Riveted Joints Symbols Description and Units d diameter of the rivet hole, mm (Table 5.3(b)) D internal diameter of the pressure vessel, mm m number of rivets in single shear m number of rivets in double shear P pitch on the gage line or longitudinal pitch, mm (Table 5.4(b)) Ps diagonal pitch, mm P; pressure acting inside the boiler, MN/m? (kgf/mm?) y transverse pitch, mm. 1 thickness of the shell or main plate, mm (Table 5.3(@)) thickness of inner cover plate, mm. to thickness of outer cover plate, mm. ” efficiency of longitudinal joint (Table 5.1) Oe allowable crushing stress for rivets or plate, MN/m? (kgf/mm?) (Table 5.5) oO allowable tensile stress of shell plate, MN/m? (kgf/mm?) (Table 5.5) t allowable shearing stress of rivets, MN/m? (kgf/mm?) Particular Equation Eqn. No. iD Pn ‘The thickness of shell oe ap+d 2 ‘The diagonal pitch of lap joint (staggered) — | Py = ~~ ; (eee) -@ 53 In staggered riveting the transverse piteh of | Pr = A lap joint Thickness of the cover plates according to Indian Boiler Code: sawn ‘Thickness of single butt strap having ordinary | fi = 1.1250 rivetinga Rivete eg Particu - Equation Eqn. Ny - ; 55 PO Thickness of single butt strap having alternate | = 112517 aa) a7) 5.4(by rivet in the outer rows omitted Thickness of double butt strap of equal width| f = fo = 0.6251 S4(o) having ordinary riveting (p-4d)\, 5, Thickness of double butt straps of equal width fy = 0.625 p-2d .4(d) having every alternate rivet in the outer rows omitted Thickness of the double butt straps of unequal | j, = 0,625¢ 5.4(e) width either having ordinary riveting or _ 5 having every alternate rivet in the outer rows | = 0-750" A(t) omitted Length of the shank of the rivet L= Yet (15tol.7)d 35 Strength of riveted joints: ‘The tearing resistance or tensile strength of P= pto, 5.6(a) solid plate of a unit strip The tearing resistance or tensile strength of a_| P; = (p— d)toy 5.6(b) unit strip of plate along its weakest section According to Indian Boiler Regulations, the strength of a rivet in double shear The general expression for the resistance to shear of all the rivets in a unit strip The general expression for the resistance to crushing of the rivets The theoretical efficiency of the riveted joint” _ (y+ 1.8 75mg) ~ Apto, In multirow riveted joint failure of the rivets through combined action: The total resistance against failure of a unit strip of plate due to tearing of the plate at the inner row and shearing of the rivets in the outer row P, = 1} times the strength in single shear 5.6(c) 2 = 1.875 (=) r 2 Py=(1+ 1st5m(%)r 5.6(d) Po = (mit + matdoe 5.6(e) (nitift + ma)ore 37 (atl + moe +o; : Pre = (p= 2dtoy + KEPr 5.8) (p= 2ad)tor + ka? ————eee 5.8(0) pio where k = | for rivets in single shear = 1.875 for rivets in double shear “to find the efficiency of lap joint put /¢ = | and mz = 0Riveted Joints sae =—,.a7 OOS Particular “The total resistance against falure of awa strip of plate due to combined stction of tearing ofthe plate atthe inner row and crushing of rivets in the outer row ‘The total resistance against failure of a unit strip of plate due to the combined action ot shearing of the rivets in the outer row and crushing of the rivets in the inner rows Plate efficiency Rivet efficiency Rivet size: General expression for the diameter of rivet holet For lap joint (t; = r and np = 0) For equal cover butt joint (mn = 0) The empirical formula to determine the diameter of steel rivet hole a) for lap joint (¢ < 10mm) ) for lap joint (¢ > 10mm) ©) for butt joint 4) Prof. Unwin's formula for lap and butt joints Pitch: a (1 + 1.875ng)nd?r According to IBR, the maximum shorter pitch Of the rivet in the longitudinal joint Minimum pitch Equation Py = (p= 2dr + dior. tye = LZ 2d + dior. pic; Pres Pr + ndtor. ing WEEE nto “ poy a h= P 2 Pin + 875m) n= 4 plo, da Anti+ ms) xe (ny + 187503)” ga Mee aT Ato. 1.875ar d=2 d2>t+2mm d=1+6mm = (6.07 Vi) to (6.325 yf) The general expression to determine the optimum pitch of the riveted joint? +d= [ons +myZE + 1] Senne +120 atc, a a(n + 187Sn)t p=kt+41 mm where, k; is a constant (Table 5.4(a)) P = (2.25d) to (2.5d) |: 81 Eqn. No. 5.9(a) 5.9(b) 5.9(c) 5.9(d) 5.9) 5.9(f) 5.10(a) 5.10(b) 5.10(c) 5.11(a) 5.11(b) 5.11) 5.11(a) 5.12(a) 5.12(b) 5.12(c) 7 222 ap joint put = rand my = 0. For equal double cover but joint put m, = 0michness of the joint, ie. to make the joint leakproof, the piteh For low pressure vessels, the pitch along the caulking edge. For high pressure vessels the permissible pitch along the caulking edge to outside cover plate (Haven and Swett) Transverse pitch: In chain riveting the transverse pitch for butt joins In staggered riveting the transverse pitch for butt joints For longitudinal joint the imum value of transverse pitch (ASME Boiler code) / Equation ps 6d ps Bl, p=d+3454 /P, 5.1209 where p is the pitch in the outer row, when a rivet in the inner row comes midway between two rivets in the outer row; or p is the pitch in the outer row les row when two rivets in the inner row come between two rivets in the outer row. According to Indian Boiler Code: (a) The transverse pitch for equal number of rivets in the rows: (i) For chain ri ng (ii) For staggered riveting (b) In joints where the longer pitch is double the shorter one and the inner rows are chain riveted: (i) the transverse pitch between the outer row and the inner row (ii) the transverse pitch between the successive inner rows (©) In joints where the longer pitch is double the shorter one and the inner rows are zig-zag riveted: (i) the transverse pitch between the outer row and the inner row Pp, = (2d) to (2.5d) 5.13(a) p, 2 \ospd + 0.250 5.13(b) p= 13d if 224 orless 5.13(c) tye NG p= 13d 40.109) if Boa 5.13(d) the pitch in the inner p,2 2d 5.14) Pr = 0.33p + 0.67d 5.14(b) ps2 2dor 5.146) p, 2033p + 0.67d Pr 22d 5.14(@) pr20.2p + 1.15d 5.15(a)Riveted Joints ee Particular (ii) the transverse pitch between the successive inner rows According to Indian Boiler code, the margin In staggered joint the diagonal pitch Eccentric Loads on structural connections: (Fig. 5.1) The direct or primary shear stress The secondary shear stress where ¥ Ac? c= the distance from the cent The secondary force The resultant shear force on the rivet 83 Equation Eqn. No. P12 0.165p + 0.61d 5.15(b) m= Sd 5.16 (p+d) pa> a 5.17(a) 25d) to (2.5d) 5.1706) , FF vetef 5.18 where F’ = F/n, the primary force, N(kgf) ” 5.19 , polar moment of inertia of the rivet areas about the center of gravity, mm* T = Fe, Torsional moment, N- mm tre of gravity to the centre of the rivet, mm Te M1" Als Al 5.20 Fred 7 where A’ = area of rivet under consideration mm” Fa = VF? + F? + 2F'F" cos 8 5.21 where @ = the angle between the primary and secondary shear forces I (a) Riveted joint Fig. 5.1 (b) Force analysis + Rivet Joint with eccentric loadRivet Table 5.1 Efficiency of Commercial Boiler Joints ‘Type of joint No eiteh,” | % Efficiency Single riveted lap joint 1 40-60 Double row lap joint 2 60-72 Triple row lap joint 3 72-82 Single row butt joint with two cover plates 1 60-72 Double row butt joint with two cover plates 2 72-82 ‘Triple row butt joint with two cover plates 3 80-90 Quadruple row butt joint with two cover plates 4 85-94 Table 5.2 Recommended Types of Joints Diameter of shell, mm | Thickness of shell, mm | Type of joint Butt 600 - 1800 6.25 - 12.50 Double riveted 900 - 2100 8.00 - 25.00 Triple riveted 1500 - 2700 9.50 - 45.00 Quadruple riveted Table 5.3 (a) Minimum Thickness of Boiler Plates Shell plates Tube sheets of fire tube boiler Diameter of | Minimum thickness | Diameter of tube Minimum shell, mm _| after flanging, mm sheet, mm thickness, mm 900 and under 6.25 1050 and under 9.50 900 - 1350 8.00 1050 - 1350 11.00 1350 - 1800 9.50 1350 - 1800 12.50 12.50 1800 and over 1800 and over 14.50 Table 5.3 (b) Nominal Diameters of Rivets, mm, 1 12, (14), 16, 20, 25, 3.0, (3.5), 4.0, 5.0, 6, (7), 8 10,12, (14), 16, (18), 20, (22), 24, (27), 30, (33), 36 d= 1 t0 16 mm. IS: 2998-1982, d= 6 to 16 mm, IS: 2155-198, d= 12 0 36 mm, 1S:1929-1982. Note: The nominal diameters in parenthesis are of second preference. Designation: Snap Head Rivet 16 x 70 IS: 1929,Riveted Joints 85 Table 5.3 (c) Thickness of Steel Plates for Structural Works, Pressure Vessels and Boilers, mm. 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 1. A, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.24, 2.50, 2.80, 3.15, 3.55, 4.0, IS 1730-1961. 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40, 45, 50, 56, 63. 1S: 2002-1982, IS: 1730-1974 Table 5.4 (a) Coefficient k, in equation 5.12(b) No. of rivets Coefficients for Coefficients for single Coefficients for double __per piteh Lap joints butt-strapped joints __butt-strapped joints 1 131 1.53 175 2 2.62 3.06 3.50 3 3.47 4.05 4.63 4 414 5.52 5 - - 6.00 Table 5.4 (b) Recommended values for Rivet hole diameter, pitch and efficiency DP, ‘Type of seam — Nimm Diameter of Max, efficiency i =d) (kef/mm) rivet hole, allowable -(2 : mm pitch p,mm_ | 7 Fee Single riveted lap Upto 500 (50) [r+ 8mm 2+ 40mm 56% t0 60 % joint Double riveted lap | 350-950 (35-95) | ¢+8mm 2.62 + 40 mm 10% joint Triple riveted lap —_| 450-1350 (45-135) + (6108)mm| 34+ 40mm 3% joint Double riveted two | 450-1350 (45-135) | ¢+ (5 to 6) mm | 3.5¢ + 40 mm 15% strap butt joint Triple riveted two | 450-2300 (45-230) | r+ 5mm 61 + 40 mm 85% strap butt joint (Diamond Riveting) Table 5.5 Recommended Values of Allowable Stress for Structural Joints, MN/m? (kgf/mm?) ee Shop assembly _ Field assembly Tensile stress of the plate 115 (11.7) 115 (11.7) Shear stress of the rivet 86 (8.8) 70 (7.1) 210 (21.4) 140 (14.2) Crushing stress of the rivet