MALIGNANTTUMORS ✓sudden painless proptosis of one eye

✓lid swelling
Rhabdomyosarcoma
✓conjunctival chemosis
Most common malignant primary tumor in ✓ocular movement impairment
childhood
Management:
Symptoms include:
 Surgery
✓sudden painless proptosis of one eye  radiation therapy
 adjuvant chemotherapy
✓lid swelling
✓conjunctival chemosis PHARMACOLOGY
✓ocular movement impairment
• Mydriatic
MALIGNANT TUMORS • For pupil dilation by relaxing the ciliary muscle
• Cycloplegics
Retinoblastoma
For paralysis of iris sphincter, given together with
 Malignant retinal tumor occurring in 1 out mydriatics
of 15,000 live birth (Brunner)
 Hereditary in 30-40% of cases • Miotics
 Bilateral cases are all hereditary For pupil constriction
 The gene is found on chromosome 13. If this
gene is inhibited, the growth in retinal cells
is unchecked and the retinoblastoma results

MALIGNANT TUMORS

Marfan Syndrome

 Ophthalmic consequences may include

amblyopia and dislocation of the lens.

 Patients are often myopic and may be at

increased risk for retinal detachment

Symptoms - Eyes

 The most common symptoms of Marfan

syndrome involve the eyes, skeleton, and
cardiovascular system. An individual QUIZ!
affected with this syndrome may have the
lens of their eye displaced from the center of The EAR
their pupil.
- the organ for hearing and equilibrium
Malignant Tumors
THE EARHAS 3 PARTS:
Leber Congenital Amaurosis
1. External Ear
 primarily affects the retina, people with this
disorder typically have severe visual - auricle(pinna)
impairment beginning in infancy - auditory canal
 Characterized by decreased vision 2. Middle Ear

 Onset is during childhood generally before 7 - tympanic membrane ear drum)

years old -10-18% of all congenital - ossicles (incus or anvil, malleus or hammer, stapes
blindness or stirrup)

 Other signs and symptoms include 3. Inner Ear

strabismus, nystagmus, photophobia,
cataracts and keratoconus - labyrinth
- cochlea
MALIGNANT TUMORS - vestibular apparatus
4 Symptoms typically include:
THE EAR
WHEN EVALUATING:
1. Sound waves are collected by the auricle or pinna
and direct these vibrations to the external auditory 1. Frequency number of sound waves emanating
canal. from a source per second; measured in Hertz (Hz)
or cycles per second. Normal: 20-20,000 Hz
2. Sound waves continue to pass in the auditory
canal until they reach the tympanic membrane 2. Pitch-describes frequency: the higher the
frequency, the higher the pitch
3. The tympanic membrane conducts sound
vibrations from the external auditory canal to the 3. Intensity-pressure exerted by sound; measured in
ossicles. Sound pressure is magnified 22 times as a decibels dB.
result of transmission from larger area to a smaller
one.  Critical level of loudness is 30 dB
 80 dB or more is considered harsh
4. The ossicles transmit the sound to the oval
window.

5. The inner ear contains sensory receptors for

sound and equilibrium; it connects to the
nasopharynx by the Eustachian tube.

*** The tube opens during swallowing to equalize

inner ear pressure to atmospheric pressure.

LABYRINTH

- contains the cochlea and vestibular apparatus

a. Cochlea made up of Reissner's membrane and

Organ of Corti

 The Organ of Cor contains tectorial

membrane connected by hairs to sound
receptor cells. These receptors convert
sound waves to neural impulses

 The impulses travel via the acoustic nerve to

the brain for interpretation

b. Vestibular apparatus - reflects body positions; is

surrounded by perilymph and temporal bone. It
consists of membranous saccule, utricle and
semicircular canals.

 in the canals, static and dynamic equilibrium

receptors send impulses to the brain
regarding body positions

DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS FOR THE EAR

1. Otoscopy
- makes use of hand held instrument to examine by
visualization the external and middle ear.

AUDIOMETRY
Detects hearing loss; comes in 2 types:

1. Pure - tone audiometry sound like musical note -

uses

2. Speech audiometry uses spoken words