FORMALIST THEORY [Respect what is already written] [Different historical

development]
Interpretation of the text based on the following:
-Poetics
-Form
-Literary Devices
-Concept of Literariness
-Foregrounding of the literature
-De familiarization

NEW CRITICISM [Open for short story, novel, etc.]

Same as formalism theory, provided by the text, focused on the beauty, provided of the
text.
QUESTIONS:
 Identify if the text has a title [Talks about the general overview what you will be
reading, will give you some hint]
–The title itself will talk about what the story is all about
 What is the relationship of the title to the rest of the poem/plot?
 What are the words that are needed to be define
–There are some works that we needed to understand for you to understand the
whole text.
 What relationship/patterns do you see among any words in the text
[Some of the words have their relationship and some uses symbol and some
uses direct relationship of terminologies used in the poem or in other form of
literary text] [Required to understand the text itself]
 What words in the text possesses connotative meaning
 What allusions (if any) are there in the text
[You are still on the text (Hypertext)]
 What is the tone of the work
[It can be revealed by the choice of words]
 From what POV used in the poem [First person, or he’s part of the character, or
Third POV etc.]
–It is important because it talks about angles
 What tensions/ambiguities/paradoxes arise within the text
-Contradicting role
  What do you believe is the irony in the text
[Dramatic Irony, Situational Irony]
-You need to study the styles of writing in order for you to focus what
approach you would like to use.
 How do all of the elements of the text support and develop the text shift paradox
[What would be the impact]

ELEMENTS OF PROSODY
Describe the rhyme, meter, stanza, pattern etc.
How long is the sentences chemerlu
It is a form of which it was written
Narrative Poetry- Everything starts in the middle, started with a knock, or the
problem itself.

READERS RESPONSE CRITICISM [Subjective Criticism]

[It caters different methodology]
Three elements:
Reader
Text
Meaning
[The audience is now involve, what would be the impact and it is more on the personal
biases]
[In the first two approach that we discuss, Text=meaning]
[In this approach Reader + Text = Meaning]
QUESTIONS:
 Who is the actual reader?
 Who is the implied reader?
 Who is the ideal reader?
 Who is the narratee?
 What are the thoughts that you’ve seen in the text?
 Can you articulate your identity theme as you develop your personal
interpretation?
[Asserts that there is no such thing as correct interpretations. It will depend on the
reader somehow affected on the experiences of the audience itself]
Collective meaning
-You agreed upon a particular meaning of the text itself
Different Types of Reader
Implied Reader- Reader implied by the text in change with the tune itself
Actual Reader- Who physically picks up the text and reads it
Phenomenological Concept- Based in personal experiences/POV of a particular reader

SEMIOTIC AND DECONSTRUCTION APPROACHES

SEMIOTIC- Study of science and symbols in life and in literature/letters that are
formed together.
DECONSTRUCTION- Science and signified of the symbol/word, what will be its
representation
-It requires you to interpret and it will involves discovery and
reimburse.
QUESTIONS:
 What disjunctions arise between the text signifiers and the text signifies?
 Describe the plurality of possible meaning that arise from the disjunction.
 What disjunction arises between the text and the signifier and their signified?
[Disjunction- Nawawalan ng consistency]
 Describe the text primary symbols and theorize how they signifies beyond the
surface meaning
 How do their connotations and mythology leave interpretation and through
direction
 What does the text withhold from the readers? How do the silences affect the
interpretation?

[If there is a character] (Talks about character development)

 How does the character speech relay to the speech to the community and what
to those differences speech reveals to readers about the construction of the
character
 What makes her different from the society
Marxist Theory originated from the conflict theory.
The society is in a state of unending competition of limited resources.
Social order is maintained by dominations and power rather than consensus and
conformity.

Social, political, and economic theory

Labor, productivity, economic development and capitalisms in favor to communism
Struggle between social classes, bourgeoises and capitalist.

Marxist Theory its not for literary criticism but it open doors how you understand a
particular society. His works inspired NPA and Rebels. The ideology of Marx is there is a
class struggle. There are separation of classes, there are great divides from poor and
rich. The power is centered only in the few. It talks about and identify the class
struggles and the driving force behind history.

The main goal of the gov't is to control.

Marxism was not really designed for literary analysis, but the principles were applied to
analyze criticism. Let's be very particular, bakit diniscuss yung marxism, kasi somehow
they are related.

That there are separation of powers. Not the historical background but the existence of
power struggle. Sino yung may power

Who are the powerful people in the society depicted in the text
Who are the powerless
Are the 2 groups depicted with equal attention
Which group are you encourage to admire
Which do you have sympathy for
Why did the powerful people have their power
What is the power denied to others
Why is power denied.
Does the society depicted in the story value the things for their usefulness.
Do you find the text as a product of culture

There is a joy in a materialistic objects.

The world is an apple by Bien Venido Santos - think of the impact of the Marxism, the
great divide.

New Historicism

Piece of Literature is Attached on a particular period

THE PEOPLE AND THE CULTURETHE TRADITIONAL PRACTICES

2. Who wielded power at the time the piece was produced? Who holds the power?

3. What shaping experience in the author's life are important to the author? In this case
the reader is relating his or her belief in the text.

4. How did the political and social events affected the writer. The writer experiences
things.

New Historicism - dapat critical ka, founded after the WWII ang concept is let's talk
about what's real.

How many different age groups are depicted

Ano ba dapat role ng ganung age sa ganong particular time.
What levels of education have the character achieved? Si Character ba ay nakapag aral?
We juggle on different concepts

What geographical areas does the characters comes from? In like manner, there is the
Novel North and South wherein uhhh sa Europe kasi sa northern part andun yung
industrial and sa south part andun yung mga rural, yung babae nagpunta sa southside,
pinaglalaban nya ang features ng south side and si lalake, walang choice kundi
iconvince. It focuses on the struggles of the people na nag transfer ng geographical
location kasi andun yung trabaho. At the end they become jobless and they become a
part of the society.

If you want to be a writer, you talk about those kinds of reality, do not be afraid to talk
or to deal with things that are taboo.

Lets have

What are the authors stated political views

Sya ba ay kilalang supporter ng administration or OPPOSING
CAN ONE CHARACTER BE ASSUMED TOBE SPEAKING FOR THER AUTHOR
WAS THE WORK AN IMMEDIATE SUCCESS OR IT WAS LARGELY LOOK UPON BY THE
PUBLSHING.
HAS THE WORK MAINTINED IT'S READERSHIP, HANGGANG NGAYON BA BINABASA
BA?
basta what the society reflects, pero wag ilahat, and talk about perspective.

Choose only one to criticize.

This will be submitted at the end of your class.

WITHOUT seeing the dawn (RECOMMENDED FOR FINAL OUTPUT)

pride and prejudice
a tale of two cities
gone in the wind
Angels and Demons by John Brown

Iba iba ang literary piece, may applicable question for a specific literary piece.

Gender Feminist theory

* Is the author male or female?

*Who is the narrator? The tone used.
*What types of roles do women have in the text?
*Are the female characters part of the protagonist or just secondary characters?
*Do any typical characterizations of women appear? (Does it being stereotype?)
*It can be found in the text
What are the attitudes towards women by the men characters?
*What is the women role towards society?
*How culture affects and influence women?
*Is feminine imagery used? (Symbolism)
*Did the female speak more than a male? (Length of arguments, lines)

PHSYCHOANALYTIC APPROCAHES
Beguns with the theory of dreams
Id - primitive aspect of human
Ego -
Super Ego

Alter Ego- part of himself

Focus on treating mental and psychological disorders.
*What is the sexual perspective and the aggressive behavior of the characters?
*RESEARCHABLE!
* THE HERO WITH A THOUSAND FACES by Joseph Campbelle

THE QUEER THEORY

Gay and lesbian criticism
Broke back mountain (2005)

*what is a man?
*what is a women?
*what is gender?
*what does it mean to masculine nor feminine?
*what is forbidden passion?
*what is love?
*what does it mean to be bisexual queer transgender etc..
*who attributes the masculine and feminine? To whom?
* how the characters sexual identity was shaped and formed?
*what prejudice exist in the characters?
*what is queer about the text?
*was it being tolerated? Or accepted?
The concept of tolerance.