أساسيات الاتصالات 1

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
١٣١
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ? ‫א‬ ?   ? ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K١٨٢١
١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{
 
 ‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥{‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Digital Economy)‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬٢٠٠٠١٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪١٢٣٤
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬???‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GPS‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Sensors)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Introduction to Electronic Communications
‫א‬•
 W‫א‬‫א‬•
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬ J 

W‫א‬•
 K ١J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١
K‫א‬ ٤J ١
K‫א‬ ٥J ١
K‫א‬ ٦J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٧J ١
10: ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 Introduction١-١

 ‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFEF
 Historical Review‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬١٨٣٧ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٧٦ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٩٤ •
KAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٢٠ •
KFM‫א‬١٩٣٣ •
 KFM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٣٦ •
‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬{
 ‫א‬{ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Analog Communications System‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬+5V
{
 ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{E
  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬{E‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1-1‫א‬KE‫א‬F
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1-1‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢-١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(AM)‫א‬ J ١
(Amplitude ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KModulation)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (FM)‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Frequency Modulation)
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(PM)‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Phase Modulation)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(modulated wave)‫א‬‫א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 PMFMAM
KK(Demodulated Signal)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1-2‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Ease of Radiation ‫א‬J 
٪١٠‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬{ 3000100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 10F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3000100
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE 300
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ 300‫א‬‫א‬100 ‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬1-2‫א‬
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K30‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 Simultaneous Transmission of many Signals ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
  
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Frequency ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Division Multiplexing (FDM)
 K‫א‬
 Electromagnetic Spectrum‫א‬‫א‬٣-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬1-1‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c
 λ = f
[m] (1-1)
 ‫א‬W
 L300000000Z‫א‬WC
 K‫א‬Wƒ




-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١-١‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
100km-10km 3kHz-30kHz (VLF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10km-1km 30kHz-300kHz  (LF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1000m-1km 300kHz-3MHz  (MF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1000m-10m 3MHz-30MHz  (HF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100m-10m 30MHz-300MHz  (VHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10m-1m 300MHz-3GHz  (UHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10cm-1cm 3GHz-30GHz  (SHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1cm-1mm 30GHz-300GHz  (EHF)‫א‬
,M: medium ,F: Frequency ,H: High , L: Low ,V: very

.E: Extremely, S: Super, U: Ultra

 ١-١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EλF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 (1 KHz)1
 (100 KHz)100
 (10 MHz)10
 ‫؟‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬
(1-1)‫א‬K
c 3 × 10 8
 ƒ= 1000Hz : λ = = = 300 Km
f 1000
c 3 × 10 8
  5
ƒ= 10 H  λ = = = 3 Km
f 10 5
c 3 × 10 8
 ƒ=10 Hz :6 λ = = = 30 m
f 10 6
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1-1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(LF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{(VLF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(MF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 ‫א‬W(HF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W(VHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
{
 K{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬ W(UHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(SHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬W(EHF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
300-3400‫א‬{Voice Frequency VF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬2 -1‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
C VHF 500 MHG - 1GHz
D L 1GHz - 2GHz
E S 2GHz - 3GHz
F S 3GHz - 4GHz
G C 4GHz - 6GHz
H C 6GHz - 8GHz
I X 8GHz - 10GHz
J X 10GHz - 12.4GHz
J Ku 12.4GHz - 18GHz
J K 18GHz - 20GHz
K K 20GHz - 26.5GHz
K Ka 26.5GHz - 40GHz

‫א‬EHF, SHF , UHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(300MHz – 300GHz)‫א‬‫א‬
 WEHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{1016Hz1012Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬{Visible‫א‬‫א‬{infrared‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
Kultraviolet‫א‬
K1018Hz‫א‬X-rays‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬Gama rays‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬1020Hz‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬( cosmic photons) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K1032Hz‫א‬
Laser‫א‬‫א‬Fiber Optics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E4.285C1014HzF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
14
 KE7.5C10 HzF
 K1-3‫א‬‫א‬
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1-3‫א‬
 Bandwidth ‫א‬٤-١
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(BWlnf)‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(BWch )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Bw inf ≤ Bw ch (1-2)
‫א‬WBWinf
 K‫א‬WBWch
 1-2
500‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5000
 K(BWch)‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ K
 Bwch = 5000 - 500 = 4500 KHz
 (Bwinformation)‫א‬‫א‬K
 Bwinf = 3400 - 300 = 3100 KHz
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 BWinf = 30 MHz - 3 MHz = 27 MHz
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Transmission Modes ‫א‬ ٥-١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Simplex (SX)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
Half Duplex ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(HDX)
Full Duplex ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{(FDX)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬Full/Full Duplex(F/FDX)‫א‬

  Noise ‫א‬٦-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Uncorrelated Noise‫א‬‫א‬١-٦-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W{‫א‬
 External Noise‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 (Internal Noise) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
Johnson Noise
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{White Noise‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KPartition noise‫א‬Shot noiseK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬transit noise‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Correlated Noise ‫א‬‫א‬١-٦-٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 { 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KAmplitude Modulation: AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬thunderstorms
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K100MHz‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬FMWFrequency Modulation‫א‬‫א‬
 K[88MHz – 108 MHz]
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K Thermal noise‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Johnson‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 N = KTB (1-3)
 :
 (Watts)‫א‬WN
 (Hertz)‫א‬WB
 (Kelvin)‫א‬‫א‬WT
 W‫א‬‫א‬Kelvin‫א‬
 T = C˚ + 273
 1.38 × 10 − 23 ⎛⎜
Joules ⎞
⎟ ZWK
⎝ Kelvin ⎠
‫א‬‫א‬{dBDecibel‫א‬‫א‬
 WK10‫א‬(1 3)10‫א‬‫א‬
 NdB = 10 Log ( KTB ) [ dB] (1-4)
 W
 K‫א‬WNdB

 1-3
 K1017˚‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
N = KTB =1.38 X 10-23 X (17+273) X 10 X 103 =4 X10 -17Watts
‫א‬K
 NdB = 10 Log ( KTB ) = 10 Log (4 X10-17 ) ≈ -164 dB
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 Signal – to – Noise ration‫ א‬‫א‬٣-٦-١

‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
S P
 = s (1-5)
N Pn
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛S⎞ ⎛ Ps ⎞
 ⎜ ⎟ = 10 Log ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (1-6)
⎝ N ⎠ dB ⎝ Pn ⎠
 W
⎛ S ⎞
 K‫א‬‫א‬W ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ N ⎠ dB
 ‫א‬‫א‬W Ps
 K‫א‬‫א‬W PN
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
⎛S⎞ ⎛ Vs ⎞
⎜
 N ⎟ = 20 Log ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (1-7)
⎝ ⎠ dB ⎝ Vn ⎠
 
⎛S⎞ ⎛I ⎞
 ⎜ ⎟ = 20 Log ⎜⎜ s ⎟⎟ (1-8)
⎝ N ⎠ dB ⎝ In ⎠

 1-4
{0.01W‫א‬10W‫א‬
W
⎛ S ⎞
 K ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
‫א‬‫א‬K
⎝ N ⎠
⎛ S ⎞
 K ⎜⎜ ⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬K
⎟
⎝ N ⎠ dB
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
S P 10
 = s = = 1000 K
N Pn 0 . 01
⎛S⎞ ⎛ Ps ⎞
 ⎜ ⎟ = 10 Log ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 10 Log (1000) = 30dB K
⎝ N ⎠ dB ⎝ Pn ⎠
Spectral Analysis‫א‬‫א‬١-٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬{‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ { ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬{
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Fourier Expansion ١-٧-١
 ‫א‬V(t) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

{ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
ƒ{T{ V(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kω‫א‬‫א‬
v ( t ) = A 0 + A1 cos( wt ) + A 2 cos( 2 wt ) + ... + A n cos( nwt ) +
 
B 0 + B1 Sin ( wt ) + A2 sin( 2 wt ) + ... + An sin( nwt )   (1-9)
W‫א‬‫א‬(1 9)‫א‬

V(t) = A 0 + fundamenta l + 2 nd harmonic +
 (1-10)
3 rd harmonic + ………. + n th harmonic
 W
 K(DC value)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WA0
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WFundamental
 K(f1)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W2nd harmonic
 K‫א‬‫א‬ f =2.f1
 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 Bn ……. B2, B1, An …. , A1 , A0‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
T
1
 A0 =
T ∫ v ( t ) dt
0
(1-11)
T
2
 An =
T ∫ v ( t ) cos( nwt ) dt
0
(1-12)
T
2
 B n =
T ∫ v ( t ) sin( nwt ) dt
0
(1-13)
 (1-9)‫א‬ ‫א‬V(t)‫א‬‫א‬(1-7)

 W
 V(t) = A0 + A1 cos wt + A2 cos 2 wt + ….. t An cos nwt (1-14)
W(1-9)‫א‬‫א‬V(t)‫א‬
V(t) = A0 + B1 sinwt + B2 sin 2 wt + ….. t Bn sin nwt (1-15)
1-5 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
v(t)
+2V
t
0 T/4 3T/4 T
2V
0.5 m s
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K١
v ( t ) = A 0 + A1 cos( wt ) + A 2 cos( 2 wt ) + ... + A n cos( nwt )
T 3T
T 4 4 T
1 1 1 1
 Ao = ∫ v ( t ) dt = ∫ 2 dt + ∫ − 2 dt + ∫ 2 dt = 0
T 0
T 0
T T T 3T
T
2 4 4
A 1 =
T ∫0
v ( t ) cos( t ) dt =
⎡ T4 3T
4 T
⎤
2 ⎢ ⎥ 8
T ⎢ ∫0
A1 = 2 cos( wt ) dt + ∫ − 2 cos( wt ) dt + ∫ 2 cos( wt ) dt ⎥ = π
⎢⎣ T
4
3T
4
⎥⎦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
8
A2= 0 & A3 = −
3π
W‫א‬‫א‬
8 8
v (t ) = cos( ω t ) − cos( 3ω t )
π 3π
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
1 1
 f = = −3
= 2000 Hz
T 0 . 5 × 10
f=2KHz
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
fs = 3f = 3x2K = 6KHz
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 V(f)
8

π
8

3π

 2KHz 6KHz F (Hz)
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬W K
K‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫؟‬
K‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬ K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K
K‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬ K

 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
K‫א‬ K
Amplitude ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 KFrequency Modulation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Modulation

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K527˚‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫؟‬{‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬ K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K(1-6)(1-5)‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
0.02‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 20‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V(t) K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 T‫א‬ K
Kƒ‫א‬‫ א‬K
ω‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
E‫ א‬F‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Transmission
‫א‬•
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K AM K
 K‫א‬ K
 W‫א‬‫א‬•
 K ١J ٢
K‫א‬ ٢J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٢
K‫א‬ ٥J ٢
K‫א‬ ٦J ٢
KAM ٧J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩J ٢
K‫א‬ ١٠J ٢
 12W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ١-٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(information)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Carrier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Km(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬{‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K(PM){(FM){(AM)‫א‬‫א‬

 {
 ‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
AM‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(demodulation)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬
 K(AM)
 Amplitude Modulation ‫א‬٢-٢
 (AM)‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Km(t)‫א‬
 AM Modulator ‫ א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 2-1‫א‬K(Modulated wave)‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
K‫א‬

 KW2-1‫א‬
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 Generation of AM SignalsE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Amplitude Modulation Double Sideband Full Carrier (AM SBFC) ‫א‬
 KAM‫א‬"AM DSBFC"  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ {Vm(t)=Em Sin(2π fmt)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2-2‫א‬
‫א‬VAM(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vc(t)=Ec Sin(2π fct)‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{AM 2-2‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2-2‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 KAM‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬2-2‫א‬

 (Modulated Wave Characteristics)‫א‬‫א‬J 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(fc)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 AM Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-٢
 AM Frequency Spectrum‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٪10F‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 K2-3‫א‬(fc)‫א‬‫א‬
Carrier
Lower Sideband Upper Sideband
Lower Side Frequencies Upper Side Frequencies

F (Hz)
fc fm(max) fc fc fm(max)
AM‫א‬‫א‬2-3‫א‬
 Wfc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2-3‫א‬
 Upper Sideband (USB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬fc+fm ‫ و‬fc ‫א‬
 f c ≤ USB ≤ f c + f m (2-1)
Upper Side Frequency (USF)‫א‬‫א‬USB
 W‫א‬USF
 f usf = f c + f m (2-2)
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬WfUSF
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wfc
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Wfm

