PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH 4

SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

MODULE WEEK 5 AND 6

NAME: _______________________________________________ GRADE & SECTION: ________________________

Intended Learning Outcomes:

By the end of this module, I will be able to:
a. explain how to optimize the energy system for safe and improved performance;
b. explain relationship of health behaviors (eating habits and sleep and stress management ) to health risk
factors and physical activity performance;
c. self- assess health- related fitness (HRF) status, barriers to pa participation, and one’s diet;
d. engages in MVPAs for at least 60 minutes on most days of the week in a variety of settings in-and-out-of-
school
e. analyzes physiological indicators such as heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, and pacing associated with
MVPAs to monitor and/or adjust participation or effort;
f. observes personal safety protocol to avoid dehydration, overexertion, hypo-and hyperthermia during MVPA
participation;
g. participates in an organized event that addresses health or activity issues and concerns and; and
h. recognizes the value of optimizing one’s health through participation in health and fitness activities.

Overview

Being in the outdoor with nature brings so much meaning to people in different
ways. Ultimately, it brings the common effect of uplifting the holistic state of an
individual. People engage in recreational activities for different purposes, on top of
which is to have fun. However, we should also bear in mind that the outdoors also pose
many risks and hazards that potentially bring harm to people. Fun may lead to disaster
when things go wrong. Safety measures and tips have been enumerated as a way of
preventing accidents. However, not everything can be controlled and people can
suddenly feel ill or become injures. Furthermore, there are environment hazards that
may cause such injuries and illnesses as well. Aside from orienting oneself from the
nearest medical or emergency facility is located, it is equally important that one must
know how to immediately respond to situations like this as it might be the life-saving
act.

First aid administration is a life-saving skill that requires training. It has to be noted
that the discussions in this chapter should not take the place of first aid training, but
rather serve as basic information and guide, so one may know how to react and respond
given certain medical and emergency situations.

ACTIVITY_________________________________________________________________________

Direction: Answer the question below. (NOTE: Write your answers in a long sheet of bond paper with your full
name, grade and section).
You and your two other friends were hiking and along the trail you
saw a man who is unconscious, with blood oozing from his head.
How should you deal with this situation?
1|P.E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES
ANALYSIS_________________________________________________________________________

Essential Questions:

1. What should one do when faced with a medical emergency situation?

When there is an emergency situation, one should bring a first aid kit and seek medical attention or call an
ambulance.
2. How is cardiopulmonary resuscitation administered?
combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain
function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person
who is in cardiac arrest.
3. What are the common medical injuries encountered in outdoor recreation and what first aid treatment
should be administered?
the most common medical injury encountered in outdoor recreation is sprain. When there is a
sprain on a person the things that you should do is Rest. Avoid activities that
cause pain, swelling or discomfort. Ice. Even if you're seeking medical help, ice the area
immediately. Compression. To help stop swelling, compress the area with an elastic bandage
until the swelling stops. Elevation.

4. What are the common illnesses and sickness encountered in outdoor recreation and what first aid
treatment should be administered?
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that is spread to humans by infected ticks. Treatment for
early localized disease is a simple 10- to 14-day course of oral antibiotics to eliminate the
infection. Medications used to treat Lyme disease include: doxycycline, amoxicillin, or
cefuroxime, which are first-line treatments in adults and children.
5. What are some of the aquatic hazards? How should first aid treatment be administered?
The most common aquatic hazard is Drowning. The first aid treatment be administered is CPR(Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitator)
6. What are some of the environmental hazards? How should first aid treatment be administered?
The most common environmental hazard is household chemicals. The first aid treatment be administered
is use the resuscitator kit to give oxygen to the person.
7. How is first be administered to a drowning victim?
The CPR is the first thing you do when there’s a drowning victim
8. What should we do with victims of a lightning strike?
If a person is struck by a lightning, the first thing you do is do not touch the victim and call the ambulance
immediately.
9. What are the emergency numbers in the Philippines?

National Emergency Hotline in the Philippines : 911.

Philippine National Police Hotline: 117 or (02) 8722-0650.
Philippine Red Cross: 143 or (02) 8527-8385 to 95.
Bureau of Fire Protection: (02) 8426-0219 or (02) 8426-3812.

