Tafila Technical University

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Metallurgical Processes
“Exp.1: Jominy end quench test”

Student Name: Ahmad Nader Ibrahim Ghawanmeh.

Student ID: 320180101053.

Instructor name: Dr. Rashid Abdul Latif Lotfi Abdullah.

 - Introduction:
In practice, not all parts of the sample can be heat treated to the same
level. The difference is due to the thickness of the volume effect.
Basically, when a part is quenched in water or some other medium, the
heat must be transferred across the surface. This results in an AT / Ay
temperature gradient between the surface and the center of the heat-
treated part. The temperature gradient changes over time, and is less
severe at later times. Thus, the temperature of the center lags in time
behind the surface temperature. This means that the cooling rate varies
with the depth. The greater the depth, the slower the cooling rate.
Different cooling rates can result in different hardness at the center
than at the rim. The edge can be turned into Martensite and the center
to Pearlite.

The resulting microstructure also depends on the composition of the

alloy. The presence of alloying elements other than Carbon shift the
Pearlite (as well as the Proeutectoid phase) and Bainite formation to
longer times, thus decreasing the critical cooling rate. In fact, one of the
reasons for alloying elements is to facilitate the formation of
Martensite so that totally Martensitic structures can develop in
relatively thick cross sections. The ability of a steel alloy to develop
Martensite is related to a property called hardenability. It is a measure
of the rate at which hardness drops off with distance into the interior of
a specimen as a result of diminished Martensitic content.
- Objective:

1- Determine the hardenability of carbon steel specimen.

2- Determine the depth of hardening.

3- Plot the relationship between distance of cooling source and

hardness at Jominy specimen.

- Theory:
Heat treatment is a common method to modify the properties of a
material. In the case of steel alloy, heat treatment that apply onto
the material can cause it to be hardened, also to be softer depending
on the cooling state. The initial red-hot state of a steel after being
heated represents the austenitic condition and the subsequent
cooling results in a variety of transformations that depend on the
chemical composition of the steel.

If the intention is to produce a martensitic structure, then the

constituents of the steel must be such that the phase is obtained
over the depth required.

In the Jominy test, a standardized bar is heated and then placed on a

rig in which one end of the rod is quenched by a standard jet of
water. This results in a progressive decrease in the rate of cooling
along the bar from the quenched end. The depth from the quenched
end, over which martensite is obtained, is then the measure of
hardenability.
- Procedure:
1- Determine the hardenability of carbon steel specimen.

2- Determine the depth of hardening.

3- Plot the relationship between distance of cooling source and

hardness at Jominy specimen.

4- Preheat the furnace to the calculated preheating temperature.

5- Place the Jominy specimen into the furnace and rise its
temperature to the calculated heating temperature.

6- After holding the specimen at the specified temperature at the

calculated holding time remove it from the furnace and place it on
the quenching pool.

7- Supplying the pole with a water stream the quenching process will
take place, after that using the electrical cutting machine start
cutting at standard distances from the head point to measure
hardness at different distances.

8- Plot the resulted hardness values on a graph, Fig 1

- Calculations:

Low carbon steel…… C%<0.8, Ac3

Medium carbon steel……. C%=0.8, Ac1

High carbon steel……. C%>0.8, Ac1

C%=0.3

• Heating Temperature:

H.T= 820 + (30-50)

= 850-870 C= 860 C

• Pre- Heating Temp.:

Pre H.T= 0.6 x 860= 516 C

• Holding Time:

Holding Time= (1.5-2) x 20= 30-40 min= 35 min

- Discussion:
1- We increase the heat temperature to ensure that the metal
reaches the austenite phase or that the cutting limits are
complete.
2- The goal of Holding time is to complete the phase shift and
compensate for thermal losses.
3- Factors affecting on hardenability:
a- Austenite crystal size.
b- Ruling section.
c- Carbon percentage.
d- Alloying elements.

4- How to measure the hardness:

a- HP device
b- HRC device
c- HB device
- Results:
Table1: Reading of the experiment

Distance Hardness
5 290
10 282
15 278
20 262
25 245
30 232
35 208
40 198
45 192
50 188

Jominy Test
350

300
Hardness(N/m^2)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Distance(mm)

Figure1: Plotting Results

• The closer to the cooling medium, the higher the hardness.