MUTHAYAMMAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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Must Know Concepts (MKC) 2019-2020

EEE
EE8451 – LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND
APPLICATIONS
Subject LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS

S.No Term Concept/Definition/Meaning/Units/Equation/Expression

1. Define Integrated
Circuit.
2. List the basic processes
used in IC fabrication.
3. Mention the advantages
of integrated circuits
over discrete circuits.
UNIT 1 - IC FABRICATION
An Integrated Circuit (IC) is a low cost electronic circuit consisting of
active and passive components fabricated together on a single crystal of
silicon.
 Silicon wafer (substrate) preparation
 Epitaxial growth
 Oxidation
 Photolithography
 Diffusion
 Ion implantation
 Isolation technique
 Metallization
 Assembly processing & packaging
 Improved functional performance.
 Increased operating speed
 Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.

4. Explain why buried layer The buried layer is used in integrated transistor to decrease
is needed. the collector series resistance.It provides the low resistivity
current path. The buried n+ layer shunts the n- epitaxial
collector layer effectively, decreasing the resistance.
5. What is Ion The conductivity of the semiconductor increases when small
Implantation? Why it is impurity is added to it. The process of adding impurity is called
preferred over diffusion doping while the impurity to de added is called dopant. So ion
process? implantation is a process of adding dopant to the silicon
substrate. The ion implantation process is controllable,
reproducible and also there are no unwanted side effects.
6. List the three different IC  Metal can package
package configurations.  Ceramic flat package
 Dual– in – line package.
7. What is parasitic In electrical circuits, parasitic capacitance is an unavoidable and
capacitance? usually unwanted capacitance that exists between the parts of an
electronic component or circuit simply because of their
proximity to each other.
8. What is lithography? Lithography is a process by which the pattern appearing on the
mask is transferred to the wafer. It involves two steps: the first
step requires applying a few drops of photo resist to the surface
of the wafer & the second step is spinning the surface to get an
even coating of the photo resist across the surface of the wafer.
9. Why aluminium is  It is relatively a good conductor.
preferred in metallization  Aluminium makes good mechanical bands with silicon.
process?
 10. Define the term epitaxial The word epitaxy is derived from Greek word epi meaning “upon” and
growth. the past tense of the word tension meaning “arranged”. So, one could
describe epitaxy as arranging atoms in single crystal fashion upon a
single crystal substrate.
Faculty Team Prepared
Signatures

S.No Term Concept/Definition/Meaning/Units/Equation/Expression

UNIT-2 CHARACTERISTICS OF OPAMP

1. . Mention the applications
of op-amp integrator.
The operational amplifier integrator is an electronic integration
circuit. Based around the operational amplifier (op-amp), it
performs the mathematical operation of integration with
respect to time; that is, its output voltage is proportional to the
input voltage integrated over time.

2. What is integrator? An integrator in measurement and control applications is an element

whose output signal is the time integral of its input signal. It
accumulates the input quantity over a defined time to produce a
representative output. Integration is an important part of many
engineering and scientific applications.

3. slew rate The slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of
output voltage caused by a step input voltage. It is given by in
capacitor

4. Define CMRR. The expansion of CMRR is Common –Mode Rejection

5. What is the input
impedance of a non-
inverting amplifier?
6. What is thermal drift?
7. Give the ideal
characteristics of
operational amplifier
8. List the four non ideal dc
characteristics of OP-
Amp.
Ratio.
The relative sensitivity of an op-amp to a difference signal
as compared to a common mode signal is called the common
–mode rejection ratio. It is expressed in decibels. CMRR=
Ad/Ac
Input impedance of a non- inverting amplifier is extremely large
(= ∞) as the op-amp draws negligible current from the signal
source.
The bias current, offset current & offset voltage change with
temperature. A circuit carefully nulled at 25oC may not remain
so when the temperature rises to 35oC. This is called thermal
drift. Often, offset current drift is expressed in nA/ oC and offset
voltage drift in mV/ oC.
 Open loop gain infinite (A=∞)
 Input impedance infinite (z1=∞)
 Output impedance low (z0=0)
 Bandwidth infinite
 Input impedance
 Output impedance
 Frequency response
  Slew rate
9. List the basic blocks of  An Input Stage or Input Diff. Amp.
an operational amplifier.  The Gain Stage CE Amp.
 The Level Translator or level shifter.
 An output Stage or buffer.
10. Define Input offset This is the voltage required to be amplified at the input for making
voltage output voltage to zero volts
Faculty Team Prepared
Signatures

S.No Term Concept/Definition/Meaning/Units/Equation/Expression

UNIT-3 APPLICATIONS OF OPAMP

1. . What is sample and hold A sample and hold circuit is one which samples an input signal
circuit? and holds on to its last sampled value until the input is sampled
again.