ABSTRACTION______________________________________________________________________
2|P.E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES
 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR RECREATION

What should one do when faced with a medical emergency situation?

Panic is the worst enemy of any emergency situation. It even makes a bad situation worse, as this spreads to
others as well. It does not allow one to think. In fact, it even hinders or interferes with the rational thinking and causes
confusion. So, the first thing to do in an emergency situation is to stay calm. Then, try to remember and apply the
DRSABC action plan or flow that is described as follows:

DANGER - always check first the danger and source of injury. Make sure the surroundings are safe and out of danger,
otherwise, you will also allow yourself to be a victim

RESPONSIVENESS - can the casualty hear your voice? Can they open and close their eyes? Are there any movements? Do
they respond to touch?

SEND - send for help or shout for help

AIRWAY - is the person's airway clear? if the person is not responding and is unconscious, check airway by opening the
mouth and having a look inside Tilting the head back with the chin facing up will clear an airway.

BREATHING – make sure that the victim is breathing by looking at breathing signs, listening to exhales, and feeling air
coming out of the mount or nose.

CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation) – if an adult is unconscious, no pulse, and not breathing, perform the CPR until the
emergency personnel or medic arrive.

How is cardiopulmonary resuscitation administered?

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique that administered when breathing and heartbeat
of a person stopped, such as during a heart attack and drowning.

CPR involves the CAB process that stands for compression (restoration of blood circulation, airway (clearing of airway),
and breathing (breathe for the person), In administering first aid, it is important to know when to use CPR. If there is no
breathing and no pulse is felt, administer the CPR cycle-30 compressions, then two breaths until he arrive in
administering CPR or compression, the following must be done:

1. Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.

2. Locate hand position for compression by drawing an imaginary line from armpit to center chest for hand placement.

3. Place heel of one hand on the lower part of the breastbone.

3|P.E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

 4. Put other hand over the first, interlacing your fingers for support.

5. With straight arms and shoulder positioned over the victims chest, push down on the victim's chest. For adult victims,
push it down for at least 2 inches or 5 cm deep.

6. Give 30 compressions in 18 seconds or less (rate of 100 compressions in one minute) and let chest rise completely
between compressions.

7. After 30 compressions, give two rescue breaths.

8 Repeat cycle until help arrives or when there are signs of movement

In checking for pulse of the victim, put two fingers on the center of the neck then slide fingers down to the side
of the victim's neck up to the nudge between muscles. When pulse is felt but no signs of breathing administer one
rescue breathing every five seconds and recheck pulse every two minutes. In rescue breathing, do the following:

1. Gently tilt the victim’s forehead back with one hand

2. Tilt the victim's chin using the other hand this will open the victim's airway.
3. Pinch the nose close then cover the victim’ mouth with your mouth. Blow life- giving air to the victim. Watch for
the chest rise; if it does not rise then reposition and perform the rescue breathing all over again.

FIRST AID OF COMMON EMERGENCIES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

What are the common medical injuries encountered in outdoor recreation and what first treatment should be
administered?

The term first aid refers to administration of care to prevent deterioration of the victim to aid recovery, and to
preserve life. Generally, first aid entails some simple but often life-saving ways that most people can be trained to
perform with minimal equipment. On a technical level, it is not identified as medical treatment and should not be
compared to what a trained medical profession might do. First aid, as they say, is a combination of simple procedures
and an application of some common sense.

Along the discussion in this chapter, the symbol will be used to indicate emergency or the urgency of the
situation to call help.

COMMON INJURIES AND ILLNESSES IN THE OUTDOORS

A. Cuts, scrapes, and punctures

Wounds, cuts, and lacerations can be caused anywhere from rock climbing, cutting self from a knife, and stumbling.

To treat minor cuts, scrapes, and punctures:

 Clean cuts with soap and water then apply antibiotic cream then cover with sterile bandage and secure using
medical tape.

4|P.E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

  If bleeding, apply direct pressure using clean cloth to the injury.
 If wound is on the arm or leg, raise limb above the heart to help slow down bleeding. Do not apply tourniquet
unless the bleeding is severe and does not stop even with direct pressure

Emergency personnel must be called immediately if:

 Severe bleeding or bleeding does not stop despite pressure.

