© 2020 mnmn SFG3023 REPORT EXAMPLE

SFG3023 Thermodynamics
Department of Physics
Faculty of Science and Mathematics

ID NAME SIGNATURE

D20172080351 MUHAMMAD FAIZ HUSAINI BIN MAT GHAHIT

D20172081335 A’FIFAH BINTI JALALUDIN
D20172081383 FATIN AZURA BINTI ABDUL HALIM

LECTURER DR. MOHD NORZAIDI MAT NAWI

EXPERIMENT Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Exp

Exp 45 Exp 6
TITLE Exp 7
Stirling Heat Engine
Exp 8
EXPERIMENT
1 JANUARY 2021
DATE
SUBMISSION
8 JANUARY 2021
DATE

1
© 2020 mnmn SFG3023 REPORT EXAMPLE

REPORT COMPONENTS/RUBRIC

Student Instructor
Report check-list checklist marks
[/]
1. Maximum 4-6 pages 2
2. Professional look 2
3. 1) Consistent font and style 1
4. 2) Arrangement 1
5. Abstract (Aim, Methodology & Key Finding) 2
6. Keywords 1
7. Introduction 2
8. 1) Use formula 1
2) Explain on the concept use 1
9. Methodology 2
1) Labeled figure 1
2) Correctly described the simulation 1
10. Data table 5

1) Correct label using SI unit 2

2) Consistent decimal point 2
3) Logical data 1
11. Graph 5

1) Title 1
2) Appropriate size 1
3) Axes label 1
4) Professional look 1
5) Correct fitting 1
12. Data analysis (Fulfill required assignment) 3

13. Conclusion(s) 2

14. Reflection 4

TOTAL 30
EXACT COPY OF DATA AND REPORT 0
AUTOMATIC ZERO MARK
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Report Example is provided for reference
3) One group one report.
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A student who is absence during the official lab session must do the
replacement lab within 7 days after the official session (arrange with the lab
assistant and submit his/her report within 5 days after doing the lab.
If you did not perform lab work no mark for you

2
 SIMULATION 3

CHARLES’ LAW AND IDEAL GAS EQUATION

Nur Fatihah Binti Shuhairi (D20172081381)
Nur Syairah Iman Binti Mohd Saupi (D20172081382)
Fatin Azura Binti Abdul Halim @ Zainorin (D20172081383)

Abstract

The aim of this simulation is to study the relationship between volume ​V ​and temperature ​T
of a gas at constant pressure ​p ​and to verify the gas equation comprising p, V and T.
Experiment 1, the values of pressure and the length of box are varied. The values of L are
recorded. Experiment 2, the values of ​p ​are initially set to 6000kPa where the values of ​T, p
and ​L ​are recorded for each set. Based on the Ideal Gas Equation, at constant temperature,
the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional. The unit of pV/T is
k P a.nm3 o C −1
.

Keywords ​: Charles’s Law, ideal gas, pressure (maximum 3 keyword)

Introduction the number of gas moles, R is the

constant of the universal gas,
Charles's Law is also known as the law of
volumes, an experimental gas law that and the absolute temperature is T.
explains how gases appear to expand when
heated. Boyle's Law states that the
absolute pressure exerted by a given
A simple equation showing the mass (or number of moles) of an ideal
relationship between temperature, pressure, gas is inversely proportional to the
and volume for gases is the Ideal Gas Law. volume it occupies if the temperature and
Charles's Law, Boyle's Law, and Gay-Law amount of gas remain unchanged within
Lussac's derive from these particular ties.The a closed system. The law can be
direct proportionality of volume and expressed mathematically as where it is
temperature at constant pressure is defined constant. In the equation of state for an
by Charles' Law, the inverse proportionality of ideal gas.
pressure and volume at constant temperature
is identifiedby Boyle's Law, and the direct V=kT
proportionality of pressure and temperature at
constant volume is identified by Gay-Law. PV=nRT
Lussac's Combined, these form the equation V1
= VT 22
T1
of the Ideal Gas Law: PV= NRT.P is the
pressure, V is the volume, N is
 Methodology The new value for the temperature with
each different pressure was recorded.
The simulation setup is shown in Figure 1. For
For experiment 2, at room temperature,
experiment 1, 500 particles were pumped into
the pressure was set at 6000kPa. The
the box. The pressure was varied with three
value of temperature and the length of
different values 800kPa, 9000kPa, 700kPa by
the box were recorded. Then, the gas
adjusting the length of the box. Then, the
was heated. The value of pressure,
length of the box was recorded. The gas was
temperature and the length of the box
heated by 5 o C higher.
were recorded at different temperatures.

