HA N D B OO K O F B A LLI S T I C S

A NZ

V OL U ME I

EX T E R I O R B A L L I S T I C S
B EI N G A H EO R ET I CA L EX A M I N A T I O N
'

"

O F T H E MO T I O N O F T H E P R O J ECT I L E
F R O M T H E M U Z Z L E T O T H E T A R G ET

BY

DR C . C R ANZ
PR O F ESSO R AT T HE T EC H N CA L I MI IT Y L AR A CA D EM Y
AT I
B ER L N-CH A R LO T T U
EN B RG

A ND

C A PT A I N K . B EC KER
M EM B ER O F T HE CO M M ITT EE F O R A R TI LL ER Y T ES T S
I N B ER L N I

T RA N SLA T ED F RO M T H E S EC O ND G ERMA N ED I T I O N

L O ND O N
P U B L I S H ED B Y HI S M A J ES T Y S S T A T I O N ERY O
’
I CE FF
k ll ly
.

T o be purc h a se d t h ro ugh a n y B o o s e er o r d re c t fro m i

H M S T A T I O N ERY O FF I C E a t t h e fo o n g ad d ress e s
. . ll wi
I I
I M P ER A L HO U S E, K NGS WA Y , LO NDO N, W C z , a n d . .

I
T T I
2 8 , A B NG D O N S R EE , LO N DO N, S W ; . .

T
T T T
3 7 , P E ER S R EE , M A NC HES ER ;
I , S T I
T A N D R EW S C R ES C EN , C A R D F F ;

F T T T I
2 3, O R H S R EE , ED NB U RGH ;

I T T
o r fro m E PO N SO N B Y , LT D ,
. I 6 , G R A F O N S R EE , D U B L N
. T I .

Pri ce £ 1 . I OS . N et
 C ONTENTS

CH APTER I

Th e mot i on o f a p ro j
ec t il e in a vac uum

Th e p ar b li t j t y a o c ra e c or

F mi ly f tr j t i wi th
a o a ec or es t t i i ti l l i ty
c on s a n n a ve oc

F mi ly f tr j t ri wi th
a o a ec o es t t gl f d p rt
c on s a n an e o e a

Fi r r l pi g gr d
e ov e s o n oun

E mplxa es

Tr j t ry i
a ec o m t ki n a va c uu ,
a ng i tn o ac c oun t th d re f gr i ty
e c eas e o av

wi th th ltit d d h e a u e, a n t e c on ve rg e n ce of v e rti l l i wi g t th
ca n es o n o e

r t r f th rth
c u va u e o e ea

F rm l
o u ae

CH APTER I I

Th e r i
es s ta n ce of th e ai r

I IT A I R-RES S T ANCE TO AN ELON GA ED S H ELL ON TH E ASS U M TI

P ON

T T I I I TI M TI T
.

HA I TS A X S L ES I N T H E D R EC ON O F O O N O F T H E C EN RE

V IT Y
OF GR A .

8 G r l i d r ti
. en e a c on s e a on s

9 Th r ti l . i d r ti
eo e f th l w f i r i t
ca c on s e a ons o e a o a r - e s s an ce

I O Emp i r i l l w
. f i r i t ca a s o a r- e s s a n c e

1 1 E p ri m t l m t h d
. x e en a e o s

II O . I U N TH E W
NF L ITI ENCE O F T H E S K E P OS ON OF TH E S H ELL O N TH E
DI TI R ECM TI ON OF T V IT Y O ON OF TH E C EN R E OF G RA .

12 G r l q ti
. en e a e ua on s

III C . TI A LCU LA TI H H ONS R ELA N G To T E S A P E OF TH E S H ELL H EA D .

13 Th fii i
. f f rm
e e oe l c en t o o -va ue

1 4 Th m t . i t bl h p f h d
e os su a e s a e o ea

IV T . IT Y
H E D ENS OF T H E A I R .

1 5 C l l ti . f th d
a cu a i ty on o e en s

1 6 Cri ti l r m rk
. ca e a s

CH APTER I I I

r bl m l ti g t th tr j P o e s re a n o e a ec t o r y
17 . Th g e r l q ti d th i r i t gr bi l i ty
en e a e ua ons an e n e a

18 . A I
n r i pr b l m
n ve s on o e

19 . G r l pr p rti f th tr j t ry
en e a o e es o e a ec o .
vi Con ten ts

CHAPTER I V
Fi t g rs roup of c a c ul a t on s l i i n th e a pprox i m at e s o ut on of l i th e ba l
l i ti p
s e ro bl em . App rox mate i l i
s o ut on o f i
th e d ffe r en t i l qu ti
a e a on s

P A GE

20 . Th e i t g bi l i ty f th qu ti
n e ra o e e a on s 104
21 . M th d f Eul r Ott
e o o e - o 1 13
22 . M th d f B h f t h
e o o as or 1 18
22a . M th d f d l pm t i
e o o ri eve o en n se es 1 21

CH APTER V
S e c on d g ro up of n um e r c a l i m et h o d s of a p p ox r i m ti a on . Ex ac t
l i s o ut on o f an a pp r o x im ate e q u tia on

23 . G r l i d r ti
en e a c on s e a on s

24 . S l ti
o u f J Di di
on o . on

25 . Be rn oull i Di di m th d- on e o

26 . M th d f S i i
e o o ac c

27 . Th K r pp Gr
e u m th d - os s e o

28 . Si i
ac c th r m t h d
’
s o e e o s

29 . V lli
a m th d
er s
’
e o

30 . Ch rb a i l ti
on n e r s s o u
’
on

30a . Th d ry b ll i ti f ti
e s ec on a a s c un c on s

31 . Gr phi l m th d
a ca f l tie o s o so u on

CHAPTER V I
I nves ti g tia on of m od e r n met h l
od s of ca c ul a t on i
32 . The ac c u ac r y of v a ri ou s m th d
e o s

33 . P r ti l
ac ca a pp l i ti
ca on s

34 . Th e e ffec s of t th e l a w r it
of a i r - es s a n c e

CH APTER VI I

Th e h i gh an gl e tra j e c to ry , an d th e m e t h o d of s w n i gi g n

th e t ra j e c t or y
I . U TICA L C I LA T T Y ON O F A H G H A N GL E R A J EC OR .

3 5 M ti f h ll i
. o rt i l l i
on o a s e n a ve ca ne

3 6 S h ti g rly rti l
. oo n n ea ve ca

3 7 C l l ti f hi gh
. lg tr j t ri
a cu a on o an e a ec o es

II O . T I TI N THE T T Y L N G OF T H E R A J EC OR .

3 8 Th rdi ry pr d r f tilti g th tr j t ry
. e o na oc e u e o n e a ec o

3 9 Th m th d f B g d ffe d G e i o o ur s or an ou n

m th d
.

0 P i ’
4 . erc n s e o .
 C HA PTER V I I I

So l uti ri u tr j t ri Empl y m t f
on o f va o s a ec o es . o en o e x pe ri m e n ta l
r ul t f th es tr uc ti f r g t bl
s or e c ons on o an e a es

41 S l ti
o u f pr b l m by m
on o f T b l 1 2 V l IV
o e s ea n s o a e ,
o . .

f th r t b l
.

42 Th e us e o o e a es

Pr ti l ppl i t i l l ti f r g t b l
.

43 . ac ca f h a ca on s o t e ca c u a on o an e a es

CH APTER I X

La te r al de v at i i o n s of a s h e ll

Ge n e r l i d r ti
a c on s e a on s

Th e eff t f m ll h g i th i i ti l l i ty
ec s o s a c an es n e n a ve oc ,
etc .

De v i ti d t ri
a on s ue o va ous ca us e s

D ev i ti
a d t t h wi d
on s ue o e n

Dev i ti d t r t ti f th rt h
a on ue o o a on o e ea

De v i ti f b ll t wi th b y t fi d t th rifl
a on o u e s a on e xe o e e

CH APTER X
.

L t l d i t i d u t r t ti
a e ra ev a on s e o o a on of th e
D i ti
ev a f ph ri l h ll
on s o s e ca s e s

D i ti
ev a f r t t i g l g t d h ll
on o a o a n e on a e s e

Th fli gh t f r t ti g h ll
e o a o a n s e

E pl
x ti f th d i ft
ana on s o e r

Pr i
ec es s on and t ti nu a on

C r ili
u v r m ti f th tr f gr ity
n ea o on o e c en e o av

Th dri ft f r t ti g h ll
e o a o a n s e

E p ri m t l d m
x e tr ti
en a e on s a on s

CHAPTER X I

i ti i
A c c d e n ta l d e v a on s

A ppl i ti caf th Th ry f Pr b bi l i ty t B ll i t i
on o e eo o o a o a s cs

Th pr p i t i
e o fB ros ll i L pl P i
on s o d B y e n ou - a a c e, o s s on a n a es

Th ry f th
eo ott ri g f pr j ti l
e s ca e n o o ec es

Tr d pp r t d i ti
ue an a a en ev a on s

S i d i ff r
uc c es s v e e e n c es

R p i t l ti
e ca fr
u a lt on o es u s

C l l ti
a cu a f th ri thm ti m i gr p d b r ti
on o e a e c ea n n ou e o s e va on s

A f ymm try f t rg t d i gr m
xe s o s e o a e - a a

Th f th t rg t d i gr m
e a xe s o e a e - a a

Th pr b bi l i ty f hi tti g gi
e o a r o n a ve n a ea

Pr b bi l i ty f hi tti g gi
o a o ir l r r n a ven c cu a a ea

Pr b bi l i ty f hi tt i g
o a
gi o llipti l t rg t n a ven e ca a e

G a us s sm th d f l t q r
’
e o o eas s ua e s
vi ii Con ten ts

CH APTER X I I

i On th e e x pl os ve e ffe c ts of s h el l s

P tr ti f pr j til i t rigid b dy
en e a on o o ec e n o a o

D pt h f p
e o tr ti en e a on

Eff t f h ll b r t
ec s o s e u s s

P tr ti f h ll i t w t r
en e a on o s e s n o a e

D fl ti
e ec fr m th
on rm l tr j t ry
o e no a a ec o

N OTES A ND A PPEN DI X

GENERA L I N DEX

I NDEX OF NA MES

P HOTOGRA PHI C RECORDS

PLATES
I . R ECORDS 1 3 a t en d o
f bool:

II . RECORD S 4— 6

III . RECORD S 7 — 9

IV . R ECORD S 1 0 — 1 5
 CH A P T ER I

Mot i o n of a p r o e c t ijl e ,
n e gl e c t i n
g th e
r e s i s ta n c e o f th e ai r

§ 1 . Th e r it c
es s a n gl c t d i e pof the ai r will be ne e e n o ur re

limi ry i na
‘
L t th
n v es tig ti
i gi Ob t k
a on .th c tr f
e e or n
'

e a e n as e en e o

th m el f th g uz z e o d th l city f th h ll t th p i t 0
e un a n e ve o o e s e a e o n

b e d l t i t dir cti
v0 , an m k e gl 4 with th h i ; 4 i
s e on a e an an e ) e o r z on ; s

c ll d th rt r rtic l l thr gh
'

d h h
”
l f
“
a e
g p e u ; ant e po e t
a e e ve a an e ou e

i iti l t g t i c l l d th pl
n a an en ffi s a e e
“
an e o re .
”

T hi pls an e of fi re thr gh ou tk
0 i s a en a s t h e p a n e of t h e c oord i l
t
na e ax es ; an d t he a x es o f a: an d
y a re th e o z on a a n d ve a h ri tl rtic l
li n es thr gh ou 0 in thi pl s an e .

“I

x P:

S uppos e t h e c en tr e of gr ity av of th e b dy ft r t c d r ck d
o a e s e on s, e on e

rm
f o 0 t o be
, at t h e po i t ( y)
n a
n ,
and to h l city v i t h p th
a ve a v e o n e a

I
2 Motton of a p r o ec ti l e,
j [ OIL I

in air cti m ki g
d e gl 9 with th h ri t l Th i th
on a n an an e e o z on a . en n e

asc di g br ch f th tr j ct ry 9 i p iti
en n an d dimi i h
o t e a e o ,
s os ve , an n s es o

r At th rt 9 = O whil i th d c di g br ch f t h
ze o . e ve ex , e n e es en n an o e

tr j ct ry 9 i g ti
a e o , s ne a ve .

A t th d f t h tr j ct ry 9 = 9 = 3 60
e en m wh r
o w i th e a e o , e ,
e e s e

t gl f d c t
a c u e an d th r y
e o O =X v es t= T en an e e ,
a: , v, ,
.

d 2
x d
— y
2

O a nd “ '

a? ,
dtz

an d Ini t I a l ly 110 c os Si n
dt Et
T h r fr
e e o e a:
4
c os ) t vl t

y
= vo sin
¢ . t —}g t 1
2 = v2 t

?
w
wh c en e we g et
3) a; b
tan g
ML 0 0 8 4) ”

thi i th q ti f p r b l with rtic l i

s s e e ua on o a a a o a ve a ax s .

Th rt with c rdi t
e ve y
ex, i t h p i t wh r t h t
oog t n a es ass , , , s e o n e e e an en

f t h flight p th i h ri t l th t y t 9 0 ’
o e a s o z on a ,
so a or an .

w
N ow ta n 9 t an 4 )
2h c os
2
I
( )

so th t a x, 2h c os gb s i n gb h s i n 2g!) th c fr man d en e o
y , h sin 2

Th e a ve a r g h ighte e y m a t w hi h t h h ll i f d
c e s e s oun is
T y d t ,

X y d w . th l
Bo q l t gy
va ues a r e e ua o s .

tt
Th e o a l r g f th h ll i gi by ( 2) X 2k i
an e o e s e s ven as s n

Th gr e t t r g f gi i iti l l ity
e a es an e, gior l v en n a ve oc or v e n v a ue o f

I w ill th
t, en b bt i d wh i 2¢ i gr t t th t i wh d i
e o a ne en s n s e a es ,
a s en ) n ;
thi f ct w rifi d ppr im t ly by T r t gli fr m p rim t
‘

s a as ve e a ox a e a a a o ex e en .

Th l e ve o city v f th pr j ctil ft r t h tim t i gi by

o e o e e a e e e s ve n

( 110 s i n
b b g ) Qn t
” 2 ? i’ 2
v0 c os
g q t a g t
2

and s n i c e y vg t an d It
v0

29

th r f r
e e o e v
2
29 vz t

T h r fr
e e o e v
2
29 ( h y) .
 2] n eg l ecti ng the r es i s tan ce o f the air 3

Th us b d y t th p i t ( mg)
th e ve o l city
ft r t h tim of the o a e o n ,
or a e e e

t i th
,
m i f t h b dy f ll fr ly thr ugh th di t c i y
s e sa e as e o e ee o e s an e t .

Th tim f flight th t i t h tim t h b d y r q ir

e e o t r ch t h ,
a s, e e e o e u es o ea e

p i t
o n( y)
m i cc rdi g t t = s, a o n o
a:

4 c os ’

I p tic ul r t h tim r q ir d t d crib t h h ri

n ar at l r
, g e e e u e o es e e o zon a an e

OW f th tr j ct ry i
o e a e o s

0 W 4 h s in g
t 2a , s i n
c os 710
9
b tit t th l
Su s u e e va u e no s i n
4 ;
gg T~
i n the se o c nd e q ua ti on of ( l ) ,

an d it f ll w th t o o s a

y Se (
t T t)

Wh en t= AT , th en on a cc oun t of t he s ymm try e of t h e pa ra bl o a

a b t th
ou e ve rt ex ordi t n a e,
y h a s th e l
v a ue
y , of the ve rt ex h ight
e ,

an d

y , gg T 2
1 226 T ° 2
(g 9 8 08
hi f r m l i fr q tly f l f m ti i th i
T s o u a d i s e ue n us e u or o on n e a r, an s

c ll d i G rm y H pt f rm l i E gl d S l d
a e n e f rm l ;
an au
’
s o u a, n n an a en s
’
o u a

but it i th i g m r th s nopp r im ti i ct l pnr ctic o e an a n a ox a on n a ua a e .

F rth r r l ti
u b bt i d i f w im gi
e e af mily f on s c an e o a ne e a ne a a o

tr j t ri t b dr w
a ec o d t dy t h c mm
es r
p po r t i th
e t a n , an s u e o on o e es a c on

n ect th ri tr j ct ri
e va ous a e o es .

2 . F am i l y of t raj e c t or i e s for c on s t an t i i ti
n al ve oc i l ty .

limit d mb r f p r b lic p th m y li i th am
An un e nu e o a a o a s a e n e s e

verti l pl with th m p i t 0
ca rigi
an e, d th m i i ti l e sa e o n as o n, a n e sa e n a

l ity Thi ri f c r i bt i d wh th gl f d
v e oc . s se es o u ve s s o a ne en e an e o e

p rta r d i m d
u e t m ri )f l s a e o ass u e a se es o v a u es .

Fir t l t tw p r b l f th ri b t k
s ,
e r l t d th t b th
o a a o as o e se es e a en , s o e a e a o

sh ll p thr gh th m p i t ( my )
a as s ou e sa e o n .

W h db fr e a e o e

w, 2
1
= and t
4
2
y x tan > c os
g ,
4h c os
?
I
( ) 1 t a n 95 ?

and with t an < )

1 2, we h ave

4 hy + a
3

2h
th r f r
e e o e z ta n <) 1 —
(I ?
J
_
r 4 hy x
2
) .
4 Moti on of a p r o ec ti l e,
j [ OH . I

d bl ig h w th at th m t g t
Th e ou e s b h it i
n tw s o s e sa e aI e ca n e n o

w y w ith th m i iti l l ocity

a s, e d with th
sa m l f
e n a ve v0 , a n e sa e v a ue o
2
v,
gl f d p rt r t d gb d t rmi d
,

Th t w e o an es o e a u e, c , an g, a re e e ne

fr mo th c tit t fl t d ir ct fi th th r r d
e on e on s u es a or e re , e o e , c u ve or

i dir ct fi
n e re . .

A r l ti b tw qS d E will b gi
e a on l t r b t fir t w
e e en , an ( 2 e ve n a e , u s e

m t c us id r m r cl ly th t w l ti
on s e f o e os e e o so u on s o

Ob i ly th rv ou s th tw gl f fi wh th r dic l
e e are en o an es o re en e a a

i (3)
n r l th t wh 4 h 4 hy
IS ea b t wh a
( y) li
1S , th t en
?
00
2
,
u en cr es s o a

4h 4 hy
2
th r i r l gl f d p rt r 9b with which th
as
”
,
e e s no ea an e o e a u e e

p i t
o n ( y
m ) b hit c an e .

Th c m p l t p l e th plit i t tw p rt ; i th
o e e an e
p rt us s s n o o a s n e on e a a

p i t
o n ( y)
m li th t b hit i t wesw y ; i t h tha r p rt th r
c an e n o a s n e o e a e e

is n o p i t with thi pr p rty

o n s o e .

Th t w p rt e p r t d by
o t h c r a which h t h
s a re s e q ti a a e e u ve as e e ua on

4b 2
4 hy a
s
,

an d thi d t rm s e e i n es th e l f p i t i
oc us o o n s n l th t
th e p b hi t
an e a ca n e

in on e w y ly a on , an d for which th di r ct e e an d i dir ct finc i cid e re o n e .

T hi c r
s u ve is a
p r b l w
a a ith f c o a, o us at 0 . Rep lc a e
y by h + y ; '

th en th e e qua ti on o f th c r bcm e u ve e o es

' '
4b ?
4h (h y ) $
2
, or $
2
4 hy ,

and thi th t th c r i
s
p r ov e s a e u ve s a
p a a r b l with rt
o a, ve ex a t fo c us

a t 0 d , i rtic l i c q
an a x s ve a n on s e ue n e c .

Th r f r thi p r b l
e e o e s a a o a

4h 2
My $ 2
( )
4

r pre es e n s t the e n ve o l p eof a l l r b lic p th f th gi f mily

t h e pa a o a s o e ve n a .

Ta k e th e e qu ti on
a of t h e pa r b l f flight ( 2) i th f rm
a o a o n e o

4 kmt a n d) 4 hy O,
 2] n eg lec ti n g the r es i s tan ce o f the air 5

an d di ff r ti t with r
e en a e es
p e ct t o th r f r
e e o e

2 c os ¢ sin
¢ w3 4M
_
c os
“
( t c os
2
‘
l’

h c en e we o bt i
a n

4h 2
2h
a,
.2
4h w + 4 hg O,
x

+ 4h
3 2
x

4 hy

as b e fo e r .

S o fa r th e tr tm t
b r trict d t th m m t i
ea en h as e en es e o e ov e en n a

ve rtic l pl ; b t i f w c id r it i p c with ll p ibl gl

a an e u e on s e n S a e a os s e an es

of d p rt r qb with
e a m i iti l l city th ll th c ll cti
u e sa e n a ve o v0 , en a e o e ve

tr j ct ri
a e o l p d by p r b l id f r l ti with t
e s a re e n ve o e a a a o o o e vo u on , ve r e x

at 01 an d foc us at 0 .

t r i g t th r l ti
Re u n n o e e a on s in on e
p l a n e of fi re , l e t us e n q uire as to
wh t i th g m tric l l cu
a s e eo e a o s of t he f c
o us a n d v e rt e x of a l l th e pa r a

b l f th f mily
o as o e a .

Th rigi l q ti ( 2)
e o na e ua on of t h e pa rbl
a o a of flight
—
2
$
= w ta n
y ¢ 4h ¢
2
oos

c an be writt en i n t h e fo rm
2
i f1 ?) 2
w _ _ _

wh r b
e e , as a
I i
ov e , 711 c os ( ) ,
v2 no s n

Fr m thi f r m f t h q ti th l c u f th dir ctri f th

o s o o e e ua on , e o s o e e x o e

p r b
a a l b d t rm
o a ca n i d imm di t ly
e e e ne e a e .

F i c th d bl p r m t r f th p r b l i gi i th
or , s n e e ou e a a e e o e a a o a s ve n n e

2 2

e
q u t by
a I on d th d t t d t fi m th
an rt e i r ec rI x Is a a I s ance
'
o e ve ex

eq l t h l f t h p r m t r th t h di t c f t h di r ctri fr m t h
ua o a e a a e e , en e s an e o e e x o e

i f i
ax s o x s
6 Moti on of a p r o ec ti le, j [ OI L I

( wh r e e y i s t he
, o rd i t n a e of the ve rt ex ) ,
or e q ua l to
2 ?
0 2 v0
+ ”

E E a
th thi di t c i i d p d t f
us s s an e d w h s n th l w e en en o an e av e e a

All p r b l f th gia a f mily h

o as o c mm di r ctri ; i t
e v en a a ve a o on e x s

h ight b th l l r g i q l t th h ight h r ch d by
e a ov e e e ve an e s e ua o e e , ea e a

b dy thr w rt ic lly pw rd with th i iti l l ity

o o n ve a u a e n a v e oc no .

Th l city f th pr j ctil t gi p i t ( my ) f th fligh t

e ve o o e o e e a a ve n o n o e

p th
a w f d b
as f r t b
oun q l t ¢ [ 2 g ( h
e o e T hi o l city i
e e ua o s ve o s

C mm di t i
th t which t h b dy w ld a e o ou
o on

p
r ec r x
i f it w r ll w d os s e s s , e e a o e

t f ll fr ly fr m t h o a ee o e

dir tri t y p i t f th ec x o an o n o e

p th ( hi
T b a . s ca n e s een

t f ll w imm di t ly fr m o o o e a e o

th l w f i i Ki tic e a o v s v va or ne

E rgy ; b c th ki ti ne e a us e e ne c

rgy f th h ll f m en e o e s e o as s

m t gi p i t f t h a a
'

ve n o n o e

p th ( my ) i l m i d th a s y v an e
l f ki tic rgy 5
os s o ne ien eq l t t h g i mg y i 772110
2
rgy s e ua o e a n n ene

o f p itios ; d i con = 2gh th

an r f r s n 29 ( h e c0
2
, e e o e 71 2

Fr m thi r l ti c c r i g th dir ctri

o s e a on th r f ll w
on e n n e e x, a n o e o o s c on

c r i g th l c f th f c f th p r b l f th f mily
e n n e o us o e o us o e a a o as o e a .

Th dir ctri e f ry p r b l i t h ight h b th h ri

e x o e ve a a o a s a a e a ov e e o
z on t l thr a gh 0 th rt f th p r b l c rr p di g t th
ou e ve ex o e a a o a o es on n o e

d p rt r gl gb h th rdi t y = h i ¢ th c i th
e a u e an e as e o na e 8 s n
2
en e, s n ce e
ve rt f p r b l i q idi t t fr m th f c
ex o a a a o a s e id d
u s an o e o us on on e s e an
t h d ir ctri
e the th r id th rdi t f th f c F i l
x on e o e s e, e o na e o e o us s es s
th th rt rdi t by h h i ¢ i 2
¢
an e ve ex o na e 2
s n ,
or t c os .

I t f ll w th t t h
o o rdi t S F f th f c i q l t
s a e o na e I o e o us s e ua o

h i ¢ —h ¢ — h b s n
2
c os
2
c s

th b ci OS f th rte w OS h i 2d th r f r
e a s s sa I o e ve x as 1 s n ) e e o e

OF 2
SI P ?
h 2
c os
2
2¢ h 2
sin
2
2¢ M .

g m tric l l c f t h f c F f ll p b l f th
Th e eo e a o us o e o us o a a ra o as o e
f mily i th
a cir l r d 0s us a c e ou n .

Th p i t w h r thi circl c ut th h ri
e o n t l thr gh 0 d e e s e s e o z on a ou e

t rmi th f cu c rr p di g t th p r b l with t h gr t t
e n es e o s o es on n o e a a o a e ea es
g
ra n e .
 2] n egl ec ti ng the r es i s ta n c e o f the air 7

On the o th r h e an d , t he g e om e tric l l c a o us of t he ve rt ex o f a ll

p rbl
a a o as of t h e fa mily is an e lli p with th
s e, e se mi -a x e s h a nd
Ah ,

which t ch t h h ri t l thr gh 0 i 0 ; b c
ou es e o z on a ou n e a us e it w a s foun d
f t h c rdi t
or e y f t
oo h rt th t n a es a s , , , o e ve ex a

as y 1 h
3
6 a 1
sm c os 2d)
Eh
.

h h
By s q u ri g
a n and a ddi g w h
n e a ve

i
‘ h
Ah

More ove rg m tric l l c f th p i t f i t r cti f

th e eo e a o us o e o n s o n e se on o

th ei iti l t g t f th di ff r t p r b l with t h i f th
n a an en o e e en a a o as e ax s o e

c rr p di g p r b l i circl th c tr f which li
o es on n a a th o a s a e, e en e o es on e

c mm dir ctri f th p r b lic f mi ly d t ch t h i f

o on e x o e a a o a ,
an ou es e ax s o x

a t th rigi 0 F uch p i t f i t r cti w h i 2d d

e o n . or s a o n o n e se on s n ) an

y t a: d wh
anc ) ,
en e

$
2
(y h) 2

We l c id r t h q ti
c an Wh t i t h g m tric l
a so on s e e ue s on : a s e eo e a

l c f ll p i t rri d t i th m tim wh pr j ct d with

o us o a o n s a ve a n e sa e e, en o e e

th m i iti l l city with l l p ibl d p rt r gl

e sa e n a ve o v0 , a os s e e a u e an es

W pp eth th t
su r l h ll fir d
os e fr m 0 im l en a s ev e a s e s a re e o s u

t ly
a n e ou s d r ll p ibl gl f d p rt r b t with th m
,
un e a os s e an es o e a u e, u e sa e
8 Moti on of a p r o ec ti lje, [
OI L I

i iti l l city A t gi i t t th h ll
n a ve o . a ven n s an , e s e s will b f d t li e o un o e

on a c rt i rf ; wh t i th t r f thi
e a n su ace a s e na u e o s su rf a ce

Si c rythi g i ymm tric l b t th

n e e ve n s s e a a ou e ve rti l l i thr gh 0
ca ne ou ,

it i m r ly c ry h r t
s e e id r th h ll
ne ess a e e o c on s e e s e s i th n rtic l pl e ve a an e

of t h fig r e u e .