 You suspect there is internal bleeding (inflammation and severe pain the area).
 There is an abdominal or chest wound.
 Blood spurts out of wound.

B. Sprains, strains, and fractures

Many things can cause a sprain, strain, or fracture while doing an outdoor activity. One may fall or twist an ankle
while trekking or miscalculate a movement while rowing a canoe. Most often it is the ankle wrist, or finger that suffers
from sprain and the hamstring for strains. Sprains, strains, and fractures are definitely painful and may bruise or swell.

Sprains are injuries that involve the stretching or tearing of the ligament. This usually occurs when a joint is
overextended from its usual range of motion. Strain is the twisting or pulling of a muscle or tendon. This usually happens
when a muscle is stretched and suddenly contracts such as when one is running or jumping, Fracture involves the
breaking of a bone.

For fracture, immediately call medical help if the following occurs:

 One suspects injury to the person's head, neck, or back Bone is sticking out of the skin.
 Bleeding does not stop after several minutes of firm pressure.
 Blood spurts from the wound.

While waiting for the medical help, do the following first aid:

 Immobilize the area of injury until help arrives or until the person is brought to the hospital.
 Make sure to clean and dress cuts before splinting.
 If bleeding, apply pressure to wound with clean cloth until bleeding stops. If bone is pushing through the skin, do
not touch.
 Gently tape the dislocated area or fracture to a rolled-up newspaper, ruler, or a rolled piece of clothing with first
aid tape. Avoid moving the injured limb and never force it or even try to twist it back into place.

C. Concussions

Concussion is a traumatic brain injury that is often caused by a blow or bump to the head or body. Cuts and bruises
may be seen on the head or face. Some lose consciousness or forget what happened before the injury, others do not

 Treat cuts.

5|P.E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

  Apply ice or compress if no ice is available.
 Rest until symptoms disappear.
 Watch out for symptoms that need emergency action

Call immediate medical help if the following occurs:

 One vomits repeatedly.

 The pupils become unequal.
 One looks agitated or confused.
 One is unconscious or passes out.
 One feels very drowsy.
 There is pain in the neck after the fall or knocked out.
 There is slurred speech.
 One experiences seizure.

D. Blister

Blisters are a result of ill-fitting footwear. It is especially seen among hikers and trekkers Blisters can be painful and
may cause discomfort. Treat blisters with the following:

 Place a piece of adhesive over affected area.

 Doughnut shaped moleskin helps when blisters are at the bottom of foot. If blisters have popped, wash area
with soap and water then put antibiotic cream
 If it is absolutely necessary, drain a blister with a sterilized needle into the side of the blister. Apply with
antibacterial solution and cover with gauze dressing and tape.

E. Burns or Scalds

Burns or scalds are injuries on the skin caused by hot liquid or heat.

 If still on fire, stop burning immediately through the "stop, drop, and roll" method. Then remove the flamed
material from the person. However, if the clothing sticks to the skin, do not pull it out but cut or tear around it.
 Take off constrictive clothing immediately (belts, jewelry, and tight clothing) as burns can swell quickly
 If first degree burn (top layer skin affected)
 Put affected area under running water or immerse in cool (not ice) water until pain subsides. If no
running water is available then apply compress,
 Cover with sterile, non-adhesive bandage, or clean cloth.
 Do not apply butter or ointments, which can cause infection.
 For second degree burn (affecting top 2 layers of skin) Immerse in cool water for 10-15 minutes; apply compress
if running water is not available.
 Do not apply ice, it can lower body temperature and may cause further damage.
6|P.E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES
  Do not break blister or apply butter of ointment causing infection.
 Protect burn with sterile, nonstick bandage, and secure with gauze of tape.
 To prevent shock, let the person lie flat and elevate feet for about 12 inches high and elevate burn
area about heart level (if possible) and cover the person with coat or blanket
 Wait for emergency personnel.

For burns, immediately call medical help if the following occurs:

 Burn penetrates all layers of skin.

 Skin is charred looking, with white, brown, or black patches.
 Burnnblister is larger than two inches or oozes.
 Burn Hands, feet, face, or genitals are burned.
 The person is an infant or a senior.