Lower Sideband (LSB) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 f c − f m ≤ LSB ≤ f c (2-3)
Lower Side Frequency ‫א‬‫א‬LSB
 W‫א‬LSF(LSF)
 f Lsf = f c − f m (2-4)
 AM Bandwidth‫א‬ ‫א‬J 
 W2-3E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 BW AM = (fc + fm )− ( f c − fm )= 2 fm
 WAM‫א‬
 BW AM = 2 fm [Hz] (2-5)
 W
 K(Hz)AMWBWAM
 K(Hz)E‫א‬F‫א‬Wfm
 2-1
 ‫{א‬‫א‬EAMDSBFC modulator‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 Kfm= 5kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fc=100kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
KLSBUSB‫א‬‫ א‬K
BWAM‫א‬ K
KfmZ3kHz(USF)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
KfmZ3kHz(LSF)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 2-1‫א‬
 W(2-1)‫א‬K
f c ≤ USB ≤ f c + f m
 100 kHz ≤ USB ≤ 105 KHz
 (2-3)‫א‬
f c − f m ≤ LSB ≤ f c
 95 KHz ≤ LSB ≤ 100 KHz

 (2-5)‫א‬K
BW AM = 2 f m = 2 × 5 KHz = 10 KHz

 (2-2)‫א‬K
 f usf = f c + f m = 100 KHz + 3 KHz = 103 KHz
 2-4‫א‬K
f Lsf = fc − fm
 = 100 KHz - 3 KHz = 97 KHz
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٤-٢
 Coefficient of Modulation and Percent Modulation
 Coefficient of Modulation‫א‬J 
AM ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
Em
 m = (2-6)
Ec
 
 EF‫א‬Wm
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEm
 K
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬WEc
 Percent Modulation (M)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Em
 M = × 100 % (2-7)
Ec
 2-4‫א‬Ec , Em , m‫א‬

 K EmEc {‫א‬2-4‫א‬
 W2-4‫א‬
 V max = Ec + Em (2-8)
  V min = Ec − Em (2-9)
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 (2-9) , (2-8)‫א‬
1
 Ec = (Vmax − Vmin ) (2-10)
2
 2-92-8‫א‬
1
 E m = (Vmax + Vmin ) (2-11)
2
 
 AM‫א‬‫א‬WVmax
 AM‫א‬‫א‬WVmin
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAMF‫א‬‫א‬ 
{
Em‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 Em = EUSF + ELSF (2-12)
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-12)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EUSF=ELSF (2-13)
 (2-12)‫א‬(2-13)‫א‬
Em
 E USF = E LSF = (2-14)
2
 W(2-14)‫א‬(2-10)
1
 E USF = E LSF = (V max − V min ) (2-15)
4
 W
 [Volts]‫א‬‫א‬WEUSF
 [Volts]‫א‬‫א‬WELSF
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
K(2-7)‫א‬‫א‬Em=Ec100% ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K(2-9)‫א‬‫א‬100%‫א‬Vmin=0
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K100%‫א‬AM2-5‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM2-2

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬J 
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 2-2
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-15)‫א‬ J 
1
 E USF = E LSF = (V max − V min ) = 1 (18 − 2 ) = 8V
4 2
(2-10)‫א‬ J 
1
 Ec = (Vmax + Vmin ) = 1 (18 + 2 ) = 10V
2 2
 Ec=10V‫א‬
(2-11)‫א‬ J 
1
Em = (Vmax − Vmin ) = 1 (18 − 2) = 8V
2 2
 (2-6)‫א‬ J 
Em 8
 M = = = 0 .8
Ec 10
(2-7)‫א‬J 
E m
M = × 100 % = 0 . 8 × 100 % = 80 %
Ec
 AM٥-٢
AM Voltage Distribution (AM) Vam(t) 
‫א‬‫א‬{ { {
 KAM
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬{
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V c (t ) = E c sin( 2 π f c t ) (2-16)
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVc(t)
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEc
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wfc
 W
‫א‬AM‫א‬(repetation rate)‫א‬ J 
 KE‫א‬F
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
K‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬ J 
{Em+EcAM‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V am ( t ) = [Ec + E m sin( 2 π f m t ) ]sin 2 π f c t (2-17)
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W [Ec + Em sin(2πf mt )]
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEm
 (Hz)‫א‬Wfm
 (2.6)‫א‬
 Em = mEc  (2-18)
 W(2.15)‫א‬(2.8)‫א‬
 V am (t ) = [Ec + mE c sin( 2 π f m t ) ]sin( 2 π f c t )  (2-19)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 V am ( t ) = [1 + m sin( 2 π f m t ) ]E c sin( 2 π f c t )
 V am ( t ) = E c sin( 2 π f c t ) + mE c sin( 2 π f m t )( E c sin( 2 π f c t )) (2-20)

 G
1
 sin α sin β = [cos( α − β ) − cos( α + β ) ] (2-21)
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬(2-20)‫א‬(2-21)‫א‬‫א‬
mE c mE c
 V am ( t ) = E c sin 2π f c t − cos 2π ( f c + f m ) t + cos 2π ( f c − f m ) t (2-22)
2 2

 
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬WEc Sin(2πfct)
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬W − mEc cos 2π ( f c + f m )t
2
mE
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬W c cos 2π ( f c − f m )t
2
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 W(2-22)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 Ec(mod ulated ) = Ec(un mod ulated )   (2-23)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{100%‫א‬ K
Ec
KE F‫א‬‫א‬
2
W
 E m = E usf + E Lsf
Ec E
 Em = + c = Ec
2 2
W
Vmax = Ec + Em = Ec + Ec = 2 Ec
Vmin = Ec − Em = Ec − Ec = 0 
‫א‬‫א‬Em=1F ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 K2-5 .‫א‬‫א‬{Vmin=0‫א‬‫א‬Vmax= 2 Ec‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2-6‫א‬K
 (2-22)‫א‬(AM DSBFC)

