Al-Qalam University College

Department Of Anesthesia Techniques

Asst. Prof. Dr. Nadhim M. Mosa

Medicine - Practical
Infection , Bacteremia,
Septicemia
What is infection?
• The invasion and growth of germs in the body. The germs may
be bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other
microorganisms. Infections can begin anywhere in the body
and may spread all through it. An infection can cause fever and
other health problems, depending on where it occurs in the
body.
What is bacteremia?
• Bacteremia is defined as the presence of viable bacteria within
the liquid component of blood (blood infection)
Diagnosis
What is Septicemia?
• Septicemia, or sepsis, is the clinical name for blood poisoning
by bacteria. It is the body's most extreme response to an
infection. Sepsis that progresses to septic shock has a death
rate as high as 50%, depending on the type of organism
involved.
Principles of ECG
Practical Session
Anesthesia Second Year
27-12-2020
What is ECG?
• An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a simple test that can be
used to check your heart's rhythm and electrical activity.
• Sensors attached to the skin are used to detect the electrical
signals produced by your heart each time it beats.
Normal ECG
Myocardial Infarction
The End
• Acute kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly
become unable to filter waste products from your blood.

• Acute kidney failure — also called acute renal failure or acute

kidney injury — develops rapidly, usually in less than a few
days.
 Symptoms
• Decreased urine output, although occasionally urine output
remains normal
• Fluid retention, causing swelling in your legs, ankles or feet
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Confusion
• Nausea
• Weakness
• Irregular heartbeat
• Chest pain or pressure
• Seizures or coma in severe cases
Causes
• You have a condition that slows blood flow to your kidneys
• You experience direct damage to your kidneys
• Your kidneys' urine drainage tubes (ureters) become blocked and
wastes can't leave your body through your urine
Diagnosis
• Urine output measurements
• Urine tests.
• Blood tests
• Imaging tests.
• Removing a sample of kidney tissue for testing.
Treatment
• Treatments to balance the amount of fluids in your blood
• Medications to control blood potassium
• Medications to control blood potassium.
• Medications to restore blood calcium levels.
• Dialysis to remove toxins from your blood.
Medicine - Practical
 Hepatic Failure
• The liver is the second largest organ in the body and performs
several different functions.
• The liver processes everything you eat and drink, which it
converts into energy and nutrients for your body to use. It
filters out harmful substances, such as alcohol, from your blood,
and helps your body to fight off infection.
• Exposure to viruses or harmful chemicals can harm the liver.
When your liver is damaged, you may develop hepatic (liver)
failure. In those with liver damage, the liver may eventually
stop functioning correctly.
• Liver failure is a serious condition. If you develop liver failure,
you should receive treatment immediately.
Types of hepatic failure
Acute liver failure
• Acute liver failure strikes fast. You’ll experience loss of liver
function within weeks or even days. It may happen suddenly,
without showing any symptoms.
• Common causes of acute liver failure include poisoning from
mushrooms or drug overdose, which can occur from taking too
much acetaminophen (Tylenol).
Chronic liver failure
• Chronic liver failure develops more slowly that acute liver
failure. It can take months or even years before you exhibit any
symptoms. Chronic liver failure is often the result of cirrhosis,
which is usually caused by long-term alcohol use. Cirrhosis
occurs when healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue.
 Causes of hepatic failure

• According to the Mayo Clinic, the most common cause of acute liver
failure in the United States is acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose.
Acetaminophen is an over-the-counter (OTC) drug. You should follow the
recommended dosage on the label. See your doctor immediately if you
think you may have overdosed.
Acute liver failure may also be caused by:
• certain prescription medicines
• some herbal supplements
• viral infections, such as hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, and C
• toxins
• certain autoimmune diseases
 Symptoms of hepatic failure
• nausea
• loss of appetite
• fatigue
• diarrhea
• jaundice, a yellowish color of the skin and eyes
• weight loss
• bruising or bleeding easily
• itching
• edema, or fluid buildup in the legs
• ascites, or fluid buildup in the abdomen
Diagnosing hepatic failure
• BLOOD TESTS
• Liver Biopsy
Treatment of hepatic failure
• Treatment depends on the stage of the disease.
• Your doctor may prescribe medications. If only part of
your liver is damaged, surgery may be recommended
to remove the damaged part. A doctor can also
take imaging tests of your liver to look for damage.
• If a healthy liver is damaged, it can grow back.
• If the damage is too severe, which can sometimes be
the case with fast-acting acute liver failure, a liver
transplant may be necessary.
ENDOCRINE DISEASES
Diabetes Mellitus
Type I
Diabetes Mellitus
Type II
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Addison Disease
Acromegaly
Al-Qalam University College
Department Of Anesthesia
Asst. Prof. Dr. Nadhim M. Mosa