What are the common illnesses or sickness experienced in outdoor recreation and what first aid treatment should be administered?
Ailments or illnesses:

1. Fever

Check temperature first. If the temperature is 38 C or 100.4 F or below then it is considered a low-grade or no fever
and does not require you to do anything much except to let the person drink lots of fluids and rest. Unless the person
feels uncomfortable then an over-the counter medicine may be given, such as paracetamol, ibuprofen, or
acetaminophen. However, always check if the patient has allergies to the medicines. Aspirin must not be administered
to anyone below 18.

If the fever is 102 F or 38.8 C or higher, have the patient take oral medicines. Give a sponge bath to lower the
temperature and increase fluid intake of the patient. Light clothes should be worn as overdressing will make
temperature go higher. In case the person chills, cover the patient with blankets until chills go away.

Emergency should be sought when the person is:

 unresponsive;
 having difficulty breathing or is wheezing;
 has lips turning bluish;
 experiences convulsions or seizures;
 seems confused; and
 observes sudden onset of rashes.

2. Headache

7|P.E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

 Headaches are often experienced in trekking or hiking due to lack of eye protection from the sun's rays, tension in
the neck, dehydration, swelling of brain tissue due to excessive sweating over a period of days, and consumption of large
amounts of water without taking salt tablets.

Over-the-counter medicines may be taken such as paracetamol, ibuprofen, or aspirin to prevent further discomfort.
However, one should also observe the source of problem as it may just be a symptom of something else

3. Altitude/Mountain Sickness

Altitude sickness happens because the rate of ascent into higher altitudes outpaces the body's ability to adjust to
those altitudes. In other words, the body was not able to acclimatize to high altitude and was not able to increase
ventilation to compensate for the low level of oxygen in higher altitude. Triggering factors may be ascending too quickly,
overexertion in ascent, inadequate fluid intake, hypothermia, and alcohol consumption

Altitude sickness may range from mild to life threatening situations. High altitude pulmonary edema or HAPE and
the high altitude cerebral edema or HACE are life-threatening. In HAPE, fluids accumulated in the lungs and make
breathing extremely difficult. These come quickly and if untreated, can lead to respiratory collapse and ultimately death.
HACE refers to the build-up of fluid in the brain causing swelling and changes the person's mental state. He or she loses
coordination, becomes comatose, and then dies.

Emergency treatment should be sought when the person has HAPE and exhibits the following progression of symptoms:

 Shortness of breath at rest or experiences tightness of chest.

 Gurgling or rattling breaths
 Cough with frothy or pink sputum
 Lips or fingernails turn bluish or grayish
 Respiratory failure
 Drowsiness

Onset of HAPE can be gradual or sudden. HAPE typically occurs after more than one day spent at high altitude. High
altitude cerebral edema (HACE) can begin with confusion:

 A person developing HACE begins having trouble keeping up with the group.
 Walking and coordination become impaired.
 As the brain continues to swell, lethargy and then comatose will develop.
 First aid for this illness:
 If symptoms are severe, immediately descend to 1,500 to 2,000 feet with minimal exertion as possible. Keep
going down until symptoms go away.
 If symptoms are mild, the person should not go any higher until symptoms are completely gone Treat
symptoms, give the person oxygen if available, keep him warm, have him rest, give him plenty of liquids, and
give him pain relievers,

4. Hyperthermia

8|P.E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

Hyperthermia is a condition where the body produces or absorbs heat more than it can dissipate This may be caused by
an increase in air temperature, solar or reflected radiation poor ventilation in clothing, low fitness level, and excess bulk
or the reduced ratio of skin are to body mass. People suffering from hyperthermia experiences heat cramps, heat stroke
heat exhaustion.

a. Heat Cramps

Heat cramps usually happen during heavy activity in hot environments. They are painful, involuntary muscle spasms
which are more intense than the typical night time leg cramp where the muscles affected includes the calves, arms,
abdominal wall, and back. This happens when the muscles accumulate excessive lactic acid or a loss of fluid and
electrolyte through perspiration. What must be done?