AM DSBFC‫א‬‫א‬2-6‫א‬
(cycle)‫א‬W(2-22)‫א‬‫א‬
 K
˚90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬˚180‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E-F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(2-22)
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 2-3
K20Vp‫א‬‫א‬500KHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ AM 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WK±7.5Vp‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 2-3
 (2-4) , (2-2)‫א‬J 
 f usf = f c + f m = 500 K + 10 K = 510 KHz
 f Lsf = f c − f m = 500 K − 10 K = 490 KHz
 W(2-7), (2-6)‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J 
E m 7.5
 m= = = 0.375
Ec 20
Em 7 .5
 M = × 100 % = × 100 % = 37 . 5 %
Ec 20
 (2-23)‫א‬J 
Ec(modulated) = Ec(un modulated) = 20V
 W(2-22)‫א‬J 
mE c 0.375 × 20
E USF = E LSF = = = 3.75V
2 2
 W(2-9) , (2-8)‫א‬J 
Vmax = E c + E m = 20 + 7.5 = 27.5V
 Vmin = Ec − Em = 20 − 7.5 = 12.5V
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 W(2-22)‫א‬‫א‬J 
mEc mEc
 Vam (t ) = Ec sin 2πf c t − cos 2π ( f c + f m )t + cos 2π ( f c − f m )t
2 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 V am ( t ) = 20 sin( 2 π 500 Kt ) − 3 . 75 cos( 2 π 510 Kt ) + 3 . 75 cos( 2 π 490 Kt )
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 AM Power DistributionAM‫א‬٦-٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V2
 P= (2-24)
R
 W‫א‬‫א‬
2
V rms
 P av = (2-25)
R
 
V
 V rms = (2-26)
2
 (2-25)‫א‬(2-26)‫א‬
V2
 Pav = (2-27)
2R
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
.R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-27)
E C2
 PC = (2-28)
2R
 W
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬WPc
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEc
 (Ohms)‫א‬WR
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
⎛ mEC ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 R ⎠ m 2 EC2
 Pusf = PLsf = = (2-29)
2R 8R
 W(2-29)‫א‬(2-28)‫א‬
1 2
 PUsf = PLsf = m PC (2-30)
4
AM‫א‬‫א‬
 PT = PC + PUsf + PLsf
1 2 1 2
 TP = PC + m PC + m PC  (2-31)
4 4
⎡ m2 ⎤
 PT = ⎢1 + 2 ⎥ PC (2-32)
⎣ ⎦

{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-31)‫א‬
 W(2-32)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W2-7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-31)
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM DSBFC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2-7‫א‬
 W100%‫א‬
PC
 PUsf = P Lsf = (2-33)
4
 (2-30)‫א‬m=1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PC
 P TUsf = (2-34)
2
‫א‬100%‫א‬W
  (2-34)(2-33)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AM BSBFC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KAM DSBFC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2-4
 WAM DSBFC‫א‬‫א‬
 W100%‫א‬10w‫א‬{10Vp‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫ א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 2-4
(2-28)‫א‬‫א‬K
E C2 10 2
 PC = = 5W
2R 2 × 10
(2-30)‫א‬‫א‬K
1 2 1
 PUsf = PLsf = m PC = (12 )5 = 1.25W
4 4
 K100% ‫א‬m=1


 K
PC 5
 PTUsf = = = 2 . 5W
2 2
 (2-30)‫א‬‫א‬K
⎡ m2 ⎤ 12
 PT = ⎢1 + 2 ⎥ PC = (1 + 2 ) × 5 = 7 . 5W
⎣ ⎦
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 AM Current CalculationsAM٧-٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pt I t2 R I t2
 = 2 = 2 (2-35)
PC IC R IC
 
⎛ m2 ⎞
⎜⎜ 1 + ⎟⎟ PC
Pt ⎝ 2 ⎠ m2
 = =1+ (2-36)
PC PC 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
It m2
  =1+ (2-37)
IC 2
 (2-35)‫א‬
m2
 IT = IC 1+  (2-38)
2
 W
 (A)‫א‬‫א‬WIt
 (A)‫א‬‫א‬WIc
 W2-5
‫א‬100%‫א‬10w‫א‬10w‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
(AM DSBFC)‫א‬‫א‬
 2-5‫א‬
(2-38)‫א‬‫א‬
m2
 IT = IC 1+
2
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
ITIc
PC 10
PC = I C R → I C = = = 1A
R 10
12
 IT = (1 ) (1 + ) = 1 . 225 A
2

 Modulation by a Complex information‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨-٢
{‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬(fm1, fm2)‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬2-8‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
Kfm1, fm2‫א‬‫א‬
fc fm2 fc fm1 fc fc+fm1 fc+fm2


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2-8‫א‬
 ‫א‬2-8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E22-2F‫א‬
 K fm1, fm2‫א‬AM‫א‬
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
m1 E c
V am ( t ) = E c sin 2 π f c t − cos 2 π ( f c + f m 1 ) t +
2
m1 E c m E
cos 2 π ( f c − f m 1 ) t − 2 c cos 2 π ( f c + f m 2 ) t +
 2 2   (2-39)
m2 Ec
cos 2 π ( f c − f m 2 ) t
2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 mt = m1 + m2 + ... + mn
2 2 2
(2-40)
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wmt
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wm1, m2, …. mn
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎡ m t2 ⎤
 PT = ⎢1 + 2 ⎥ PC (2-41)
⎣ ⎦
1 2
 PUsf = PLsf = mt PC (2-42)
4
1 2
P
 tsb = mt PC (2-43)
2

 2-6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬200w‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM DSBFC
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Km3 = 0.5, m2 = 0.4 , m1 = 0.2
 W
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K
K‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬

 2-6‫א‬
(2-40)‫א‬K
 mt = m12 + m 22 + m32 = (0.2) 2 + (0.4) 2 + (0.5) 2 = 0.67
 (2-43)‫א‬K
1 2 1
 Ptsb = mt PC = (0.67) 2 (200) = 22.445W
2 2
 (2.41)‫א‬K
⎡ m t2 ⎤ ⎡ ( 0 . 67 ) 2 ⎤
 PT = ⎢1 + 2 ⎥ PC = ⎢1 + 2
⎥ ( 200 ) = 122 . 445 W
⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
 AM Modulator and Demodulator circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩-٢
 AM Modulator Circuit‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬K AM{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
AM K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KAM‫א‬K  ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W2-9‫א‬
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬(2-22)‫א‬ Vout(t)‫א‬‫א‬
2-9‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬KAM
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Vout (t ) = C1Vin1 (t ) + C 2Vin2 (t ) + C 3Vin3 (t ) + ... (2-44)
 2-9‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vin (t ) = E m sin(2πf m )t + EC sin(2πf C )t (2-45)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2-43)‫א‬(2-44)‫א‬
 Vout (t ) = C1 [E m sin(2πf m )t + EC sin(2πf C )t ]2 + C 2 [E m sin(2πf m )t + EC sin(2πf C )t ]2 (2-46)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W2-22
Vout (t ) = C1 E C sin( 2πf C )t − C 2 E m E C cos 2π( f C + f m)t +
 C 2 E m E C cos 2π( f C − f m)t + C1 E m sin( 2πf m )t + C 2 E m2 sin 2 (2πf m t ) + (2-47)
C 2 E C2 sin 2 (2πf C t )
(Fc-Fm), (Fc+Fm)‫א‬2-47‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{AM
‫א‬ ‫א‬(2-47)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(2-47)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2.22)‫א‬
AM (2-22)‫א‬(2-47)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AMW2-10‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬

K(npn)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AMW2-11‫א‬
 AM Demodolator Circuit‫א‬‫א‬K
{‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Rectifier Circuit)‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 (Square –law detector)‫א‬‫א‬(Envelope Detector)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Envelope Detector–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W2-12‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 The Function of the circuit   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K(Am as input wave)‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E2-12)‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-AM––‫א‬‫א‬EFK2-12‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2-12EF‫א‬‫א‬EAMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 AM Transmitters   E‫א‬F‫א‬١٠-٢
 W‫א‬
 (Low Level transmitter)   ‫א‬K
  ,(100kHz – 300kHz)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{(Microphone)‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬2-13‫א‬K(Phonograph record)(CD Rom)
K
‫א‬‫א‬2-13‫א‬
 (High Level transmitter) ‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K2-14‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬2-14‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬100kHz‫א‬‫א‬AM DSBFC‫א‬
 K5kHz‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬ K
K3kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
AM DSBFC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K20kHz
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K±5v‫א‬20Vp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬ J 
KE Em = ±5V { Ec=20Vp ‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Pc=1000w‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m=0.2‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Amplitude Modulation Reception
‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
KAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 W‫א‬•
 K ١J ٣
KE‫א‬F‫א‬ ٢J ٣
K‫א‬EF ٣J ٣
KAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٣
  4:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 Introduction١-٣

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬
KAM{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬AM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(RF)
‫א‬{(Demodulation)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.(Receiver)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KAM‫א‬‫א‬  3-1‫א‬

 AM‫א‬3-1‫א‬

 Characteristics of AM Receiver AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢-٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AM ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W
 The RF Section ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K(RF)‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 The Mixer and Converter Section‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 (Intermediate Frequencies (IF)

 IF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KAM‫א‬J 
 AM ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Receiver Parameters ‫א‬٣-٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(RF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ESelectivityF‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Bandwidth Improvement‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B RF
 BI =  (3-1)
B IF
 W
 xz‫א‬WBI
 xHzz‫א‬WBRF
 [Hz]‫א‬‫א‬WBIF
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 NFi = 10 Log B I (3-2)
 
 [decibel]‫א‬ WNFi
 3-1
 AM‫א‬(NFiF‫א‬

 K10kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬200kHz‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 (3-2) , (3-1)‫א‬
B RF 200
 NFi = 10 Log B I = 10 Log = 10 Log = 13dB
B IF 10
 Sensitivity  ‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Dynamic Power range     ‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 Fidelity Factor ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 Insertion Loss (IL)‫א‬‫א‬J 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Pout
 IL = 10 Log (3-3)
Pin
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
(Noise Temperature and Equivalent Noise Temperature)
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
N
 T = (3-4)
KB
 W
 [Kelvin]‫א‬‫א‬WT
 [watts]‫א‬WN
 K= 1.38 × 10 − 23 ⎛⎜ Joules ⎞⎟  WK
⎝ Kelvin ⎠
 (Hertz)WB

(Te)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
(Signal to noise ratio)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
1000º ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20º‫א‬Te‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Te
 Te = T ( F − 1) (3-5)
 (Kelvin)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WTe
 (Kelvin)‫א‬‫א‬WT
 KEF‫א‬WF
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
  AM‫א‬‫א‬٤-٣
 W‫א‬
 Coherent receivers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬(Oscillator)
 Non coherent receivers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3-2‫א‬‫א‬(The Super heterodyne AM receiver)‫א‬‫א‬
KW

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3-2‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬{(3-2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
fc‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{FLO‫א‬‫א‬K 455‫א‬
FLO=Fc+FIF 
 455‫א‬(Fc) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(FIF = 455kHz)

‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬{ 455‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{455‫א‬
455‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 {‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
KEFIC=FLO FCF‫א‬‫א‬fc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FLO=FC+FIFZ1000+455=1455kHzW 1000kHzfc‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬{Fc= 1455+455=1910kHz
  
1910kHz‫א‬ ‫א‬K455 kHzFc Fco‫א‬
{2FIF=910kHz1000kHz‫א‬ ‫א‬E F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬
 K910kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬70kHz‫א‬
(IF)‫א‬‫א‬E3-2F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬(FLO)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬K1600550‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
20551005‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 114595‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E١٩١٩F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ { ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KAM‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(BI)‫א‬‫א‬(BIF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K320kHz(BRF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬16
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(RF)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(NFi)‫א‬
 K10kHz(IF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬40kHz
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬16dB‫א‬(Te) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KT=27˚C
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K500kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Amplitude Modulation: Single Side band (SSB)
‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬K٤
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬G
K١-٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢-٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ١J ٢J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ٢J ٢J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ٣J ٢J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ٤J ٢J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ٥J ٢J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-٤
 7W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
Introduction  ١-٤
(AMDSBFC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬
 (AM DSBFC)‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Single – Sideband Systems‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢-٤
{‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬١-٢-٤
AM Single – Side band Full Carrier (SSBFC)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬
4-1‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4-1‫א‬
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
mEc mEc
 Vam (t ) = Ec sin 2πf c t − cos 2π ( f c + f m )t + cos 2π ( f c − f m )t (1-4)
2 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
mE c
 VSSBFC (t ) = E c sin 2πf c t − cos 2π ( f c + f m )t (4-2)
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(4-2)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
Pt = PC + PUSB
m2
 Pt = PC + PC (4-3)
4
m2
Pt = (1 + ) PC
4
 W‫א‬‫א‬m=1100%‫א‬‫א‬
4
PC = Pt
5
 1 (4-4)
PUSB = Pt
5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬(4-4)‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 BW SSBFC = f m (4-5)
 
