratio
(TG:HDL-C)
Groups 3-Hydroxy-3MethylGlutaryl
CoA Reductase Activity
(U/L)
1: Normal Control 1.627

2: hyperlipidemic 1.399
(pretreated with
100mg/kg b.w saponin
fraction)
3: hyperlipidemic 1.627
(preteated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
4: positive control 1.546
(hyperlipidemic, No
treatment)
5: hyperlipidemic + 1.379
80mg/kg b.w artovastatin
6: hyperlipidemic (post 1.343
treated with 100mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction)
7: hyperlipidemic (post 1.576
treated with 500mg/kg
b.w saponin fraction
Parameter Effect of Saponin-rich fraction of S. nigrum ethanolic Leaf extract on Lipid parameters

s
GROUPS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TC 29.29±0.67** 34.10±2.96** 35.28±1.46** 60.48±4.91* 30.93±2.87** 41.07±1.20** 32.47±1.30**

TG 42.99±5.37** 43.80±10.61** 42.68±4.94** 125.48±9.83* 73.10±5.40** 90.16±3.64*/** 81.37±3.06*/**

HDL-C 40.29±2.12** 28.36±0.76*/** 29.71±4.23*/** 17.77±1.06* 27.54±1.06* 31.61±0.83** 20.35±2.35*/**

LDL-C -19.60±2.48** -3.02±0.96*/** -1.48±3.06*/** 17.61±4.52* -11.23±2.87** -8.58±1.10** -4.15±3.08*/**

VLDL-C 8.59±1.08** 8.76±2.12** 7.05±0.29** 25.09±1.97* 14.62±1.08*/** 18.03±0.73*/** 16.27±0.61*/**

*=Significant when compare with Normal control

**=Significant when compared with Positive control(untreated)

Parameters Effect of Saponin-rich fraction of S. nigrum ethanolic extract on Atherogenic Indices

GROUPS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
AI -0.27±0.23** 0.20±0.87** 0.31±0.14** 2.40±0.24* 0.13±0.15** 0.30±0.01** 0.65±0.26*/**
TC:HDL 0.73±0.20** 1.20±0.87** 1.22±0.13** 3.41±0.24* 1.14±0.15** 1.30±0.01** 1.65±0.26*/**
LDL:HDL-

C
TG:HDL-C 1.06±0.08** 1.53±0.35** 1.55±0.40** 7.04±0.13* 2.68±0.30*/** 2.86±0.19*/** 4.14±0.65*/**

*=Significant when compare with Normal control

**=Significant when compared with Positive control(untreated)

Parameter Effect of Saponin-rich fraction of S. nigrum ethanolic extract on Liver Enzyme Markers and

s HMGCR

GROUPS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ALT 6.88±3.49 47.41±23.76 45.85±22.95 13.51±6.83 19.49±9.94 32.53±16.5 21.16±10.84
 3
AST 29.98±15.13 98.94±51.43 64.51±33.96 28.57±14.31 38.21±19.14 58.62±29.9 55.76±29.25

3
HMGCR

*=Significant when compare with Normal control

**=Significant when compared with Positive control(untreated)