 Cool down and replenish loss electrolyte through clear sports drink
 Gently stretch and massage affected muscle group.
 Do not resume the strenuous activity and rest until cramps go away.
 Take salt pill with water at the start of specific muscle pain.
b. Heat Exhaustion

When water is not sufficient for the body's demand in a particular outdoor activity, the body becomes dehydrated and
salt-depleted. This results in nausea, faintness, a weak rapid pulse and/or cold, and sweaty skin. This case requires first
aid similar to what is administered in case of heat cramps.

c. Heat Stroke

Heat stroke is the most serious degree of hyperthermia.

Emergency should be sought when the person:

 losses consciousness;
 becomes disoriented:
 pulse rate suddenly becomes fast;
 seizures;
 has warm, red, dry skin, and body temperature above 1039F; and
 reduced sweating.

Do the following first aid while help is on the way:

 Remove the person from heat exposure and cool him/her by whatever means available, such as putting damp
sheets, spraying with cold water; and applying cold wet cloth or ice packs to the armpit, neck, and groin. Fan air
to increase cooling,
 Do not give the person anything to drink if the person is not alert or is vomiting.
 Treat the symptoms. If with seizures, keep the person safe from injury. If vomiting turn the person on the side to
keep airway open.

9|P.E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

 5. Hypothermia

Hypothermia occurs when the body chills faster than the body's ability to produce heat due to exposure to cold,
wet, and/or windy weather. Not taking enough energy producing food and not having proper clothing speeds up
hypothermia. This generally occurs in temperatures of less than 35 C.

Symptoms include numbness uncontrollable shivering that muscles begin to stiffen and become uncoordinated, skin
tums bluish, pulse and on low down and victim does not respond or becomes unconscious.

 First aid must be administered quickly:

 Move the person to a sheltered area and restore warmth slowly
 Remove wet clothes and replace with dry clothes
 Wrap with blankets or sleeping bag
 Exhale warm air near the vicinity of the patient's mouth and nose
 Note that rapid warming can cause heart arrhythmia so it is advised not to immerse the person in warm water
Warm person's trunk first-not the hands and feet-as warming extremities first can cause shock
 Find ways for the victim to stay conscious
 Begin CPR it necessary and continue until emergency personnel arrive

Emergency should be sought when the person:

 shows confusion memory o or slurred speech;

 body temperature drops below 35 degree C (95 degree F);
 loss of consciousness and;
 shallow breathing.

6. Diving Related Sicknesses

a. Barotrauma

Barotrauma is a serious injury that can occur because of pressure differences between the body's air-filled cavities
and the water. If one is having trouble equalizing the ear and the air trapped in the middle ear cannot escape the
resulting ruptured eardrum would be considered to be a form of barotrauma, Not only can the ears be affected, so can
the eyes the lungs, the paranasal sinuses, the skin, the brain, the teeth, and other body parts

Majority of cases of eat pain forces the diver to abort the dive. Symptoms are often resolved shortly after the diver
reaches the surface.

Emergency should be sought when the person shows disorientation, vomits, and hearing loss, which shows
ruptured eardrum. Rush to the nearest medical facility immediately.

b. Decompression Sickness
10 | P . E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES
 Decompression sickness or DCS is a serious deep water diving related injury. It happens when divers fail to follow
prescribed dive profiles, and it can also happen after a rapid ascent. During a dive, nitrogen bubbles form inside one's
body. Including the bloodstream. If the bubbles remain pain and tissue damage can occur.

Emergency should be sought when the symptoms appear rapidly and the person exhibits the following:
 Unconscious
 Dizziness
 Trouble breathing
 Abnormal walk or weakness

AQUATIC HAZARDS AND DROWNING

What are some of aquatic hazards? How should first aid treatment be administered?

The underwater is such a wonderful place to explore. However it can be home also to some aquatic creatures
that may pose some hazards to people. Some aquatic hazards are as follows:

1. Jellyfish/Portuguese Man-of-War/Fire Corals

People stung by jellyfish, Portuguese man-of-war, or fire corals will experience swelling, burning, and severe pain.
When stung, one must:

 Get the person first out of the water

 To stop the stinging:

a. Wash the area with seawater (not fresh water) to deactivate stinging cells.
b. Rinse the area with vinegar for at least 30 seconds. If vinegar is not available, a solution of baking soda
can be used. This will deactivate the stinging cells.
c. Next, soak the area in hot water for at least 20 minutes if possible. Cold packs can be used instead if the
area cannot be soaked in hot water.
d. To relieve itching and swelling, use mild hydrocortisone cream or oral antihistamine.