Result

Experiment 1

T ( o C) p1= 8000kPa p2= 9000kPa p3= 7000kPa

L( nm ) V( nm3 ) L( nm ) V( nm3 ) L( nm ) V( nm3 )

25 7.3 730 6.5 650 8.4 840

30 7.4 740 6.6 660 8.5 850

35 7.6 760 6.7 670 8.7 870

40 7.7 770 6.9 690 8.8 880

45 7.8 780 7.0 700 9.0 900

 50 8.0 800 7.1 710 9.1 910

55 8.1 810 7.2 720 9.2 920

60 8.2 820 7.3 730 9.4 940

65 8.3 830 7.4 740 9.5 950

70 8.4 840 7.5 750 9.7 970

75 8.6 860 7.6 760 9.8 980

Experiment 2

No T ( o C) p(kPa) L(nm) V( nm3 ) pV/T

1 25 6000 9.9 980 235200

2 50 6000 10.5 1060 117681

3 120 6000 12.4 1340 92661

Discussion

1. Plot the graphs of V against T( o C)

2. Find the gradient and the intercept and write down the equation that represents

the graph

Experiment 1
Experiment 2

The value of gradient and y-intercept will be determined based on the graph equation as:

y = mx + c where m is gradient and c is y-intercept

3. Why was p fixed in this simulation?
Pressure was fixed in this simulation
because based on Charles’s law,
temperature is directly proportional to
volume at a constant pressure. ​Increasing
the temperature of a volume of gas causes
individual gas molecules to move faster. As
the molecules move faster, they encounter
the walls of the container more often and
with more force. In a rigid container, the
more frequent and forceful collisions result
in higher pressure. However, if the
container volume is adjustable, the volume
will increase, and the pressure will remain
the same.
4. If pressure and temperature are constant.
What happen to volume, V if we pump
5. Discuss the result of experiment 2
In experiment 2, at a constant pressure, as
the temperature raised, the length of the
box also increased. Thus, the volume also
increased. This obeyed the Charles’ law
which stated that the temperature is directly
proportional to volume at constant pressure.
Conclusion
The temperature and the volume of a gas
are directly proportional at constant
pressure according to Charles's Law. The
unit of ​pV/T ​is k P a.nm3 o C −1 and the
number of moles of air is inversely
proportional to temperature.
Reflection
1) The simulation really helps students to
perform the experiment during online
learning.
2) The simulation also helps students to
understand better regarding the topics.
in more particles? Why?
If the pressure and temperature are
constant, the number of particles are
directly proportional to the volume. If the
temperature remains constant and so the
average force of the particle on the surface,
adding additional particles could
compensate for the increased container
surface area and keep the pressure the
same. ​Therefore, the volume will increase if
more we pump in more particle in the box.
Reference
Ling, S., Moebs, W., & Sanny, J. (2021).
Pressure, Temperature, and RMS
Speed. Retrieved 6 January 2021,
from
https://opentextbc.ca/universityphysic
sv2openstax/chapter/pressure-temper
ature-and-rms-speed/
Ling, S., Moebs, W., & Sanny, J. (2021).
Distribution of Molecular Speeds.
Retrieved 6 January 2021, from
https://opentextbc.ca/universityphysic
sv2openstax/chapter/distribution-of-m
olecular-speeds/#:~:text=Because%2
0of%20the%20lower%20mass,such%
20as%20nitrogen%20and%20oxygen
.&text=Thus%2C%20when%20some
%20liquid%20evaporates,liquid%20h
as%20a%20lower%20temperature​.
Connecting Gas Properties to Kinetic
Theory of Gases. (2021). Retrieved 6
January 2021, from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelve
s/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistr
y_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Mo
dules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Ch
emistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matt
er/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Ga
ses/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gase​s_
3) The simulation can be done at any time
that I want.