 WBWSSBFC
 ‫א‬Wfm
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vmax = E C + EUSB (4-6)
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Vmin = EC − EUSB (4-7)
 
mE C
 EUSB = (4-8)
2
 100%‫א‬{(4-7)‫א‬(4-8)‫א‬
  Vmin (%) = 50% E C (4-9)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100%‫א‬4-8‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4-2‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬50%
 K100%‫א‬
 K100%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 2‫א‬
4-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KPc=100W‫א‬
 Km=0.8‫א‬K(SSB)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
:‫א‬
m2 1
 PUSB = PC = (0.8) 2 100 = 16W K
4 4
 Pt = PC + PUSB = 100 + 16 = 116 W K
 Pt=116 W{PC=100 W{PUSB=16 WK
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬86%‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬14%
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٢-٢-٤
AM Single Side band Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4-3‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{4-1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
mE c
 VSSBFC (t ) = − cos 2π ( f c + f m )t (4-10)
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬100%‫א‬‫א‬4-10‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
KFm‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W
m2
Pt = PUSB = PC (4-11)
4
BW = f m (4-12)
 4-2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pc=200w‫א‬
 Km=1‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ K
 W‫א‬
m2 1
 PUSB = PC = (1) 2 200 = 50 W K
4 4
 Pt = PUSB = 50 W K
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٣-٢-٤
 AM Single – side band Reduced Carrier (SSBRC)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K 10%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4-4‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
mEc ( reduced )
 VSSBFC (t ) = Ec ( reduced) sin 2πf c t − cos 2π ( f c + f m )t (4-13)
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬(4-13)‫א‬10%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(0.1)Ec
 VSSBFC(t ) = (0.1)EC sin 2πf ct − cos2π ( f c + f m )t (4-14)
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4-14)‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Pt = PC + PUSB
E C2 ( reduced ) 1 2 (4-15)
Pt = + m PC
R 4
 
EC ( reduced ) = 0.1EC
 ‫א‬
m2
Pt = ( 0 . 01 + ) PC
4
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
BW = ƒ C (4-16)

 4-3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ec=20V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R=5Ω‫א‬‫א‬m=1‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
K‫א‬‫ א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫؟‬‫א‬ K

 W‫א‬
E C2 ( reduced ) (0.1E C ) 2 0.01E C2
PC = = =
 R R K
R
0.01 × 400
PC = = 0.8W
5
m2 1
 PUSB = PC = (1) 2 (0.8) = 0.2 W K
4 4
 Pt = PC + PUSB = 0.8 + 0.2 = 1W K
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 80%K
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪20E
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٤-٢-٤
 Amplitude Modulation: Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E25%F‫א‬
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4-5‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 (VSB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4-5‫א‬
(VSB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.25
 BWVSB =1.25BWSSB =1.25f m (4-17)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VSB

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٥-٢-٤
Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4-‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4-6‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
mE c m 2 Ec
 VDSBFC (t ) = − cos 2π ( f c + f m )t + cos 2π ( f c − f m )t (4-18)
2 2
‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(4-18)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
Pt = PUSB + PlSB
m2 m2
 Pt = PC + PC (4-19)
4 4
m2
Pt = PC
2
 ‫א‬
 BWDSBFC = 2f m    (4-20)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4-19)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-٤
 Comparison of Various AM Systems
KE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 F75%‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ K
 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{(micro wave link)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ {
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(PCM)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Angle Modulation
‫א‬•
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K(PM)‫א‬ K
K(FM)‫א‬ K
K FM(PM) K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 W‫א‬‫א‬•
 K ١J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٥
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٥
K‫א‬ ٥J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ٥
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧J ٥
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨J ٥
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩J ٥
 12W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 Introduction ١-٥
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(PM)‫א‬(FM)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬(AM)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬1936K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1931
FM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1939{FM‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(AM) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢-٥
Angle Modulation and Instantaneous Frequency
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V (t ) = EC cos[2π f C + Φ(t )] (5-1)
 W‫א‬‫א‬(5-1)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ Φ(t ) ‫א‬
 V (t ) = EC cos[θ (t )] (5-2)
 
 θ (t ) = 2π f C + Φ(t ) (5-3)
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ (t ) 

 W‫א‬
dθ (t )
 ω i (t ) = (5-4)
dt
 W(5-4)‫א‬(5-3)‫א‬
dφ (t )
 ω i (t ) = ω C + (5-5)
dt
 ω C = 2π f C 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W φ (t )
dφ (t )
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
dt

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣-٥
 Phase and Frequency Modulation (PM and FM)
 K(FM)‫א‬(PM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{(PM)‫א‬
{
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 φ (t ) = κ ρ Vm (t ) (5-6)
 W
radian
 x  z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W κ ρ
Volts
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Vm (t )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(FM)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dφ (t )
 = κ f Vm (t ) (5-7)
dt
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
t
 φ (t ) = κ f ∫ Vm (λ )dλ + φ (t o ) (5-8)
to
 W
 x z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W κ f
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W φ (t o ) 
{ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(5-1)‫א‬‫א‬(5-8) , (5-6)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V PM (t ) = E C cos[2πf C t + κ ρ Vm (t )] (5-9)
⎡ t
⎤
 V FM (t ) = E C cos ⎢2πf C t + κ f ∫ Vm (λ )dλ ⎥ (5-10)
⎣ −∞ ⎦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(5-10) , (5-9)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W(5-5)‫א‬(5-6)‫א‬{
dVm (t )
 ω i ( PM ) (t ) = ω C + κ ρ (5-11)
dt
 W(5-5)‫א‬(5-7)‫א‬
 ω i ( FM ) (t ) = ω C + κ f Vm (t ) (5-12)
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(5-12) , (5-11)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W ‫א‬‫א‬٤-٥
Theoretical Generation of PM and FM waves
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(5-3)‫א‬‫א‬
(FM) , (PM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬

K(FM)(PM)5-1‫א‬


 5-1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
π
 V (t ) = 10 cos(200πt + )
3
 W‫א‬
π
 θ (t ) = 200πt +
3
dθ (t )
 ω i (t ) = = 200π
dt
 ω i = 2π f i = 200 π ⇒ f i = 100 Hz
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
Modulation Index ‫א‬٥-٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 m = κ ρ Vm (5-13)
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wm
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WKp
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVm
‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬
 5-2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 V (t ) = 2 cos(2π 2000t )
 W‫א‬
m = κ ρ Vm= 2.5 × 2 = 5rd
 W‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
κ fVm
 m = (5-14)
fm
∆f
 m = (5-15)
fm
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ∆f = κ f Vm
 ‫א‬Wfm
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wkf
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 5-3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KHz
 κf =5
V
‫א‬
 V (t ) = 2 cos(2π 2000t )
 :‫א‬
FM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
⎡ KHz ⎤
 ∆f = κ f Vm = 5⎢ × 2V = 10 KHz
⎣ V ⎥⎦
FM‫א‬K
∆f 10 KHz
 m = = = 5
fm 2 KHz
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦-٥
Frequency Analysis of Angle Modulated Waves
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
 f c ± f m , f c ± 2 f m ,..., f c ± nf m 
 K‫א‬
(5-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬1)
 V (t ) = EC cos[2π f C + Φ(t )] (5-16)
 (5-16)‫א‬(5-6)‫א‬
 V (t ) = EC cos[2π f C +κ ρ Vm (t )] (5-17)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Vm(t ) = V cos ω m t (5-18)
 W(5-17)‫א‬(5-18)‫א‬
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 V (t ) = E C cos [2π f C +κ ρ V cos ω m t ]

 V (t ) = E C cos [2π f C +m cos ω m t ] (5-19)
 W‫א‬E5-13‫א‬‫א‬FmκρV‫א‬
+∞
nπ
 cos(α + m cos β ) = ∑ J n (m) cos(α + n cos β + ) (5-20)
−∞ 2
 Kmn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Jn(m)
 (5-19)‫א‬(5-20)‫א‬
+∞
nπ
 V (t ) = E C ∑ J n (m) cos(ω C t + nω m t + ) (5-21)
−∞ 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(5-21)‫א‬
⎧ ⎡ π⎤ ⎫
⎪J o (m) cosωC t + J1 (m)⎢cos(ωC + ωm )t + 2 ⎥ − ⎪
⎪ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
⎪ ⎡ π⎤ ⎡ π⎤ ⎪
 V (t ) = EC ⎨J1 (m)⎢cos(ωC − ωm )t − ⎥ + J 2(m)⎢cos(ωC + ωm )t + ⎥ −⎬ (5-22)
⎪ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎪
⎪ ⎡ π⎤ ⎪
⎪J 2(m)⎢cos(ωC − ωm )t − ⎥ + ... ⎪
⎩ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎭
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(5-22)‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
f c ± f m , f c ± 2 f m ,..., f c ± nf m W‫א‬‫א‬(fc)
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J2(m), J1(m)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬5-1‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 Jn[m]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5-1
m Jo J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 J10 J11 J12 J13 J14
0.00 1.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0.25 0.98 0.12 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03 - - - - - - - - - - - -
1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02 - - - - - - - - - - -
1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01 - - - - - - - - - -
2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03 - - - - - - - - - -
2.4 0.00 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06 0.02 - - - - - - - - -
2.5 - 0.05 0.5 0.45 0.22 0.07 0.02 0.01 - - - - - - - -
3.0 - 0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01 - - - - - - - -
4.0 - 0.04 - 0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02 - - - - - - -
5.0 - 0.18 - 0.33 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02 - - - - - -
6.0 0.15 - 0.28 - 0.24 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02 - - - - -
7.0 0.30 0.00 - 0.30 - 0.17 0.16 0.35 0.34 0.23 0.13 0.06 0.02 - - - -
8.0 0.17 0.23 - 0.11 - 0.29 - 0.10 0.19 0.34 0.32 0.22 0.13 0.06 0.03 - - -
9.0 - 0.09 0.25 0.14 - 0.18 - 0.27 - 0.06 0.20 0.33 0.31 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.01 -
10.0 - 0.25 0.05 0.25 0.06 - 0.22 - 0.23 - 0.01 0.22 0.32 0.29 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.01
‫א‬‫א‬ (m)
 ‫א‬‫א‬5-1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5-2‫א‬KJn[m]
K10m‫א‬‫א‬

KmJn[m]5-2‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 5-4
 ‫א‬{m=1‫א‬{FM
 Vm(t)=Vm sin (2π 1000t)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vc(t)=10 sin (2π 5x105t)
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 W‫א‬
 K3‫א‬‫א‬m=15-1‫א‬ K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
J0 = 0.77 (10) = 7.7 V
J1 = 0.44 (10) = 4.4 V
J2 = 0.11 (10) = 1.1 V
J3 = 0.02 (10) = 0.2 V
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

  ‫א‬‫א‬٧-٥
 Bandwidth requirement for Angle Modulated
4-5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬{ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{(AM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 B = 2. f m (5-24)
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬
 B = 2∆f (5-25)
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 B = 2(n × f m ) (5-26)
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬WN
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬WFm
(Carson)‫א‬{193928W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 [
B = 2 ∆f + f m (max) ] [Hz ] W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W∆F
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wfm(max)
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(5-24)‫א‬ ∆F‫א‬fm(max)
{Fm(max) ‫א‬∆F‫א‬{
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(5-25)‫א‬
‫א‬98%‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 5-5
‫א‬{∆F =10kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FM
 KFc= 500kHz{Ec=10v‫א‬‫א‬{Fm=10kHz
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
B = 2 ( n x fm)  K
m = 1 ⇒ n=3
B = 2 ( 3 x 10 ) = 60 KHz.
B = 2 (∆F + Fm(max) F       K
B = 2 (10 + 10 ) = 40 kHz
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨-٥
 Average Power of an Angle – Modulated Wave
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{AM‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E C2
 PC =  (5-28)
2R
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Pt = P0 + P1 + P2 + P3 + .... + Pn (5-29)
E 02 ⎡V 2 V 2 V 2 V2⎤
 Pt = + 2 ⎢ 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n ⎥ (5-30)
2R ⎣ 2R 2R 2R 2R ⎦
 W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WPL
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WP0
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WP1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WP2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WP3
 ‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬WPn
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE0 = J0 Ec
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WV1: J1 Ec
 Kn‫א‬‫א‬WVn = Jn Ec
5-1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J0, J1 , ……… Jn
(5-30)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 Kfc‫א‬fc‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥-٦
‫א‬‫א‬F5-5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KERL = 50 Ohms‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W‫א‬
102
 PC = =1 W EF
2(50)
Pt = 1.0051 W EF
‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩-٥
Practical Generation of Angle Modulated Waves
 FM‫א‬K
KFM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5-3‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
1
 fc = (5-31)
2π Lc
 W‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
1
 f = (5-32)
2π L (c + ∆ c )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆C ‫א‬‫א‬f
 EHF‫א‬ L ‫א‬K‫א‬

 KFM‫א‬5-3‫א‬

 KPM‫א‬K
 KPM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5-4‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 PM‫א‬5-4‫א‬
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬10v‫א‬‫א‬5kHzFM‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 2V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬5V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 radPM‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬2v‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K


 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKFM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vm(t) =10 sin 2π 2000t
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ Kp= 1.5 PM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vm(t) = 2 sin (2π 2000t)
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{Vm(t) = Vm sin 2π2000t‫א‬{FMm=2‫א‬‫א‬
 Vc(t) = 8 sin (2π 800Kt) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K J 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K2.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Wayane Tomasi `` Electronic communication systems fundamental through advanced `` .
Schaum’s outlines `` Analog and digital communications`` McGraw Hill (1993).
Horld B. Killen `` Communication techniques`` Macmilan publishing company New

York (1985).
Louis E. Frenzel `` Communication electronics principles and applications`` McGraw

Hill 3 rd edition (2000).
Gary M. Miller`` Modern electronic communications`` Prentice Hall International Inc

(1996).
Dornhofer G. and Nies A. ``STE 6.1.6 High frequency circuits using plug in system
electrical engineering and electronics`` Lybold Didactic GMBH (1990).
Lathi B.P. `` Modern digital communication systems`` second edition, Rinehart and
Winston Inc., Orlando 32887 (1989). The translated copy by. Dr. Ibrahim El khadi, Dr.
Abdelaziz El rouisi amd Dr. Adel Ali `` King Saoud University``.
Saad Ali El Haj Bakri and Mohamad abderhman El harbi`` Intoduction to

communication`` King Saoud university (1988).
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ١٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................ 
١ ................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢ ................................................................................................... ١-١
٣ ................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬٢-١
٥ ............................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬٣-١
٩ ........................................................................................... ‫א‬٤-١
١٠ ....................................................................................... ‫א‬ ٥-١
١٠ ............................................................................................ ‫א‬٦-١
١٤ ................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬١-٧
١٨ .................................................................................................... 
٢١ .................................................................... E‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢ ................................................................................................ ١-٢
٢٢ ............................................................................... ‫א‬٢-٢
٢٤ ....................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-٢
٢٧ ........................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬٤-٢
٣٠ ................................................................................. AM٥-٢
٣٤ .............................................................................. AM‫א‬٦-٢
٣٨ ............................................................................... AM٧-٢
٣٩ ....................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨-٢
٤١ .......................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩-٢
٤٥ ................................................................................ E‫א‬F‫א‬١٠-٢
٤٦ .................................................................................................... 
٤٧ .......................................................... ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٨ ................................................................................................ ١-٣
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ١٣١  ‫א‬
٤٨ ........................................................... AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢-٣
٤٩ ............................................................................... ‫א‬٣-٣
٥٢ ......................................................................AM‫א‬‫א‬٤-٣
٥٥ .................................................................................................... 
٥٦ ........................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٧ ................................................................................................. ١-٤
٥٧ ......................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢-٤
٥٧ ............................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬١-٢-٤
٦٠ ..................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٢-٢-٤
٦١ ....................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٣-٢-٤
٦٢ ....................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٤-٢-٤
٦٣ ............................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٥-٢-٤
٦٤ ............................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-٤
٦٦ .................................................................................................... 
٦٧ ......................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦٨ .................................................................................................١-٥
٦٨ ........................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢-٥
٦٩ ........................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬٣-٥
٧٠ ...................................................... W ‫א‬‫א‬٤-٥
٧٢ ......................................................................................... ‫א‬٥-٥
٧٣ .................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦-٥
٧٦ .............................................................  ‫א‬‫א‬٧-٥
٧٨ ................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨-٥
٧٩ ................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩-٥
٨١ .................................................................................................... 
٨٣ ....................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٥ -
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

أساسيات الاتصالات 1

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أساسيات الاتصالات 1

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

,M: medium ,F: Frequency ,H: High , L: Low ,V: very

‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K

 (Internal Noise) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 Signal – to – Noise ration‫ א‬‫א‬٣-٦-١

 (1-9)‫א‬ ‫א‬V(t)‫א‬‫א‬(1-7)

v ( t ) = A 0 + A1 cos( wt ) + A 2 cos( 2 wt ) + ... + A n cos( nwt )

Lower Sideband Upper Sideband

Lower Side Frequencies Upper Side Frequencies

 95 KHz ≤ LSB ≤ 100 KHz

K(2-7)‫א‬‫א‬Em=Ec100% ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 V am ( t ) = E c sin( 2 π f c t ) + mE c sin( 2 π f m t )( E c sin( 2 π f c t )) (2-20)

 AM Current CalculationsAM٧-٢

fc fm2 fc fm1 fc fc+fm1 fc+fm2

 The Function of the circuit   ‫א‬‫א‬

 Characteristics of AM Receiver AM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢-٣

 (Intermediate Frequencies (IF)

E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(FIF = 455kHz)

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ (t ) 

Modulation Index ‫א‬٥-٥

 V (t ) = E C cos [2π f C +κ ρ V cos ω m t ]

0.25 0.98 0.12 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03 - - - - - - - - - - - -

1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02 - - - - - - - - - - -

1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01 - - - - - - - - - -

2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03 - - - - - - - - - -

2.4 0.00 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06 0.02 - - - - - - - - -

2.5 - 0.05 0.5 0.45 0.22 0.07 0.02 0.01 - - - - - - - -

3.0 - 0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01 - - - - - - - -

4.0 - 0.04 - 0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02 - - - - - - -

Wayane Tomasi `` Electronic communication systems fundamental through advanced `` .

Schaum’s outlines `` Analog and digital communications`` McGraw Hill (1993).

Horld B. Killen `` Communication techniques`` Macmilan publishing company New

Louis E. Frenzel `` Communication electronics principles and applications`` McGraw

Gary M. Miller`` Modern electronic communications`` Prentice Hall International Inc

Saad Ali El Haj Bakri and Mohamad abderhman El harbi`` Intoduction to

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