Bring to the nearest medical facility if the person exhibits severe allergic reaction or if the sting covers
more than half an arm or leg. If the sting also came from a box jellyfish, then the person needs to be
brought to the hospital immediately. The victim may suffer from intense pain and experience swelling.
Box Jellyfish sting can be fatal.

Some 20 to 40 people die from stings by box jellyfish annually in the Philippines alone, according to the
US National Science Foundation

2. Sea Urchin/Weever Fish

 Sea urchin puncture and weever fish stings are treated in a similar way.
 Remove large spines carefully with tweezers. Scrub wound with soap and rinse with fresh water.
11 | P . E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES
  Do not close the wound with tape.
Call for urgent medical attention if severe allergic reactions are observed.

3. Stingray

You should immediately call a lifeguard and seek speedy medical help as there is no antidote for stingray venom.
While waiting for ambulance, do the following first aid:
 To control pain, immerse the affected area in hot water (as hot as can be tolerated without burning skin) for 30-
90 minutes.
 Any large spines should be carefully removed from wound using tweezers (avold touching the spine with bare
hands). Spines embedded in or near joints or tendons must be assessed and spines may need to be surgically
removed.
 Clean wound using soap and fresh water, do not cover wound.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

What are some of the environmental hazards? How should first aid treatment be administered?

The mountains and the wilderness have so much to offer to people to enjoy and these include some animals and
plants which might impose some hazards to people It is important to know how to deal with the injuries they cause to
people as this may save lives.

1. Poison Ivy/Poison Oak/Poison Sumac/Wood Nettle

Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac are plants than can cause an itchy rash upon contact. These plants
have a substance called the urushiol which causes the rash. The rash usually disappears in one to three weeks. The
following are what should be done when one gets in contact with this rash-causing substance:

 If the plants left some stinging hairs, they have to be removed fast as this is how the poison enters the body.
Various methods are used in removing them such as duct tape (placing it on the area and logically the hairs will
stick to the tape) or tweezers. The important thing to remember is not to rub them as this will further spread the
substance.
 Wash exposed area with soap and warm water. Washing it within 10 minutes upon contact can significantly
reduce chances of allergic reaction.
 Remove contaminated clothing, as the oil of the plant can continue to spread from clothing, Ease the Itching
discomfort by applying cool compress for 15-30 minutes.
 Avoid topical antihistamine, anesthetics, and antibiotic ointment--they can make skin more sensitive.
 Put calamine lotion to alleviate itching.
 If itchiness makes it difficult to sleep, give oral antihistamine

2. Leeches

Leeches or locally called "limatik' are common sights in the Philippine forest. Hikers usually come across a leech
already clinging and sucking blood on their skin. Pulling it out is not advisable as it regurgitates (or "vomit back the blood
it has ingested or may worsen the wound. It is important to note that leeches when full just leave or fall-off on their

12 | P . E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

own. Usually applying alcohol-based solution or flame (through lighter or match stick) is a faster way for leech to fall off.
Washing the wound it has left is the only thing to do.

However, when leech enters the mouth throat, or nose it will be difficult to just remove it. Local mountaineers
suggest gargling with alcohol-based drink and it will usually do the trick. The most difficult part is when the leech enters
the eyes. Some hikers say they were able to remove leech by using tweezers. Others just leave it until the leech leaves
on its own. The safest way is to let medical personnel remove it.

It can be an emergency case if there is a generalized itching in the whole body for a person bitten by leech. If
rashes, sweating, dizziness, fever, and difficulty of breathing happen, this means that the person has an allergic reaction
to the leech and medical attention must be sought immediately. Antihistamine may serve as a first aid

3. Snake Bites

The mere sight of snake would likely scare people and make them panic Snakes are part of the natural environment
and we have to learn ways of respecting them. However, snakes, just like other animals, attack as part of their defensive
instinct. Not all snake are venomous, in fact, according to World Health Organization ("Venomous snakes" 2010) of the
3000 species of snake, only 600 are venomous. As a general rule, venomous snakes have a triangular shaped heads and
elliptical eyes (like the cat's eye). Instead of the rounded heads of most non-venomous snakes and round eyes. Most
venomous snakes also have a color pattern while non-venomous have one solid color. Of course, there is always an
exception to this general description. The first important thing to notice when one is bitten by a snake is to remember
how the snake looked like. This information will be helpful. The Department of Health released important advisory
containing basic information on first aid in case of snake bites. Please refer to the advisory below.