A ft r t c d t h c rdi t
e f ch h
s e on s e oo n a es o su a s e ll w ou ld be

y
= vo s i n b
g . t —%g t 2
,

an d thi gi s ves

”3
3 ‘‘
l (y E ) 9 1 2 ?

On th e p l
fig r thi i th q ti f circl ; i t
an e of th e u e, s s e e ua on o a e s

r dia ust) i pr p rti rol t th tim s d i t c tr d r p d w

o o on a o e e, an s en e o s o n

l g th y
a on i ; t fir t f t = 0 th
e -a x
tr f th circl i t 0
s a s ,
or , e c en e o e e s a .

a ft r te c d it i é gfi b l w 0 ; d th c tr f th i rcl
se on s s e o an so e en e o e c e

d c d rtic lly i f it w r p rticl f lli g fr ly d r gr ity

es en s ve a ,
as e e a a e a n ee un e av .

B y r t ti f t h pl
o a f t h tr j ct ry b t t h y
on o i w e an e o e a e o a ou e -a x s
, e

h t h r q ir d g m tri l l c
ave a s e e
p h r
u with t hedi t eo e ca o us a s e e, e ra us r o .

If w fi with c t t
e re d gl f l ti which i
on s a n t o an an an e o e e va on n

s h ti g r l pi g gr d d t t h gl b tw th i iti l
oo n ov e s o n ou n en o e s e an e e e en e n a

t g t d th li f l p t h l
an en an f th p i t f i t r
e ne oti s o e, e oc u s o e o n o n e s ec on o

t h li e f ight
ne o d t h tr j t ry i t h p r b l
s an e a ec o s e a a o a

9 m ?
= ac c o t b
y g, 2110 sin
2
t,
2
c

T hi s
p r b li tr j ct ry with i iti l
is a a a l city
o c a e o n a ve o v, a n d a n a n gl e

of d e
p a rt r q l t th m pl m t f c
u e e ua o e co e en o l .

F or di ff r t gl f with q l th r i
e en an es c) , e ua t o, e e s a fa mi ly of s u ch
p r b
a al o as.

Thi c m p l t e f mily
s o e a is o b i ly id ti l with th
v ous en ca e mily
fa 0

p r b
a al with c t
o as t on s a n c o, c on s id r d i thi rti l Th
e e n s a c e . e a
pp lic ti a o

of th f ct will b gi
es e a s e ve n in 4 .
10 Moti on of a p r ojec ti l e [ OH I

Now l e t th t w lw y fi with th m d p t r
u s s uppo s e a e a a s re e sa e e ar u e

an gl 4 b t w ith di ff r t i iti l l citi

e ) u = w e en n a ve o es vo e can

en q ir wh t i th l c f t h pr j ctil
u e, a ft r gi
s mb r f e o us o e o e es a e a ve n n u e o

c d
s e on s

Th l c f the b di ft r t c d i d t rmi d thr gh

o us o es e o es a e s e on s s e e ne ou

t h c rdi
e t oo n a es

y = vo sin
¢ t —§gt .
2
,

an d th en by limi ti e na on of v0 ,

y
= x tan —
¢ }g t z
2
.

hi i th q ti
T s fs tr ight li p r ll l t th c t t
e e ua on o a s a ne a a e o e on s a n

d ir cti
e f d p rt r 0 A ; i t p i t f i t r cti
on o e a M w ith t h
u e s o n o n e se on e

y i
-a x s i t di t c
s ajg t b l w 0 a s an e ‘ ?
e o .

Th r f r th g m tri l l c
e e o e i p c f t h eh ll i ic
eo l e ca o us n s a e o e s e s s a c on a

su rf c p r ll l t th urf c d crib d by GA t h r t M f ll
a e, a a e o e s a e es e : e ve ex a s

fr m O d w w rd j t lik
o o h y p rticl f lli g fr ly
n a s, us e a e av a e a n ee .

Fi lly th f ll wi g pr p iti m y b pr d
na ,
e o o n o os on s a e ov e :

C id r th tr ight li 0 51 21l
on s e c tti g th p r t p r
e s a ne .
1 3 u n e se a a e a a

b l f th f mily o as o e a

in M 1 , M 2, M
th en t g t t he an en s

t th p r b l
o t e a a o as a

M 211 M , ,
wil l 2, 3 ,

b p r ll l
e d th a a e , an e

tim f flight t es o o

r h th
ea c
p i t es e o n s

will b pr p rti l e o o on a

t th
o l city t e ve o a .

th es e
p o n s ofi t th e tr j ct ri
a e o es , an d a s o l to t h e c rr p di g i iti l
o es on n n a

l city
ve o .

Dr w th r tr ight li 0 N N N thr gh 0 m ti g th
a an o e s a ne 1 2 3 ou ,
ee n e

p r
a a b l i No asN N th n t h li M,N ,
M N p r ll l 3 ,
en e n es I 1 , 2 2, a re a a e

to ea ch th r o e .

B F mi ly f p r b l i tr j t ri wi th i ri bl h ri t l mp t f
a o a a o c a ec o es n va a e o z on a co o n en o

t
.

th i i ti l
e n l i ty ; a ¢ = ve oc s o c os c on s . x.

Th l f th
e rt i th p r b l 3/
oc u s o e ve ex s e a a o a

rdi t f th rt w r
F
(th or e c oo

”0
n a es o

2
e ve

K
2
ex e e

l
S l n < > c os < >
i ta n c . 3/ 29
g g
 negl ec ti ng the r es i s tan ce o f the air
g ]
3 11

and by l imi ti
e na on of c t,
i t f ll w th t
o o s a

2
9 3 3

Th e l oc us of t h e foc us i s the sa m e pa a rbl o a, b ut pa r ll l

a e di s p lac e d
2
ve rt i lly d w w rd by $
ca o n a .

9
rdi t f th wr
(F th or e c oo na es o

2
e foc us e e

= h i = i = - h cos 2
¢ (1
x, s n 2¢ t a n g,
9
2
$
9 f
y! =
29

F rth r
u e ,
th e l oc u s of t h e po i t whi h wi ll
n s c be r h di
ea c e n th e sa m ti m
e e t, i s
r pr
e t d by th rti l l i =
e s en e e ve ca ne x v0 t c os xi .

Fi lly th lna f th p i t w h r
,
e o c us o e o n s e e the l
s o pe of th e t a n ge n ti s th e sa m e is
a p r b
a al o a .

F rdi g t th pr d i g
or a c c o n o e ec e n

2
L
; (
2 ta n 9
c os d) ( t a n ( t t a n qb ta n

2 2 2
y c os
2
1(
() tan
1
<) ta n 9) 2
( ta n ( 1) ta n

and thi gis v es , by l imi ti

e na on of ( ) I ,
2
= x ta n 9 4 - 9 33
g

C . F m i ly
a of pa r b l wi t h
a o as t t rti l mp t
c on s an ve ca co on e n of th e i i ti l
n a

l i ty i 1
v e oc t =m
,
t os n ( ) c on s . or , with t t tim f fligh t T
c on s a n e o ,
or wi t h co n

s ant t t h i ght g
v e r ex e , .

Th l f he rt i th h ri t l l i
oc us o t e ve ex s e o z on a ne
g,
Th l f th f
e i th p r b l
oc u s o e oc u s s e a a o a

m 2
gr
?

y
29
2
s i n < ) c os
1
m 2
2
( p) w -
( c ot
z
/
cJ —l )
ig
.

h T i t f ll w by th l imi t i f t
e n ce o o s e e na on o co

Fi lly t h g m tri l l
na f th p i t r
e eo h d i th m ti m t i t h
e ca oc u s o e o n s e ac e n e sa e e s e

str ight l i
a ne
—
g
= mt i g
= t i ¢ § g 8 s n ce v0 s n
2

C rr p d i g r
o es lt b d d
on d f t h f m i l y f p r b l ( wi t h t h
n es u s ca n e e uc e or e a o a a o as e

sam ri gi 0 ) whi h p th r gh th m t rg t d f th r f th p r
e o n c as s ou e sa e a e ,
an ur e or os e a a

b l i t h m pl
o as n f fir whi h t
e sa h gi e tr i ght li
an e o d f rth e c ou c a ven s a n e, an so o .

Th pr f d p d
e oo l m t ry pr j ti g m try Th w rk f F r Ki i l p
e en s on e e en a or o ec ve eo e . e o o .
,

t whi h w d i r t tt t i
o c p r i
e d m p lec f t hi aki d en on , ov e s e xa es o s n .
12 Moti on of a p r o j
ec ti l e , [ OH I

4 . Fi r e ov e r s l o p i n g gr o un d .

Th e p e c e r
di g pr bl m w t nb g r li d Th rf c
o e s a re no o e en e a se : e su a e

of th e gr d ( m d h ri t l b f r ) m y w b t k t m k
ou n ass u e o z on a e o e a no e a en o a e

an
y gl f
an l p E e with toh h ri s o t l thr
e gh t h p i t f d e o z on a ou e o n o e

p rt
a r d t h
u e , an gl f d p rt r I i th
e an t b c lc
e o l t d e a u e () s en o e a u a e .

Wh t i th l gth m r d th l pi g pl
a s e en f th r g
, eas u e on e s o n an e , o e an e

a tt i d with gi i iti l l city Wh t i th c r p di g tim

a ne ve n n a ve o ? a s e or e s on n e

of flight ? U d r wh t c diti will th gr t t r g b tt i d

n e a on on s e e a es an e e a a ne ?

Th q ti e f th
e l pi g pl b i g g t E w h i
ua on o e s o n an e e n a; an ,
e a ve n

a dditi on

a: = el t , g t 5g t = 2
x ta n E;

fr m th thr q ti
o es e d y ee e ua on s a: a n a re t o be limi t d i f w e na e ,
e w i s li
t d t rmi
o t h tim
e e t which nelp e e , e a s es b f r th h t r ch
e o e e S o ea es the
l pi g p l
s o n an e .

W h e t Sgt
ave vg
2
vl t t a n E,

2v2 2c 1 2 ( v2 ta n E)
tan E
9 9 9
n o w o, c o c os a, s i n c t ,
an d th r f re e o e

2v0 sin
t
g c os E
F rth r
u e ,

= v1 t =
c os
qS s i n (4 ) E)
fc v0 t c os ( )
I E
g c os

an d th c en e the r g an e 0A ov e r t h pl e a n e of s o l p e is

re c os
4
) s n i (4 ) E)
c os E 9 c os
2
E

Wh t i th l
a s e va ue of the d e
p rt r a u e an gl with gi i iti l
e ven n a

ve o l city d gi lv0 , an ve n s o
p e E o f t h e gr oun d f which th r g 0 A
, or e an e

is a m im um
ax
 4] n eg lec ti ng th e i
r es s tan ce o f the ai r 13

Th e r ie xp e s s on cos ( ) s i n 1 ( it E) i s to be di ff r ti t d with r
e en a e es
p e ct
to Thi gi s ves

—s i n ¢ s i n ( qb
ta n (4
) E) c ot d ) ta n ( t) ,

a nd s o we h a ve

—E = % w
l
<> t (2 7? E)

Th e an
gl e in thi s

ca s e b tw th e een e

i iti l t g t
n a d an en an

th rtic l thr gh
e ve a ou

0 q lt Is e ua o

i n i w —% E = i w —i E;
an d on t he o th r h d
gl b tw th i cli d pl e d th
an , the an e e e en e n ne an e a n e

V rtic le E a th t th dir cti

18
g
f p j ti
r: m t bi ct th
: so a e e on o i o ec on us se e
=
angl b tw t h i cli d pl
e e d th
e en rtic l i f th r g i t
e n ne an e a n e ve a , e an e s o

b m im m m r d th i cli d pl
e a ax u ,
e as u e on e n ne ane .

If w fi with t w gl f d p rt r f which i m ll r d
e re o an es o e a u e, o on e s s a e an

th th r l rg r by t h
e o e m m t th th gl f m im m
IS a e ,
e sa e a oun 6, an e an e o ax u

r g f fi th b th h t will trik th i cli d pl

an e o re , en th m o s o s s e e n ne ane I n e sa e

p i t Ao n .

i
Th gre t r f t h t w d p rt r
e gl i 1 + 5E + ; th th r
a e o e o e a u e an es s 71 1 e e o e

is E —e ; it f ll w fr
o o s om th e a b ov e th t a i n the fir t c
s as e the .

r g an e IS

c os
2
E
an d i n th e s e on c dc as e the r g an e is

c os
2
E
and t h e tw o ex
p r i
e s s on s h a ve the sa m e v a ue l .
 4] n egl ec ti ng the r es i s tan ce o f the air 15

The g m tric l l c eo e a o us of t he po l pi g i t n of im p t ac A on t he s o n

g r ou n d f c t t gl
,
or on s a n an e o f l ti t d th m i iti l l city
e e va on c , an e sa e n a ve o

s o, bu t w ith ri bl gl va a e an e o f l p E i th p r b l
s o e , s e a a o a

T hi s fo ll w o s fo t r hwith wh , en we e limi t na e E b twe ee n a: 0A cos E

a nd y a: ta n E .

Th es e r l ti
e a ons m ay be i ll tr t d by m
us a e ea ns of th e fore go i ng Ta bl e . Th e ra n ge

in i t i gi s ven a s

2720 2 s
i n ( ) ; c os I
0A

on th e as s u mp t i th t
on a
2v0 2
m tr e es , or v0 = 221 m/ s ec , a n d th t a
7
E : —20 —10 , ,
- 5
,
0 , + 5 , + 1 0, up to 8 7 d gr e ee s ,

with an g e s of l th e t a n ge n t ight s

5 , 10 , 1 5 , 20 , up to

We l r fi t fr m th t l mb r f th T bl th t f th m l p
ea n rs o e a c ua nu e s o e a e a or e sa e s o e

E, t h r g i
e m im m wh th i iti l t g t f th p th f flight bi t
an e s a ax u ,
en e n a an en o e a o sec s

t he angl b tw th el p f th gr d d th rti l f
e ee n mpl wi th e s o e o e oun an e ve ca ; or e xa e,

t he l p gl E =
s o e an th m im m f 7 600 m r wh
e e ax u o occ u s en

5 ( 9 0 20 )

I n t h e Ta bl
rti l l imit f th r g whi h
e th e ve tt i d with h
ca s o e an es , c a re a a ne t e

a
pp r p r io t g l f
a e anl t i qt h r i
e o t l g r d
e e va ( E m ond p r m i
, on t o z on a ou n a re a e o n en

by thi k r l i c f di i i
e n es o v s on .

Th r g m y b ll d th igh ti g r g O th t g t l f g
es e an es a e ca e e s n an es . n e an en s ca e s o un s

an d rifl b i d h i gh ti g gl d ( i d gr ) th rr p di g ight i g
es , es es t e s n an e ), n e e es ,
e co es on n s n

ra n g i m tre ni ft e
gr d
es s o en e n av e .

Th f us mp l i or e xa t l th r di g i gh ti g 25 00 i q i l t
e n a n a c ua cas e e ea n s n s e u va e n

t o i ght i g gl 1 5
s n th r d i g
an ei gh ti g 5 000 i q i l t
°
or ei ghti g
ea n s n s e u v a en to “
s n

an gl e

N i f th r i
ow t rg t d i t e e f 5 000 m fr m th g
s a a e
gr at a d s an c e o o e u n , on o un at a

lp E
S o e =
d i f th igh t i t t 0 00 m t hi t th m rk th t i with
an e s s se a 5 o e a ,
a s a

t an g t l en ti e e va th thi tti g d
on t t k i t m t th en lp s se n oe s n o a e n o a c c or e s o e

o f h grt e d ou n .

W mi gh t im gi th tr j t ry t t r b t th m l f th g
e a ne e a ec o d o u n a ou e uzz e o e un , a n

t hr gh th gl f l p f
ou e an mp l e o i f th tr j t ry w r
s o e, rigid
or e xa e as e a ec o e e a c ur ve .

A r f r t th fi g r
e e en c e
p 4 wi ll h w th t thi i
o e t t lly h
u e on . S o a s s no ac ua t e c as e .

I thi
n wi gi g f th tr j t ry th r i i f t a rr r
s
“
s n n o e a ec o e e s n ac n e o .

I th p n e mpl l p f gr d E
°

re s e n t e xa t g t l ti
es , s o e o ou n an en e ev a on

t h th r g wi ll b 5 000 m b t 3 3 8 4 m With l p f gr d E ==
en e an e n ot e ,
u . s o e o ou n

an d th m t g t l ti
e sa e an th r en g i 7 2 8 m
e e vai t d f 5 000
on m e an e s 5 ns e a o

so th t th h ll g t f
a e s e o es oo ar .

I ll l ti r t r t h rt i l b tw d
°

( i
°
n a
g e eva on s
g 1
ea e 20 an a c e a n an e e een 5 an v a ,

16
°
h w l t r) th wi gi g f th tr j t ry trik h t wi th p i ti
as s o n a e e
“
s n n o e a ec o
”
s es s or os ve
 16 Moti on of a p j
r o ec ti le, [ OIL 1

g r d l p d trik b y d wi th g ti l p d th rr r f r g i
oun s o e, an s es e on ne a ve s o e : an e e o o an e s

gr t r f
ea e h ti g d w hi ll th f h ti g phi ll th r thi g b i g q l
or s oo n o n an or s oo n u ,
o e n s e n e ua .

F t g t l ti l th 1 6 th r l ti
or an en e e va on m wh t m r m
es s an
°
e e a on s a r e s o e a o e co

p l i t d
ca e F . m p l t k t
or e x ah i gh t i g 5 22 6
e, m a t g e t l t i e s n , on a an en e eva on

L t h gr
e t d l p i r fr m thi g t
e oun s o e F E = 0 th
n c eas e i ghti g o no n o or e s n

r g wi ll b 5 22 6 m f E 8 7 ( rti l fi ) th r g i r
an e e or
°
ve ca re e an e s ze o .

C q tly th r g dimi i h l ittl t fir t d th i r

on s e u en e an e n s es a e a s ,
an en n c eas es c on

sid bl y fi ll y d imi i hi g g i
era ,
na ry q i kl y t r
n s n a a n ve u c o ze o .

Si th fl t t i
n ce ei ti
uc ua th r m t b t g d l p
on s a c on n u ou s on e , e e us e wo r oun s o es

b tw th l p E = 0 d E==8 7 i i t
e ee n e s o e
°
f whi h h r g
an 22 6
°
n ex s e n c e , or c t e an e 5 I n

will b bt i d F th t
e o a ne l (E 5 5 7 d E 8 6
. or es e woth wi gi g
v a ue s 1
° ’
an 2
:
°
e
“
s n n

f th tr j t ry i q i t ri gh t at l t th r i r r i th r g tt i d
”
o e a ec o s u e ; eas e e s n o e ro n e an e a a ne .

I thi
n y rt
s i r
wa gi i b
a cet i d f
a n p i t i gr
e d l on
p i w hi
s o h a ne o os ve o un s o e, n c no

h rt r g l i b t th th s o an e es , u ,
on e o er

h d t l g r g ( fr m d i t an , oo on a an e a e n ou ;

l i i th T b l ) ne n e a e .

Th l i m i t f thi r gi th e s o s e on a re ose

lg f l p f whi h th i gi g an es o s o e , or c e
“
sw n n

f th tr j t ry gi th mr g o e a ec o v es e sa e an e

th l pi g gr d t h h ri on e s o n oun as on e o

t l z on a .

Th q ti th ri F e ues on en a ses : or

wh t l p E i th g OB th a s o e s e ra n e on e

i l i th m h g GA nc ne e sa e as t e ra n e on

h ri t l gr d i f th m t g t o z on a oun , e sa e an en

l ti i mpl y d f th tw
e ev a on s e o e ? or e o c as es

Th d i ti r q i
e c on on e u res

c os
2
E
or e mpl yi o ng th e p ri i pl nc e of
“
s wi gi n ng th e tr j t ry
a ec o

2 c os (E c t) sin ( )
I c os
2
E s in
h rfr
T e e o e c os 3
E c os 2 E c os E ta n 2
1
( ) ta n 2
d ) 0 .

Wh p i t ien os l
ve a n g e s of s ope a re c on s l i d r d thi q ti
e e ,
s e ua on is sa ti fi d by
s e

=O E1 = O, E2 = 9O ;
°
1 .
¢ ,

2
E1 = 1 2 1 23 E2 = 8 3
i °
E
s .

E1 = 1 9 E2 = 7 8
° °
4 .

E1 26 E2
°
73
°
5
E1 = 4 2
°
6
E1 = E2 = 5 1 5 0
°
7 . .

F or e xa mpl mpl y d th r g i h rt i f E 5
e, i f th e s ight of 3
°
is e o e ,
e an e s s o
°

or if E 86 >d l g i f E li
°
b tw 57 d 86
an Thi rr on es e ee n 5
° '
an
°
s e or

d i mi i h
n s I i r fr m r
es a s ( ) p t 1 6 n c ea s e s o ze o u o
°

A N Ob rm y r i 1 90 1 g
. . el impl g m t i l r l ti b tw th
a e n a ve a s o a s e eo e r ca e a on e ee n e

r p di g gl f g d l p E d E Th p r b l i t j t ry i
c o re s on n an es o roun s o e 1 an 2 . e a a o c ra e c o s

dr w f th gi
a n orwith th d p t r gl 90 d fr m t h h ri
e v en s
o
d t hi e e ar u e an e
°
) o e o z on , a n s
18 Moti on of a p r o ec ti l e,
j [ OIL I

r g X ti m f fligh t T h ight f rt g gl f d t
Th e an e ,
e o ,
e o ve ex ,, an e o e s ce n w, an d

fi l l i ty W
na
gi i t h T
v e ocb l l l t d fr m t h f rm
e
l a re ve n n e a e, ca cu a e o e o u ae for a

m th
va c u u rr p di g r lt i pr ti
; gi i br k t
e co es on n es u s n ac c e a re ve n n ac e s .

' -
7) ( 20 1 7 )
°
6 6 22 226 3
'

( 8 20 )
°
35 0 50 67 (4 3 00 ) 887

' -
( ) 6) (3 3 6 )
°
65 15 6 28 6 0 0 16 3 40
' -
( 75 0) ( 127 )
°
34 2 766 10 2) 1 29

2 . S i n ce th e r t r i t h t l tr j t ry t th p i t f d p rt r
c u va u e n e ac ua a ec o a e o n o e a u e

g = 0) i s th m th t f th p r b l i t j t y f q l i i ti l
e sa e as a o e a a o c ra e c o r o e ua n a

v e oc l i ty v0 a n d e q l gl f d p rt r wh r th
ua an t r r di
e o e a u e, e e e c ur va u e a us

r
I
( )
?
"

it i t ll w bl i th imm di t i ghb rh d f th m l t r pl th
s of e n a o a e n e e a e ne ou oo o e uz z e o e a ce e

t l tr j t ry wi th d t g by th p r b l wi th th m
a c ua a ec o d i th a va n a e e a a o a e sa e s o an or n e

ne i ghb h d f th p i t f d our t by th p r b l with th m

oo o d e o n o e s c en e a a o a e sa e v, a n w .

( ) S pp rm rap l t i t b pi r d t
u di t f 1 00 m f m
os e a n a ou a e s o e e ce a a s an c e o ro

th m e l f m rt r A t wh t p i t f th pl t m t th i f th p i b
u zz e o a o a . a o n o e a e us e ax s o e ec e e

a im d i rd r th t th d i r d p i t f i mp t h ll b tr k ? A m th
e ,
n o e a e es e o n o ac s a e s uc s su e e re

i rr r i th gl f d p rt r Th p i t im d t m t b
s no e o n e an e o e a u e . e o n a e a us e

2
1 00

a b d ir d p i t t b tr k
ov e th e es e o n o e s uc .

( b) D t rm i t i f t h rr r
e ef d p rt t h m na
p ri i p l by
on o e e o o e a u re on e sa e nc es , a

co mp ri f th t l d l l t d p i t f imp t
a s on o t rg t t gi
e a c ua an ca cu a e o n s o ac ,
on a a e a a ve n

d i t fr m th m l
s ance o e u zz e .

( ) I f t h t tcl r g i X t h d gr e f t rg t f h ight h i
o a an e s , e an e z on e or a a e o e s

i t p ibl t thr w t fr m th t p f th pyr mi d f Ch p

3 . Is os s e o o a s on e o e o o e a o eo s

b y d th b 2
e on e as e

Th h i gh t f t h p yr mi d i 1 3 7 2 m t h l gt h f
e e o i d f th q u b
e a s
‘
e en o a s e o e s a re as e

i 227 5
s ; th t th gl f l p A B C 5 0
In so a e an e o s o e :
°

T bt i th gr t t r g t h t m t b thr w f m th t p A i
o o a n e ea es an e, e s on e us e o n ro e o n

a dir ti A T bi ti g th gl B A D b tw th i l i d pl A B d th
ec on s ec n e an e e ee n e nc ne ane an e

upw rd rtai l A D t h t ve ca ,
so a

DA ° ’
A 50 10

an d th e a n g e of l pr j ti
o ec on
j
( ) is th us 1
 5] n egl ec ti n g the r es i s ta n c e t he ai r 19

Thei iti l l i ty f thr

n a ve o c v0 o a ow by h d i an s ass u md e as 24 m/ s ec ( m ea n of 30
ex
p riem t w i t h d i
en sf
f r t p r e en e s on s ) ; t he e q ti ua on o f t he p a th i s

=
g x ta n
¢

Th e q ti
ue s on is th en , h ow g r tiea s y wh en x h a s th e l
v a ue m ? Th en

we s h ll h
a a ve
2
1 13 7 9 81
m
'
x
'

y : 1 1 3 7 ta n 1 9 5 0 834
2 x 24 c os w 5 0
“ , e ,

( wi t h / g
r0w i ll= 22 III
b 1 0 7 0 m d w i t h = 20 m
s ec , / g 1 3 8 1 m ) e ,
an r0 s ec, .

Th w r i th th t it i p ibl
e ans e s en a s os s e .

4 A t wh t. lg f pr j ti I wi th th h ri m t b dy b th w
a an e o o ec on ( ) e o z on us a o e ro n,

so h t i t m y trik t righ t gl pl i l i d t
t a a s gl E ( p rp d i l r
e a an es a ane nc ne a an a n e e en cu a

t t h pl
o f th tr j t ry ) ?
e an e o e a ec o

t (d E ) é t E an ) co .

