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A Strategy Framework For Incorporating

Sustainability Into Enterprise Architecture
Erda Guslinar Perdana Benhard Sitohang
School of Electrical Engineering School of Electrical Engineering and
and Informatics Informatics
Institut Teknologi Bandung Institut Teknologi Bandung
Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia
erda.guslinar@gmail.com benhard@informatika.org

 



Husni S Sastramihardja
 
   

  Faculty of Computer Science


 Esa Unggul University









Abstract—Enterprises expected to have awareness and play
an active role in achieving sustainability or sustainable
development goals. This encourages enterprises to be more
sustainable in every aspect. Technological developments open
opportunities for enterprises to coping with sustainability issues.
Enterprise requires digital transformation to optimize the role
of this technology. Enterprise Architecture is the right tool in
implementing digital transformation towards sustainable
enterprise. The problem is, sustainability has not been explicitly
and systematically addressed within the EA itself. Therefore we
need joint and ongoing efforts to incorporate the concept of
sustainability into EA’s. This paper proposes A Strategy
Framework that can be used as an initial guide for the
incorporation. There are at least 2 types of incorporation, which
are augmentation (non-organic) and organic. And there are at
least 4 areas as incorporation objects consisting of Foundation,
Model / Framework, Method, language levels.
Keywords—sustainable development, sustainability, digital
transformation, incorporation, enterprise architecture
I. INTRODUCTION
Enterprises expected to have awareness and play an active
role in achieving sustainability or sustainable development
goals. Sustainability is a complex issue. To handle it, the
enterprise needs to reconsider all aspects related to itself,
including considering Sustainability as the new "Rationality
Endeavor" in addition to financial benefits[1], [2].
Technological advancement open up opportunities in
dealing with these complexities. Information technology can
be an enabler, accelerator, social inclusion media and
collaboration media for achieving sustainability [3], [4].
To optimize the role of this technology, the Enterprise
needs to carry out digital transformation, namely the use of
technology that: 1) radically increases the performance or
achievements of an enterprise, 2) influences many aspects of
human life, 3) encourages creativity and innovation that
stimulates significant changes in knowledge domain or
professional domain [5]. Enterprise Architecture (EA) can
handle various challenges in digital transformation. EA assist
in the context of strategic planning, enterprise design,
governance and guide the process of enterprise change in a
coherent and consistent manner.
k
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Jakarta, Indonesia
husni@esaunggul.ac.id
EA concept has not explicitly, comprehensively and
systematically addressed sustainability [6]–[9]. This causes
the implementation of sustainability in EA-based digital
transformation will depend on the level of awareness and
knowledge of the actors involved.
To fill this gap, it requires joint and continuous efforts to
incorporate sustainability into Enterprise Architecture. This
paper focuses on elaborating various strategies used in
concept-incorporation in the Enterprise Architecture domain.
The goals are finding key constructs that relevant in guiding
sustainability incorporation to enterprise architecture concept.
With the existence of this guiding construct, it is expected to
further assist various efforts to incorporate sustainability so
that it can be carried out in a multi-disciplinary and
standardized manner.
II. RELATED WORKS
This paper is part of ongoing research in developing
Sustainable Enterprise Architecture model. Such efforts have
been initiated by several previous studies [6]–[11]. All these
studies tried to propose a conceptual model or method or
framework of Enterprise Architecture that addresses
sustainability. Various achievements from previous papers
certainly have their contributions based on their respective
perspectives. The knowledge gained from these efforts can
form a joint framework that can be used as an initial guide for
research efforts in the EA and sustainability domains.
III. METHODOLOGY
The methodology used in this paper is through the study
of limited literature from relevant sources based on the
author's subjective assessment. The sources are then analyzed
to obtain the way of thinking, the components or elements
involved in it and the strategies or stages of the process they
have. The results of this analysis then become the construct of
the framework to be built.
IV. ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE
Enterprise Architecture (EA) has various definitions
depending on the perspective and context. The following are
some definitions of Enterprise Architecture:
• EA is a coherent principle, model and method used in
designing and realizing organizational structure, business
 processes, information systems and enterprise
infrastructure[12]
• EA is a consistent set of principles and standards that guide
the design process of an enterprise, and serves as a bridge
of communication between a functional perspective and a
constructional perspective[2]
• EA is a set of plans that are structured and aligned for the
representation of the integrated business and IT landscape
of an enterprise [13]
• EA is a complete expression of an enterprise; a master plan
that acts as a collaborative energy between various aspects
of business planning (goals, vision, strategies, principles
of governance), business operations (business
terminology, organizational structure, tasks, activities, and
information), and aspects of automation (systems
information and database), to infrastructure technology as
enablers (computers, operating systems, networks) [14]
These coherent and consistent characteristics makes
Enterprise Architecture as an adequate instrument to articulate
the future direction of an enterprise, while also functioning as
a coordination mechanism and steering system towards the
actual transformation of the enterprise [15], especially for
digital transformation towards sustainable Enterprise.
V. SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The terms "Sustainability" and "Sustainable
Development" are often used interchangeably because they
are seen to have the same meaning. The two terms still have
differences. Sustainability is more characterized as an
adjective while sustainable development is an active verb or
process. Some definitions of Sustainability and Sustainable
Development are as follows:
• sustainability is the ability to continue (carrying out its
achievements) at a certain level in a certain period of time
[16]
• sustainability in a business or economic context is an idea
where goods and services should be produced in such a
way that 1) does not use non-renewable resources and 2)
does not damage the environment [16]
• Sustainable development is a development effort to meet
current needs without disrupting the ability of future
generations to be able to meet their own needs [17]
• Sustainable development is a process of change in which
people can improve the quality of their lives by achieving
a dynamic balance between economic aspects (economic
prosperity) and social (social justice) while protecting,
maintaining and improving the natural environment
(environmental quality) [18]
Sustainability and Sustainable Development is a
community and government level issue. Global leaders have
agreed on several goals related to sustainability, called the
Sustainable Development Goals [19] which consists of 17
development goals:
• End Poverty
• End Hunger
• Ensure Healthy Lives promote well-being for all at all ages
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• Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
• Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal
• Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all
• Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all
• Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
growth, full and productive employment and decent work
for all
• Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
• Reduce inequality within and among countries
• Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable
• Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal
• Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
impacts
• Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine
resources for sustainable development
• Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss
• Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels
• Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
Sustainability in the context of economic, social, and
environmental harmony is achieved through a sustainable
development program.
VI. ANALYSIS OF INCORPORATION PROCESS
In this chapter, we will examine several concept-
incorporation in the enterprise architecture domain as a
comparative study. The analysis is intended to capture the
"bird eye view" landscape of the concept-incorporation in the
EA domain. Its very global in nature as an initiation to open
up more detailed research opportunities in the incorporation
of sustainability into the EA.
The papers studied have a variety of domains, not only
from the sustainability domain but also from other domains
that are incorporated into the EA concept. The information to
be extracted are: 1) The Way of Thinking of the incorporation
process, 2) Elements or components involved in the
incorporation process, and 3) Strategy or the incorporation
steps
We analyze 10 literatures [9], [11], [20]–[27] ranging from
journal to dissertation. Because of the limitation we will only
show 3 paper analysis that will be presented below.
A. Information Assurance for Enterprise Engineering
The paper [20] describes the concept of Information
Assurance (IA) incorporation into the EA concept,