13 | P . E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

14 | P . E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES
4. Drowning

According to report presented in the 2011 World Conference on Drowning Prevention eight people die every day in
the Philippines due to drowning UNICEF survey also showed that drowning has been ranked as the fourth leading cause
of death in the Philippines (Sebelina, 2011).

How is first aid administered to a drowning victim?

Outdoor activity in the waters also has the risk of drowning. What first aid administration must be done?

 Call for help before beginning these important first aid emergency measures.
 Turn the drowning person's head to the side to allow any water to drain from his or her mouth and nose. Turn
the head back to the center. Check for breathing and pulse. if both are not present perform CPR
 If there is pulse but no breathing, begin mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
 Give two rescue breathe in the mouth of the person as you pinch his or her nose. This helps air get past any
water that is clogging the breathing passageways and the lungs. After four strong breathes, put your ears near
the mouth to listen and watch the chest for signs of breathing
 Check pulse and repeat cycle if there is no pulse until emergency personnel arrive.
 It is important to bring victim to a hospital even if he/she has started breathing, there might be complications
resulting from the water exposure such as pneumonia, infection, etc.

What should we do with victims of a lightning strike?

To save the life of a lightning strike victim, do the following

 Call for help.

 While waiting:

 Assess situation. If necessary, move the victim to a safer and covered location. It is not a usual case for victims to
have major broken bones unless they fell or have been thrown over long distance. In such case of suspected
fracture, do not move the patient if there is no risk of aggravating the injury while waiting for help.

 A lightning strike may cause a heart attack so check if the victim is breathing or has pulse. If both are not
present, then do CPR. If with pulse but the victim is not breathing, then do rescue breathing until help arrives, If
the place is cold and wet put protective layer on the ground to avoid risk of hypothermia Lightning also causes
injuries such as burns, shock, and trauma. Treat each of the injuries with first aid until help arrives.
 If the place is cold and wet, put protective layer on the ground to avoid risk of hypothermia.
 Lightning also causes injuries such as burns, shock, and trauma. Treat each of the injuries with first aid until help
arrives.

15 | P . E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

 What are the basic things that we must carry in our first aid kit?

After learning about the things you should be doing during emergency, you would have understood by now the
importance of the first aid kit. You also would have realized that the kit will play an important role in administering first
aid. So, what are the basic things that we should carry in a first aid kit?

What are the emergency number of the Philippines?

The national emergency number of the Philippines used to be 117 or sometimes called PATROL 117 which was managed
by the Department of the Interior and Local Government and calls will be answered by Philippine National Police.
However, effective August 1, 2016, 117 war changed to 911. Each region and local government also has specific
emergency numbers and each one should search, write, and save the numbers. You can find the other emergency
hotlines on the government website http://www.gov.ph/emergency hotlines/.

Must be in a Waterproof Bag

Assorted adhesive For medication:
bandages
Butterfly
bandages/adhesive
Wound-closure strips
Gauze pads (various
sizes)
Nonstick sterile pads
Medical adhesive tape
Athletic tape
Blister treatment
Splinter (fine-point)
tweezers
Safety pins Cotton
Disposable gloves
Plastic bags (different stres)
Multipurpose utility tool
Clinical thermometer
Whistle
Ear plugs
 Pain-relievers (paracetamol, ibuprofen, etc) Insect-
sting relief leg. calamine lotion)
 Antihistamine
 Antiseptic solution and towelette
 Antibacterial ointment Calamine lotion
 Compound tincture of benzoin
 Aloe vera gel
 Anti-diarrhea and laxative
 Antacids
 Hydrocortisone cream
 Cough and cold medications Personal medications
not needing refrigeration
 Anti-malarial medication
 Insect repellant Emollient eye drops)
 Sunscreen
 Salt tablets and rehydration tablets First aid manual
and information cards
 Calamine lotion

16 | P . E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

APPLICATION______________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1: Performing the CPR

How should the CPR be administered? Sequence the following procedures by writing numbers 1-10, 1 being the first
procedure.