5 Wh t i t h d i ff r
. b tw t h tim f fli gh t t th m m rk f t
a s e e e n ce e ee n e es o o e sa e a o wo
sh ll fir d fr m th m p i t wi th i i ti l l i ti
e s e o d d
e sa lg d e o n n a v e oc es r an
'
v , an an es )
'
an d qb ?
Th e di ff r e en c e is

'

v c os
g

6 . On e s h ll trik
e s twr es t h e foo t
h ri t l pl t hr gh th
‘
of a o e on a o zon a an e ou e

gun af e tr t s e c on d A s . d h ll wi th th r h rg d d bl l ti
s ec on s e a no e c a e an ou e e e va on

s trik es th e t op o f th t w r ft r
e d Th di t
o e f th t w r i
a e
’
t s e c on s . e s an c e o e o e s

7 i h t Fi r S pp
. R c oc ph ri l h ll i pr j t d fr m 0
e er h ri
. u os e a s e ca s e s o ec e o ov e a o

zon a t l pl with l i ty
an e d lg f d p rt L t th l ti i ty b
v e oc s o an an e o e a u re 0 0 . e e e as c e e

( e =0 f mpl t ly i l ti b di = 1 f p rf tly l ti b d i )
or c o e e n e as c o es , e or e ec e as c o es .

Th h ll trik th gr d t A t th m gl a d w it h th m
e s e s es e ou n a a e sa e an e ) , an e sa e

ve oc l ity ; i t t rt fr h t d rib p r b l ( b t with m ll r d p t ur

50 s a s a es o es c e a a a o a u s a e e ar e
20 Moti on of a p r o ec ti l e
j [ CH . I

l
a n g e ( 12 a n
d s m ll r i i ti l l i ty
a e n a v e oc s trik es the g r d o un a ga n i at B a s eco n d
i m e, a n d s o on ( fi g r )
s ee u e .

- Q

r t i t h t t l r g p h h imp t d wh t i h rr
Ho w g ea s e o a an e u to t e nt ac ,
an a s t e co e

sp d i g ti m
on f fli gh t ?
n e o

By N t L f th rti l imp l f t l ti m
e w on s
’
aw m d M or e ve ca u se o wo e as c as s es an ,

on e of h m M ( th E rth ) b i g
t e m d i fi i t ly gr t mp r d with
a s s es e a e n as s u e as n n e ea co a e

th th r i t i y t d d th l ity wi th whi h b ll pri g p i f i t

e o e ,
s ea s o e u ce e v e oc 52 c a a s n s u ,

f lla rti lly th gr d wi th l i ty

s ve ca It i f
on dt b wh r
e o un v e oc v1 . s ou n o e ee l ,
e e e

d t h l ti ity f th b ll I f th
e n o es t e e as h b ll i thr w l t t
c o t e a . e n s uc a a s o n as an a a n ac u e

an lg with th h i t l gr d rf ( i th b fig ) i t i ly
e a, e or z on a ou n su a ce as n e a ove u re ,
s on

ry t r l th triki g l i ty i t t mp t t righ gl i
n eces s a o e s o ve e s n v e oc n o wo co o n en s a t an es ; n

t h h ri t l d i ti t h r i i mp l d mi g th t fri ti m y b '

e o zo n a re c on e e s no u s e, an as s u n a c on a e

ne lg t d th th h ri t l mp t f h l ity r m i
ec e ,
en e lt r d o z on a co on en o t e v e oc e a ns un a e e ,

c os a 1 v c os ( 1 2
,
.

On th e o th r h d t h r
e an e e is di t imp t i
re c ac n t h e ve t c a r i l d i r ti ec on , s o th t a

AR= e A Q, or 71 2 s i n a 2 ee l s i n a l .

thi y w k w th dir ti
In s wa e no e ec on a 2 an m g it d
d th e f h l i ty a n u e 71 2 o t e v e oc

wi th whi h th r b di g b ll l c th e e ou n n a ea v e s e su rf f i t f ll w fr m th t
ace ; or o o s o e wo
eq t i th t t
ua t
on s= 1 th a an a ; an a 2 e ; en c e a 2 i k w d th
s no n , an e n 72
2 .

( Th i d r t i t b l i
e s e c on s
pp d e a on s a re o e a e a g i f
a n as o t h b ll r b d te n as e a e o un s , as

at A, B ,
t by th t gl t whi h th b ll i m i g imm d i t ly b f r
D en o e an e a cu e an e a c e a s ov n e a e e o e

th th r b
e n d d by th rr p di g l i ty F rth r l t W d t th
e ou n ,
an an e co es on n v e oc . u e e n eno e e

r g p t th th r b d m r d fr m 0 th tim l p d I h h ri
an e u o e n e ou n ,
eas u e o ; t) , e e e a se . n t e o

l d i r ti
z on t a w h f h d i ff r t i mp t
ec on e av e or t e e en ac s

On th e c on tr ry a ,
i n th e ve rt i l d ir ti
ca ec on

5 2 si n a
2
evl s i n a 1 = er o s i n ao ( b e ca us e a ; no , an d cl v
0 )
so a so l rg s i n a 3 = er g s i n a
2
= 2
e r1 s n a ; i z
e vo s i n a o ;

t o c os a o an c os a n
, , t o s i n ao

m 2
ta n 1 ? ?
(
2
sin
2
) I
( )
‘
n
ta n + c os
“

an e a O, an t e ao ao .
o

T h en th e v e oc l ity of th e b ll b f r th
a e o e e n th rb di
e o un s l l t d fr m th
ca c u a e o e

i i ti l d i t i
n a c on on 0 0 , ao, a n d th l t i i ty
e e as c e .

Wh t i t h tim l a s e e e a ps e d up to t h e n th r b d?
e o un
 5] n egl ec ti n g the r es i s tc m c e of th e ai r

Th e fi t rs a rc 0A wi ll b d rib d i tim
e es c e n e

t he s e c on d a re I n tim e

2122 2ev0 sm an

9 9

a nd s o on . Th e tim e to th e n th r b d wi ll th
e o un en be

2v0 s i n ( 10 1 —e "

0 0 0 0 0 0

The r
a n ges 0 A , A B , B C, wi ll b e

0A v, t, c os a , = r ot1 c os 0 0 wh r
,
e e t,

A B = v2 ( ta t,) c os dz, wh r e e t2 t, s i n ao , v2 c os a 2 = t o c os a o,

e c os a o s i n a o, a n d s o fo t rh .

Th e wh l r o e a n ge W ” frm0o up t o th e n th o
p n i t of r b d i th
e o un s us

27 0
3s in
3 (I I I )
2 1
( 1 ) s in 2010
”
a o c os d o e+ e + +8

hi pr i ( I I I ) i ffi i t i th r t l l t W wh
T s ex e s s on d s su c en , e e o ca cu a e ,“ en c o, c o a n e

a rek w nol t d t rmi th l ti i ty fr m

n , or e s e od W e e ne e e as c e o t o, a o, a n ” .

Th r ti ll y th
eo e b ll wi ll k p ca triki g th gr d lw y d ribi g
e a ee on s n e ou n ,
a a s es c n

sm ll r d m ll r p r b l B t lth gh th mb r f th r d rib d
a e an s a e a a o as . u a ou e nu e o es e a c s , es c e

by th b ll i i fi it ti ll th ggr g t r g i fi i t d l i th t t l
e a , s n n e, s e a e a e an e s n e, a n so a so s e o a

tim d i g whi h th b ll i i m m t
e ur n c e a s n o ve en .

I f t f n = ac( i i
,
r
p p r fr
or n t i d t h l i m
00i t f w h s n ce e s a o e ac on a n e o e a ve

2 1
27) 1 v
— 9 s 1n — s 1n 2a 0
.

a0 ’
. '

g 1 e
g 1 e

Th ediff r fr m m ti i e en c ei gl with th m i i ti l l ity

o o on n a s n e a rc , e sa e n a ve oc to

an d m d p rt r gl i th t i th i h tti g th r g d ti m f
sa e e a u e an e a o, s a n e r c oc e n e an e an e o

fli gh t i r d i th r ti 1 l — wh r i th l ti i ty f t h b ll
a re n c ea s e n e a o e; e e e s e e as c o e a .

[ Ri h t Fi r w k w lr d y i t h 1 6 th
c oc e e t ry d thi ki d f fi
as no n a ea n e c en u ; an s n o re

w as fi r t i tr d d y t m ti lly by V b i 1 6 8 8 Thi m th d
s n o uc e s i
s e a ca au an n . s e o was n

us e till b t th mi ddl f th 1 8 th t ry Li t t P l J bi w t i
a ou e e o e c en u : eu en an au a co ro e n

17 6 5 t i w rk ri h tti g d th r l by whi h th b t r lt
a n e x en s ve o on c oc e n an e u es c e es es u s

w ld b bt i d Th m th m ti l th ry
ou e o a ne d l p d by B rd i 1 8 1 6
. e a e a ca eo w as e ve o e o on , ,

an d Ott o,

C lt 7 5 ri h tti g r w t r with p rti l p tr ti I w t r

on s u on c oc e n o ve a e a a en e a on . n a e

(12 O th
0 1. tr ry i t ft pp r
n e c on rdi g th t f th gr d a o en a ea s ,
a cc o n to e n a ure o e oun ,

th t a a2 thi th a; i th p r i m ts rr i
w as d t by F K r p d y
e c as e
p n e ex e en s c a e ou . u on s a n

g roun d rdi g t th pr d r f F N
a cco n I oh th r m p
e oc e u e o . e es e n . n s uc ca s es o e as s u

ti m t b m d Th
on s us m pt ie md i a mpl 7 h ld ly f th
e . e as s u on s a e n e xa e o on or e c as e

wh r th t g ti l fri ti
e e e imp t m y b gl t d ( mp l f i t
an en a c on on ac a e ne ec e co a re a s o or n s a n ce

B K k L
. ec , M h i H ectur es on r 1 90 1 V l m p g ec a n cs , a n n ove ,
o u e II, a e
22 Moti on of a p r o ecti l e,
j [ OI L I

6 . T r aj e c t o ry in a v a c uum , t aki n g i n t o a c c o un t th e d e c re a s e of

gra v i t y w i th th e h e i gh t an d th e c o n v e r ge n c e o f v ert i c a l l i n es
fr o m th e t
c u rv a u r e o f th e E a t h r .

Ta k e the c tr
en e M of t h e rth ( i t h fig r ) th p l i
Ea as n e u e as e o e n a

y t m f p l r c rdi t ; d l t y
s s e o o a oo n a es an e an

rbitr ry p i t P h th p l r
a a o n ave e o a co

rdi t MP r di
o n a es ct r d a us ve o r, an

A OMP p l r gl t h dir cti o a an e a e e on

OM f t h p l r o i fr m whi h th
e o a ax s o c e

p l r gl
o a i m an r d m y be al ft s ea s u e a e e

1
.
d t rmi d t fir t
un e e ne a s .

A t A t h p i t f d p rt r ,
f th e o n o e a u e o e

h ll l t =
s e ,
r di f t h E rth
e r r0 a us o e a ,

1 m ; l t th i iti l l city b e e n a ve o e

d th
0 0 , an gl f d p rt r t e an e o e a u e c .

A cc rdi g t N wt L w f
’
o n o e on s a o

Gr it ti av th cc l r ti f gr ity
a on , e a e e a on o av

Mor e ov e r
3;
a 6

r
2
'
,
r
2 — i
6
t t 0 l g t h wh l p th f
s a c on s a n , ,
a on e o e a o

cl
fl I gh t ; t h e l
v a u e of r
2; at t h e p om t A Is
g l v en by C r ot , c os d; )

i
s nc e hr e e r da c os (
p als
( wh e re ds i s th e e e lm t en of a r c
) ,
an d
we h av e

d a
r
2
0 r oe , c os
gt
IE
.

F rth r
u e , i n t he m ti
o on of the s h ll l g i t
e a on s
p a th ,

dv p d.r dv p .
_
or ”
dt r ds 554
7
’
z 2 ’
7

an d i t gr ti g fr m A
n e a n o to P ,

0
2 —71 0
2 2
d r = + 2fl

2 =
v
g+

wh r e e
 6] negl ec ti n g the r es i s ta nc e o f the ai r 23

dr d r da c e
fr om a)
da fi
“

572
’ ’
da dt

e q ua ti on ( )
2 m a
y b e writt en i n t h e fo rm
i

2p . dr s
c fl
C 2

r Zld r
‘ r
‘
"

T hi s i s t he d ffe i r ti l q ti f th
en a e ua on o e
p a th of the s h ll with
e ,
r

a nd a as the tw o vari bl I t gr ti
a esgi . n e a on ve s

0 a
"
1
a r
y c os

P
1 + e c os
(a— y)
r

wh r e e r
y d t
en o e s a n i t gr ti
n e a on c on s a n t t ,
and wh r e e

9 0 2

Thi q ti
s e ua on ( )
3 sh w th t th flight p th i c ic cti
o s a e a s a on se on .

T d t rmi
o e e ne the i t gr ti c t t y w k w th t
n e a on on s a n «
, e no a

i s th e po l ar e q u ti o
a n of a c ic cti
on se on , in which th e
pa armtr e e

—d
9
3 2
a
a — ecl = a —e 2
a = a ( 1
a

[a an d b t he t w o semi -a x e s
, a t he on e th t t i a c on a ns t h e foc us , cl t h e
di t c b tw
s an e e e en c tr
en e an d fo c us o f t h c ic cti
e on se on , 6 the ec c en
24 Moti on of a p r o ec ti le,
j [ OH I

M is hr e e l f th y t m f p l r c rdi t
t h e po e o e s s e o o a oo na es,

an d th p l r e gl i m r d fr m th t rt 0
o a an e a s eas u e o a ve ex

f th m j r
o e i th t li
a o r t t th f c M ;
ax s a es n ea es o e o us

with 1 w h e llip with O cir l ; 1

e a ve a n e se e , a c e 6

a
p r b
a al ; o aI hy perb l an e o a .

Wh th i t gr ti c t t y i E t h p l r
en e n e a on on s a n « s e r o, e o a

i OM f th p l r c rdi t y t m i th li
ax s o e o a oo na e s s e s e ne

j i i
o n ng t h p rih lie O t t h
e c tr ef t h rth on o e en e o e ea

w h th
.

e a ve en

q no a g
2
ro , O r e v, c os ( )
I ,
r, m .

i cS n e k w
re, d l 0 a g
s o, p w
a re i no n , an a so , , , e, , e a re n a

p iti
os t d
on t r m i fo
y l f t
e e h c rr p di
ne g di t c
or a n va u e o a e o es on n s an e r

of th h ll fr m th c tr f t h E rth fr m
e s e o d fr m ( 5 ) t h
e en e o e a o an o e

c rr p di g l city v i t h tr j ct ry ; t h tim f flight i h

o es on n ve o n e a e o e e o s o

t i
a ne d th fr m t h i t gr ti
en f o e n e a on o

e a

Th e tr j ct ry i
a e o s an e llip wh se en 6 1 , th t i wh a s en

< 1, or so

( 9 3 1 ) m/ s ec ,

so th t th p th i
a lli p
e l g
a s an e se so on as s o rm i e a ns m/ c se .

Thi lli pti rbit i ircl i th

s e c o s a c e n e s
p i l c wh
ec a as e en 6 O ,
or

me
1
2 2
ro o c os ()

y r

2, thi q ti b c m
s e ua on e o es

2
2
2s
26 Moti on of a p j
r o ec ti l e, [ OI L I

F or i f w edr w th h ri t l tr ight li A DE thr gh A i

a e o z on a s a ne ou n

th ple f t h di gr m p rp di l r t
an e o e d A S B t h p r b li
a a e en cu a o r e, a n e a a o c

tr j ct ry with i t c rr p di g r g A D i which
a e o s
i d
o t es on n an e ,
n a) () en o es

th e c t gl f d c t it i b i
a u e an te o fr m t h figur th t
es en , s o v ou s a on c e o e e a

AD i l th t h r g A W
s es s an e an e .

Th di ff r c e f th tw r g e en b c lc l t d ppr im t ly
e o e o an es c a n e a u a e -a ox a e

fr m c
o id r ti on s imil r t th which
e a on s l i th l s a o os e a re u s ua n e ca

cu al ti fon s h ri t l r g f
o a o z on d a an e : or an ,

a
pp r im
ox t ly A D DaE t w
e 2 ;,
D E i rly q 2
l t t h an . r0 s n ea e ua o e

AD 2

di ff r c i q ti A W A D
e en e — n ue s Thi gi on i th s ve s n e
2 t rO an (0

p r es e
n t 3 8 7 m c as e .

I f imil r s lc l ti a c rri d t f r g
ca u a ch cc
on s ar e a e ou or an es s u a s c an o ur

i pr ti
n ac it will l w y b f d th t th thr i fl c c r t r
ce, a a s e o un a e ee n ue n e s , u va u e

o f t h E rth c
e a rg c f t h rtic l d r
,
on v e f g with t h h igh t
en e o e ve a ,
ec e a s e o e e

n ee d t b c id r d
no e on s e e .

I t i i t r ti g t di c
s n e es t h tr j ct ri ifn h ll i fir d fr m o s us s e a e o es a s e s e o

th e m p i t 0 lw y i th m dir ti b t with i r i g
sa e o n ,
a a s n e sa e ec on , u n c ea s n

i iti l l citi
n a ve o es 0 0 .

a H ri
. t l Fir o z on a e .

It i m d i t h fig r th t h ll
s assu e fir d h ri t lly fr m
n e u e a s e s a re e o z on a o

l ti A i th ighb rh d f th rf f t h E rth
a n e e va on n e ne ou oo o e su ace o e a .

A D i r e cti on

A s the i iti l l city i cr

n a th lli p br d
ve o 00 n ea s es , s o e e se oa en s ; t he
fo cm us o ve s fr m A t w rd M ; with
o = 7 90 0 m
/ c t h o a s v0 se e s h lle

d crib
es es a circ l r p th r d t h E rth i p rp t l m ti
u a a ou n e a , n e e ua o on , a n d
 6] n egl ec ti n g the r es i s tan ce o f the air 27

t he m bl f c c m i t c i cid c with th fi d f c M
o va e o us o es n o o n en e e xe o us .

I thi c
n th
s h ll fli r d lw y t th m di t c fr m th
as e e s e es ou n a a s a e sa e s an e o e

gr d oun .

Wh th i iti l l city i cr
en e n till m r t h h ll t fir t g
a ve o n ea s es s o e, e s e a s oe s

f rth r fr m t h E rt h rf c i lli p b t r t gi t A
’

u e o e a s su a e, n an e se, u e urn s a a n o

t h p i t f d p rt r
e o n o A t the pp ait i d u ef t h E.rth t h h ll e o os e s e o e a e s e

r c d m r d m r fr m th E rth rf ; t h m bl f c
e e es o e an o e o e a
’
s su ac e e o va e o us

g b ck b y d M th pr l g ti f t h li A M
oe s a e on ,
on e o on a on o e ne .

With t h l city e ve o m / c th h ll d t ot c m b ck se e s e oe s n o o e a

t A ; th
o lli p i ch g d i t p r b l ; th m bl f c h
e e se s an e n o a a a o a e o va e o us as

r d d t i fi ity
ec e e o n n .

A thi i iti l l city

s s oon a s s m / c i c d d th t
n a ve o se s ex e e e , e ra

j t
e c ory i hy p rb l
s an t h br ch ef whi h thr
o a, gh A pp r im et an o c ou a ox a es

m r d m r t th h ri t l dir ti ; th m bl f u th
o e an o e o e o z on a ec on e ov a e oc s en

a
pp r choaA t hes li A M p
onr d c d b kwe rd ne o u e ac a .

b I cli d Fir
. n ne e .

Wh th h t en m d with
e s gi d p rt r gl with i
o s a re a e, a ve n e a u e an e, n

cr i g l citi t h tr j ct ry i g i t fir t lli p Th p i t
ea s n ve o es, e a e o s a a n a s an e se . e o n

Hori zon at A A

of d c t th E rth rf c li f rth r d f rth r fr m A O

e s en on e a
’
s su a e es u e an u e o . ne

f c llip li c st tly t M th E rth c tr ; t h th r ’

o us of th e e s es es on an a ,
e a s en e e o e

f c
o us m l g tr ight li A F
ove s a on a s a ne .
28 Moti on of a p r o ec ti l e,
j [ OH . I

hi h ld b c
T s o i f t h li
s, A N i dr w thr gh A p p d i
e a us e e ne s a n ou er en

c l r t th li f fi t h gl NA F i m d q l t t h gl MA N
n a o e ne o re , e an e s a e e ua o e an e .

A irc l r tr j ct ry i
c u a t p a e ibl i thi c
o s no os s e n s ase .

With i iti l l city f an n a m / c th llip ch g i t

ve o o se e e se an es n o

a
p r
a ab l ; t h o a h t r r t
e sr ot E rth
n e ve g i ; t h
e u ns m bl f c s
o a a a n e ov a e o u

F h m d ff t i fi ity i t h dir ti A F
as o ve o o n n n e ec on .

T fi d th o n rt f thi p r b l dr w thr gh M th c tr
e ve ex o s a a o a, a ou ,
e en e

o f t h E rth e
p a r ll l t ,
A F
a d
a a bi ct
e t B o t h li A, C anb tw se a e ne e e en

t h i iti l p i t A
e n a d th p i t 0 wh r t h i iti l t g t m t
o n an e o n e e e n a an en ee s

thi p r ll l d dr w t h p rp di l r B D CM ; t h f t D f
s a a e ,
an a e e en cu a on e oo o

thi p rp dic l r i th rt f th p r b l ( I th r w rd D
s e en u a s e ve ex o e a a o a . n o e o s,

i t h mid p i t f MO )
s e - o n o .

§ 7 . C l l t i
o f ect h f r
onm ul o f m e t i o f p r j t
ae i l i or o on o a o ec e n a

u um vac w i th t t c l ti
,
c on s f gr an i ty g a c e era on o av

i iti l l ity ; n a v e oc

d i ) iti l gl
n f ad p rt anr e t h
o gl e b a tw t h
u e , or i iti l e an e e een e n a

t g t f th p th d th h ri t l ;
an en o e a an e o z on a

g cc l r ati f gr
e e a ity gi on o i T bl av 2 i V ,
l m V ;
ve n n a e n o u e I

ga, rdi t f
c oo t h h ll
n a es f t r to c d e r fs rr d t
e ra ct e se on s, e e e o a e

an g l r rdi
u a c oo y t m thr gh th p i t 0
nat e s s e ou e o n

v l ity f t h h ll t y gi p i t ( my ) ;
v e oc o e s e a an ve n o n

9 gl f l p with t h h ri
an e o s o e t t h p i t ( g) e o z on a e o n re

w c t gl f d c t ;
a u e an e o es en

X h ri t l r g thr gh th m l ; g th c rdi t
o z on a an e ou e uzz e as , , e oo na es

o f th rt e ve th l city t th rt t th tim f flight t

e x , v, e ve o a e ve ex, , e e o o

r h th rt ;
ea c e ve ex

E gl f l p f t h gr d ;
an e o s o e o e o un

5 d ( 1
:
E t h ) gl b tw e t h
an i iti l
e t e g t d
e en t h l p e n a an en an e s o e

o f gr d; oun
2

f which r f r t T bl N i V l m
h
gg
i
,
or 1 e e o a e o . a n o u e IV .

1 F .
y p i t
or a n f t h tr j ct
o n ry o e a e o .

H ri t l di t c
o z on a s an e
2 2
r, 0 8
x not c os c:
}
2 t a n 9)

3
1

5
sin 24> i 2gg)
c os
4 ) c
t
2
00
s 1n 296 i c os
2
d)
 7] neg l ec ti n g the r es i s ta n c e o f the air 29

V rtic l h ight
e a e
3
g 27
y t 4) a: an
2vO
‘
-
’
c ¢
os
2
vot c os
d I t gt = 2
l
a
g (
t T t)

t o

4 ( 4
’3 2 2
_
c os t
) an ) ta n

S l o
p e of th e t g t
an en

ta n 9 ta n N/ (
2
vo 5 1 11
2
4)
c os ( )
i
T im e of flight '

;
a: ” v0

“ s? ( t an cp
1 t an 9) sin <
00
5 V( d) 2gg)
0 0 c os f ) l 9
v0
sin (
Pi c os < > t
g

K 2gg) qb
?
( n 0 0 c os

c os ( ) i

2 . V rt
e ex .

Ho ri z on t l di t c
a s an e

2
”0
— sin h si n
29

V rti l h ight
e ca e

2
9
9 h sin
t 4 5
2
c a, t an i
t
2g
i
2
c os ( )

i gt
-
s
2
g
gg
T 2
1 23 T
°

T im e of flight

f we
"
4 t a n 44) T
5 ;
,
.

V l citye o v, c os

r g h ight f flight
A ve a e e o :
gm
:
39 8 0 8 16T ;
‘ 2

Gr t t h ight ( with t —
° ”O
0
e a es e c : 90 h .

29
;
3 P i t f f ll
. o n o a .

R g an e
2
710
— sin 2h s i n 2ct vo T
9
gy g T c ot 5 255 8 ;
2
4
30 Mo ti on of a p r o ec ti lje,
n eg l e c ti n g th e r es i s ta nc e o f the a i r [ C PL I

Ma x i mu m X (f or d)

T im e of flight
2 e
x
9 9
< 9

V e l city
$c t 17 0 0
?

u e an
X
9 ) 4 we
gl f d c t w es
a
en
;

o ,
08 s o ; a e o ,

4 . An gl e of d e
p a rt r u e to hit gi m rk (
a ve n a a, b)

for high gl andir ct fi ) e, e re .

5 . I iti l
n l city t r ch th m rk (
a ve o o ea e a a, b) with gi ve n d e
p
a rtur e

an gl e c;
}
E
2sin
g a

—
c

E
os
wh r e e ta n E
(t
c ) c os
t
c

6 . Ra n g W e on mpi g groun d n at an gl e of s o l p E
e

sin ( (b E) j 20 0 1 09 4 E)
2 2

W
c os ( ) 8 1 11 ( 3 1 0 0 3 1
“

g c os
2
E g c os
2
E

T im e of flight
E sin ( b,
T“
E E
'

g c os
g c os

7 . Pa rbl
a o a e n ve o l pi g n a ll tr j ct ri with gi
a e o es ve n 0 0
 C H A P T ER II

On ai -
r re s i s ta n c e

I . A I R -R ES I S TA N CE TO A N ELO NG ATED S HEL L O N TH E A S S U MPTI O N

TH A T I TS AXIS LI ES IN TH E D I R ECT I O N OF MOTI O N OF T HE

C ENTR E O F GR A V I T Y .

8 . G en e r a l c o n s i t
d e r a i on s .

Con s
p h r A B C id r
D t r t
e i a s f i fl id m
e e i g '
a es ,
n a c rr t
u en o a r or u ov n

w ith gi l city d m th t th i i fricti l

ve n ve o ,
an as s u e a e a r s on e s s .

Th tr m li l g which t h p r t i p rticl
e s ea m i g
n es a on e se a a e a r a es a r e ov n

will di rg t t h fr t d th r r will
ve e a e on ,
an on e ea

rg g i
c on ve e a a n .

( hi l t
T b h w thr gh th f mili r
s as can e s o n ou e a a

ex
p ri m tef h ldi g b f r
ent h m th o
y l i n o n e o e e ou a c

d i l fl k b t 1 5 cm i di m t r
r ca as a d b hi d ou n a e e ,
an e n

it b r i g c dl ; th c dl
a u n n b bl w an e e an e can e o n

o ut .
)
We a rri ve th r f r
e e o e at t h e fo ll wi g o n c on

l i
e us on s

r t id A OB f th ph r
On t h e f on s e
’
o e s e e a

t hr t will b
us rt d i th dir cti MN f e ex e e n e e on o

th e rr t ; d cu q l thr t
en th an r r an e ua us on e ea

s id f th ph r i th pp it dir cti
e o e s e e, n e o os e e on .