Nur Fatihah binti Shuhairi

(D20172081381)

1) From this experiment, I can apply the

formula used in finding the answer
related to the charles law.
2) This prepared simulation helps
students a lot to understand this topic
and the experiment.
3) I always have difficulties in
understanding physics, but then with
help of the laboratory manual and the
simulation I'm better than before.

Nur Syairah Iman bt Mohd SaupiI

(D20172081382)

1) This kind of experiment is amazing as I

am able to explore more of the
variables easily without any worry of
anything going to burst or something.
2) This simulation is able to make us
understand more about physics.
3) I enjoy doing this experiment

Fatin Azura Binti Abdul Halim

(D20172081383)
 SIMULATION 4
UNDERSTANDING KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL

1. Open Gas Properties and then use the pump to put a little gas into the box.

a. Observe Gas Particles Behavior.

Particles move rapidly and collide among each other and the container in gases particles.

b. Pump in some lighter particles and talk about the similarities and differences
that you see between heavy and light particles.

Since the temperatures are the same, both gases have the same average kinetic energy.
The lighter gas will therefore have a higher average speed than the heavier gas. Its collision
frequency is therefore greater. Although the collisions are less frequent, the heavier gas has
more momentum. Because of this, it strikes the sides of its container with more force, albeit
less often. Supposedly, this makes up for the lower collision frequency in the heavier gas.
This is why both gases have the same pressure.

c. Use the simulation to see how changing the temperature affects the behavior of
the gas particles.

From the simulation, it can be seen that an increase in temperature causes an increase in
the kinetic energy of the particles in atomic gas. Thus, an increase in total kinetic energy will
cause the gas particles to overall speed up.
d. Write a description for a gas based on your observations; include
diagrams/theory to help with your description.

Kinetic Molecular Theory states that gas particles are in constant motion and exhibit
perfectly elastic collisions. Gas particles are in a constant state of random motion and move
in straight lines until they collide with another body. The particles of an ideal gas exert no
attractive forces on each other or on their surroundings. ​The average kinetic energy of a
collection of gas particles is directly proportional to absolute temperature only. Kinetic
Molecular Theory can be used to explain both Charles’ and Boyle’s Laws.

2. Helium is much lighter than air. How fast do you think the Helium particles are moving
compared to air particles (speed of air particles about 500 m/s)?

The process by which a gas escapes from a container with a small puncture is called
effusion. Under identical conditions, gases with relatively small particle masses. The relative
rate of effuse more rapidly than gases with larger particles masses. The relative rate of
He ef f usion rate √M N 2
effusion of helium and nitrogen can be computed using: relative rate = N 2 ef f usion rate = √M HE
,

where MHe is the mass of the helium particles and MN2 is the mass of the nitrogen
particles.
3. Using the simulation, test your idea from question 2 and give evidence to support or revise
your thoughts. For evidence, include how you used the simulation to collect data, and any
calculations. Also, discuss what happens if you add more energy using the heater.

From the simulation, there are two particles involved which are big blue particles and small
red particles. ​
The difference in size of the two particles also affects the pressure and speed
of movement of the particles. Through the simulation that has been done, when the heater is
applied the particles will show an increased speed. However, the speed of small particles is
higher than the speed of large particles due to the explanation that has been made in
question 2 above. When the heater is added slowly, the pressure for each particle also
increases and makes the particle move at high speed to the maximum level and makes the
container lid open and the particles come out to the air surface. Data were collected using
aspects contained in the simulation such as pressure and particle motion. In addition, the
weight of the particles can also be determined in the simulation to facilitate the
calculation.​The relative rate of effusion of helium and nitrogen can be computed using:
He ef f usion rate √M N 2
relative rate = N 2 ef f usion rate = √M HE

4. Open States of Matter; use the simulations to explain the differences and similarities
between solid, liquid and gas particle motion; include drawings to help with your
explanations.

Particle motion for solid is too slow or we also can say it just vibrates at the same place.
While for liquid, the particle motion moves rapidly in all directions but the frequency of them
colliding with each other are high. Meanwhile for gas particles, the particles move more
rapidly in all direction and they collide with each other and the container the highest
compared to solid and liquid. With all the differences, all these three phases have their
similarities where sold, liquid, and gas all have volume and shape. They are all made up of
atoms, molecules, or ions.