2. What is an Instrumentation amplifier is defined as the special amplifier which is

instrumentation used for such a low level amplification with high CMRR, high input
amplifier? impedance to avoid loading, low power consumption and some other
features is called an instrumentation amplifier.

3. Give any four important  High gain Accuracy

features of an  High CMRR
instrumentation  High gain stability
amplifier.  Low dc offset
4. What are the applications  Digital interfacing,
of sample and hold  Analog to digital systems,
circuit?  Pulse code modulation systems.

5. What are the applications  Low power wattmeter’s

of peak detectors?  RF mill voltmeters
 Field strength meters
 Radio receivers
6. Why active filters are  Gain & Frequency adjustment flexibility
preferred?  No Loading Problem
 Cost
7. What are the basic  Finite, accurate, and stable gain.
requirements of a good  Easier gain adjustment.
instrumentation  High Input impedance.
amplifier?  Low output impedance.
v.
8. List different parameters  Resolution
of the D/A and A/D  Accuracy
converter given by the  Monotonicity
manufacturers.
9. Define resolution Resolution is the number of different analog output values that can be
provided by a DAC.
For an n-bit DAC, Resolution=2n
 10. Define accuracy It is the maximum deviation between the actual converter output & the
ideal converter output.
Faculty Team Prepared
Signatures

S.No Term Concept/Definition/Meaning/Units/Equation/Expression

UNIT-4 SPECIAL ICs

1. . Define PLL A phase-locked loop (PLL) is an electronic circuit with a
voltage or voltage-driven oscillator that constantly adjusts to
match the frequency of an input signal.

2. What are the advantages  Simple to integrate in to monolithic chip.

of variable  Provides very good accuracy.
transconductance  Very cheap hence economical
technique?

3. Define capture range. The range of frequencies over which the PLL can acquire lock
with an input signal is called the capture range. It is also
expressed as a percentage of fo.

4. Define lock range. The range of frequencies over which the PLL can maintain
lock with the incoming signal is called the lock-in range or
tracking range.
5. Settling time Settling time represents the time it takes for the output to settle
within a specified band+- (1/2) LSB of its final value.
6. Conversion time Conversion time is the time taken for the D/A converter to
produce the analog output for the given binary input signal.
7. What is the function of a A regulator circuit is a circuit used after the filter,
voltage regulator? which not only makes the dc voltage
smooth and almost ripple free but also keeps the
dc output voltage constant though input
dc voltage varies under certain condition.

8. What are the essential  Phase comparator

parts of PLL?  Low pass filter.
 Error Amplifier
 Voltage controlled oscillator
9. Mention any two  Frequency divider
applications of 555  Pulse width modulation
Timer in Monostable  Missing pulse detector
mode  Linear ramp generator
10. Mention any two  Frequency shifting
application of multiplier  Voltage divider
IC.  Measurement of real power
 Faculty Team Prepared
Signatures

S.No Term Concept/Definition/Meaning/Units/Equation/Expression

UNIT-5 APPLICATION ICs

1. . What is SMPS? A Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is an electronic
circuit that converts power using switching devices that are
turned on and off at high frequencies, and storage components
such as inductors or capacitors to supply power when the
switching device is in its non conduction state.

2. What are the applications  Low current consumption

of fixed voltage  Overvoltage/ Short-circuit protection
regulators?  Reverse polarity protection
3. Advantages of isolation  High accuracy
amplifiers.  Linearity
 Wide bandwidth
4. What is a switching Switching regulators are those which operate the
regulator? power transistor as a high frequency on/off switch, so
that the power transistor does not conduct current
continuously.
5. Define load regulation. Load regulation is defined as the change in output
voltage for a change in load current and is also expressed
in millivolts or as a percentage of the output voltage.
6. How to define An opto coupler, also called opto-isolator, is an electronic
optocoupler? component that transfers an electrical signal or voltage from one
part of a circuit to another, or from one circuit to another, while
electrically isolating the two circuits from each other.
7. Switch mode power A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode
supply power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an
electronic power supply that incorporates a
switching regulator to convert electrical power
efficiently.

8. What is an isolation Isolation amplifiers provide electrical isolation and an electrical

amplifier? safety barrier.
9. Name the various  Constant current limiting
protection circuits used  Fold back current limiting
for voltage regulators.  Over voltage protection
  Thermal protection
10. List the important parts  Reference voltage circuit
of regulated power  Error amplifier
supply.  Series pass transistor
 Feedback network
Faculty Team Prepared
Signatures

HOD PRINCIPAL