Th r lt t t t l thr t
e es u th p h r
an i r ; t h
o a
p h r us on e s e e s ze o e s e e

p
ex ri c e p h
en es no us .

Th m will h ld wh th i i t r t d t h ph r i
e sa e o en e a r s a es ,
an e s e e s

m i g i ov n th dir ti N M n e ec on .

O th fr t id A CB f t h
n e
p h ron w rk i ds det h i o e s e e o s on e , a n e a r

p rticl
a lt r th ir l
es a city d dir cti
e e ve o an e on .

O th r r id A DB t h d i cti
n e ea d l city will b th m
s e , e re on a n ve o e e sa e

g i ; th w rk d i r t r d
a a n e o on e s es o e .

I imil r w y th pi r pil f bridg t di g i w t r

n a s a a , e e or e o a e s an n n a e ,

or ar dd r m i g thr gh th w t r will f l r i t c
u e ov n ou e a e ee no es s an e .

Thi r ult f th r tic l Hydr m ch ic f

s es o fricti l fl id
eo e a o e an s or a on es s u

t d h w r i w ll k w c tr dicti t p ri c
s an s o e ve n e - no n on a on o ex e en e .
32 On i
a r -r
es i s ta n c e [ OH . II

In r lity th e t r
ea n a u e of th e a r i m ti o on r o un d the s h ll i
e s n ot so

s im pl e .

fir t pl c th r i fri ti f th i p rticl m g th m
I n th e s a e e e s c on o e a r a es a on e

l
s e ves a n d g i t t h rigid b dy a a ns e o .

Fricti ct t br k p t h
on a i t h r r id
s s o as f t h b dy
o ea u e a r on e ea s e o e o ,

an d ddi e f rm d e s a re o e .

Th h w cl rly b hi d tick m d thr gh w t r

es e are s o n ea e n a s o ve ou a e ,
or

in a ri f ll f m k thr gh whi h
u o s b dy i m i g
o e ou c a o s ov n .

S c dly w
e on m ti c m i M ch h w d by ph t gr phy
,
a ve - o on o es n . a s o e o o a

th w e d ddi
a v e s an f ll wi g flyi g b ll t d m d imp rt t
e es o o n a n u e an a e an o an

a d c i th th ry f i r i t c t b ll t
va n e n e eo o a r e s s an e o a u e .

T k a l g yli dric l t b d pp
e a on c
p l g t
n m i i t a u e, a n su os e a u o ove n

with l city f 1 6 7 m / c d f ll w p thi m ti t m ll

a ve o o se ,
an o o u s o on a s a

i t r l f tim
n e va s o e .

A d ti f th i i t p i fr t f th pl g ; d thi
c on en s a on o e a r s se u n on o e u an s

c d ti i pr p g t d with th l city f u d i 3 3 4 m /
on ens a on s o a a e e ve o o so n ,
v z .
, s ec .

I r r f th pl g w
n ea o f r r f cti
e i pr p g t d b ckw rd wit h
u a a ve o a e a on s o a a e a a

th m l ity
e sa e v e oc .

I f th pi t i e
pp d t m
s on with i f
s rm l
su city os e o ov e un o ve o ,
a c on

d tien s a d r r f cti
on a n i m d wi a ry m ll l m t f tim
e a on s a e an e n e ve s a e e en o e .

Th m h pp wh
e sa eh ll m ai fr i ;
en s ly th i en a s e o ve s n ee a r on e a r

w g i g f rw rd d b kw rd pr d t i ph ric l f rm
a v es o n o a an ac a s ea ou n s e a o .

I t h fig r t h
n e h ll i r pr t d u e d AB m i g i
e s e s e e s en e as a ro ov n n

th dir cti B A with l city e e on ve o

1 6 7 m/ c se .

A t t h fr t d A p h ric l e on en a s e a

w f c d ti i t rt d ; ave o on en sa on s s a e

i t r di i r s a us s ze o .

A m m t g th p i t f th o en a o e o n o e

h ll w t C d th c d s e as a ,
an e on en s a

ti i w that t rt d t thi on a r a ve s a e a s

m m t fr m th p i t h pr d o en o e o n as s ea

ou t with d bl th h ll l city th t i t 3 3 4 m / c
ou e e s e ve o ,
a s a se .

Th r di e 00 00 a 00 us f th w rf c 0 0 0 i th
2
:
1 3 o e a v e -s u a e 1 2 3 s us

d blou e gr t t h d c CA
as ea as e a van e .

E rli r till t h p i t f th
a e s h ll w t D ( D C CA ) ; d th
,
e o n o e s e as a : an e

c d ti w
on en s a t t i
on w th ave
p h r D D
s enD f r di ou s no e s e e 1 2 3 ,
o a us

D D2 20 A ; an d so on .

We s ee th en th t a th e c on d en s a ti on a ir w av e s m t tr us a ve lf t a s er

th an the s h lle .
 4 On a i r -r es i sta n c e

fo rw rd ry rly fl t d p rp dic l r t t h i f t h h ell

a ve n ea a an e en u a o e ax s o e s ,

dp de en t h br dth
s on d fl t
e f t h h d f th
ea h ll
an a n es s o e ea o e s e .

I f th th enl city f th h ll i t b d t rm i d by m
e ve o o f e s e s o e e e ne ean s o

q ti fr m t h gl f th h d w thi m t
th e e ua
g on s 1n a ,
o e an e a o e ea a ve , s us

b m e r d fr m th tr ight p rt f t h b d ry f th w
eas u e o e s a a o e ou n a o e a ve .

O t f 20 p h t gr p h flyi g b l l t whi h w r pr d d i t h ‘
u o f o o a s o a n u e ,
c e e o uc e n e

b lli ti l b r t ry th l i ty f h b ll t
a s c a o a o ,
e g i by
v e oc t h m l o t e u e was ve n e ea n v a ue

o f 8 93 0 m/ wit h p b bl d i ti fr m th m f 1 / whil wi th th
s ec, a ro a e ev a on o e ea n o 1
°

,
e e

r m l t d m
o

B l gé Ch
ou e n
g p h r on o i y
a m a f 8 8 8 3 /
e a n v e oc w as eas ur e o s ec .

Th m r e sa lt f d wi th 20 r d f th b ll t M 8 8 wi th m
e es u was ou n o un s o e u e .
,
a ea n

l i y f 6 5 m/
ve oc t o g 5i t i m lt
s ec ; B la g é r
a ns rd 6 0 m /a s u a n eo us ou en ec o 4 s ec .

S l 20 h t f h b ll t f th M r pi l m 4 5 4 m/ m
o a so s o s o t e u e o d e a us e s to ; ea n s ec ; e a s u re

by h B l gé 6 7 m/
t e ou e n ,
4 s ec .

E id tly t h h d w
v en d l
e t h t il w
ea m t m k cl d
a ve a n a so e a a ve us a e os e

su rf c s a e .

Th rt MN f th h d w li
e ve ex o r r th h d f t h e ea a ve es n ea e e ea o e

b ll t
u e th
,
as l ity i cr e v e oc n ea s es .

I th n w i f e netry b ll t with h rp p i t d ry gr t l city

n an u e ,
s a o n an ve ea ve o ,

th h e dw ea m t b gi m wh t b hi d th p i t th t th
a ve s e e s o e n so e a e n e o n , so a e

p i
o n t f t h b
o ll t p i rc
e i u t re t ; ly imm e di t ly
esI I f t
a r f a es on e a e I r on o

t h p i t th r
e o n i t tr g c d ti f th i
e e ex s s a s on on en sa on o e a r .

A t th r r d f t h b ll t ddi
e ea en f i o f rm d Th e u ddi e ,
e es o a r a re o e . es e e es

c an b by ph t gr phy t di g m y m tr b hi d th b ll t
e s e en o o a e x en n an e es e n e u e .

A ll th ff ct es e r l d i w t r l with hip t h pil

e e s a re e ve a e n a e a s o, s s, e es

o f bridg d f rth ; ly h r th h d w i m d p f
a e , an so o on e e e ea a ve s a e u o a

l rg mb r f p rt f w
a e nu e o which d a t pp r t b t h c
s o a ve s , oe s n o a ea o e e as e

with th i w f th b ll t gi by micr c pi
e a r a ve o e umi ti e ,
as ve n os o c e xa na on .

Th r e f thi m y w ll l i i th f t th t i w t r
e a s on or s a e e n e ac a n a e no

s h ck o ri with i gl w
c an a se f l ti whil i th i th r
a s n e a ve o e e va on , e n e a r e e

i s a s ni gl w fc de ti
a ve o on en s a on .

F w t th
or l gy t
a er d l city i t h l ity d p di g
e an a o o s ou n ve o s e v e oc e en n

on th d pth f w t r w ith which th c rr p di g w t r w

e e o a e , e o es on n a e a ve s

p pr o g ta th m
a e l e s e ve s .

W b r th t
e c an o sehip i m d thr gh t h w t r with
ve a as a s s o ve ou e a e

i cr i g l city t h cr t f t h h d w m
n eas n ve o ,
e fr m t h b w
es o e ea a ve ov e s o e o

o f th hip d r tr t f rth r t w rd t h mid hi p

e s an e ea s u e o a s e s .

Th l gy b tw
e an a o hip w t r d b ll t g f rth r
e een a s on a e an a u e oe s u e

s till :

D t th r i t
en o e f e hi p f
es s an c e , o
y l city by W ( ) d a s or a n ve o 7) v ,
an
 8] On a i r -r es i s tan ce 35

We )
p l o t gr p hic lly th
a l f a f cti f d t rm i d
e va ue o by 0
2
as a un on o 1) e e ne

o b r ti ; c r i bt i d which c rdi g t S hii tt L g

se va on a u ve s o a ne ,
ac o n o c e, an

an d L r m h p imil r t th t f th
o e n z, a s s u l g f cti
es a s a e s a o a o e a na o o us un on

f i r i t c (
or a r es s an e s ee

Th c r h e i fl i
u ve th ighb rh d f th l city
as a n n e x on 1 n e ne ou oo o e ve o

o f pr p g ti o f th w t r w
a a on o e a e a ve s .

Th m h l d f th
e sa i te Wt b ll t f th di ff r t
o s or e r es s a n c e ,
o a u e or e e en

ve o l citi v i th i es i fl i li i th c rr p di g r i
n e a r : an n ex on es n e o es on n c u ve n

th ighb rh d f th rm l
e ne ou d l city oo o e no a s ou n -v e o 3 .

H L r .
pp th t r
o en z suph m r hr
os es h i a a e s on a n c e en o e n on occ u s e e , s uc as s

w ll k w i th r
e no n n o e cas es .

C i d r th tr f r
on s e f rgy b tw t wi gi g p d l m
e an s e e n ce o ene e ee n wo s n n en u u s ; or a

t ti g m t r
o a n p d d p
o o d l m,
h ymp th ti ibr ti f t i g
s us en e as a en u u ; t e s a e c v a on o un n

f rk
o d tri g
s an th r s f l tri w
n s or th wi gi g f t h b d y f
e es on a n c e o e ec c a ve s ; e s n n o e o o

a shi p wi th th m f m hi ry m i g p ri d i ll y i t i m wi th th
e a s s es o hi p ac ne ov n e o ca n e e s

v ibr ti a d f rth
on ; an so o .

Th rgy f th b ll t w ld b tr f d t t h i hi fly t l ity
e en e o e u e ou e a n s err e o e a r c e a a ve o c

whi h i i d ry rly with th t r l l ity f pr p g ti f h i

c c o nc es ve n ea e na u a v e oc o o a a on o t e a r

w a ves .

N . May e vs ki a pp ea s r to h av e d t rmi d th
e e ne e fa c t mpiri lly f b ll t th t
e ca or u e s, a

W
the fii tK
c oe f c e n
7,
expe ri e n ces r pi d i r
a a n c ea s e i thn i ghb rh d f h
e ne ou oo o t e

s oun d l i ty-v e oc s .

A . In dr a s oug ht
l i d t th f t by pp i g th t th rgy f th to e uc a e es e ac s su os n a e en e o e

b ll t
u e m d i th pr gr i g r ti f h d w
w as c on s u e n e o e s s ve en e a on o new ea - aves .

N rth l it i t l why th ffi i t K d imi i h g i m wh t

eve e es s s no c e ar e c oe c en n s es a a n so e a

wh th b ll t l i ty i r
en e u ti ll f rth r lth gh b ll t rgy i p d d
e v e oc n c e as es s u e ,
a ou u e -e n
e s ex en e

th h
r ou
g w m ki g t ll l i
a ve - t i Th p l
a t i nf t h i flai a v e oc es . es e e x an a on s o e n e x on a re

no t mpl tco e e .

I t h fi r t pl
n th i fl i
e wh i t d
s i t i t t 334 b t m
ac e e n e x on , en oe s e x s ,
s no a v= ,
u ore

n ea rly 4 8 0 m / d i t wi ll b f
o_ d th t p i l ly wi th b l l t f p r
s ec an e o un a es ec a u e s o u e

cyli dri l h ap th r i
n ca i fl is t l l Th tr
e r f
e e h it s no n e x on a a . e ue eas ons or t e e x s e n ce

of h i fl i
t ewi ll b gi l t r
n e x on e v en
'

a e .

Th e an a o l gy b tw e e en s hip b ll m ti h w th t t h f rm
an d u et- o on s o s a e o

of t he r r ea en d of th e b ll t h ld r c i m r tt ti th
u e s ou e e ve o e a en on an

hith rt h b th c e o as een e as e .

Mr . r it i id t th t th m m t f th b ll t i i i
o e ov e s ev en a e ov e en o e u e n a r s

q itu c m plic t d th t f hi p w t r d c q tly

e as o a e as a o a s on a e ,
an ons e ue n

th im pl l w f m r m t will t pply tir ly A mi g

es e s e a s o ea s u e en no a en e : ss u n

th t th l g i f t h b ll t li i th d i r cti f m ti f th
a e on ax s o e u e es n e e on o o on o e

c e tr f gr ity d th t t h b ll t fli lik
n e o rr w th i
av ,
an a e u e es e an a o ,
e a r

3 —2
3 6 On a i r -r es i s ta n c e [ GEL I I

r i t c W t th b ll t m y b t k
e s s an e o e u e a e a en a s b i g pr
e n o
p o rti on a lt o t he
f ll wi g m g it d
o o n a n u es

( ) t t h
a cr ti f t h b ll
o t e os s -s e c on o e u e , p e rp dic l r t
en u a o the ax s , i
R ( m )
2 2
7 ,

( 6) to the a i r- d
ity 8 th t i t h w ight f c ubic m tr f i
en s ,
a s, e e o a e e o a r,

c l l t d fr m th t m p r t r pr r d h midity f th i
a cu a e o e e e a u e, es s u e , an u o e a r .

G r lly th d ity 8 i t k r l ti ly t
en e a e rbitr rily m d
en s s a en e a ve o an a a as s u e

no rm l i d ity 8 f
a a r- m pl 8
en s 8 0 ,
kg/m or e x a e, 0 or 0
3
,

( ) t
c c ffi i ot i a d p di g oe t h h p
c en f t h b ll t e en n on e s a e o e u e

( 1 0 0 0 i = i mm ly
n c ll d t h
s co f rm l ) on a e e o -va u e
,

d
( ) t rt i fo a ti f t
ce h l city
a n f( ) th t t
un ch i on o e ve o v , so a e a r

r ites s an c e

W( kg ) R i f( ) 2
7r v .

Assu mpti on s ( )a , ( b) , ( ) c a re m r ly c e e onve n ti on a l ,

an d s ee mr e a s on

a bl e .

A p r i or i lik ly th t th i r i t c
i s n ot it d p di g e a e a r- e s s a n e , as e en n .
on

d ity 8 i d h ld i l th f r ri bl
c a li br e Q R , a i r- en s
'
,
an s ou n vo ve es e ou va a es

as f ct r af pr d ct A
o s o m pti ( ) rt th t th i r i t
a o u . ssu on a ass e s a e a r - e s s an c e

on un it r f t h cr cti f th h ll i th m f t h m
a ea o e os s -s e on o e s e s e sa e or e sa e

sh p d l ity f th h ll wh th r l rg
a e an v e oc m ll c libr f t h
o e s e ,
e e a a e or s a a e o e

sh ll i e id r d s c on s e e .

I hi p nrim t f 1 8s4 8 D idi

ex h d lr
e dy di c r d t
en h s o ,
on a a ea s ove e e

f t th t t h
ac i r i t c t
a b ll t f m ll cr
e a r - ti i r l ti ly
es s an e o a u e o s a o s s -s e c on s e a ve

gr t r th th t t b ll t f l rg r
ea e an ti ; d h h
a o a gh t u e o a e c os s -s e c on an e as s ou

t t k thi f ct i t
o a e t m ric lly by m lti plyi g R by t h
s a n o a c c o un nu e a u n
2
71 e

f t r
ac o

th r h d l t r i 1 8 60 h b d d thi
( On t he o e mpti )
an ,
a e n ,
e a an on e s as s u on .

S m pp s
o fr m th ir
e su
p rim t i r i
o e, t c with b
o ll t e ex e e n s on a r - es s an e u e s

of ry diff r t c libr th t pr p rti lity d

ve e en i t b tw
a i es , a o o on a oe s e x s e e en a r

r i t c W d cr
e s s an cti R e d pply t h r
an lt bt i d fr m
os s s e -
on
2
77
“

,
an a e es u s o a ne o

artill ry h ll t i f try b ll t
e s e o n an u e s .

I r lity thi n im pl r l ti d
ea t i t cl ly s s gh e e a on oe s n o ex s os e e n ou .

Th w th ry br ght t by H L r
e ne i hi p r i t c
eo ou ou . o en z or s - es s an e,

which i g r li ti th t w s a rifi d i i t t i t th
en e a sa on a as ve e n s e x e n s on o e
 8] On a i r -r es i s ta nc e 37

ir i t c f h ll l d q lly t th m r lt th t m ll
a r- e s s a n e o s e s, ea s e ua o e sa e es u , a a s a

cr cti
os s -s e
p ri e c
on r l
ex ti ly egr t r r int th
es l rg a r e a ve ea e es s an ce an a e

cr ti
os s -s e c on .

A c rdi g t t h
c o p
n rim t o t h T w r B ridg
e ex ( J W B e y ) e n s on e o e e . . a rr

a l rg r f 1 0 0 m p ri c
a e a ea o ly i th p rt f th p cifi
2
ex e en es on on e -s x a o e s e c

r it c f
es s a n r f01 m
e o an a ea o
“
.

Th p ri m t
e ex f t h fi rm f Fr K r pp i 1 9 1 2 w i t h h ll
e en s o e f d i ff t f rm o . u n s e s o e re n o

g m
a ve a g t h r t hi
on g t ho f ll wi
e g r lt n s e o o n es u s

Th r i t e es sth r ti tim t d th q r m tr d wi th
a n c e on e c o s s -s e c on , e s a e on e s ua e e e, an

an a i d i ty f
r- ens kg/m i o
3
, s

( ) f a yl i dri l h ll
or c n ca s e

fo r v 4 00 5 00 6 00 8 00 m /s e c

of 66 c m ca l ibr e
10

( b) for o g va i l h ll tr k t
s e ,
s uc o 3 ca l ib r d i
re a us

v = 550

r i t di trib t d r B i th i f t D i di f d l i
Th i
e a r - es s ance s u e o ve
2
” s us n ac ,
as on o un ,
es s n

t h gr t r
e l ibr th i th m l l r l ibr d m r r i d p d t f h
ea e ca e an n e s a e ca e, a n o e ove n e en en o t e

l i ty Thi i fl
ve oc . f th l ibr m
s q tly i t
n uen c e o i d r ti e ca e co es c on s e ue n n o c on s e a on .

Th rdi ry e o m p tm th dna t h ld th t t h i r i t
as s u n en oe s no o , a e a r- e s s

an c e st tw q lly l rg l m t f r f c f th h d f t h h ll
o o e ua a e e e en s o su a e o e ea o e s e ,

e q lly i cli d t t h
ua n i f th h ll t q l l citi
ne o q l e ax s o e s e ,
a e ua ve o e s a re e ua ,

wh t r th di t c f th r f c l m t fr m th i f th h ll
a eve e s an e o e su a e e e en o e ax s o e s e .

Thi pp r d lik ly
s a fr m t h p rim
ea e t f M ch I h i p h te o e ex e en s o a . n s o o

gr phic w rk h d t rmi d p rim t lly th d i ti f li ght by

a o e e e ne ex e en a e ev a on o

th p e tr ti f di ff r t tr t f i i th imm di t ighb r
en e a on o e en s a a o a r n e e a e ne ou

h d f t h b ll t
oo o e u e .

With rifl b ull t f 1 1 mm c libr d 5 20 m / c l city ( f

e e s o a e an se ve o or

which i Kr upp p rim t th i r i t c w ld b

n
’
s ex tr e en s e a r- e s s a n e ou e on e e x a

a tm ph r ) M ch f d th f ll wi g i t h rt f th h d
os e e a o un e o o n : n e ve ex o e ea

w t h d ity f th i c rr p d t b ut 3 tm ph r ;
ave e ens o e a r o es on s o a o a os e es

4 5 mm b hi d t h rt 1 2 mm fr m t h i f th b ll t d
e n e ve ex, o e ax s o e u e ,
an
38 On a i r -r es i s ta n ce [ OH 1 1 .

3 mm di t t fr m t h dg f t h h d w s an o b t 1 7 tm e e e o e ea a ve , a ou a o

s
p h r f
e es d ity ; 7 5 om b hi d t h
en s rt 9 cm fr m t h i c e n e ve e x, o e ax s

of t h b ll t e d 7 5 m di t t fr m t h
u e an dg f th w ab t c s an o e e e o e av e, ou

tm ph r
a os e es .

Th f ct th t t h e i r i t c t th
a h ll i cr
a d d cr
e a r - es s an e o e s e n eas e s a n e e as es

exac tly i pr p rti t th i d ity cn o t b pr ed p rim t

o on o e a r- e n s anno e ov ex e en

a lly i w y fr fr m bj cti
n a a ee o o e on .

A m pti ( ) d ( d ) c t i i th m l th
ssu on s c rti th t
an on a n n e s e ve s e as s e on a ,

with q l c libr d q l i d ity b t di ff r t h p f t h

e ua a e an e ua a r - en s ,
u e en s a e o e

sh ll th h r ct r f th i r i t
e , e c rmi
a a lt r d d i
e o e a r - es s an c e e a n s un a e e , an so n

sh ll f di ff r t h pe it i ly th rdi t f t h r f ( ) th t
e s o e en s a s on e o na e o e c u ve if a

a lt r e s .

Thi hy p th i th t t h i fl
s c f th h p f t h h ll
o es s a e n ue n e o e s a e o e s e c an

b e
p rex d by a i gl f ct
es s e r i h t b rifi d ths n r ti l
e l y’

a o ,
as no e en ve e eo e ca

or e x
p rim t lly
e en a .

I y c
n an i i t t t b t i f
as e cti f th r
s no q titi c on s an ,
u s a un on o o e u an es ,

on which it r lly d p d lth gh it lt r ly l wly with th

ea e en s, a ou a e s on s o es e

q titi
ua n es .

I g n r l m st f th di ffic lti
en e a r th r r h with r p c t
o o e u e s ov e e es ea c es e

t i r i t c r l t t th d p d c
o a r -
e s s an f th i r i t c W
e e a e tho e e en en e o s es s a n e on e

l ity v f th c tr f gr ity f th h ll f q l libr q l

v e oc o e en e o av o e s e or e ua ca e, e ua

i d
a r ity d th m h p f th h ll
ens an e sa e s a e o e s e .

5 9 r ti c l. id ti f th l w f i -
Th e o ei t a c on s era on s o e a o a r re s s an c e .

N wt c id r ti m t r t t h f ll wi g id
’
e on s on s e a on s s e e o es on e o o n e as .

I f th l city f th h ll i i cr d th
e ve o t ly i th o e s e 1) s n ea s e ,
en no on s e

acc l r ti f th i p rt icl i cr d b t l t h m
e e a on o f i t
e a r a es n eas e u a so e as s o a r se

i m ti
n th r i t n
o f thon :i i th m ch gr t re es s a ce o e a r s us u ea e .

C id r y li d i l h ll t r t f t h cr
on s e cti A B F m
a c n r ca l
s e a es ,
o e os s - se on
2

ag i t which th i fl w i t h dir cti f th i wi t h l city

a ns e a r o s n e e on o e ax s ve o

v m/ c se .

L t th l city b r pr t d by t h ct r A O = B D Th
e e ve o 1) e e e s en e e ve o
'
. e

i p rticl
a r which t fir t w r t b f d i th li OD
a es , a s e e o e oun n e ne , s oo n

arri t A B d l th ir l city by impa t g i t th h ll

ve a ,
an os e e ve o c a a ns e s e .

F S
Th w ight f c bic m tr f i b i g 8 kg thi m f ir i
v
e e o a u e e o a r e n ,
s as s o a a

s
3 8I ‘

di ch rg d g i t t h h l l i
s a e c d a a ns e s e u on e s e on .

Th lt r ti f l city i
e a c d i v d th r t rd ti i
e a on o ve o n on e s e on s an e e a a on s
 9] On ai -
r r es i s ta nce 39

Th e thr t us ex
p e ri c d by
en e the cr o s s -s e cti on AB f rm o t he im
p i ngi g n a r i i s t he prod uc t o f th e
'

m as s an d t he r t d ti
e ar a on of t he
co llidi g n vo l m u e of a i r a n d s o i s ,

E11 5 v 0 F
1

r it
Con s e q ue n i till tly t he es s anc e n s a r i to a m i g cyli d r i
ov n n e s

r
p p orti lot t h r ti
on aF ( i m )o e c os s s e c - on n
2
,
the a i r- d ity 8 ( i kg/m )
ens n
“

an d th q r f th l city v ( i m /
e s ua e o e ve o n s ec )
ES11 ”

(rm l
Th e fo d i pr ctic u a us e n a e for t h e wi d pr r W n ,
es s u e on a

p p
e r dic l r
en p l r f c F
u aby ane su a e a wi d l city v m / c i
n ve o se s . in
f ir gr m
a a t i th t ee en ,
n a

W 0 1 22Ev
° 2
.
)
m t b dd d th t th ff t pr d d by h i fl wi g w y fr m h
It us e a e a e e ec s o uc e t e a r o n a a o t e

r f t h b dy fri ti w m ki g d l l th t r th r r f th
s te n o e o c on , a ve - a n an a a oc c u s on e ea o e

b d y l ft t f t
, ,

o are e ou o a c c oun .

th ry m y b t d i d i th l igh t f th f ll wi g p i
'

Th N t i e e w on a n eo a e s u e n e o e o o n ex er

m t en s .

Pl pl i r l r pl t A B (fi g r ) b t 3 0 m i d i m t r
ace a an e c cu a a e u e a ,
a ou c n a e e ,
o n on e

Fi g . b .
Fi g . c.

sc a l e of a bl a an ce . S up e p os e r
fi d p r ll l pl t CD b t 20 m i di m t r
a xe a a e a e ,
a ou c n a e e ,

h i
av n
g i n t h e c e n tr i r l r h l whi h rri tub R,th gh whi h i
e a c cu a o e c ca es a e ro u c a r

c an be bl w
o n in t h d i r tie f th rr w
ec on o e a o .