specifically the Zachman framework [28].
1) The Way of Thinking
The way of thinking of this paper summarize as:
• Information Assurance (IA) has not been effectively
incorporated into the concept of Enterprise
Architecture. So far, IA has been built separately
using standards or guidelines in the security domain
• IA is an important element of enterprise. Enterprise
Architect has not sufficiently mastered IA's
knowledge, it has not even been considered as
important knowledge in building EA
• Practical guidance is needed for Enterprise Engineers
who do not have IA qualifications so that IA can still
be included in the EA. This practical guide is possible
to make, because IA competencies have been
translated into daily routine work
• IA implementation must be effective. IA must be able
to meet the needs of integration because IA is not
present isolated in the sense that each component of
the EA is mapped in relation to IA and also IA must
meet the needs of Separate Analysis in the meaning
of the IA element can be reviewed independently not
"hidden or covered" by EA elements
2) Elements or Components involved
Elements or component involved in the process are
Zachman Framework, Taxonomy and IA Elements, and Tree
Methods.
3) Strategy or the incorporation steps
IA is added as a separate view into the Zachman
framework. The incorporation steps are:
• Building an IA taxonomy then looks for patterns of
IA solutions at various enterprise levels
• Integrate these patterns into an IA Pattern Solution
System at various enterprise levels
• Map the IA Solution Pattern System into various
enterprise levels based on the Zachman framework
perspective
• Documenting recurring patterns for reference
B. Sustainable Development Within Enterprise Architecture
This paper [9] describes the process of incorporating
Sustainable Development Requirements into the EA concept
especially GERAM[29] framework.
1) The Way of Thinking
The way of thinking of this paper summarize as:
• EA supports the process of analysis, simulation,
project system automation, distribution of
responsibilities and authority in the framework of re-
engineering or process improvement in the enterprise,
but EA has not addressed the requirements of
sustainable development systematically and
integrated
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• Enterprises usually use several methods or standards
such as ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and ISO 26000 to
achieve the goal of Sustainable Development
• GERAM provides a complete description of all
components needed in Enterprise Engineering and
has a set of tools and methods for carrying out the
Enterprise Design and Enterprise Changes process
2) Elements or Components Involved
Elements or component involved in the process are
GERAM components consisting of GERA, EEM, PEM, EET,
EEM, EML and ISO Standards and Framework related to
sustainability.
3) Strategy or the Incorporation Steps
The incorporation strategy uses cross analysis between
standards and components of the EA framework with the
requirements for achieving sustainable development.
sustainable development requirements are addressed in
various GERAM components with various perceptions and
abstractions. Guidelines proposed include:
• Sustainability can be used as an additional View
(within the GERA structure) in addition to functions,
information, organization and resources
• Enterprise Engineering Methodologies (EEM) can
integrate ISO or GRI standards into phases, stages,
techniques, tools or practices
• Several Partial Enterprise Models (PEM) related to
sustainability already exist and can be traced in the
literature, including models related to ISO standards
and Sustainability
• frameworks can be combined in partial models and
available in Enterprise Engineering Tools (EET) to
facilitate certain sustainable Enterprise Models
(Particular Enterprise Model’s)
• To describe a partial or particular model, Enterprise
Modeling Languages (EML) need to be expanded so
that they can express aspects and related sustainability
requirements
C. Human Resource Framework for Enterprise
Architecture
This paper [27] describes the process of incorporating
Human Resource Framework (HRF) into the EA concept.
1) The Way Thinking
The way of thinking of this paper summarize as:
• Enterprise Architecture can be used to collect and
categorize organizational data needed to support
organizational strategic decision making
• EA functions to translate the organization's objectives
into various capabilities, both current and future
needs. EA also functions to manage the transition
strategy from current conditions to desired conditions.
This organizational transformation certainly requires
a variety of new capabilities both in organizational
functions and capabilities at the personnel level
• The human aspect has been accommodated at the
level of system architecture, in the context of
exploring the needs during the system design or
development. However, this aspect has not yet linked
 TABLE 1 ANALYSIS RESULTS