Surgery
Common Diseases of Nervous System
• Alzheimer's disease.
• Bell's palsy.
• Cerebral palsy.
• Epilepsy.
• Multiple sclerosis (MS).
• Neurofibromatosis.
• Parkinson's disease.
• Motor neurone disease (MND).
 Alzheimer's disease
• Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's disease affects brain
function, memory and behavior.
- Most common cause of dementia in the
elderly.
- Affects over 5 million Americans with an estimated annual
cost of $172 billion.
- 2:1 Female predominance.
- Duration 5 - 20 years
Ronald Reagan (In case you
were unaware).
Risk Factor of Alzheimer’s disease

• Family history
• Head trauma
• Hematologic malignancies
• Down’s syndrome
• Apolipoprotein E
Clinical Features
• Memory loss is the key symptom of Alzheimer's
disease. An early sign of the disease is usually difficulty
remembering recent events or conversations. As the
disease progresses, memory impairments worsen and
other symptoms develop.
• At first, a person with Alzheimer's disease may be
aware of having difficulty with remembering things and
organizing thoughts. A family member or friend may be
more likely to notice how the symptoms worsen.
People with Alzheimer's may:
• Repeat statements and questions over and over
• Forget conversations, appointments or events, and not remember
them later
• Routinely misplace possessions, often putting them in illogical
locations
• Get lost in familiar places
• Eventually forget the names of family members and everyday
objects
• Have trouble finding the right words to identify objects, express
thoughts or take part in conversations
Bell’s Palsy
• Bell's palsy: Bell's palsy is a sudden weakness or paralysis of
facial muscles on one side of the face.
• No one is certain why Bell's palsy occurs,
but it may be due to a virus such as
herpes simplex, the common cold sore
virus. About 1 of 70 people develop Bell’s
palsy, usually just once.
Symptoms of Bell's palsy
Symptoms come on suddenly, sometimes preceded by a day
or two of pain behind the ear. About half of all people who
get Bell's palsy have partial or full paralysis of the face within
48 hours; the rest develop it within five days. Symptoms
include:
• drooping of one corner of the mouth
• flattening of the creases and folds in the skin
• inability to close one eyelid
• a sagging lower eyelid, letting tears spill onto the cheek
• heaviness or numbness on the affected side
Diagnosing Bell's palsy
• Bell's palsy usually causes characteristic signs that can lead a skilled
clinician to the right diagnosis.
• There is no specific laboratory test to confirm that a person has Bell's
palsy.
• A test called electromyography can confirm the presence of nerve
damage and determine its severity and how much of the nerve is
affected.
• An MRI or CT scan can rule out other problems that may be putting
pressure on the facial nerve.
Treatment
• Short course of steroids (prednisone)
• May use antiviral drug.
• Pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Paracetol) or Ibuprofen
• Lubricating eye drops
• Physical therapy to stimulate the facial nerve
Parkinson’s disease
• Parkinson's disease: a progressive disease of the
nervous system marked by tremor, muscular
rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement, chiefly
affecting middle-aged and elderly people. It is
associated with degeneration of the basal
ganglia of the brain and a deficiency of the
neurotransmitter dopamine.
Mohammed Ali, the
American Boxer had
got Parkinson’s
Disease
Cause of Parkinson’s Disease
• Parkinson's disease occurs when nerve cells, or
neurons, in an area of the brain that controls
movement become impaired and/or die.
Normally, these neurons produce an important
brain chemical known as dopamine. When the
neurons die or become impaired, they produce
less dopamine, which causes the movement
problems of Parkinson's. Scientists still do not
know what causes cells that produce dopamine
to die.
Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson's disease has four main symptoms:
• Tremor (trembling) in hands, arms, legs, jaw, or
head
• Stiffness of the limbs and trunk
• Slowness of movement
• Impaired balance and coordination, sometimes
leading to falls
Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease
• There are currently no blood or laboratory tests
to diagnose nongenetic cases of Parkinson's
disease.
• Diagnosis is based on a person's medical history
and a neurological examination. Improvement
after initiating medication is another important
hallmark of Parkinson's disease.
Treatment
• Dopamine agonists to mimic the role of dopamine in
the brain
• MAO-B inhibitors to slow down an enzyme that breaks
down dopamine in the brain
• COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) inhibitors to
help break down dopamine
• Amantadine, an old antiviral drug, to reduce
involuntary movements
• Anticholinergic drugs to reduce tremors and muscle
rigidity
 Other Diseases Of Nervous System
• Multiple sclerosis (MS): a chronic, typically
progressive disease involving damage to the
sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord,
whose symptoms may include numbness,
impairment of speech and of muscular
coordination, blurred vision, and severe fatigue.
• Epilepsy: a neurological disorder marked by
sudden recurrent episodes of sensory
disturbance, loss of consciousness, or
convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical
activity in the brain.