I f CD i s 20 t 10 m
o b A B t h m bl pl t A B will b dri
c a
‘

ov e wy ,
e o va e a e e ve n a a

by th bl t e as of a i r .
40 On a i r -r es i s ta nc e [ OH I I .

th r h d i f th di t b tw h pl t A B d CD i b t
On th e o e an e s ance e een t e a es an s a ou

1 m th l t r l
c ,
tfl w f th i b tw th pl t r t d f t f pr
e a e a ou o o e a r e een e a e s c ea e s a e ec o es

r d th pl t A B will b l i ft d
s u e, an e a e e e .

Wh i h pp r en f fig r 6
n t bl w d w rd i th d ir ti f th
e a a a t us o u e we o o n wa s n e ec on o e

a rr w b ll o ,
a m ll ti k r th t b R wi ll b dr w t d fly i th
a on a s a s c ac os s e u e e a n ou ,
an n e

d i r t i f th r d r w
0

ec on o e c u ve a ro .

Fi g r h w t b A B ODA B O D p r i d d wi th
u e 0 s o s al rg m t t u e I I I I ,
ov e an en a e en a

BB I d ,
an t ti t 0 0 A tr m f i i bl w th r gh i t i t h
a c on r a c on a 1 . s ea o a r s o n ou n e

d i r ti f t h l g r r w
ec on o e on e a ro s .

I i d th t b th i tr m p ri
ns e e u t BB e f r ti
e a r s ea ex e e n c es a l a n 1 n c re a s e o c os s -s e c on ,

an d dimi ti f l i ty th
so a q
nu i on f pr o r ( v e oc ; e c on s e ue n c e s an e x c es s o ess u e re

pr t d by th m ll r rr w ) A t 0 0 th r i d r
e s en e e s f r
a ti
e a o s .
1 e e s a ec ea s e o c os s -s ec on

an d i r an f l i ty dr p f pr r
n c e as e o ( ki g ti i h
ve oc ; a o o e s s u e e n s u es a s uc n ac on n t e

m m t rt b )
an o e e u es .

Th r i th
e t i d th t b
e vers e s e c a s e ou s e e u e .

Th p r N wt i e i mp l pr
u e t h rye t th ffi
on a n wh f u se e s s ur e eo c an n o en su ce en , or

e xa mpl r q i r t k th thr t p ri d by th r f f b i ld i g
e, we e u e o n ow e us ex e e n ce e oo o a u n

i n ah ri t l g l f w i d
o zon a a e o n .

O th l w r p rt f th r f i t i tr
n e o th wi ll b i g r l i
e a o f e oo s ue e re e n ene a an n c rea s e o

thr t d t th i m p l p r b t hi gh r p g t i pr r
us ue o e u se r res s u e ; u e u a ne a ve es s u e c a n oc c u

fr m th fl w i g f th
o e i r th ri dg f th r f d ti lti g m m t
o n o e a r ov e e e o e oo ,
an so a n o en

i p s ibl I f t l ifti g f th r f h
os s e . n m t im b
ac b r di
a n o e oo as so e es ee n o s e ve n a

s t rm o .

I imi l r y i t i p ibl wi th h ll i fli gh t f thi

n a s a wa ki g ti s b os s e s e n or s s uc n ac on to e

p r t
es e n r i i g fr ,
m tah t r l
s nh p f h f t ho dri i g b d t h b e ex e n a s a e o t e us e , e v n an ,
e as e

o f th h ll te s e ,
e c .

Ma n y i tig t r m r p rtic l rly O M t i 1 8 95

n ves a o s, md o e a u a . a a, n ,
ass u e

th t a the tr f r c f th h ll rgy t th rr di g i w
an s e e n e o e s e -
en e o e su o un n a r as

ol e l
y a th rm dy mic l ff ct
e lt r ti f
o i th rm l
na a e e ,
or an a e a on o an so e a

c on diti on .

th t thi i ly
B ut id f t h pl ti pp r fr m
a s s on on e s e o e ex an a on a ea s o

wh t h b a id lr dy b t w as d ddy m ki g
e en s a a ea a ou a ve a n e a n .

Th fir t t c id r th cr ti f i w
e s by t h m i g b dy
o on s e e ea on o a r a ves e ov n o

w A S chmidt f S t ttg rt H
as . m d t he r i t t b m ,
o u a . e as s u e es s an c e o ec o e

di c ti s wh th l ity v f th m i g b dy w m d q l
on n u ou s en e v e oc o e ov n o as a e e ua

t tho rm l d l city f t h m di m
e no a s ou n -ve o s o e e u .

P V i ill d E Oki gh
. th r w h h di c d th
e e an . n a us a re o e s o ave s us s e e

lw f i r it
a s o b d B Ri m a r th ry f th pr p g
- e s s an c e , as e on . e an n s
’
eo o e o a a

ti f i won f fi it
o m plit d by c id ri g p ci l h ll
a r- a ve s o n e a u e, on s e n s e a s e s

with fl t h d rf c p rp dic l r t t h i d
a a ea mi g th t -s u a e e en u a o e a x s , an as su n a

th h dw e cc m p yi g t h h ll m y b t k
ea ave a fl t o an n e s e a e a en as a .

Th pr p g ti‘
l ci ty f th ch g f d ity f t h i m t
e o a a on -ve o o e an e o en s o e a r us

th b usm d t b t h m th h ll l ity
e as s u e o e e sa e as e s e v e oc .
42 On a i r -r es i s ta nc e [ OH I I .

hi s c l ul tia c d th y h al d t r lt di ff ri g fr m th l t t
on s , an e ave e o es u s e n o e a es

ex p rim e t l r rd en a ec o s .

O th n th r h d r f r c m y b m d t tw im p rt t
e o e an a e e en e a e a e o o o an

th r tic l r r h
eo e i r i t
a by H L r
es ea c d A S mm r es on a r - es s an ce . o en z a n . o e

f ld H L r
e . h .ght t pr m th m tic lly th c m plic t d
o en z a s s ou o ex es s a e a a e o a e

m ti o b t h ll i flight d th r by h h b n l d t th
on a ou a s e n ,
an e e e as ee e o e

f ll wi g r l ti
o o nf th i r i t e a H d t by v th h ll
on or e a r -
e s s an c e . e en o e s e s e

l city by R th gr t t cr
ve o , cti f th h ll t h l city
2
7 e e a es os s s e -
on o e s e ,
3 e ve o

of d l th l gth f th h ll th
s o un , e en o e s e en

l al o g

W 76 1 13 7 11 1 2 2
kz l v
MKS ?
e )
z z
70 , M ]
P

wh r e e kl 102 103 104 k,

, , , ,
are c t t
on s a n s , o f which k, an d k, d e
p en d ly on

on th e h p f th h ll th
s a e oth h p d th e s e ,
e oth r e s on e s a e an e na u e o t r f
th e su rf c a e .

Thi pr i s f W
ex d t rmi d th
es s on r tic lly g i t
or whi h ,
e e ne eo e a ,
a a ns c

m y an id r ti m y b rg d h w th t W i t pr p rti l
c on s e a on s a e u e , s o s a s no o o on a

t t h cr
o e cti B b t th t t h p cific r i t
os s s e - on W R i
2
7 ,
u a e s e es s ance,
2
7 r, s

t h gr t r t h
e ea em ll r th r ,
cti b c m
e s a e e c os s -s e on e o es .

F rth r cc rdi g t thi l w W i t pr p rti l t

u e a o n i gl
o s a s no o o on a o a s n e

f rm c ffi ci t i b t fi
o - oe c ffici t pp r i th f rm f th pr
en ,
u ve oe en s a ea n e o o e ex es

i i ch w y th t th wh l i r i t c f cti f ( ) d p d
s on , n su a a a e o e a r- e s s an e un on v e en s

on th h p d t r f t h urf f th h ll
e s a e an na u e o e s ace o e s e .

Fi lly th f ct r W
na k i gr phic l r pr t ti h
e a o v
2
,
n a a a e es en a on as an

i fl i
n e x on i th ighb rh d f th
n e d l ity d th rwi
ne ou oo o e s oun -v e oc
,
an o e se

a gr with S i i r lt
ees a cc
’
s es u s .

C q tly th l w f L r
on s e ue n
pp r t b ite bl b ai f o o en z a ea s o e a su a e as s or

co id ri g q ti r l ti g t
ns e n r t c
ue s on s e a n o a 1 r- e s i s a n e .

H L r . h h w l t ly h w th c ffi ci t ri i g i
o en z as s o n a e o e oe en s a s n n

hi s f rm lo b c lc l t d b d
u a c an th r lt f p i
e a u a e ,
as e on e es u s o ex er

m t en .

I t w ill b w rth whil th t d t rmi

e i f th L r
o th ry c r e en o e e ne e o en z eo ov e s

ffi ci tly t h lt f th l t t rim t i r i t c d

‘
su en e r es u s o e a es ex -
p e e n s on a r e s s an e, a n

i f it i c p bls f pr cti l pplic ti

a a e o a ca a a on .

A S mm r f ld
. o m t h i r i t c W t b c mp d f t h
e e ass u es e a r- e s s a n e o e o os e o e

fricti l r i t c W (i i t t d d
on a es s an
) which e h c id1 r t n s e x en e s en s e , e on s e s o

b pr p rti
e o lt o d f th won a r it c W o v , an
2
o e a ve - e s s a n e 2.

F thi l t h bt i
or s
p r i
as by m l
e o
p yi g t h l g
a ns
y an ex es s on e o n e an a o

o f th l ctr m g tic fi l d it i t wh
e e e o a ne l ctr m i e ,
as ex s s en an e e on ov e s n

it w i th l i ty c di g th l city f light
v e oc ex e e n e ve o o .
 9] On a i r -r es i s tan ce 43

De no ti g by n 8 the ve o l city of s o un d , th en for o < s, we h a ve

W W = v h
"

; bu t for
fi
1 a av 8, we a ve

Th e c r W u ve l t t m piric l r lt
v
9
a gr ees with the a es e a es u s .

Th i fl i e i th c r n i
e x on
p l i d bn c i t h
e ighb
u ve u r s ex a ne e a us e n e ne o

h d f = th w r i t c W i r
oo o o s, e ; b t thi r i t
ave- es s a n e 2 nc e as es u s es s an c e

i crn with v t m ll r r t th th f i cti l r i t c W ;

ea s es a a s a e a e an e r on a e s s an e ,

an d t h r ti W e W W dimi i h
a o 1 g i with i cr i g 2 l n s es a a n n e as n

Th h p f th h ll i t c id r d by S mm rf ld
e s a e o e s e s no on s e e o e e .

O t h wh l th n it
e b o e rt d th t c m pl t ly ti f
en can e as s e e a no o e e sa s ac

t ry d i r l l w f i r i t c h b
o an un ve s a a ci t do a r- e s s an e as e e n e n un a e .

O thi cc t w
n s a c m p ll d i b lli tic t
o un fi
e a re r l o e e n a s s o c on n e ou s e ve s

m i ly t p rim t l r lt
a n o ex e en a es u s .

Th p r i
e fex t h i r i
e s s ont c f y gior c libr e
y a r - es s an e or an ven a e, an

i d
a r - en s ity d y f rm f h ll m t b f cti f th l ity
an an o o s e us e a un on o e v e oc

( d
an
p rh p l e f t h a cc l r ti
s a so o ) which r p r t t
e ah f ll wi g e e a on , e e s en s e o o n

lm t
e e en s .

1 S ucti
. d ddy r i t c on an e e s s an e .

With i cr i g l city r gi n eas n f tt t d i i f rm d b hi d

ve o a e on o a e n ua e a r s o e e n

th h ll ( imil r t wh t i b r d i w t r with m i g pl t )
e s e s a o a s o s e ve n a e a ov n a e .

Th c rr p di g e o rgy i di ip t d p rtly h t d p rtly

es on n en e s ss a e a as ea an a

a s en e rgy f m ti o o on .

Th r i t c d p d e es s ti lly t h h p f th h ll I th
an e e en s e s s en a on e s a e o e s e . n e

ne i ghb rh d f t h ou l city f
oo o d it i t i cr
e ve o r pidly ; o s oun s s e en o n ea s e a

b t f rth r
u u it ppr i mt m r d m r t fi d limiti g
e on , ,
a ox a es o e an o e o a xe n

l gi by
va ue , b l t c m b hi d th h ll
ven an a s o u e va uu e n e s e .

2 W . r i t c Thi ri av e t ll pr j cti g p rt
e s s an e . f th s a s es a
‘

a o e n a s o e

s h ll p ci lly t th h d ; y t thi ly t rt wh th l city

e , es e a a e ea e s on s a s en e ve o ex

c ee d th s d l city
e s oun -v e o .

I t i cr with th l city d fi lly b c m p r p rti l t

n ea s es e ve o ,
an na e o es o o on a o

th q r f th
e s ua e o l ity e v e oc .

Th rgy b rb d i thi p rt f th r i t c di pp r
e en e a so e n s a o e es s an e sa ea s as

w a ve en e rgy i th f rm f d
n e o o s oun .

3 Fricti l r i t
. Thion a
pp r t b r l ti
es s a n c e ly m ll i t h
. s a ea s o e e a ve s a n e

c as e of h ll i s e n us e .

4 Fi lly m pl t l w f i r i t c m t gi i f rm ti
. na a co e e a o a r - es s a n e us ve n o a on

as t th m o r i which i r i t c lt r wh th i f t h
e an n e n a r - es s a n e a e s en e ax s o e
44 On a i r -r es i s ta n ce [ C PL I I

s h ll e m d hith rt t l i i th dir ti f m ti f th
, as s u e e tr o o e n e ec on o o on o e c en e

o f gr ity m k av gi ,
gl with thi dir ti
a es a v en a n e s ec on .

Fr m t h pr c di g it f ll w m g th r thi g th t t h h p
o e e e n o o s a on o e n s a e s a e

o f th h d f t he h ll i f im p rt
ea o
p ci lly t high l
e s iti e s o o an c e , e s e a a v e oc es

( r
ov e3 0 0 m / ) f rth r th t t h h p f
s ec t h r r d f,
t h u h ll i e a e s a e o e ea en o e s e s

imp rt t t l w l iti ( d r 3 0 0 m / ) b t th t thi i fl

o an a o v e oc es un e s ec ,
u a s n ue n c e

a
pp r h limit
oa c with i r
es a i g l city nc ea s n ve o .

10 . L aw s ri m t l ly d
of a i r -r e s i s t c an t
e ob a i n e d e x p e en a ,
an

th p d i g p r i m t e c o rr e s on n ex e en s .

( ) a With ry m ll l ity v f th m i g b dy f i t c
ve s a v e oc o e ov n o ,
as or ns an e in
l wp
s o en d l m cill ti th i r i t c
u u os rdi g t M Thi a on s , e a r- e s s an e acc o n o . es en

i pr p
s o o rti l t th fir t p w r f Thi i f im p rt c f
on a o e s o e o v . s s o no o an e or o u r

p pru os e s .

l citi p t b t 3 0 m / th q dr tic l w f i
( b) F or ve o es u o a ou s ec e ua a a o a r

r it c i
e s s an i r lly m pl y d th i r i t c W g i t
e s un v e s a e o e : e a r- e s s an e a a ns a

cyli dric l b dy t l city m / with pl

n a o d rf a ve o v s ec , a an e en su ace of

R m i2
7r i fd ity 5 kg/m i W kR 8 1 2
2
, n a r o
2
en s
3
s
2
7r

F th l f th
or m ric l f cti
e v a ue k P c l t d D idi o e nu e a un on on e e an on

t k 1 0 08 1
oo 0

F l D t P C L gl y. e an e c . . an e

Ch R rd 0 O8 5 C tti . en a
°

a n ove

J W i b ch 0 0 9 3 ; J Sm t . 0 1 22 ; e ss a . e a on

F Lo l 0 1 0 6 ; O Lili th l 0 1 25 ; . v . ss . en a

E J M r y . . a e

G K irchh ff ( fr m th r ti l c lc l ti ) 0 0 5 5
. o o eo e ca a u a on .

F thr wi g t t h l w ld b b ut
or o n a s on e , e va u e ou e a o

W( kg)
U
0 08 R
' 2
7r 8

( ) c Th e ve o l citi f h ll r g fr m = 50 m t = 1 50 0 m/ c
es o s e an e o v o o se .

So m e 27 e mpiric l l w h b pr p d f which t h m t p rt
a a s ave e en o os e ,
o e os a

tk a e t h e fo rm of W av
"
,
or W ar
m
bi ) ”

S i c
n e May e v s ki wh l r g , th e o e an e of v e o l city i c q s on s e ue n tly di id d v e

i t n o
“
z on e s
”
h th t fr m
s uc a o on e z on e to th th r ith r
e o e e e a or n or b th o

w ou ld b e a l t r d i th l w
e e n e a

W c
”
w .
 10 ] On ai r -r es i s ta n c e 45

c libr f th h ll will b d t d by 212m tr ; t h w ight

Th e a e o e s e e e no e e es e e

of th h ll by
e s the i d ity by 8 th l ity f e a r- ens e ve oc o

th e h ll by v
s e th i r i t c by W( kg) ; t h r t rd ti e a r- e s s a n e e e a a on

1 9
d ue t i r i t c th t
o a r- es s t h r ti
12 by f
an ( ) H rc f (
e,
) d t a is e a o , o v . e v e n o es

th f t r d p
e ac o di g t h l city v i th pr i f th r t rd
e en n on e ve o n e ex e s s on or e e a

a ti f th h ll
on o e s e .

l w b d th p rim t f th M t C mmitt
’
1 Di di
’

. on s a ,
as e on e ex e en s o e e z o ee

o f 1 8 3 9—4 0 i g t h b lli ti p d l m w ll th p ri m t
,
us n e a s c en u u , as e as e ex e en s

o f t h M t C mmitt
e f 1
e z 8 5 —
6 58 i g th N
o
pp r t ; f ee o , us n e a ve z a a a us or

s
p h r with i
e es , 1 ,

W 0 0 27 R 2
7 8i

a nd

0 0 27 R 2
7 89 i
fl )
.

; ”
2
1
1 2OS P

2 . S t Ro b rt i I t ly ; cc rdi g t
e ,
n a a o n o th e Me t z ex
p e rim t en s of

1 8 3 9—4 0 ; for s
ph er h ldi g g d with i
es , o n oo 1,
2
v
W = 0 03 8 7 R 2 7 8 73 .

1 20 6

3 . N . May e vs ki , i n Ru s s i a, a cc rdi g
o n t o Ru s s i an and En gli h
s

ex
p e rim t en s 1 8 6 8 —9 ;

( )
a for s p hr e es , with i = 1
2

W : 0 01 2 R .
2
7r 8i
1 2 06
”
for 0 v 3 76 m/ c se ,

W :
0 06 1 . R 2
7 8i
1 20 6
”
’ for 3 7 6 v 530 m/ s ec ,

( b) with i
l g t d h ll with gi l p i t tr ck t 1 , for e on a e s e
“
o va o n , s u o

a r di f 1 t 1 5 c libr ( gi l p i t m
a us o l git di l cti
o a es o va o n ea n s a on u na se on

lik th p i t d wi d w f ch rch )
e e o n e n o o a u

W : . R 2
7r 8
1 20 6
v
0 < v < 28 0 m/ c se ,

(11) s

It
’
_ 0 026 R
°

.
2
7r 8
1 20 6
v
28 0 v 3 60 m/ c se ,

W m/ c
v
= 0 044 °

. R
°
7r 8 3 60 v 510 se .
 6 On a i r -r es i s ta n c e [ OI L I I

4 . Hé li e g tha ve e fo ll wi g
o n va uesl for s
p h re es , b d as e on t he
Fr ch en ex
p e rim t en s :

W [C R
( )
2 8 2

wh r e e

m/ s ec, 1

5 . F . B a s h for th gl d ) cc rdi g t m
( En
p rim
an t a o n o so e ex e en s of

—
1 8 6 6 7 0 : for l g t d h ll with gi l p i t r d d t r di
e on a e s e s
‘
o va o n oun e o a a us

of a b t ou 15 ca libr f i 1
es , or ,

W mR i
’

'
rr St

wh r e e

i n: 0 0 00 0 6 8 0 0 00 0 7 5 0 0 000 8 2 0 0 00090
for v = 6 00 t o 5 5 0 5 5 0 t o 5 00 5 00 t o 4 6 0 4 6 0 to 4 1 9 m/ s ec

m: 0 0 000 9 4 0 0 0 008 4 0 0 000 6 0

for v= 4 1 9 to 3 7 5 3 75 to 3 3 0 3 3 0 t o 50 m
/s e c
To mk a e th e r lt h ld g d f t h f rm r Kr pp rm l h ll
es u s o oo or e o e u no a s e ,

s tr ck t
u o a r dia us o f 2 libr i m t b t k
ca 0 8 96
es , cc rdi g t us e a en ,
a o n o

S i ac ci .

6 . Hoje l ( Ho ll d )
an rdi g t,
a cco n o Du tch perim t f 1 8 8 4
ex en s o , as

w lle as K r ppu
’
s ex
p rim
e t with i en s : 1, f l g t d h ll with gi l
or e on a e s e o va

h d ea of a r di
a us o f 2 c libr a es ,

W ( 212) :

wh r e e

for Q} : 1 4 0 t o 3 00 m/ s ec,

3 00 3 50

3 50 4 00

40 0 5 00

5 00 7 00
 10 ] O n a i r -r es i s ta nc e 47

7 . Ma y e vs ki rm
in 18 8 1 ,
an d N S a b ud s ki ( R us s i a ) ; f
. o 5 50 m/ c se

b d th p ri m t
as e on f K r pp 1 8 7
e ex 5 —8 1 t h E gli h
e en s o u , e n s ex
pe rim t en s

of B h f t h 1
as8 6 6 —70 d th R
or i p ri m t ,
an e us s a n ex e en s of Ma y e vs ki
1 8 68 —6 9 With i 1 f gi l h ll r d d t di
.
,
or o va s e o un e o ra us o f 2 ca libr es ,

W mR 2
7r i8

w hr e e

(0 ) to 24 0 m/ s ec ,

24 0 29 5

29 5 3 75

3 75 4 19
4 19 5 50
(SCH
)
E
NJC) l CKJC)

L w f Ch p l
8 . V lli r
a s o a e a e Sc he ve b d ase

es
p i ll y
ec aK r pp p ri m t ond D tch u
’
s ex e en s a n u ex
p e rim t with gi l
en s o va

s h ll f 2 c libr r di f v 3 3 0 m / c
e o a e a us : or se ,

-
12 1 0 0 0 0 8 7: 0 1 25
2

‘
98 1 1

for 1) b twe e en 330 and 3 00 m/ c se ,

( 11)
R 2
. 1 0000 8 i 0 0 21 6 9 2 5
”
98 1
(5 )
R 2
1 000 0 8i 0 03 3 8 1 4
v< 3 00 m/ c se , W
.

981 1 2 06

c rdi g t V lli r th c ffici t i h ld b ity f

A co n o a e , e oe en s ou e un or 2 c libr
a e

r di f t h gi l h d f th mi gi l gl y
a us o e o va ea ,
or or e se -o va an e r
Oth r e

wi i will b lightly ri bl i f v 3 3 0 m / c ; th t
se e s va a e se so a

[
°

y o ( 1 8 0 29 0]
415 ( v 26 3 )

F or 7) 330 m/ c se ,

i =

for l
v a u e s of
y
R ’
1 000 08i f a)
I n th e tt
n o a i on W
.

98 1 1 2 06
 On a i r -r es i s ta n c e [ OH I I.

f( ) v
2
”

the l
va ues a r e a s fo ll w
o s

1 07 K ( )
v 10 12
K ’
( )
v 1 07 K( )
v

f ) ha s
T h r fr e e o e th e fun cti on K ( ) 11
ig i ts m im m t v
ax u a 5 25 m /s e c .

9 . La w of S i a c c i 1 8 96 . Thi c mbi
s ll
o n es a th e ex
p e rim ten a l

r es ea rch c rri d
es a e out s o fa r , an d h ld fo l citi
s or v e o es u
p t o

1 20 0 m / c se .

( 2R ) 1 00 0i 8
2

Re t rd ti
a a on
P x 1 2 06

W 3 3 8 12 ay e ) 2
,

wh r e e
f @)
-
0 20 0 2 v 48 0 5 V[ ( 0 1 6 4 8
°

v 9 6]

0 0 4 4 21; ( v 3 00 )

6f ( v)
Th e c r
u ve of t h e fun cti on l0
v
2
is gi ven gr phic lly i figur
a a n e 6
50 On a i r -
r es i s ta nce [ CH I I .

for b ll t
u e s of t h e fo rm of th e S —u b ll t e ,

1 1 22 6 8
1 4 10
i v

I n Ta bl e A th e nu m ric l e a l
va ue s of 10 6 f
$ l
a re gi v e n as 10 K 6
.

F or mpl withe xa cm with 8

e, R 2
71 i r i t 1 2
,
kg/m t h e “
,
a r- e s s

an c p 1 cm f th cr
e er cti f gi l h ll
2
o e os s -s e libr r di on o an o va s e of 2 c a e a us

ofr di g d
oun n c libr f fl tt i g f th p i t t v 5 0 0 m/ c
an a e o a en n o e o n ,
a se

—
x 3 998 x 1 0 0 9 99 ( kg) 6
.

Th p e rim ex t h w ed th t t h
en s r f( )
s h
o i fl
e i a e c u ve o zo
2
as a n n e x on

at b t = 4 8 0 m / c d th t t high l city it pp r t
a ou v se ,
an a a ve o a ea s o

a
pp r ch oa ym p t ti lly
as h ri t o l li ;
ca th t i t h q ad r tic l w o z on a ne a s e ua a a

h ld g i t high l city
o s a a n a ve o .

B t th u p rim e t h w
ex d f
e rth r th t t
en s h f rm r sm p ti o e u e a e o e a ss u on

d id t h ld
no f i r i t
o o W pr p rti l t
an a r - e s s an c e i gl f ct r f o o on a o a s n e a o o

sh p i d p d t f th l city
a e, n e en en o e ve o

S p ki g m r ea trictly f
n o ery f r m f h ll th r f rm f
s , or e ve o o s e ano e o o

th i r i t
e a r- e s s a n c e f cti f( ) i r q ir
un d on v s e u e .

R itt r Eb rh rd h
e v on w r ch d th p i t f plitti g up
e a as no ea e e o n o s n

w ith ffi ci t
su c r cy th i r i t
en ac u a i t t w p rt f which e a r- e s s a n c e n o o a s, o

on e f ct r i d p d
a o th el city v d t h h p d th th r
en s on e ve o an on e s a e, a n e o e

f ) p
( v d d e t
enh l city
s on l e ve o a on e .

1
Th l fi
e s e v a ue s o r th r f i gi ,
b f m y hp
or a e o a re ve n a ov e or an s a es

o f th h ll with th c pti f th p r ly cyli dric l h ll

e s e ,
e ex e on o e u e n a s e .

b
( ) f cyli dric l
or h ll n a s e

R W 8f ( v)
2

and mb r f 1 0 ig d t d by 1 O R f br ity f uch

the nu e s or
6 f ) ,
en o e
B
or ev , or s

s h ll
e t d w i
,
T bl B
a re s e o n n a e .

O p 5 3 th rn lt i fig r
. f K r pp 1 0 m
,
e rm l h l l
es u s n u e a a re or u c no a s e

a nd f cyli dric l rt ill ry h ll i fig r 6 th r lt

or n a f a e s e : n u e e es u s a re or

i f try b ll t
n an d t th um tim th r lt f Ch rb i r
e s, an a e sa e e e es u s o a on n e

an d Si i gi acc ar e ven .

Fig r h w t h ri ti f th r i t c W it l f f th
u e c s o s e va a on o e es s a n e se ,
or e

l f8
v a ue s o kg/m d R 1 cm 3
,
an
2
7
2

Th c rr p di g c r
e o i m g th r thi g t b c p bl
es on n u ve s s ee n a on o e n s o e a a e
 On a i r -r es i s tan ce

TA B LE A . 1 0 K for 1 0
6
cm Kr upp n or m l h ll
a s e s .

1 1 90
 ai r es i s ta n ce
'

52 On -r
[CH 11 .

TAB LE B . 1 0 K for 1 0
6
cm cyli dric l h ll
n a s e s.

10 6
K 10 6
K 10 6
K 10 6
K

53 35
10 0 8 7
55 36

of r pr t ti f e l g di t c by tr ight li
e s en a on or a on s an e a s a ne —
W av b=

thi j tifi th l w f Ch p l V lli r d S ch

s us es e a s o a e ,
a e , an e ve .

Fi lly th fig r d h w h w t h tr K c r w ld b
na e u e s o s o e ue u ve ou e re

p l c d by t h
a e li wh t h m p
e ti i m
n esd en e as s u on s a e

thr gh t f th q dr tic l w f i r i t c f ( )
ou ou o ( N wt e ua a a o a r - e s s an e v e on

an d th r ) t h c bic l w f
o (
e sB h f t h,
E gl d )e t h u a as or , n an , or e

bi q dr tic l w f ( )
ua ( B P
ait B t Fr ca) t h v 0 3 11
4
. on - re s san ,
an e , or e

bi mi l l w f ( ) m ( 1 b ) ( D idi Fr c )
no a a v c
?
e on , an e .

D es cr ip ti on o f exp er i m en ts .

m t imp rt t f th p ri m t whi h w r ppl i d t th

1 . Th e os o an o e ex e en s c e e a e o e .

d t rmi ti f th l w f i r i t
e e na on o w r th f ll wi g e a s o a r - es s a n ce , e e e o o n

r h f th M t C mmi tt D i di M ri Pi b t 1 83 9 4 0
I

( ) R a es e a c o e e z o ee , on - o n- o er -
,

hi fly wi th r d h ll l i ty 200 600 m/ m ri g pp t h
0

c e oun s e ; v e oc to s ec : ea s u n a a ra us , t e

b ll i ti p d l m Thi r r h
a s c en r p t d i 1 8 5 6—5 8 i M t with the
u u . s es e a c w as e ea e n n e z,

h lp f th l tri l hr gr ph f N
e o e e ec ca c on o a o e v ez .

6
( ) E g l i h p r i m t f B hf t
n h i t h y sr 1 8 66
ex —7 0 w i teh h ll f en s o as or n e ea s s e o

vari l ibr ( 7 6 t 229 m ) wi th h h i ght f h d

ous ca e l ibr l gth f
o c t e e o ea ca e, en o

sh ll e d wi t h l ity 23 0 t 5 20 m/
an v e oc v= o o: sec .
54 On a i r -r es i s t a nc e [ OIL I I

( ) 0 ri m t f N M y k i t S t P t b g i t h y r 1 8 6 9
Rus s i a n e xpe en s , o . a e vs a e e rs ur n e ea ,

wi th h ll f di ff t l ibr di ff r t h i gh t f h d ( m tly
s e s o er e n ca l ibr ) e, e en e o ea os ca e

an d d i ff r t l gt h f h ll (m tl y
e en en l ibr ) = 1 7 2 t = 4 0 9 m/
o s e os ca e ; r o v s ec .

d
( ) F K pp p r i m . t f 1 8
ru7 9 — 96 th M pp
’
s ex h ti g r g
e en s o ,
on e e en s oo n an e,

with h ll f di ff r t l ibr d i ff r t l gt h ( 28 t 4 l ibr ) d i ff r t h i ght f

s e s o e en ca e, e en en o ca e ,
e en e o

h d ea d 10 l ibr ; m tly
an l ibr ) = 1 0 p t 9 10 m/
ca e os ca e ; v 5 u o s ec .

( ) D t h e p ri m t u c f W C H j l 18 8 ex with h el l f 8 t 4 0 m
e en s o . . o e 4, s o o c

ca l ibr l gt h f h ll fr m 2 t 4 l ibr wi th h d f
e, en o s e d 13 3
o l ibr 5 o ca e, a ea o an ca e

th l i ty fr m = 1 3 8 t 6 6 0 m/ ; i di i d l p rim t w r m d with
e v e oc o v o s ec n v ua ex e en s e e a e

hi gh l i ty ( p t 1 0 0 m/ )
ve oc u o 5 s ec .

(f ) S i m lt p r i m t u f t h fi rm F
a n e ou s K r pp ( O ex Eb rh rd ) e en s o e . u . v on e a

with rti ll ry h ll d f K B k r d C C with i f try b ll t 1 9 1 2

a e s e an o . ec e an . ra n z n an u e s , .

Th fi r t r e rh s rri d with h h lp f p rk h r g ph
es ea c was ca e out t e e o a S a c on o r a ,

ove rm y h tr g f b t 0m t E
an s or an with l rg l ibr by m r
es , o a ou 5 ,
a ss en a e ca es eas u e

m t f i iti l d fi l l i ty
en o n a h rt r g f 2 t 3 k Th th
an na ve o c on s o an es o o n1 . e o er

r rh
e s ea crri d i th b ll i ti l b r t ry with 8 mm b ll t f ri
was ca e ou t n e a s c a o a o u e s o va ous

f rm
o sd by t an m th d by m wof b ll i ti ki m t gr p h d by
e o s ; ea n s o a a s c ne a o a an

m ea n s f p rk h r
o gr ph w it h ph t gr p hi r
a s a c rd l gth f r g 1 5
on o a o o a c e co ; en o an e

t o 20 m .

Con s u lt th e a c c ou n t p bl i h d i
u s e n No 6 9 . of th e A r ti l l eri s t-Mon a ts hef te of th e
y r 1912
ea .

2 . m ll l iti (fr m 3 0 m/ pw rd) m r m

F or s a m t
v e oc es o s ec u a nu e ous eas ure en s

a re i it n Th y w r rri d t by m
e x s e n ce f f ll i g b d i
. wi th e e e ca e ou ea n s o a n o es or

vert i l g i d i g wi r
ca r d p th by th m r m t f wi d pr r
u n e s , or c u ve a s ; e ea s u e en o n es s u e
by m m t r f ri an o rt by p im t wi th whi rli g pp t wh
e e s o va o us s o s ; ex er en s n a a ra us , e re

a b d y f gi
o hp o ridr di i r l by p rim t wi th th
ve n s a e 18 ca r e ou n n a c c e ; ex e en s e

b m f bl
ea o wh r th b dy i fi d t
a id f b l
a an c e, d th e e e o s xe o on e s e o a a a n c e, a n e

wh l b l i dr w p i th i
o e a a n ce s a n u n e a r .

F d t il or lt th e at gi by Fi t ld
s c on s u e ac c o u n v en n s e r wa er .

11 . G en e r a l r em a r ks on th e m e th o d s e m p l oy e d in c a rry i n g

out th e e x p e r i m en t s on th e l a w s o f a i r -r e s i s t an c e . C ri i c a l t
re m a rks , an d p r o p o s al s .

1 . m t p rt th h ri t l c mp t
F or th e d f th os a e o z on a o on e n s v, a n v2 o e

ve o l city f h ll m r d t t h b gi i g d d f h ri
o a s e a re ea s u e a e e nn n an en o a o

z on t l li f l gth
a ne o en a .

Th l gth i ch
e f ch m g i t d th t it i c id r d
en a s os e n o su a n u e, a s on s e e

sa ti f ct ry t
s a m th p th f flight r ctili r b t
o o as s u id e e a o as e n ea ,
u u n a vo

a bl rr r i th m r m t f
e e o s d m k it d ir bl th t
n e eas u e en o v, a n a e es a e a a

s h ld t b t h rt
ou no e oo s o .

Th dimi ti f th
e rgy f t h h ll i th t k
nu d t on o e en e o e s e s en a en as ue o

a d fi it m
e nl W f th i r i t c
e e an va u e o e a r- e s s an e .
 1 1] On ai -
r re s i s ta nce 55

hi m g it d W c l l t d fr m P 2
T s a n u e W i th ,
id
a cu a e o a, s en s a
9
t b th
o e i r i t c c r p di g t t h
e a r- e s s a n e l city or e s on n o e ve o

v i (U “

Th W( ) i bt i d
us d vth m pti f l w W=
s o a ne ,
an on e ass u on o a a cv
"
,

th c t t
e on s d an s d t rmi d by t h m th d f L t
c an n a re e e ne e e o o e as

Sq r ua e s .

Thi m th d b c m s m r fr fr m bj cti t h m ll r t h
e o e o es o e ee o o e on , e s a e e

l gth i ch
en a, Ifw s ly d ir t k w t h d p d c f t h
os e n . e on es e o no e e en en e o e

i r i t c
a r- e s s a n th l city th l l th th r q titi i th
e on e ve o v, en a e o e ua n es , v z .
,
e

w ight
e f th h ll th h p f h d l gth f h ll i fli g t
o e s e , e s a e o ea ,
en o s e ,
r n ,
e c .
,

m t b k pt c t t
us e e on s a n .

Th l w e bt i d f th f ti W( ) will h l d t i tly
a so o a ne o e un c on v o ,
s r c

s
p ki
ea g ly
n f h ll,
f
onwhich t h c libr
or s h p f h
e d l gth
,
o e a e, s a e o ea , en

of b dy o l city f r t ti t di ff r littl fr m t h c rr p di g
,
ve o o o a on , e c .
,
e e o e o es on n

q titi i th h ll m pl y d ; b c
ua n es n e sth r i t e c i t e tly o e e a us e e e s s an e s no e x ac

r
p p rti
o o l t t h cr
on a cti d
o t i gl
e c ffici t d
os s -s e on an o a s n e oe en e

p di
en g n t h e h p f
ont h h d s a e o e ea .

S pp u th ff ct f t h
os e h p f th p i t i ly mi d f
e e e o e s a e o e o n s on e xa ne or

a d fi it l city ; th ll th th r q titi m t r m i
e n e ve o c en a e o e ua n es us e a n nu

alt r d d th h p f th p i t i ri d
e e ,
an e s a e o e o n s va e .

A m tt r f f t ch m th d f d t rmi i g th i r i t
s a a e o ac su a e o o e e n n e a r- e s s

an c d e t mt h b
oe s n o d s ee o a ve ee n us e .

V ibr ti f th a h ll m fr q tly t h t k pl c f
on o e s e s ee s e ue n o ave a en a e, o

which th m pli t d h e t b
a m r d cl ly M r r t h
u e as no e en eas u e os e . o e ove e

l gth f t h m r m t li w f rm rly h
en o e eas u e f ch en ne as o e c os e n o su a

l gth ( 6 0 00 m d m r ) th t t h tr ight li p th f flight d

en an o e a e s a - ne a o an

a c t t er g l f th r i t c W r thi li c t
on s a n av a e v a ue o e e s s an e ove s ne an n o

b e ass umd e .

I ch c
n su it i pp d m tim th t th h ri t l m
a s es s su os e so e es a e o z on a co

p t
on e n f t h i r
o i t c f e gi
a r -
l city
es s an v i id tic l w ith t h e or a ve n v e o s en a e

i r i t c f th h ri
a r- es s a n t l c mp t f
e or eth t o zon a o on e n o v, or a

f( ) v c os 6 f( 1) c os

Fi lly m tim na c lc l ti f th i r i t c b d
so e es i n the a u a on o e a r -
es s a n e , as e

on th m r m t f t h l ity f t h h ll t th d f
e ea s u e en o e v e oc o e s e a e en s o a

tr j ct ry ry m ch c r d
a e o
pp r im t mveth d f lc l ti u u ve , an a ox a e e o o ca u a on

is us ed .

Th th b i f u c rt i
u s on th ry th p th f flight d
e as s o an n e a n eo e a o an

th i r i t c W w ld b c lc l t d ; th
e a r- e s s a n t bl f c lc l tie ou e a u a e en a es or a u a on
56 On i
a r -r es s tan ce i [ OI L I I

w ld b d r w p ; d th t bl w ld th b m pl y d t
ou e a n u an es e a es ou en e e o e o

c lc l t th p th f flight i m th r c
a u a e e a o
“

n so e o e as e .

Fi lly th l c l t d r lt w ld pr b bly b c m p r d with

na e ca u a e es u s ou o a e o a e

th r e lt f ct l fi
es u A d s o c rt i th ry i ch k d
a ua re . n s o on e un e a n eo s ec e

by th r an o e .

I f th c tr ti f th l w f i r i t c i t b r ti l
e on s uc on o e a s o a r- es s an e s
-
o e a on a ,

a ll th ry m t b eo cl d d d th r rch dir ct d th t th
us e ex u e , an e e s ea so e e ,
a e

l w f ki tic
a o rgy m th r l w f M ch ic q lly ppl i
ne en e ,
or s o e o e a o e an s e ua a

c bl m y b m pl y d i p r f r m
a e, a e e o e n a u e o .

2 F B hf th m pl y d t h f ll wi g y t m tic pr c d r
. . as or e o e e o o n s s e a o e u e .

N r th m ea l f th g r l cr
e w r t p t m ll
uz z e o e un s e v e a s e en s e e se u a a s a

e q l di t c A b hi d ch th r Th fi t r
ua s an e w
s: t di
e n ea o e . e rs s c e en as a a s

ta n c e as fr m t h m l ; d t t h l city of th h ll by
o e d
uz z e eno e e ve o e s e v, a n

th i r i t
e a r - by W ( )
e s s an c e v .

A h ll i fir d h ri s et lly thr gh th cr s ; d th
e by o z on a ou e s ee n s an en

m e an s f t h B h f t h hr
o gr ph t h tim di ff r c A t A t
e as or c on o a e e e en es , ] ,

At 2, m r d d ri g which th h ll fli fr m t h fir t cr
a re eas u e ,
u n e s e es o e s s een

to th c d fr m th c d t th third d
e s e on ,
o It i e se on o e , an
"

s o on . s re

q ir
u d t de t rmi e th o c t h r i t c
e eW th t i t h p
n r d ct f en e e es s an e , a s e o u o

P d
th m e d th r t d ti
ass
it
f th
an h ll N w e e ar a on i r
o
o e s e o
5
.

dx 1 dt
dt 2) do:

th c by diff re ti ti
en e e n a on with r es
p e ct t o x, we g et

1 do dt i’
t dx d t 2
fp
v
2
day al so
?
dt at
'
P do P d t i

s o th t a W + v
3

g
'

g d t dw 2

ri
m r d tim i t r l A t A t A t
I n t he se e s of the e as u e e n e va s , l , 2, At i s
th e fi r t t rm ; i
t h c rr psdi g 1 2 3 di ff r c ri
e n e o es on n , , ,
e en e se es , le t
b t h fir t t rm
" m
A t A t , , e e s e .

Th by f d m t l th r m f Fi it D iff r c
us a un a en a eo e o n e e en es

1 dt 1
—
[ A t —é A
II
t+ 4A
II I
t —i
‘
A t
’ 4
l
a
t;
m

v A,

dt 1
—
2

d [A t A

n -
t en— ‘ A wt —m) 1 (
A t6)

( E
“

Ax) l (x -3A z )
Tg 96
“

x x
A
.
58 On —
a i r r es i s ta nc e
[ OH I I .

T h r t rd ti
us th e d th i r i t c
e a a b bt i d f
on a n e a r- e s s a n e ca n e o a ne or a

l rg mb r f di ff r t l
a e nu e f o d q tly f
e en va ue s o a: a n c on s e uen o v .

Th d t g li i th f ct th t th gr t r p rt f th t bl
e a va n a e es n e a a e ea e a o e a e

of i r i t c i
a r - e s s an bt i d t c fr m f d m t l pri ci pl
e s o a ne a on e o un a en a n es

fr mo i gl p rim t
a s n e ex e en .

Th pr c d ur r te o e imil r c id r ti l t ly mpl y d i
e es s on s a on s e a on s , a e e o e n

E gl d by C F Cl
n an d d l p d f rth r i i t m th m tic l
. . os e , a n eve o e u e n s a e a a

as
p cte by G G r hill d C E
. W l ff
een an . . o .

Sh t m d with t h m w p f
o s a re a e mr gl f e sa e ea on or nu e ou s an es o

l ti I d r g X I f t h pri i pl f tilti g th tr j ct ry i
e e va on ( ) an an e . e nc e o n e a e o s

a
pp li d et t h i di o id l p th f eflight n ( c m p r v 5 m
ua
p l 6 a s o o a e , exa e ,

an d 38 t mb r f p i t
o bt i d th p th f t h
a nu e o o n s a re o a ne on e a o e

l g t tr j t ry ; d th
on es a ec o b gi by th ir p l r rdi t
an es e c an e v en e o a c oo n a es .

Th c en h w lr dy b th r t rd ti d t i r i t c
e, a s s o n a ea a ov e , e e a a on ue o a r- e s s a n e

c an b c lc l t d f
e a ch p i t d with it th i r i t c
u a e or ea o n ,
an e a r- es s an e as

a f ctiun f th on ol city e ve o .

N rth l i t h mpl ym t f thi m th d f c lc l ti

e ve e es s n e e o en o s e o o a u a on , a n

as s u m pti h b i tr d c d which c tr dict m r

on as een l th
n o u e on a s o e or ess e

a ct l flight f r t ti g l g t d h ll Th c lc l ti b
ua o a o a n e on a e s e . e a u a on a ov e

h ld trictly ly wh th l g i f t h b ll t li
o s s on ctly i th
en e on ax s o e u e e s e xa n e

t g
an t f th p th th t i wh th b ll t fli lik w ll d li r d
en o e a ,
a s, en e u e es e a e - e ve e

a rr w o .

B ut with r t ti g l g t d b ll t t h o a cill ti
n f pr c
e on i a e u e s e os a on s o e e s s on

m t cc r b c
us o u t h dir cti
,
f th t g t f t h p th i t h
e a us e e e on o e an en o e a n e

c r f th flight m k
ou s e o gr d lly cr i g gl with th
e a es a a ua in eas n an e e

i iti l t g t f t h p th I c q c f thi th l g i
n a an en o e a . n on s e ue n e o s, e on ax s

m t l i k w t t h t g t f t h p th
us e as e o wh th r i
e an en o e a ,
e v en en e e s no

os cill ti f t ti pr t
a on o nu a on es en .

Th ct l i r i t c i th
e a ua rt d g i t b ll t pl c d
a r- e s s an e s us e xe e a a ns a u e a e

as k w whil t h c lc l ti m pl y th
e , e e m pti f th rm l
a u a on e o s e as s u on o e no a

p iti
os f t h
on o b ll t e u e .

Thi i m pti th t g r lly d rli m th d f pp i

s s an a s s u on a en e a un e es e o s o a r ox

m ti a i th
on l ti f p ci l b lli tic pr bl m
n e so u on o s e a a s o e s .

B y thi m th d t h s r t c t b ll t c
e o ,
t b bt i d
e a 1r - e s i s a n e o a u e an n o e o a ne

cl lyos e gh i t h c wh r th i r m i c ti u lly i
e n ou n e as e e e e ax s e a ns on n a n

th t e g t f th p th b c
an en ot h r l ti e i t k w b tw
a ,
e a us e e e a on s no no n e ee n

th r i t
e c f b ll t k w d th r i t c f b ll t pl c d
es s an e o a u e as e an e es s an e o a u e a e

no rm lly l g th i t t
a ,
so on gl f thi p iti i t
as e n s an a n eou s an e o s os on s no

k w no n .

P rh p h w
e ar thi pr c d r might pr id m
s, o e ve , f d t r s o e u e ov e ea n s o e e
 1 1] On a i r r es i s tan c e
- 59

mi i g thi r l ti by th m pl ym t f t w light i ri fic
n n s e a on , d e e o en o o s n o es , an

th r by m ri g th gl f thi k w p iti
e e eas u n e an e o s s e os on .

It m t b tic d p ci lly i th m th d f Cl
us e no e th t t h s e a n e e o o os e , a e

r l ti b tw 1 d X i r pr t d by
e a on e ee n < ) a n
pp r im t m th s e es e n e an a ox a e a e

m tic l f rm l ; d th t t h d rlyi g r r
e a o u a m g i fi d by th
an a e un e n e r o s a re a n e e

thr f ld di ff r ti ti ; f rth r th t th tilti g f th tr j ct ry i

ee o e en a on u e a e n o e a e o s

th c e f rr r Th i di id l c m t th b
a us e o an e o . mi d e n v ua as e s us en e e xa ne

t i f th
o s ee rr r m ll th t th y m y b gl c t d
es e e o s a re s o s a a e a e ne e e .

O th gr d p rh p th f ll wi g pr c d r i t b p
n es e o un s e a s e o o n o e u e s o e re

f rr d th b rr l f t h rifl i cl m p d i
e e : e a ertic l p iti
o ed e s a e n a ve a os on an

s hi ld d b e e Th b ll t i a g i pr id d i N
ove . e m th d u e s a a n ov e n e es e n s
’
e o

with id light Th h ta s e m d t ight d fir d ff by

. e s o s a re a e a n ,
an e o

l ctricity A t c
e e i t di t c fr m th rifl ph t gr phic
. a on v e n e n s an e o e e a o o a

c m r i t p d i it dr m b t 1 20 cm high i th fi ld f
a e a s se u ,
an n a u a ou n e e o

i w f th m l i r t t d b t
v e o e rtic l i with k w
uz z e s o a e a ou a ve a ax s no n

l city
ve o .

A br mid il r b d i pl c d
o -t h dr m
e s ve I th rtic l
an s a e on e u . n e ve a

u
p w rd flight
a f t h b ll t d tt d p ir l oli i h ew t h
u e a o e s a ne s s o n on e

r t ti g b d f t h dr m Th i f rdi t i gi by
o a n an o e u . e ax s o o n a es s ve n a c or

r p di g h t with th dr m t ti ry d th b ci
es on n s o i e u s a on a ,
an e a s ssa ax s

by rtifici l ill umi ti f th m l f th rifl whil th dr m i

a a na on o e uz z e o e e .
e e u s

r t ti g
o a n .

I thi w y t h
n b ci s f th p r
a t p i t f t
e ah c ur sgi s s ae o e se a a e o n s o e ve ve

t h c rr p
e odi g tim f flight t d t h rdi t th c rr p di g
es on n e o ,
an e o n a es e o es on n

h ight 3
e 1 .

B y di ff r ti ti l city g d th cc l r ti y ' "

th e en a on , e ve o , ,
an e a e e a on , ,

gi f cti
v en a s ft; d th c t h
un irr i t c
on s o an en e e a -
es s an e

W P 3 P .

5
T h
by thi m th d i pri ci pl t l t d by ppli c fr
us s e o ,
n n e a e as ,
an a an es ee

fr m bj cti
o th wh l t bl
o e f i r i t c on , b bt i d fr me o e a e o a r- e s s a n e c an e o a ne o

th m e im m i iti l l city d w w rd
ax u n a ve o o n a s .

It i id t th t th rr r f th bj cti m t b d t rmi d
s ev en a e e o o e o e ve us e e e ne

by lig m t a di t t h ri t l li
n en on a s an o z on a ne .

I rtic l fi th r
n ve cill ti f pr c
a i O thre e e are no os a on s o e e s s on . n e

o th r h d c r m t b t k th t rifl d b ll t
e an a e h us e a en a e an u e a re c os e n so

th t a cill ti
n o os f t ti p r t a on s o nu a on a re es e n .

I c rryi g t ch w rk m y di ffic lti i d t il w ld b

n a n ou su o an u es n e a ou e

c t r d which m u t b
en oun e e r m Wh th r th pr c d r i
, s e ov e c o e . e e e o e u e s

f ibl d w ld pr id
e as e an f l r lt i t t ll c rt i
ou ov e us e u es u s, s no a a e a n .
60 On ai -
r r es i sta n ce

11 . ON THE I N F LUEN CE O F THE S K EW TOS I TI ON O F THE S HELL O N

TH E DI R ECTI ON OF MOTI ON O F TH E C EN TR E O F GR A V I TY

12 d t th r i t c th at pl
. Le t x en o e rf c f 1 q cm e e s s an e a an e s u a e o s

ex
p ri c e m i
en g with
es , gi l city
ov n v m / c dir cti p v en ve o se ,
In a e on er

it l till
;

p di
en l t f
c u ari i
o se n s a r .

Th l t it b en m d th t t h r i t c f pl
e e as su rf c f e a e e s s an e o a an e s u a e o

f q s m i f c d r imil
s r cir
it , m t
un c e s a cu s an es .

I f t h pl i pl c d k w t th dir cti f m ti n B
I

e an e s a e as e o e e on O o o , .
so

th t t h rm l N f t h pl m k
a e no a gl w i th B t h dir ti
o e an e a es an an e a
‘

e ec on

o f m ti th r i t
o on , dp d i m m
e es s an c er e en s n so e a nn e on a .

Th i t f cti
e r es s a n ce a s af i cc rdi g t N wt f un ; on o a s a o n o e on x c os a
z

c rdi g t F L6 l = f ; cc di g t G K irchh ff
t

ac o n o v . ss d x c os (1 a or n o . o an

L rd R yl igh
o a e

( +
4 7r ) c os a
R
f 4 + 7r c o s a

an d a cc rdi g t
o n o Du ch mi e n

2 c os
g
a
K
f 1 c os
2
a

dir cti f th r i t c t
A s to the erf c pl c d k w it
on o e e s s an e o a su a e a e as e ,

i s lw y a m d th t t h thr t which th l ti g r f c
a s as su e a e us e s an n su a e ex

p i i
e r en c es t right gl t t h
s a r f c an es o e su a e .

I th q l it will l b
n e se m d th t wh th rm l t
ue a so e as s u e a en e no a o

a su rf c f f q cm m k a e o gl with th w i d dir cti B th

s ,
a e s an a n e a e n e on ,
e

r i t c i t right gl t th rf c d h th m g i t d
e s s an e s a an es o e su a e an as e a n u e

fc
f wh r
c os d m
t
a t h r i t
e e c t 1
k:
q cm i r
en o e s
p p di c l r e es s a n e o s n e en u a

m m t t t h m l ocity
ov e en a e sa e ve .

F rth er it will bu um d t h t thi l w i q ally tr f e ass e a s a s e u ue or a n

i fi it im l l m t f f c a d th t th n n es a e e en o s ur a e , n a e re

i t g i t fi it p rt Of th rf c s s an c e a a ns a n e a e su a e ca n

b c lc l t d by i t gr ti r t h rf ee a u a e n e a on ov e e su ac .