Nature of
Incorporation Incorporation Area
No Literature Concept Incorporated
Non Model /
Organic Foundation Method Language
Organic Framework
1 [20] Information Assurance  
Environmental Management
2 [21] 
System
3 [22] Security
Business Goals and
4 [23]   
Requirement
Knowledge Management
5 [24] Architecture and Information   
Management
Validation Concept especially
6 [25]   
Motivation Aspect
7 [26] Resource and Capability   
8 [9] Sustainable Development  
9 [11] Circular Economy    
10 [27] Human Resource Framework  

human aspects directly to the needs of organizational
capabilities
• The Human Resource Framework connects personnel
information with the strategic needs of the enterprise
to workforce, personnel and training solutions in
meeting organizational capabilities to achieve target
conditions. These needs are in the form of assigning
existing personnel with new capabilities, recruiting
new personnel to meet competency needs or the
process of retraining personnel when certain positions
are removed
2) Elements or Components Involved
Elements or component involved in the process are The
Human Resource Framework consists of 4 views namely
Personnel Resources, Manpower Forecast, Personnel
Mitigation Plan, and Personnel Data and Architectural
elements that describe enterprise capability (As-Is and To Be).
3) Strategy or The Incorporation Steps
HRF augments the power of EA analysis in linking the To-
Be architecture with personnel needs. HRF does not change
the concept of EA, capability requirements become input for
HRF to be processed based on stepwise and standard
information owned by HRF.
VII. RESULT
TABLE 1 shows the analysis results. Based on the analysis
of the above literature, incorporation has characteristics such
as:
• Incorporations that use EA or EA-Knowledge as a tool in
the analysis and implementation of concepts in an
organization. These characteristics are like those found in
[21]. Noran uses EA knowledge (or in this case GERAM)
to implement EMS using the Meta-Methodology method.
The EMS concept itself is not incorporated or is a direct
part of the GERAM concept
• Incorporations that only augment the analytical power of
the EA, such as those in [27]. EA artifacts or deliverables
related to enterprise capabilities provide input for HRF.
HRF is not a direct part of EA. HRF is an alternative that
can be used (or not used) when organizations need to link
the EA's strategic plan with human resource needs
• Incorporations that modify the elements/aspects of the EA
concept so that "a concept" which is incorporated
becoming an inseparable part of the EA. This
incorporation can touch various areas of the EA concept,
such as:
• Maxim area [30] or foundation of concepts
(philosophical, theory, concern, approach,
principles, school of thought) as in [24][11]
• Model/framework area that is incorporated into the
view or becomes a new construct in the EA
model/framework as found in [9], [11], [20], [23]–
[25], [27]
• Method area, where the concept is inserted into the
EA development process for example ADM
TOGAF as in [11]
• Language area, the concept is incorporated into the
existing language framework as in [23], [25]
The characteristics of the above incorporation can also be
concluded in the form of a metaphor. There are at least 2 types
of incorporation metaphors. The first type is one that has an
orientation to add or strengthen the previous concept, but this
addition "does not become a natural part" of the EA or Non-
Organic concept. The second type is one that has an
orientation to make a concept as a natural or organic part of
the EA concept, whether incorporated in the area of
foundation, model / framework, method or language
VIII. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK
Based on the literature reviewed above, various
perspectives are obtained that can be positioned as
complementary elements in forming the strategy framework
for incorporating sustainability into EA. This framework can
be positioned as a landscape to open research opportunities in
domain of sustainability and EA.

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 The building blocks for this framework as seen on Figure
1 consists of:
• Motive, which explain about the urgency, the
background and what kind of question will be
answered with this incorporation.
• Nature, which explain the nature of this incorporation,
whether it is organic or non-organic augmentation.
This Nature also explains about the depth or breadth
of the incorporation process.
A Strategy Framework For Incorporating Sustainability
Nature
Organic Non-Organic
Object
Output
Motive Concept Area or Scope or End
Result
Methods or Tools
Fig.1. Strategy Framework for Incorporating Sustainability
• Object, which explain what concepts will be
incorporated as well as explain the areas of concepts
that will be affected by this incorporation whether it
is related to the Foundation (values, principles,
philosophical), methods, models / framework or
language
• Methods or Tools, which explain the methods or tools
that will be used in this incorporation.
• Output or End Results, which explain the end result
or product of the incorporation process and explain
how to use it
IX. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The results of this study are expected to contribute to the
development of Sustainable Enterprise Architecture Concept
towards integration of data, resources, capabilities, and action
programs in achieving sustainability at the society level.
This framework was developed based on an analysis of 10
sources. This number certainly has limitations, so it can
continue to be developed by conducting analysis with a greater
number of sources. The construct of this framework needs to
be further tested through various studies related to the
incorporation of the concept of sustainability, and in the
process it is possible to produce feedback as a correction to
the existing construct.
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[1]