__9___ Completely seal a person’s mouth.

__5___ Use upper body weight to push down or compress the chest at least two inches.

__10___ Continue cycle.

__3___ Tilt head, lift chin.

__4___ Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person’s chest, then the other hand on top of the first hand.

__6___ Push hard at a rate of 100 compression per minute.

___7__ Pinch nose shut.

___2__ Kneel next to the person’s neck and shoulder.

__1___Put person on his or her back.

___8__ blow in for about 1 second to make the chest clearly rise.

ASSESSMENT_______________________________________________________________________________

Test A: If you will be administering first aid, what skills should you possess? Think of three important skills and expound
your answer. (Facts presented -3; relevance to the topic- 2) 15 pts.

1.____ Communication skills / interpersonal ability. First aid is all about

people.____________________________________________________________________________________________
_2.__ Confidence. We believe a certain amount of confidence is required to be a first
aider._____________________________________________________________________________________________
__3._ Ability to work under pressure. First aiders may be called upon to make decisions or act in emergency
situations._________________________________________________________________________________________
_______

Test B: Scenario: You and your three other friends were hiking along the riverbank when you saw a man who is
unconscious. How should you deal with this situation? (3 pts. each)

1. What is the first thing that you should do?

Call or tell someone to call 911

17 | P . E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

 2. List everything you think you would need to do as the first person to arrive at the scene.
Check the person's airway, breathing, and pulse frequently. If necessary, begin CPR. If the person is
breathing and lying on their back, and you do not think there is a spinal injury, carefully roll
the person toward you onto their side.

PERFORMANCE TASKS________________________________________________________________________

Task I:

A. Recall all the things you learned in this chapter. Based on what was discussed, answer the following and explain
your answer. (3 pts. each)
1. What will happen if you leave someone who is unconscious and breathing lying on their back? ____
If an unconscious casualty is left on their back, their tongue may fall back and block the airway.
An unconscious casualty is still breathing and has a pulse, but may not respond to gentle shouting and
stimulation. They look like they are in a deep sleep, but cannot be woken
up._________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. When do you need to give CPR?
unconscious.
unresponsive.
not breathing or not breathing normally (in cardiac arrest, some people will take occasional
gasping breaths – they still need CPR at this point. Don't wait until they are not breathing at
all).
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. If someone has heat exhaustion, which has symptoms of sweating, nausea, dilated pupils, and vomiting, how
would you treat it?
___________ First aid treatment for heat exhaustion includes recognizing the symptoms, stopping the
activity, and moving to a cooler environment. Rehydration with water or a sports drink is the
cornerstone of treatment for heat
exhaustion.________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. When assessing the scene, what should you consider first?

_ Assess the Situation. The first thing you should do is assess the situation. ...

Get Help.
The first step to establishing some sort of leadership is to shout out or signal for help.
Assess the Environment.
Triage: Assess the Injured.
18 | P . E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES
Know Your Limits.
________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

TASK II:

Administer first aid with the following facts given below. How will you administer first aid? (Facts presented -5;
relevance to the topic- 5) 10pts. each

Conscious
Has fang marks on his the skin
Feels dizzy
The Vomiting things that you do is:

Tie a piece of cloth above the fang marks to apply pressure so that the venom won’t run through the veins.
Let the victim rest and talk to him/her to make sure the person is conscious.
Immediately call an ambulance to seek medical attention.

Unconscious
Has a severe bleeding on his thigh due to a
1. big cut
a leech clinging and sucking his blood on his
skin
The Things you do is:

Call or tell someone to call 911.

Check the person's airway, breathing, and pulse frequently.

 If necessary, begin CPR. If the person is breathing and lying on their back, and you do not think there is a
spinal injury, carefully roll the person toward you onto their side.

Apply first aid to the wound.

Apply pressure to the cut.

References:
Callo, Lualhati F., et. al., Physical Education and Health Vol.II, REX Book Store, 2017,

Prepared by:

Ms. Mitchie C. Ferrater

“Nobody knows what will happen in the future. Something even better might happen tomorrow.”
- Haruhiro

19 | P . E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

20 | P . E 4 SAFETY PRACTICES IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES