Response of faba bean varieties against chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) under

field condition at Bulle, Melga and Bursa Woredas, Southeast Ethiopia

Gedyon Tamiru Mena

Hawassa Agricultural Research Centre, Hawassa, Ethiopia, Email: gedyon.tamiru@yahoo.com

Abstract. Chocolate spot, caused by B. fabae, is one of the major diseases of faba bean in
Ethiopia and nationwide. Chocolate spot epidemics on 13 faba bean varieties were studied under
natural infections at three Woredas, Bulle, Bursa and Melga in 2016/2017 cropping season. The
field experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three
replications. The progress of chocolate spot severity was scored (with a 1-9 scale) at 14 days
interval starting from the first disease symptom appearance and continual until the final pod
filling stage when the disease attained maximum and then grain yield and 100-seed weight were
recorded and analyzed. The varieties varied significantly (P < 0.001) in disease severity index,
AUDPC, and grain yield. Gebelcho (36.88%), Tumusa (38.70%) and Degaga (37.55%) showed
moderate resistance to chocolate spot at Bulle at terminal disease record. Degaga and Tumusa
exhibited consistently moderate resistance to chocolate spot at all sites. Minimum AUDPC were
recorded from Tumusa and Gebelcho varieties with values of 901.81 and 937.86-day,
respectively. The yield performance of Gebelcho (3640 Kg/ha) was also superior at Bulle while
Mosias (3510 Kg/ha) showed superior yield at Melga. Variety Tumusa (2770 Kg/ha) was
performed best at Bursa. Moti (3130 Kg/ha) and Mosisa (3060 kg/ha) that showed susceptible
reaction provided good yield at Bulle but not at the other sites. Thus better performing varieties
such as Gebelcho, Tumusa and Mosisa with moderate resistance and superior yield performance
at Bulle, Bursa and Melga are recommended, for the respective areas. Degaga and Dosha also
can be grown in areas with contrasting environments within the faba bean production domain.

Key words: Botrytis fabae, Chocolate spot, Severity, Varieties, Vicia faba.

1
1. INTRODUCTION

In Ethiopia, 1.5 million hectares is covered by pulses out of which 443,074.68 hectares is
dedicated to Faba bean with annual production of about 8,389,438.97 quintals (FAOSTAT,
2010). Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) has been grown in the highlands between 1800 and 3000
m.a.s.l. It makes a significant contribution to soil fertility restoration as a suitable rotation crop
that fixes atmospheric nitrogen and reduces the dependence on external fertilizer inputs.
In spite of their huge importance, the productivity of Faba bean in Ethiopia remains far
below the crop’s potential greater than 3 ton/ha. Chocolate spot, caused by B. fabae, is one of the
major diseases of faba bean in Ethiopia and nationwide (Sahile et al., 2012). It is causing yield
loss up to 61% on a susceptible and 34% on tolerant faba bean genotypes (Dereje and Yaynu,
2001). Sahile et al. (2010) reported even higher losses of 67.5% in the unsprayed faba bean plots
in northwest Ethiopia.
The magnitude of chocolate spot damage and diversity of B. fabae has been less
understood in southern region of Ethiopia although development of improved faba bean varieties
have been undertaken in farming system of the central highlands of the country. Now days, more
than 20 improved varieties with varying grain yield have been released for production. The
newly developed varieties include Hachalu, Shalla, Gora, Obse, Walki, Degaga, CN58, Moti,
Dosha, Mosisa, Gebelcho, Kusse-2-27-33, Bulga 70, Kassa and Tesfa (EIRO, 2010,). However,
the adoption of these varieties has been challenged by chocolate spot (B. fabae) infections. There
exists wide variation in pathogenicity among B. fabae populations collected from diverse regions
(Dereje, 1996).
The production of faba bean is extremely decreasing as the local cultivars are entirely
attacked by chocolate spot and other diseases in southeast Ethiopia. The deployment of resistant
varieties to chocolate spot prone areas is one of the management approaches and in order to
identify the resistant varieties, the test genotype has to be assessed under naturally occurring
heavy disease zones (Mussa et al., 2008, Villegas-Fernandez et al., 2009). The objective of this
experiment is to determine the performance of the faba bean varieties in reaction to the disease
and their yield potential.

2
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Chocolate spot epidemics experiments were conducted in Bulle, Malga and Bursa
Woreda of the Southern regional state during the 2016/ 2017 main crop season. Woreda is the
lowest administrative unit in the government structure. Bule Woreda is located in the southern
part of Hawassa, 117 kilometers (km) from the region’s capital in 6o.07’-6o.37’ North and
38o.27’-38o.77’ East. The Woreda has a total area of 27,300 (ha), with its altitude ranging
between 2,001–3,000 meters above sea level (masl). Mean annual rainfall of the Woreda is 1401-
1800 mm, with mean average temperature ranging between 12.6o–20oC. Malga is situated about
26 km southeast of Hawassa, in the coordinates of 7.0o 30′ N latitude and 380 21′E longitudes.
The average annual rainfall is 1100mm. It comprises 78.3 % a dega agro-ecology, while the
remaining 21.7 % weyina dega (mid altitude) agro-ecology. Rhodic Nitisols are the dominant
agricultural soils. Farming system is characterized by crop-livestock mixed system dominated by
the perennial crops such as enset, coffee and chat grown in home gardens. Bursa is located in the
98 km from the region’s capital. The Woreda situated at altitude ranging between 2,000-3,200
meters above sea level (m.a.s.l). It comprises 41 kebeles, of which 29 (70.7%) have a dega agro-
ecology, while the remaining 12(29.3%) kebeles can be characterized as weyina dega (mid
altitude) agro-ecology. Mean annual rainfall of the Woreda is 1,400 mm, with mean average
temperature ranging between 12.2o C. Geographically the Woreda is located between 6° 34' 60
North and 38° 36' 0 East (SARI, 2017).
Seeds of Hachalu, Shalla, Gora, Obse, Walki, Degaga, CN58, Moti, Dosha, Mosias,
Gebelcho, Tumusa varieties that had been released for production until 2010 (EARO, 2010) were
obtained from Holleta and Kulumusa Agricultural Research Centers, Ethiopia (Table 1). A ‘local
cultivar’ commonly grown by farmers in the respective study areas was included as a check.

3
Table 1. Agronomic characteristics faba bean varieties used in the study
Variety Pedigree name Production Maturity days Yield (qt/ha) Year of
domain release
(m.a.s.l)
Hachalu EH960091-1 1900-2800 122-156 24-35 2010
Shalla NA 1900-2300 118-157 24-37 1999
Walki Bulga-70 x 1800-2800 133-146 20-42 2007
ILB4615
Degaga R-878-3 1800-3000 116-135 20-45 2002
Gora NA 2000-2800 151-158 20-30 2013
CN58 CN-58 1900-2300 118-132 15-35 1978
Moti ILB4432 x Kuse 1800-3000 108-165 23-35 2006
2-27-33
Dosha NA 2050-2800 120-165 23-39 2009
Mosisa NA 1900-2800 151-188 23-48 2012
Gebelcho Tesfa x ILB4726 1800-3000 103-167 20-30 2006
Tumusa EH9965-3 2050-2800 121-176 20-38 2010
Obse NA 1900-2800 87-166 21-35 2007
a
Local - - - - -
a
Local cultivars refers to faba bean landraces grown by the farmers at respective study area. NA:
not applicable

Faba bean varieties were sown on properly prepared land at 0.1m (between plants) ×
0.4m (between rows) spacing (EARO, 2010) in July, 2016/2017. In order to enhance the natural
infections, a row of chocolate spot susceptible local cultivar was planted between each plot. This
practice is reported to induce early disease development on local checks which can later serve to
spread the pathogen spores to adjacent test entries (ICARDA, 1986). The experimental plots
were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications while each plot had
four rows consisting 40 plants per row. The recommended agronomic practices like weeding
were uniformly employed to each plot as required in the study period. Faba bean plants in the
central two rows were used for disease, yield and yield related data.
Chocolate spot severity was recorded on each of 15 sample plants from middle two rows
per plot, using 1 –9 scale; where, 1 = no lesions or covering up to 1 % of leaf surface; 3 = lesions
covering 1 – 2 % of leaf surface; 5 = lesions common (3 – 5 mm in diameter), covering 2 – 5 %
of leaf surface; 7 = lesions that cover 5 – 10 % of leaf surface; 9 = extensive lesions, covering
more than 10 % of the leaf surface (ICARDA, 1986). Severity was recorded at 14 days interval

4
starting from the first disease symptom appearance and continued until the final pod filling stage
when the disease attained maximum (Villegas–Fernandez et al., 2012). Finally, the disease
scores were converted to percent severity index (PSI) for the analysis. Based on PSI values, the
response of tested varieties were classified into six groups following Abo-Hegazy et al. (2012);
where 0 – 2% is highly resistant (HR), >2 – 15% resistant (R), >15 – 40% moderately resistant
(MR), >40 – 60% is moderately susceptible (MS) and >60 – 80% is susceptible (S) >80 – 100%
highly susceptible (HS).

The progress of chocolate spot was plotted over time using mean severity indices for each
faba bean variety at each location. The PSI value was also used for analyses of area under disease
progress curve (AUDPC). The AUDPC values (%-day) were calculated for each variety
according to the mid-point rule formula (Campbell and Madden, 1990).

𝑋 +𝑋 +
𝐀𝐔𝐃𝐏𝐂 ∑( )( + − )
2

Where: Xi is the disease severity index of chocolate spot at ith assessment date, ti is the time of the

ith assessment in days from the first assessment date and n is the total number of disease
assessments. AUDPC was expressed in proportion days.

In addition to disease data, varieties were evaluated for yield and related components.
Grain yield (gm/plot) and 100- seeds weight were recorded from plants in the central rows of
each plot at harvest, and finally the yield was converted to Kg/ha.

Disease severity values (DSI and AUDPC), seed yield (kg/ha) and 100- seed weight
(gm/plot) were analysed and treatment means were compared with SAS software version 9.2
(SAS Institute, 2008). The impact of chocolate spot on yield and the relationship among the
disease parameters with seed yield was tested using linear regression analysis.

5
3. RESULTS

3.1. Disease epidemics

The intensities of disease occurrence varied at different intervals. Chocolate spot disease
became sever as increasing time from the start of severity score (Figure 1). Chocolate spot
severity was significantly lower on Gebelcho and Tumusa followed by Degaga while Gora,
Shalla and Obse and Walki showed higher disease infections ranging 33.3-60.8 % at Bulle
particularly 44 DAP (Figure. 1A). There were variations among the faba bean varieties in the
disease progression at Melga where the severity levels were more pronounced on Hachalu, CN58
and Shalla during all the successive assessments 72 days after planting as opposed to that of
Gebelecho, Gora, and Tumusa (Figure 1B). Likewise, the final chocolate spot severity was
significantly different (P < 0.05) among the varieties at Bursa through the infection values a
smaller amount than that of other sites (Figure 1C).

70
A Hachalu
60 Shalla
Gora
Disease severity index %

50
Obse
40 Walki
Degaga
30 CN58
Moti
20
Dosha
10 Mosisa
Gebelcho
0 Tumusa
30 44 58 72 86
Local
Days after planting

6
 60
B
Hachalu
50 Shala
Disease severity index (%)

Gora
40 Obse
Walki
30 Degaga
CN58
20 Moti
Dosha
10
Mosisa
Gebelcho
0
30 44 58 72 86 Tumusa
Days after planting Local

60 C
Hachalu

50 Shala
Gora
Disease severity index (%)

40 Obse
Walki
30 Degaga
CN58
20 Moti
Dosha
10 Mosisa
Gebelcho
0
Tumusa
30 44 58 72 86
Local
Days after planting

Figure 1. Chocolate spot epidemics on faba bean varieties in Southeast Ethiopia during 2016/2017
cropping season: (A) epidemics in Bulle Woreda, (B) epidemics in Melga Woreda, and (C) epidemics in
Bursa Woreda. Local refers to faba bean landraces grown by the farmers

7
 The result showed that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in chocolate spot
percent disease severity among faba bean varieties at final severity in the three locations (Table
2). The highest mean severity were 60.81% on Gora, 51.77% on local cultivar and 48.44% on
Moti at Bulle, Melga and Bursa, respectively, as opposed to the lowest mean severity of 25.30%
on Moti, 33.11% on Degaga and 36.88% on Degelcho at Melga, Bursa and Bulle, respectively.

Table 2. Terminal severity indices (%) on faba bean varieties at three sites in Gedeo zone and
Sidama zone in Southeast Ethiopia during 2016/2017 cropping season

Varieties Locations

Bulle Melga Bursa

Hachalu 51.22 37.77 40.44
Shalla 56.88 37.91 37.91
Gora 60.81 40.38 35.44
Obse 56.22 32.11 45.11
Walki 55.33 37.77 37.77
Degaga 37.55 37.91 33.11
CN58 45.40 48.51 42.91
Moti 42.29 25.30 48.44
Dosha 41.37 29.64 34.77
Mosisa 52.29 29.64 42.71
Gebelcho 36.88 32.83 42.91
Tumusa 38.70 40.00 37.77
Local 47.85 51.77 44.44
P-value <0.0001 <0.0002 <0.0001
DAP: days after planting. Means with the same letter (s) within each columns are not significantly
different (P<0.05) based on Turkey’s Standardized Range Test. Faba bean varieties with values 0 – 2% is
highly resistant (HR), >2 – 15% resistant (R), >15 - 40 moderately resistant (MR), >40 – 60 moderately
susceptible (MS) and >60 – 80% is susceptible (S), >80 – 100% highly susceptible (HS) (Abo-Hegazy et
al., 2012).

8
 Accordingly, the faba bean variety Degaga and Tumusa consistently expressed moderate
resistance to chocolate spot at all sites under heavy disease pressure. The three varieties namely
Gebelcho, Degaga and Tumusa showed moderate resistance to chocolate spot at Bulle and Melga
under disease pressure at terminal disease assessment. Varieties Degaga and Tumusa were
consistently showed moderate resistance at Bursa. The local cultivar and CN58 variety were
moderately susceptible with 42.91 to 51.77 percent severity at all sites during terminal (86 DAP)
disease development period.

3.2. Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) of chocolate spot on faba bean varieties

The area under disease progress curve for chocolate spot was significantly different (P <
0.01) among the faba bean varieties tested at all locations (Figure 2). The overall AUDPC values
ranged from 901.81 to 2600.64 %- days at Bulle, Melga and Bursa. Faba bean varieties Gebelcho
(1406.02-day) and Tumusa (1577.31-day) followed by Degaga and Dosha had significantly low
AUDPC compared to other faba bean varieties and the local check at Bulle site (Figure 2A).
Tumusa had low disease accumulation with in contrast to local, Shalla and Hachalu at Melga
(901.81-day) and Bursa (1028.44-day) (Figure 2B and 2C).

3000 A
a
b
2500 c
e d
f
h g
2000 i
j
AUDPC (-day)

l k
1500 m

1000

500

9
 2000 B a
1800
b b
1600
c
1400 d
e e
1200
AUDPC (-day)

g f f
1000 h h g
800
600
400
200
0

Varieties

1800
C b a
1600 c
g f e d
1400
k j i h
1200 m l
AUDPC (-day)

1000
800
600
400
200
0

Varieties

Figure 2. Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values of faba bean varieties in Southeast Ethiopia
during 2016/2017 cropping season: (A) AUDPC in Bulle Woreda, (B) AUDPC in Melga Woreda, and (C)
AUDPC in Bursa Woreda. Bars with the same letter(s) are not significantly different (P < 0.05) from
each other

3.3. Grain yield and 100-seed weight of faba bean varieties

There was significant variation among the tested faba bean varieties for both grain yield
and 100-seed weight at all experimental sites, confirming that the genetic variations among
varieties (Table 3). The highest seed yield of 3640 Kg/ ha and 3500 Kg /ha was obtained from

10
Gebelcho and Degaga, respectively followed by Moti (3130 Kg /ha) and Mosisa (3060 Kg/ha) at
Bulle. As far as 100-seed weight is concerned Gora (81.0 g) was superior to Shalla, Tumusa,
Walki and Moti at Bulle (Table 3). Similarly heavier seeds were recorded from Tumusa (92.0 g),
Gora (89.3 g) and Gebelcho (84.0 g) at Melga. There were significant variations in the values of
100-seed weight shown by the faba bean varieties, confirming that the genetic variations among
varieties. Of all tested varieties Gora (87.6 g) produced heaviest seed weight followed by
Tumusa (80 g) at Bursa.

Table 3. Yield (Kg/ha) and 100- seeds weight (gm) on faba bean varieties

Locations
Bulle Melga Bursa
Varieties
Yield 100-seed Yield 100-seed Yield 100-seed
(Kg/ha) weight(gm) (Kg/ha) weight(gm) (Kg/ha) weight(gm)
Hachalu 2770 bdac 65 2180dc 76.6 2750a 74.6
Shalla 2980bac 74 2960bac 68.3 2400ba 64.3
Gora 2770bdac 81 1870d 89.3 2180ba 87.6
Obse 2550bdc 67 2340bdc 81.6 2260ba 72.6
Walki 2910bdac 74 2420bdc 70 2400ba 69.3
Degaga 3500ba 54 2960bac 63.6 2550a 54.6
CN58 2260dc 44.3 2500bdc 51 1960ba 43.3
Moti 3130bac 74 2810bac 74 2470ba 70
Dosha 2910bdac 67.3 3120ba 67 2400ba 68.3
Mosisa 3060bac 58.3 3510a 68.6 2330ba 59
Gebelcho 3640a 71 3040bac 84 1530ba 72.3
Tumusa 2770badc 74 3120ba 92 2770a 80
Local 1890d 47.3 1710d 65.6 1230b 57
CV 22.4 19.4 34.0
P-value <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
Means in column with the same letter (s) are not significantly (p<0.05) different from each other

11
3.4. Relationship between area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and Yield

The linear regression analysis showed a negative relationship between the AUDPC and
faba bean grain yield (Figure 3A, 3B, 3C). Hence, the regression equation can be presented as:
y= -0.6173x + 4108.6 at Bulle, y= -1.289x + 4248.7 at Melga and y= -0.5402x + 2947.8 at
Bursa, where y is faba bean yield and x is AUDPC. In addition, the regression analysis described
the impact of the disease severity on grain yield at Bulle, Melga and Bursa, and that about 5.06%
- 41.4 % grain yield was accounted to chocolate spot infections while the estimated slope of the
regression lines were -0.6173, -1.289, and -0.5402 for grain yield at Bulle, Melga, and Bursa,
respectively.

4000 A
3500
3000
Yield (Kg/ha)

y = -0.6173x + 4108.6
2500 R² = 0.2516
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
AUDPC-days

B
4000
3500 y = -1.289x + 4248.7
Yield (Kg/ha)

3000 R² = 0.4145
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
AUDPC-days

12
 3000 C
y = -0.5402x + 2947.8
2500
R² = 0.0506

Yield (Kg/ha)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
AUDPC-days

Figure 3. Linear regression analysis relating chocolate spot progress against yield on faba bean varieties
during 2016/2017 cropping season: (A) AUDPC against yield in Bulle Woreda, (B) AUDPC against yield
in Melga Woreda, and (C) AUDPC against yield in Bursa Woreda.

4. Discussion

Host resistance to chocolate spot pathogen (B. fabae) is the major element that could
slow the disease epidemics and lead to successful control. The result demonstrated that the tested
faba bean varieties showed remarkable differences on disease severity across the three locations
varying in altitudes. Some varieties Gebelcho, Degaga and Tumusa were moderately resistant at
Bulle, Melga and Bursa showing low severity of less than 40 per cent at final assessment (86
DAP). Those moderately resistant varieties limited disease spread effectively as shown by
relatively lower AUDPC values. The higher the AUDPC values the faster the disease epidemics
and the more susceptibility of the varieties. The performance of 17 Iraqi faba bean genotypes
varied in relation to infection with chocolate spot and other foliar diseases under field conditions
(ICARDA 2006). Gebrehiwot (2011) indicated that 38 faba bean genotypes differed significantly
in their reactions to B. fabae isolates studied in the laboratory. El-Sayed et al. (2011) reported
remarkable variations among five faba bean cultivars with higher disease epidemics. Similar
results were also reported by Abo-Hegazy et al. (2012) who found significant variation among
faba bean genotypes in their response to B. fabae infections under field conditions. In general,
moderate resistance to chocolate spot with partial dominance has been reported and the uses of
moderately resistant cultivars are advised instead of depending solely on fungicides (Josefina,
2010).

13
 The result of this experiment indicated that the reaction of the individual varieties of faba
bean for chocolate spot disease was similar with the result of Terefe et al. (2012) and Tamene et
al. (2015) reported that Tumusa and Gebelcho variety were moderately resistant to chocolate
spot. The result was not inline to with the work of Ashenafi and Mekuria (2014). They reported
that Moti and Hachalu had a moderate chocolate spot severity. This variation could be due to the
difference in environmental conditions as the occurrence of disease chiefly depends on
environmental condition. With regards to grain yield, Gebelcho, Degaga, Mosisa, Tumusa,
Dosha were top yielding varieties though there was inconsistent performance that could be due to
the differences in soil texture and fertility across the experimental sites. It was indicated that faba
beans are vulnerable to soil compaction and hard pans (Terekhina, 2009). A higher incidence of
chocolate spot occurred in plants grown on acidic soils (Elliott and Whittington, 1978) and with
increased nitrogen fertilizer (Hegab and Beshir, 1994).

It can be concluded from these results that those faba bean varieties namely Gebelcho,
Tumusa and Mosisa with moderate resistance to B. fabae infection and superior yield
performance at Bulle, Bursa and Melga are recommended, for the respective areas. In addition,
Degaga and Dosha also can be grown in areas with contrasting environments within the faba
bean production domain. However, further study is needed to identify B. fabae races.

Funding

The author received funding from Agricultural Growth Program II for this research.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Kulumusa and Holleta Agricultural Research Center for providing
seeds of faba bean varieties and Agricultural Growth Program II (SARI) for the financial support
of the research project.

14
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