I th tr tm t f h ll l t r ct ngul r n e ea en o a s e , e a e a a

y t m f c rdi t i p c b t k s s e o
'

oo na es n s a e e a en as a

b i L t th h ll b b dy f r t ti w ith as s . e e s e e a o o o a on

th i f fig r th l gi t di l i Of e ax s o u e on e on u na ax s

th h ll l g th z i L t th b ef th s e a on e ax s . e e
'

as e o e

h ell b th my pl L t th s dir cti f e .

e an e . e e e on zo

m ti f th c tr f gr ity th t g t
o on o e en e o av on e an en
 1 2] On a i r -res i s ta n c e

t o t he tr j ct ry b p r ll l t t h
a e
pol d m ek t h a a
g i e o e xz ane, an a e e ve n

an gl with th i s f th h ll th
e a i
e ax o e s e ,
on e z ax s .

E rythi g i th
ve ymm tric l with r p ct t th pl ; d
n s en s e a es e o e $2 an e an

w h e t d t mi
a ve th c m p
o t X d Z f th i r i t c
e er ne e o on e n s an o
‘
e a r- es s a n e

i th
n d z dir cti
e x an w ll th p iti f th p i t f ppli
e on s , a s e as e os on o e o n o a

ca ti M f th r lt t V( X + Z ) th i f th h ll
on o e es u an
2 2
on e ax s o e s e .

i t r c h ll with r ct g l r
.

L t P b e
p t h f
e a f t h o n on e su a e o e s e e an u a co

ordi t OEn a es ED = DP = ; :
with cyli dric l c rdi t
a, t
z or n a oo na es ,

A E0 D S r di ct r OD OP p D P
,
a us v e o , 2 .

Ta k
m ridi e cti t P thr gh th rf c f th h ll
a e an se on a ou e su a e o e s e ,

l g th z i
a on th
e i f th h l l ; l
ax s cti thr gh
or e ax s o e s e a so a se on ou

P t right
a gl t th i f th h ll
an es o e ax s o e s e .

I t h fir t
n cti l t d = P R b
e s i fi it im l l m t f th
se on e s e an n n es a e e en o e

m ridi c r f th rf c f th h ll I th l t cti which

e an u ve o e su a e o e s e . n e as se on ,

i circ l r l t P Q
s u a
p d S ,b iefi it im l l m t f t h circl f e an n n es a e e en o
'

e e o

th cr
e cti
os s -s e on .

I thi m
n r i fi it im l l m t f rf c P Q S R i
s ann e an n n es a e e en o su a e s

t k t P with rf c df = p d9 d Th r i t c
a en a ,
thi rf c
su a e a e es s an e on s su a e

l m t ( cc rdi g t th fir t
e e en a om pti ) i dir ct d l g th
n o e s assu on s e e a on e

no rm l A P N d ( cc rdi g t th c d d third
a an m pti ) h
a o n o e s e on an assu on s as

t h m g i tu d ( df
e a n
m
w wh r w d t th gl b tw th
e c os e e en o es e an e e e en e
'

c ,

no rm l t th rf c d t h dir cti OB f th t g t t th
a o e su a e an e e on o e an en o e

tr j ct ry
a e o .

L t th
e rm l to th urf c A N m k gl B l B 5 p
e no a e s a e a e an es , a, 3 r es ec
62 On a i r r es i s ta nce
-
[ OI L I I

t i v e ly wi th th e a) ,
g ,
z axes . N ow t h e c i os n e of th e an gl b tw
e e een

i
{f
AN an d th e dir cti e on GP or OD i s e q lt
ua o
ds
and s o

4: 7

ds
dz
SID 33
a;

F rth r
u e B; i f: c os

( i
as t h fign r wh r teh m ridi cti
u ethr gh P i i dic t d )e e e e an s e on ou s n a e .

I f th dir cti
e f t h t g t t t h tr j ct ry m k
e on o gl 7 7 7 e an en o e a e o a es an es 1 ,
«
2, 3

with t h thr th
e ee a x e s , en

c os y,
o s i n 01, c os 7, 0, c os y , c os a ,

th c en e c os 0 ) c os 61 c os «
y , c os c os 7 2 c os B , c os
73
dz dp
—c os S sin a + 0 c os a .

ds ds

F rth rm r th m p t
u e o e e co on e n s o f the no rm l r cti
a ea on x d
f cos
m
co o f
t he surf c l m t df l g th
a e e e en a on e a x e s to, y ,
z ar e

dX x df c os
m
w
g; c os 3 ,
dY = x df c os m
w
(i s
dZ —x df c os m w
ds
’

wh r m 2 cc rdi g t N wt
e e : l wa d df = p d
o Th
n o e on s
’
a , an s . es e

ex pr i f dX
e s s on s d Y d Z t orb i t gr t d r t
, h p rt ,f a re o e n e a e o ve e a o

th rf c f th h ll p d t th tr m f i ; d i th m
e su a e o e s e ex os e o e s ea o a r an n e

Y i r by r
s ze o f th ymm try with r p t t th pl
eas on o e s e es ec o e a n e are .

T bt i th di t c 2; OM f t h p i t f pplic ti M f
o O a n e s an e o e o n o a a on o

th r lt t f t h i r i t c fr m th b
e es u an o f th e h ll t h
a r- e s s a n e o e as e o e s e , e

eq ti ua f t h m m t f th r i t c c m p
on o e t o b t0m t en o e es s an e o on e n s a ou us

b writt
e dw Hri en ly th o c mp t c m i t
n . e e n on e as o on e n o es n o c on

sid r ti b c
e a th z c m p
on , th
e a us e m m t d th y m e o on e n as n o o en an e co

p t
on e ni thi g T h
s norm l r i t c n t h . rf c l m t df
e no a es s an e on e su a e e e en

h th
as c mp t
e a: o on e n

x d
f c os
m
w i
Cg
c os ?”
ds
an d thi c m p s o on e n tc t u s t he a x s i of th e s h lle ,
in A . The mm t o en

a rm is
 On a i r r es i s tan ce
- 63
g ]
1 2

s o th t th m m t i
a e o en s

x df c os
m w z + p
35 003 8 .

i t gr ti f ll th m m t gi th m m t { X f th
The n e a on o a es e o en s ve s e o en o e

r lt t I f X h b c lc l t d th
es u an .
i k w as een a u a e ,
en s no n .

Th c m pl t r lt i th l id d w i th f ll wi g f rm l
e o e e es u s en a o n n e o o n o u ae

m
c os (o
p d z c os S dS

m
c os mp dz c os S dS

c os 0) c os S c os a ( )
4

r X d t th m p t f th i r i t c t right gl
He e e n o es e co on e n o e a r - e s s an e a an es

t th l
o g i f th h ll Z th t l g th i
e on ax s o e s e ,
a a on e ax s .

Th r lt t i r i t c /( X Z ) c t th
e es u an a r -
i f th
es s a n e x
2 2
u s e ax s o e

s h ll ie
p i tn M which
a i t
o n d i t c 2
; ,fr m t h b f t h s a a s an e o e as e o e

s h ll e .

Th gl 8 b tw t h r lt t d t h i i i g r l t
e an e e e en e es u an an e ax s s n ene a no

id tic l with th gl b tw
en a h ll i d th t g t f t h
e an e or e e en s e a x s an e an en o e

tr j t ry but i gi by t 8 X Z
a ec o ,
s ven an ,
.

Th f ct r e d t th i r i t c g i t u it rf c i
a o it e n o es e a r- es s a n e a a ns n su a e n a

d ir cti e t right on gl t it wi th t h c rr p di g l city v

a an es o ,
e o es on n ve o

O f th c tr e f gr ity f t h
en e h ll f which it i c id r d O
o av O e s e , or s on s e e . n

N wt l w m d m 1 wh LO l l w i m d th
’ ’
2
'

e on s a ,
an en ss s a s ass u e as e

b i as s of th c lc l ti Th e q ti p f ( ) f th m ridi c r
a u a on . e e ua on z o e e an u ve

o f th h ll i gi
e s by th h p I t h p r ti
e s ve n f th e s a e . n e o e a on o e

i t gr ti thi i c rri d t
n e a on , r th p rt f th h ll tr ck
s s a e ou ov e e a o e s e s u

d ir ctly by t h
e i r i t c l r m p rt d r c id r
e a r- es s a n e , or e s e ov e so e a un e ons e a

ti ;
on th t f
so t h wh l ah ll t h or c lc l ti e b c rri do e t s e e a u a on c an e a e ou

a t c ; with r p t t fr m th b
on e es f th
ec h ll t th p i t ;
o z o e as e o e s e o e o n

w ith r p ct t p fr m t h i
es e id t th t id f th rf c f th
o o e ns e o e ou s e o e su a e o e

s h ll d fi lly with r p ct t S fr m
e ,
an na t th th r limit f th
es e o o on e o e o e o e

s tr m f i t g ti l t th rf c ; th t thi i ly fr m 0 t
ea o a r an en a o e su a e so a s s on o o

2 wh7: t h wh l c r
en d t r rf c i tr ck by th tr m f
e o e u ve ou e su a e s s u e s ea o

a ri ;i th r c n o t h limit e t b d t rmi
a s es d w ith r g d t
e s a re o e e e ne e ar o

t h f rm f th
e o h ll d t h gl
o e s e an e an e a .
 64 On a i r -r es i s ta n ce
[CH . 1 1:

Ku mm r e an d S t Ro b rt h
e a ve c ri d a r e ou t c lc l ti
a f thi ki d
u a on s o s n

with t h m pti m 2 e assu on

( N wet ) on for m y hp S lan s a es . O a so

W Gr with th
. m pti m
os s e as s u on m ti h w r m t
en on o eve us
b m de f th f ct th t t h c lc l ti
a e o e a a e a u a on s o f Gr ly pp i
os s a re on a rox

m t a e .

S imil r c lc ul ti f thi rt ha a a on s o s so a ve b een m a d e by d e S pa e v

~

rr , .

Wu i c h Ma y e v s k i , ,

S i ac ci C ,
h rb
a on n e ir .

Ex a mp l es .

1 . R es it
s a n ce o f th e
t r rf f i l
ou e su ace o a c rc u a r

cy l i d r p t th t p
n e ,
o en a e o ,

of r di a R d h i gh t
us an e a .

C mpo t d pit
on e n s an o n

f r
o lt t ti t b
es u an ac on o e

l l td
c a cu a e N wt ; on e on s
’

as s u m pti m 2 on .

Th e e q ti
ua on Of th e m ri d i
e a n c u ve r is p = R so th t a

d p = 0 , d s = d z, COS co = S l n a c os 8;
th en c e

X : K R s in 2
a c os
3
. 9dB d z

Z 0, (s i n c e dp 0, a nd th e c y li d r i
n e s o pe n a b o ve )
= 2
X § 1< R s i n a S d S Z dz .

S i n ce h lf
a of th e c u ver d rf su ac e of th e c yl i d n er is e xpo s e d di r tly t ec o th e air

r es s it an c e , th e i tg
n e ra ti i m d
on s a e on ly fr m 9 o : —
§ 7r to 9 :
+ § 7r , a nd b id
es es

frm o z= 0 to z= a ; and s o

X=§ x l ta s i n 2
a, X sin
2
a , an d th en ce

th t i
a s the po i t f ppli ti l i
n o a ca on es a t th e mi ddl e of th e y l i d r h igh t
c n e e .

I f th e c yl i d r i l d t th
n e s c os e a e t op by th i e c rc u a l r r a ea t ri gh t a l
a n g es ,

th en Z K R 2
11
'
c os
2
a ( on N e wt ’
on s a s s u mp t i ) d on an

_
x 4a
2

2 . Con e , r dia us R, h ight I

e t ( s ee fig r ) S m
u e mp t i
. a e as s u on m=2 .

Th e e q tiua on of the m ri di
e an c ur ve , th t i f th tr igh t g
a s o e s a ene a r ti g l in n e,
"

is

an d th en c e
—R
d __
2
R R
— s )
B ’
dz la ds

las i n a c os 9+R
. c os a

-
J a Ht )
?e
 On air -r
es i s ta nc e

If 7 d t
e n o es th e ang e l gi v en by
R -= a rc
c ot - c ot a , or c os
y y
T
i
th e l im i t s of i t gr ti
n e a on a re

9= — + -y 1r and 9 :
+ 7r —y ;

and we r q ir f th i t gr ti wi th r
e u e or e n e a on es pe c tt o

a
t t h es e l i mi t th t h r i t g l
s e ee n e ra s

+ 1r 7
y),
2
c os
3
9 d9 sin
y( 2 c os

c os
2
9 d9 w —y
—s i n y c os y ,

c os S dS

I f we tk a e

§ >
+ 7r 7 1
s 1 n a c os 9+ 00 8 a c os S d9 = P ,

2
R
S l n a COS Q -i-
Z
COS a
) d9 = Q ,

2B R ‘
P =§ i
s n
‘
4
a s ni y ( - -
2 1 c os 2
y)
—
h
s 1 n a c os a ( 1r
y sin y c os y) c os
2
a s in y,

—
O
l
3
n
41
Q 8 1n
2
( — s 1 n -c o s
y y) + 8 1 11 a CO S a S l n y+
—-
( ff
—y ) c
e
os a ;
a 1r
y 71 2

a nd wh en th e ang e l y i s r
e x p es s e d by t h e a ng e a, l
i
g § r
z
g
)
2
s i n a c os a
2 2
cos a + 2s i n a I m
c ot + w - a c c os

11 — a rc c o s
R
c ot a
3 1?
s m a c os a
It [Z
R
and th en c e for t h e c as e wh en ta n a
7;
x h3
RP & ]t
1
2

Co mbi ti na on o f c yl i nd r e a n d c on e (sa m
mp t i e as s u on ; m = 2) .

( )
a F or th e c as e wh r e e ta n a
E by impl dd i ti
s e a on we h ave

M 2
12 ” 2
s i n 0 c os a
X = § x Ra i
s n
2
a +
11 2
R 2

2122
K hR 2 2
1r
( Sin
2
(1
 1 2] On i
a r -r es s ta nce i 67

a nd s o

2
a s in a c os a

b
( ) Fo r t h e c as e wh r e e ta n a

=
X fir x Ra s i n
2
a

x/L R
2 3
Q

2
it ?
2R
X f= § x Ra z
sin
2
a +
( 61 +
3h

a nd s o

Z
h 2_
R

§ a
2
i
s n
2
k 3

( a +
3 2> P

4r i m t l l ti
. th b i
By a pp ox a e ca c u a on on e as s of Los s l
’
s La w ( m = 1 ) W . G ros s

fi d th f ll wi g l f h r lt t r i t
n s e o o n va ue s or t e es u an es s a nc e Wto a s h e ll wi th ogi va l h e ad :
di g r di 2 l ibr W R (0 3 6 5 = 2
5 ) s i n2 a for l
l
to
'

r ou n n a us , ca es : x 1r a ng e a u p

W = K R ?
” (0 3 3 12 2
1 6 3 44 s i n c ) S in a 03 .

He r
d t th r i t
e a ga n 1: i f i t f rf m i g t right gl
e n o es e es s an c e o un o su a ce ov n a an es

w ith th m l i ty d f 25 l i b
e sa e v e oc d d h d R ; 0 3 3 12 i t h
an so or a ca re r oun
’

e ea K
?
” x s e

r it f thi
e s s a nc e o h ll i th wh r h i f h h ll l i i th t g t
s s e n e cas e e e t e ax s o t e s e es n e an en

of th tr j t ry e a ec o .

A f th d i ts g
or f t h p i t
e f pp l i t i
s fr m t h
a n ce b f th o h ll e o n o a ca on o e as e o e s e ,

th f ll wi g
e l
o o bt i d by W Gr f
n v a ue s h ll 3 libr l g r
a re o a ne . os s or a s e 5 ca e on ove

all d 15
, an l ibr l gth f h d f h ll 23 d ti g h l ibr
ca e en o ea o s e ,
. en o n t e ca e

i
s n a =0 1 °

07 08 10
4 8 4 4 39 35 3 0R
'

Th e c en tr
r i ty w di t t R fr m th b f th h ll
e of g av as s an o e as e o e s e .

Th f mpl t r wi p iti
us e ve n or a c o th p i t f p p l i t i e e c os s se os on e o n o a ca on

li h d f th
es a tr f gr i ty F ry m ll gl th p i t f ppl i
ea o e c en e o av . or v e s a an e a, e o n o a ca

ti w ld li m wh r b t th mi ddl f th h d f th h ll
on ou e so e e e a ou e e o e ea o e s e .

U d r th mpti f N wt
n e l m = 2 l l ti h w t h t h
e as s u on o e on s
’
v a ue , ,
ca c u a on s o s a er e

l
a so th p i t f ppl i t i
e l i i g r l h d f th tr f gr i ty d
o n o a ca on es n en e a a ea o e c en e o av ,
an

nea r th p i t f m ll l f th gl
e o n or sth t d p d It i
a ly
v a ue s o e an e a ; so a e en s on a . s on

f th ri gh t i r l r y l i d r
or e t tr i gh t
c r
cu a w ll f th mbi ti
c n e cu s a ac os s , a s e as or e co na on

o f yl i d r
c d nf whi h th h ight f h d l = 0 4 1 R th t gi
e an c on e , or b c e e o ea i
°

,
a s s ee n to e

i d p d t f
n e en en o a .

I thi th ry h
n l i ty f t h h l l i i l d l y i t h f t r
s eo t e ve oc v o e s e s n vo v e on n e ac o x.
 On a i r -r es i s ta nce
68 [ OI L II

R em a r k on th e u n cer ta i n ty o f a l l s uch c a lc ul a ti on s a s

th es e, a n d on th e n ec es s i ty f or exp er i m en t .

A g i t c lc l ti
a ns a u a on s of t he p r ie v o us ki d n t h e fo ll wi g m t b
o n us e

sa id :

I n th e fir t pl
thi g c rt i i k w f th thr
s ac e n o m pti n e a n s no n o e ee as s u on s

e m pl y d t t h t t
o e a e ou s e .

S c dly e on wh th ,
m pti h ld g d
e v en en k w es e a s su on s o oo ,
n o on e no s

th m t
e it bl l f m
os su a e va u e or .

Thirdly t h fl w f th ,
i w y fr m th h ll wi th w
e o o d e a r a a o e s e ,
a v es a n

e d di h es , t b asc id r d d c
no t t pr t b t k i t
e en on s e e ,
an anno a e s en e a en n o

a cc t m th m tic lly i
ou n a ti f ct ry m
e a r a n a sa s a o an n e .

O th n th r h d p ibility i t t th pr t tim f
e o e an no os s ex s s a e e s en e o

p r oc e edi g i m n r fr fr m
n a bj c ti th gh thi
an n e w ld b y ee o o e on , ou s ou e ver

d ir bl b c
es a th i fl
e, c f t h bli q ity f th i f th
e a us e e n ue n e s o e o u o e ax s o e

s h ll m k th m l f lt i d i ti f th h ll d dimi ti
e a e e s e ve s e n ev a on o e s e an nu on

o f th r g e an e .

O th d p d c
n e f t h p iti e f t h p i t f pplic ti
en en e o e os on o e o n o a a on on

th e an gl K mm r ( 1 8 7 5 ) h m d m r
e a, u d
e c rt p i as a e nu e ous a n ac u a e ex er

m t w ith b di f h ll lik h p b t with m ll l citi

en s o es o s ly
e - e s a e, u s a ve o es on ,

an d with r t ti H i
no tig t d t h r l ti b tw
o a on . d e n ve s a e e e a on e e en an a,

f or a b dy f r l ti
o o e vo u on .

F thi h ch
or sr l di ff r t l e f C d i
os e s e v e a tig t d e en va ue s o ,
an n ve s a e

t h c rr p
e o di g l u f i th f ll wi g m
es on n va r e o a, n e o o n a nn e :

Th m d l f t h h ll ( f c rdb rd
e o e o t i cr e s th eibility o a oa ,
s o as o n e as e e s e ns

o f t h m th d ) w
e e
p d d f
or ly h ri t l
as s u s i th t t hen e ee on a o z on a ax s , s o a e

s h ll w m d i till i t
e as ov e l city f b t 8 m/ c ( by m
n s a r a a ve o o a ou se ea n s

o f whirli g pp r t ) ; th m d l f th h ll b i g
a n a a a us m e o e o e s e e n on an ar

ov e r 2 m l g w hich w r l d b t
on ,
rtic l i as e vo v e a ou a ve a ax s .

K mm r m th d w f ll w h d t rmi d t h p iti
’
u e s e o f
a s as o o s : e e e ne e os on o

e q ili bri m f
u l rg mb r f p iti
u or a f t h tr a r e nu i e o os on s o e a n s ve s e ax s,

assu m d by th b dy d r th cti f th i r i t c l
e e o un Th e e a on o e a r - es s an e a on e . e

di ts an c e o f t h tr r i fr m th b e f th h ll w th
a n s ve s e a x s o e as e o e s e as us

th th c rr p di g gl w b r d t which th l g i
en e o es on n an e a as o s e ve ,
a e on ax s .

s t doo .

A l l th r f rc o f r t ti e m t t r lly b limi t d b
o es o o a on us na u a e e na e : a ov e

a l l t h f rc
,
e f gr ity m t b r m
o e o d by m ki g th c tr f
av us e e o ve a n e en e o

g ity c m i t t h tr
ra v o re i by m n o f i tr le a n s ve s e ax s ea n s o an n e na

m ch i m
e an s
“

.
 1 2] On a i r -r es i s ta nc e 69

mm r c rri d t hi b r ti f th pl
Ku e cyli d r
a e ou s o s e va on s or e a ne, n e ,

c mbi ti
o f cyli nd r
na d c h mi ph r
on od mi lli p i d e an on e , e s e e, an se -e so ,

and fi lly f m d l f th M r b ll t d th 4 p d
na or a o e o e a us e u e an e - oun er

Pr i h ll S m d t il f th rr g m t f th r r h
us s a n s e . o e e a s o e a an e en o e es ea c

w r impr d by K mm r i
e e c d ri f p rim t
ove u e n a se on se es o ex e en s .

Th r lt f K mm r r rch m y b gi h r f th ’
e es u s o u e s es e a a e ve n e e or e

m d l f th
o e h ll with h ight = 1 1 2 5 mm f th yli dric l
o e s e a e a
°

o e c n a

b dy r di R = 3 7 5 mm d h ight h = 4 7 5 mm f th gi l
o , a us
°

, an e
°

o e o va

h d H f d
ea . e ou n

68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 90 ]
86 83 82 79 73 70 69 68 64 55 48 43

1 10 m m
b
92 94
t
96 98 1 00 10 2 10 4 10 6 108
39 36 34 33 32 30 25 23 21

A s th e s tr m dir ct d t c ti lly d cr i g gl
ea of a i r is e e a a on n ua e ea s n an e

with r p es e ct t th
i t h p i t f pplic ti
o e ax s , s o
pp r ch m r e o n o a a on a oa es o e

an d m r t th o e pp ro d f t h cyli
e u dric l p e rt (C en o e n a a

F gl m ll r th
or a n an 1 8 th r
e s a rch g e l gr an a
°
e e s ea a ve n o on e a

d fi it r lt Th N w t i
e n e es u . m pti gi f thi
e e on an a s s u on ve s or s c as e

g e ta 4 t h h ight a f
?
t h cyli
an dric l a
p rt a e e o e n a a
47
,

% R 2 - t % 7T 2 B t h c alibr an a e a e

P tti g u =0 w
n g t C
a i gr,
m te with p erim t a, n a ee en ex e en : on

th c e tr ry th r t f th c lc l t d d b r d l
on a ,
e es o f ef a u a e an o s e ve va u e s o or

a a re r m rk bly di c rd t
e a a s o an .

S ch u
p rim ex t with e l city f 8
en sm / c c t gi t h r lt
a ve o o se an n o ve e es u s

r q ir d i b lli tic ; b c
e u e n a t l citi p t 1 000 m / c m ch
s s e a us e a ve o es u o se u

m r i r q ir d d thi w ld tur lly i l

o e s e u e ,
an ry ri s ou na a n v o ve ve se ous ex

p eri m t l di
en a ffic lti u es .

F i f it i
or tt m pt d t m k ch tr m f i t f l g
s a e e o a e su a s ea o a r ac or a on

tim t ti ry m d l f h ll th tr m li
e on a s a on a f th
o e i m t o a s e ,
e s ea n es o e a r us

p os s e s s a un i f rm p r ll l m o ti i fr t f t h
a a m d l dei dditio on n on o e o e , an n a on

th l city f th i m t b t h m g i t ch q r
e ve o o e a r us ti e e sa e a a ns ea s u a e c en

m tr f th cr
e e o cti e C id r bl p dit r f p w r i
os s -s e on . on s e a e ex en u e o o e s

th r q ir d d p ci l pr p r ti f t h m r m t f th
en e u e ,
an s e a e a a on s or e e as u e en o e

dir cti
e d l city f th i t ry p i t r q i d with t
on s an ve o o e a r a e ve o n a re e u re , ou

i t rf ri g w ith th fl w f th i
n e e n e o o e a r .

Pr b bly t h m pl ym t f N m th d d crib d b ’
o a e e o en o ee s e n s e o , es e a ov e ,

will l d t r lt I y c a wid fi ld i p f
ea o es u s . n an h w rk as e e e s o en or s uc o .
70 On ai - e
r r s s ta n ce i [ CE I I

III . CALCU LATI ONS R ELA TI N G To THE S HA P E O F THE S HELL H EA D .

13 . Wh en
r l f X Z X C f § 1 2 it i a is 0 i n t h e fo mu ae or , , o , s

m d th t th i f th h ll li i th t g t t th p th
as s u e a e ax s o e s e es n e an en o e a .

I t gr ti
n e with r p ct t 8 m t th b c rri d t fr m 0 t 2
a on es e o us en e a e ou o o 7 r,

and th S dS i enr d t X d X C ( b t th l f g
os s z e o, an so oo an ,
u e va u e o

a
pp r ch fi it
oa limit which i bt
es a i d by lcnl ti g teh l f ,
s o a ne ca u a n e va ue o

C t fir t f
a m ll fi it gl
s d p tti g
or a s a n e an e a, a n u n a :

Th th r i t c Z i th dir cti f t h
en e i m tb
e s s an e n e e on o e z ax s us e

c id r d B t i c
on s e e . u s n e

dp
0 0 8 a)
ds
th en writi g f n a: or
p i n the
,
c as e wh r e e the ax s i li es i n the t g t
an en

to t h p th w h
e a ,
e ave

W 27 m a da ,
wh r e e ds V( d z .
2

He r
r it c t e i s the es s a n e o uni t su rf c a e for m ti o on at right
angl d f th
es, l city c rr
an or e ve o 1) o es
p on di g t
n o the m ti o on of the
c tr f g ity f th h ll
en e o ra v o e s e .

E x a mp l es .

h ll c i ti g f circ l r yli d r f c libr 2R c mbi d

1 . A s e ,
on s s n o a u a c n e o a e ,
o ne

with tr c t d c a f h ight h d r di
un a e f th pp rm t on e o e ,
an a us a o e u e os

secti LO l ond Gr . m pti m 1'

ss
’
s an
’
os s s a s s u on s , .

Th r i t c W f th e r d rf c i th dir cti f th
e s s an e l o e c u ve su a e n e e on o e

sh ll i i
e -a x s s

W 1 27 r /c

wh r e e a a ( h z
) c ot B ,
c ot B
c ot Bd z,

so th t a W 1 27 m c os B a ds: x7
( R 2
a
”
) c os B .

To thi m t b dd d th r i t c
s us e a e e es s an e of th e fla t h d ea
 13 ] On a i r -r es i s ta n ce 71

t t l r i t c W W W ; m p r d w ith t h r i t c
The o a es s a n e :
, 2 co a e e es s a n e

xR f t h d ir c t cro
fi'
rr o cti f th cyl i d r f c libr 2B thi i i
e e s s -s e on O e n e o a e , s s n

th r ti
e f
a o o

+
15 5

2 . O gi l h ll with r
va s e a oun di g r d i
n a us n h l f c libr
a a es . Los s l
’

as s u mpti on , m 1 .

2 13

Le t A O be t h e
’
g r ti g circ l r
en e a f th
n gi with c tr 0 u a a rc o e o ve , en e

an dP y p
an o n i t( az
) f t
O h circl
'

I t i
e c i t t t k t h cetr l
. s on v en e n o a e e en a

an gl e A OI P 1
<) as th i d p
e d t ri bl i t d f Th
n e en en va a e n s ea o 03 . en

OI P c os (
p O, D 0 1A AD ,

—l
c os ¢ = n R —( R —a ) ,
a = n R c os c
p _
n

d o: n R sin d
e s ,
ds nR d d) ,

so th t a

da
W
°

27TIC
a;
R si n d (b
i
n n 1
nR R d
27m
a
c os (
p n Sl n
e e

27r/cR 2
n
2
4 . 8 qt
n ) d¢ .

W 1c R 2'
zr n
2
( sin «
y 5 sin
3 «
y
r
y c os

which 7 d t
en o es t h e a n gl e A 0 10 , which i gi s v en

n R —R n —1
n R

I t m a y be m ti en on e d i thi c n s on n e x on i th t i a n
72 On a i r -r es i s ta n ce [ GIL I I

t he mi gi l gl
se -o va an e y ,
t h e h ight f th h d 0 0 h d th r di
e o e ea , an e a us

o f r u di g R
o 0 0
n n I 1 n R , a rec ct d i th f ll wi g m
on n e r e n e o o n a nn e

n 1 h h 2
RI
sin _
7
R, 2B 2B
’

as for m pl
ex a e

Roun n a di g r d i us
i n c ah br e s

II ‘ht h
'

f e d
L f f
’ g '

0 8 66 -
1 1 18 1 3 23 1 6 58
Q ca l l re s

S m i gi l
e o va

ang e l
° ° ° '
90 60 43 11
7

i il r c l l ti f di ff r t f rm f h d h b c rri d
S m a a cu a on s or e en o s o ea a ve e en a e

t by W C th b m pti d by I g ll
’

ou f LO l
. r os s on e as e o SS s as s u on , a n n a s

with t h h l p f D h m i L w
e e o uc e n s
’
a .

Hé l i ( F ) m d th
e t t h c ffi i
ra n c et i f gi l h ll i cr
as s u d e a e oe c en o o va s e n e as e

and d cr d th i f th mi gi l gl y ; d thi w
e ea s e as e s ne o e se -o va an e « an s as

t bli h d by m r
es a s
p
e rim t nu e o us e x e en s .

A H m ilt .
( N rth A ma ric ) t t d th ont it w p r d th
o t t h e a s a e a as o ve a e

l fi f
va ue o h ll h ld b pr p rti l t th m
or a s l f th
e s ou e o o on a o e ean v a u e o e

i f th gl th t th t g t t t h gi t th ri p i t
s ne o e an e a e an en o e o ve a e va o us o n s

m d with th i f th h ll
a e e ax s o e s e .

Thi w ld m k t h i s l f tw
ou h ll i r ly pr p rti l
a e e v a ue s o o S e s n ve s e o o on a

t tho rf c f th h d f th h ll
e su a e o e ea s o e s e s .

If w p t i = 1 f gi f 2 c libr r di f r di g th
e u or a n o ve o a e a us o ou n n ,
en

w h ld h
e s ou a ve

i = 1 00
°

n 2, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 c libr a es .

it will b h w l t r th t th
B ut e s tb o n a e on , a es e as s u m pti c on s an n o e

c on s id r d t b pr d
e e o e o ve .

Th f ll wi g t bl gi
e o th p cific
o r i t nf h ll f aq l e ve s e s e es s an c e o s e s o e ua

c libr
a c lc l t d th b i f th l w f LO l D ch mi
e, a s a u a e on e as s o e a s o v . SS ,
u e n,

an d N wt e on .

A i th
s l
s s e en , ry di cr p t e s e va ue s a r e v e s e an .

L b r t ry
a p ri m t
o a o t m ll l ity h b m d i gr t mb r
ex e en s a s a v e oc ave e en a e n ea nu e s .

F mpl B rd H tt d Vi h bt i d th f ll wi g lt
or e x a e, o a, u on a n nce a ve o a ne e o o n res u s :

Th r i t e h m i ph r i t th t
es s a n c e h d i m tr l r
to tia e s e e s o a on t e a e a c os s -s ec on as

0 4 0 7 1 ( B rd 0 4 0 5 1 H tt 0 4 3 1 Vi 0 40 3 F rt h r h u l u t
°

: o a : ; on : nce e e re
;
i ir l r
s s ta n c e o n a c with gl 1 24 b r t th t
cu a th plc on e an es 5
° ’
ea s o a on e an e

b t h r ti 0 6 9 1 0 4 3 0 4 3 3 t 1 r p t i l y
as e e a o ,
5 , o , es ec ve .
74 On ai -
r r es i s ta n ce [ CH I I .
'

an d to i tr d c d bt t th i r l tr f r c f th f rm
n o u e a ou as o e un v e s a a n s e en e o e o

va l u fr m e h ll t th r
o on e s e o an o e .

I t will b h w i th q l h w th f rm l w r bt i d
e s o n n e se ue o e o va u e s e e O a ne ,

an d h w fig r bt i d i thi w y m t t-b t b m k hi ft
o a u e o a ne n s a us a es e a a es .

Cr i ti ca l re m a r ks on eap er i m en ts to d eter m i n e th e e j ec t o f
th e s h ap e o f th e s h ell h ea d .

Th e l ity r g X gl f d p rt r 1 d i d i ty
i i ti l
n a v e oc t o, an e ,
an e o e a u e < ; an a r ens a re

ob r d
s e ve By m . f ppr i m t i fr m t h
ea n s h ll l ibr 2B d h ll
o a ox a on s o e S e -ca e an S e

w igh t P th pr d t i B i bt i d H r B i f t r f dj tm t t m
e e o uc s O a ne . e e s a ac o o a us en o co

pen s a e t f t h rr or d i t h i t
e e gr t i f t h d
ors c a u s e i ff r t i l q t i f tnh e n e a on o e e en a e ua on o e

p r ob l m e ( S C h
.
p t r V ) ee a e .

Di i i by B th gi th i l i mp ri with
v s on us ve s ml l i l e -va ue n co a s on a n or a v a ue ,

whi h m t b d fi d i
c us gr d b t rbi tr ry m
e e ne rn an a ee u a a an ne .

( ) Wa h t h i l f y g
eni h ll e t h b
-v a ue i f t h m lor a n f v en s e on e as s o e sa e va ue o

v0 , X 2B P 8 i s l l t d by m
, , ,
f t w d i ff
,
t y t m f l ti
ca c u a e ea n s o o e re n s s e s o so u on ,

b d th m l w f i r i t
as e on e sa the m l i t lw y bt i d
a s o a r- e s s a nc e , e sa e va ue s no a a s o a ne ;
di r p i p t 13
sc e a n c es u b m t w i th o c an e e .

Th r e f thi i t h t th
ea s on o mp ti f th r f i t gr ti i th
s s a e co en s a on or e e r ors o n e a on n e

d i ff t y t m f l ti h b m r l
e re n s s e s o so u f l ( mp r
on as e en o e or es s s u cc e s s u co a e

E i th
ven m y t m f l ti ( f mpl S i i I I ) h rr r f
n e sa e s s e s o so u on s ee or e x a e acc t e e o s, or

d i ff r t d p rt r gl 1 d r g X f th r p di g B l
e en e a u e an es ( ) a n t an es ,
o e c o res on n v a ue s a re n o .

th e sa m e .

S pp u f mp l
os e l l ti i m d gr d d S i i I I d B i
or e xa e a ca c u a on s a e ou n e on a cc ,
an s

t k t f th B t bl d i i th d t rmi d p rt f th r r i B i
a e n ou o e a e , an s e n ce e e ne ; a a o e e ro n s

th tr f rr d t th l f i
en ans e e o e v a ue o .

( 6) M r r t t d th i i t i t tly pr p rti l t
o eov e as s a e e a r -re s s an c e s no e xa c o o on a o

th r ti f th h ll B i th l l ti f i thi pr p rti l ity

e c os s -s e c on o e s e . ut n e ca c u a on o s o o on a

h as b e en md d gi as s u rr r e ; an Thi rr r t pp r i th
SO a a n an e o e n s ue s . s e o oo a ea s n e

i l i th l l ti
-v a ue n e c a cu a on .

N th m r
ow h ll f th m l ibr diff r fr m h th r i h p
e o e tw o S e s o e sa e ca e e o ea c o e n S a e

o f h d t h m r wi ll t h f t th t t h r i t
ea ,
e o e d r e ti ac t p a e e s s a n ce a n c os s -s e c on a re n o ro

p r
ot i l on a h th r m k i t l f i d t i t h l l t d l f i
to ea c o e a e se ev en n e ca c u a e v a ue o .

( ) T hc i d ity 8 i i f t ri bl b
e a r - en s it d p d t h h i gh
s n ac va a e, eca us e e en s on e e t
o f th fli gh t f he h ll B t i h l l ti th i d i ty wi ll h b
o t e s e . u n t e ca cu a on e a r- e n s a ve ee n

as s u m d t t d i th r q l th t h gr d t m m
e c on s a n ,
an e e e l ua to a on t e o un ,
or o so e ea n va ue

o f i d i ty h r g i
a r - en s rr r ri th t l ff t th ffi i t i
; e e a a n an e o a s es , a a so a ec s e c oe c en .

( )
d A t t d b th r i t i s s a e atly pr p rti l t i gl
ov e , e es s a n ce s n ot e x a c o o on a o a S n e

c oe ffi i t t h r l t i
c en hi p i r lly
; e ry mpli t d d p d i g th
e a on s s ea a ve co ca e on e , e en n on e

s h a pe .

B ut i n th e ca cu a l l ti on o f i ts va ue l thi pr p rt i l i ty i
s o o on a s as s u me d .
 14 ] On ai r -r es i s tmw e 75

( ) e d
I f t he p rt i m
ang e ofr d l p d i g t h e m a ure s eas u e co rre s on n o t e sa e

s h ll th m i i ti l l i ty
e , e sa e nd th m i d i ty 8 f m y g X
a -v e oc t o an e sa e a r- e n s ,
or an ra n es ,

th i e l f th h ll b l l t d f m h p r t r g
v a ue s o e s e c an e ca c u a e ro ea c se a a e an e .

B t i t pp u f q a tly th t h ri f t h l th bt i d i
ear s re ue n a t e se es o e v a ues us o a ne s n ot

t t
c on s a n .

I f th l ti f th b ll i ti pr bl m w
e so u on o t d mpl t d i f h
e a s c o e as e xa c an co e e, a n t e

l g i f th h ll r m i d t d i ly i h t g t f th tr j t y i
on ax s o e s e e a ne s ea n t e an en o e a ec o r ,
n

ac co rd wi th
ance f th mpti f S ti 3 —5 t h i l w ld
one o e as s u ons o ec ons ,
e va ues ou

n ec es s ari ly b q l e e ua .

A m tt r f f t th l l t d i l
s a a e o y d i m f th
ac e ca c u a e v a ues va r ,
an n so e o e ne w

i f try b ll t t
n an ry m rk d t t fr m tr j t ry t th r
u e s o a ve a e ex e n o on e a ec o o ano e .

Th f d m t l e un a f thi lt r ti i t h f rm ffi i t ri fir tly
en a c a us e o s a e a on n e o -c oe c en s a s es s

fr m t h f t th t t h r d t i
o e ac f t r B i d i ff r t f
a e t h d i ff
e t tr j i
uc on ac o s e en or e e re n a ec t or es

o f th m h ll d
e sa e s dly i th t th h g f i wi th th h p d
e ; an s e c on n a e c an e o e s a e an

l i ty h t b
ve oc as i d r d i ffi i tl y thi rdly i h f t th t h
no e en c on s e e ,
or nsu c en ; n t e ac a t e

sh ll i t m t t p f rmi g i l t i ll ti i th i
e s o so e e x en er o n v o en os c a on s n e a r

I thi l t l l ti i i tb l l ti f t h
.

n th
s as cas e the ca cu a on s n e xa c ec a us e e ca c u a on o e t ra

j t
e c or
y h ld ts k i
out t t ha i ll
e t i f h h ll
n o a c c oun A t hi i t t h e os c a on o t e s e . S s s no e

d
ca s e , a n m r r p p i m t m th d
as o eo ve mpl y d h r t h r r i i g
a rox a e e o s a re e o e e e, e er o s ar s n

ou t f i t m t gi
o ri ti f th f rm ffi i t i
us ve a v a a on o e o -c oe c en .

C r ly h w r thi ri ti m y t b m pl y d f th q ti t ti
on v e s e o e ve s va a on a no e e o e or e ua n a ve

m r f th t t f th i ll ti
ea s u e o e ex e n o e os c a on .

O th n
gr des e rt i ty b p t d th t th l f i bt i d
ou n s no ce a n can e ex ec e a e v a ue s o o a ne

i t hi m
n s r ttl th tr l f f rm d ti ll l th t th r lt
anne can se e e u e va u e o o ; an s es s a e es u s

are g r ll
ene a y l i d va .

14 . C a l c u l a i on s t c o n c e rn i n g th e m os t e ffe c i v e fo rm t of h ead of

th d a s h e ll . Th e A u gu s - ea .

Th pr bl m i t d t rmi
e th t pr fil f th h d f h ll
o e s o e e ne a o e o e ea o a s e

which t gi l city h ll gi mi im m r i t c I t h fig r
a ven ve o .
s a ve a n u e s s an e . n e u e

th l e g i f t h h ll i t k
on ax s th i f o d th g i e s e s a en as e ax s o a , an e -a x s

t d t right gl t it Th h l f c libr R B B 0 0 i gi
s an s a an es o . e a - a e 1 1 s ve n

an d t h h ight h AB e d th fr t
e rf i t gi a, -a
o, an e on su ac e s a a ve n

di t c
s an fr m t h rigi f c rdi t O Th q ti i t
e a, o e o n o oo n a es . e ue s on s o

d t rmi th m ridi
e e r A B ch th t by i t r t ti b t
ne e e an c u ve l l , su a s o a on a ou

th i f th urf c g r t d h ll h th l t r i t c
e ax s o a: e s a e en e a e s a a ve e e as es s a n e ,

wh th h ll m
en w ith gi e s l city v i th dir cti CA i till
e ov es ve n v e o n e e on n s

i
a r , orwh th i tr m p t with t h m r l ti
en l city i th
e a r s ea s as e sa e e a ve v e o n e

dir cti A C g i t th h d f th h ll H r ( ) m y d t t h
e on a a ns e ea o e s e . e e x 11 a en o e e

r i t c rm l t th rf c p
e s s an e n o it r Th r i t c t t h
a o e su a e e r un a ea . e es s a n e o e

c mpl t h d B A A B i t b c lc l t d d m d mi im m
o e e ea 1 1 2 2 s o e a u a e an a e a n u .

Thi l d p r bl m i
s t h Cealc l f V ri
s to a ti T h f ll wi g o e n e a u us o a a ons . e o o n
76 On ai -
r r es i s ta n ce [ OH I I.

r es u lt i t t d with t pr f
s s a e ou oo . Wh e n it i r q ir d t d t rmi 3)
s e u e o e e ne as

a fun cti f ( c r A B ) f
on o a u ve I I or w hich t h gi d fi it i t gr l
e v en e n e n e a

E (x y y , ,
'
,
y
is a m im m
ax u or mi im m n u , the di ff r ti l q ti
e en a e ua on

BF d
8g da

r q ir t
e u es o be i t gr t d Th c t t f i t gr ti will th b
n e a e . e on s a n s o n e a on en e

c lc l t d
a u a e as f ll w
o o s .

S uppos e fir t t h d ( g ) ( a g ) f th c rr p di g br ch f
s e en s p o o ,
t o e o es on n an o

the c r u ve a r e gi ; d th t th
ve n an a en

= a0 an d a = =
a ,
y y o, cc1 ,
g g 1 .

Le t th e po i n t( al
g) l be fi d tB ; d
xe a 1 an on th e oth r h d l t t h
e an e e

o th r p i t (
e o n p
g)
o o be c a
p a bl f lidi g l g
e o s n a on a
p a a r ll l t th g i ;
e o e -a x s

h at-s f

th t i a s, l e t th e d ir d c ur
es e r m th fi d p i t ( y ) t li
ve r un f o e xe o n al l o a ne

a = w0
pa r ll l
a e to th g i d d th r Th i f
e -a x s , an
g
=
g ; en e e . en
"
a as] , ]

B F
an d if a _
' 0 fr m which t h
,
o t t b c lc l t d e c on s a n ca n e a u a e .

8y
T hi l t cs as as e i th
s b f r ; f B i fi d d A li
e on e e o e us or 1 s xe ,
an I es on

t he vertic l A A a 1 2 p r d c d
o r q ir d i
u e c t h h ight h
asf t h h de u e ,
S n e e e o e ea

is gi ve n .

Le t A , B 1 b e pa of th e it
u ve i n q u e s on P a n
yp o n rt
on ; an d c r ti ,
i t
lm t c r
d s t h e e e e n o f t h e u ve a t P lm t
B y o a on of t he e e e n d s . r t ti
b t
a ou i i fi it im l
t h e a x s of a a n n n es r c a md
z on e o f s u fa e 27r ds i s
y a e ,

which i t h l m t df f th t r rf c f th h d f th h ll
s e e e en o e ou e su a e o e ea o e s e .

I f i th gl b t w th dir cti f m ti ( th
a s i) d
e an e e e en e e on o o on e z
.
-a x
s an
 O i r es i s ta n c e
g ]
1 4 n a r -
77

t he no rm l t a o t he rf c l m
su a e e e e n t, on t he as s u m pti on o f Ne wt on s
’
la w
t he res 1s ta n c e on th lm t
e e e en of s u rf ac e is

x df c os
’
a K . 27 rg d s

dir t d l g th rm l t df
ec e a on e no a o .

Th c m p t r i t c l g th
e o on e n es s an e a on e w-a x i s is

x 271 d °

27 mg d g — dx
_
2

a )
dg
D en o t e i f
by q d
or a
' °

or
g
’
or
1
by p . h t h um
T en e s of
dy x
g
c mp
as o on e n s t f th r i t c
o e es s an es a gi ta ns t he c r d rf c
u ve su a e of

h d f th
ea o e s h ll e
“

W
R
d
9 3/ y dy
1 w
l
2
1 2
0 o o o o o o o o o o o o
( )
2
9
He re g i s th e i d
n e
p
en d t en va ri bl
a e , an d t h e fun cti on un d r th e e

r l y
I t gr l J
n e a ) 1 is « r I f t h a
( 1 ) f t h 3/ . e u e o e C l l a c u us
1 9
2

of V ri ti a i t b a m pl y d it m t b tic d th t h r
on s s o e e o e ,
us e no e a e e a; a n d y
h ch g d th ir Ol th t i t h di ff r ti l q ti t
a ve e x an e e r e a s, e e en a e ua on o be i t
n e

gr t d i
a e s

n o t so, th en

c on s a n t t .

a
i r 293
'
ax 8g ( 1 g)
? 2

th t fg) c t t
i on s an 20 , O
'
so a
g
( 1 ,

4g 2
(I 90 ( 1 2
?d
More ov e r dx d
g y q 0 2
9
q ,

9
dx 1

Th e so u l ti on of th e p r bl m
o e is t h us gi v en by the s im lt u a n e ous

e qua ti on s
=
y
78 On ai r -
r es i s ta n ce [ OIL 1 1

He r i t h q ti f c r i th f rm f ( g) g = f ( q ) with
e s e e ua on o a u ve n e o x , , 2 ,

p r m
a a t r g e e .

Wh 0 d 0 end t rmi d th c r an b di c d d
, are e e ne , e u ve c a n e s us s e an

tr c d by p i t I t pp r th t i th g r l c th c r h
a e o n s . a ea s a n e en e a as e e u ve as

a c p S d tw ympt t ; th fir t p r ll l t t h
us , an i th
o as o es e s a a e o e :1;-a x s , e

c d p r ll l t th y i Th fir t d l w r br h f th c r
s e on a a e o e -a x
s . e s an o e anc o e u ve

t d fr m p V3 t p 0 th
e x en s o d d upp r br ch fr m o : e s e c on an e an o

p V 3 th t i fr m
, t h c p S at p s o e us , ,
o 00 .

I t will b h Q W l t r th t ly th fir t br ch S E c m
e S Ildr a e a on e s an , , o es un e

c id r ti h r on s e a on e e .

A t th d t r mi ti f th s o e e e na on o e

c t t O d C it w w rk d t on s an s
’
an , as o e ou

i th f ll wi g m r by N n e o o n ann e . v .

W i h ( 1 8 8 2) d l t r by A g t u c an a e u us

( 1 8 8 2)
fir t c diti r q ir i y Th e s on on e u es n an

c th t wh h y R as e a en a: a, a, , ,

i c th h d f th h ll i t m k s n e e ea o e s e s o a e

dir ct pr l g ti f t h cyli dric l a e o on a on o e n a

k 3
p rt Al t h pp r h d rf a . so e u e ea su a ce ,

A A ,
h ld b2,
m ll p ibl
s ou d th rdi t S S f th
e as s a as os s e, an so e o na e , o e

c p S h ld b th r di A A f th h d rf c t t h f rw rd
us , s ou e e a us , o e ea su a e a e o a

fl t a d f thenh ll o e s e .

i s
Th c diti e0 h w th t t h c r
on rdi tong h i t mi i s o s a e u ve o na e as s n
d d

m um v a ue l for q
5
73 7 , or
p = d 3,
: at .
th e cu p s S, ,
and the an gl e

b twe een th e t g t d
an en an a -a x s i
h T en c e th t w c
e diti o on on s for t he c lc l ti
a u a on of
'
O a n d C, a re t he
l
f ll wi g f
o o n : or a: a, h y mu t s R ; for a a o,
9
V3
,

A g t h u mi d t h c rr p di g l ti i d t il ;
us as e xa ne e o es on n so u on n e a

A m i i
r d L mp h w
an n rh h w th t hi l ti i i c rr ct
an a e o e ve a ve s o n a s so u on s n o e .

Th l tt r pr
e d m ric lly th t with th S m c libr 2B f th
a e ov e nu e a a e a e a e o e

cyli dric l p rt f th h ll d with th m h i gh t h f t h h d

’

n a a o e s e ,
an e sa e e o e ea ,

a hyp rb l id l r t ti
e rfo o b f d with pl fr t rf
a o a on s u ac e can e ou n , an e on su ace ,

gi i g
v n r si t c m
a wh t m lle t h t h
s anr f c f A g t e so e a s a er an e su a e o u us .

Th rr r f A gu t c l l ti li i t h f ct th t th p rt f
e e o o u s
’
s a cu a on es n e a a e a o

th r i t
e c d t t h pl h d u r f c A A h
e s s an e uetb tk o e an e ea s a e , 2 as n o e en a en

i t cc u t i th c rr ct w y
n o a o n n e o e a .
 1 4] On a i r -r es i s ta nc e 79

t t l r i t c g i t th c r d rf c f th h d f t h
The o a e s s an e a a ns e u ve su a e o e ea o e

Sh ll d g i t th pl h d rf c i t b m d mi im m
e an a a ns e a ne ea su a e s o e a e a n u .

Th ri ti f t h d p i t A
e va t h p r ll l t t h y
a on i o e en o n , on e a a e o e -a x s

i fl c
n t ly th m ridi c r A B but l th h d urf c
ue n e s n o on e e an u ve , , , a so e ea s a e

A A} W . or g
f
o vr .

Th e t t l r i t c g i t th h d
o a es s a n e a a ns e ea of t he s h ll i
e s

M)
Mr d
J
y ?!
W— 27 HC
m
‘

1?q
.

O m
He rfir t p rt d t th r i t c t th pl h d rf c
e t he s a e n o es e es s a n e o e an e ea su a e,

a onl g which q 0 i c th h d urf c i t right gl t th ,

S n e e ea s a e s a an es o e

i ; th c d p rt i th r i t c t th c ur d u f c
a -a x s e s e on a s e es s a n e o e ve s r a e .

L t t h fir t i t gr l b di id d i t t w p rt
e e s n e a e v e n o o a s,

T hi s is e qu l a to
R
We R
We R 2

o l + 0 2

Th e fo ll wi g i th
o n s us t o be m a d e a mi im m n u

W 27 m

R 3/
27 m ( lg
2
x 7r

R
d
sq y
2

s R 2
71
°

27 m .

310
1 +9 2

To m keW i thi
a n s ex
pr i e s s on a mi im m
n u ,
th e i n te gr l a

m us tb e a m im m i c mR i c
ax u , s n e
fi'
rr s on s a nt t .

The fun cti u d r th i t gr l i

on n e e n e a s n ow
?
sq
4.

an d the so u l ti on of t he di ff r ti l q ti
e en a e ua on

c on s an t t ,
or y
80 On a i r r es i
-
sta nce

and in a d diti on , wi th d s = d
g g w e , h a ve , a s a b o ve in (3)
C

Th e i t gr ti
n e a on c t t
on s a n s C ’
an d O,
'
a re to be d t rmi d fr m th
e e ne o e

c diti
on

r m rk b )
e
g
a
R f on s :

a ov e .
or x a n;
2
25
—
: 0 for a a,
( t
s eeh p l t y e ex an a or

S i c th i t gr l t
n e e n e a o be tr t d i
ea e s

d
yq y
°

th r f re e o e

and thi = 0 ; th t f s y = i 1 ;so i ilya ly t h

or a : zoo,
'
as s ea s s e en , on e

u pp r ige c m i
S t c id
n r ti owh r
es l c rn o i t b ons e a on , en a ea u ve s o e

e m pl y d o e .

Th th l p f th t g t f th c r with th
us e S o e o i m t e an en o e u ve e :1;-a x s us

no tb b t
e t th d p i tA u f th p rt f t h c ur
a A R e en o n , o e a o e ve , , .

Th t m im m f t h i t g l ri i f ct d r t h
a a ax u o mp e n e ra a s es n a un e e as s u

ti f t h m th m tic l d t
on s o e d with ita mi im m f W i
e a a a a, an a n u o , s s e en

c d ri ti a 2; thi will b
81 2

fr m th
o e s e on va a on ) s e
y

i c th t br ch f th r u d r c id r ti i d r w f
S n e a an o e c u ve n e on s e a on s a n, or

which th ym pt t i p r ll l t th
e i d i c th r
as o e s a a e o e :1;-a x s , a n s n e e c u ve

str tch fr m th p i t B t th p i t A w h r th l p f th
e es o e o n , o e o n , e e e s o e o e

RF
t g ti
an en g d y p iti
s d g 3 d
8?
g an
'
a re os ve , an
’
2
,
an so 18 ne a

ti ve, d th i t gr l i
an m im m ( K r h e mi d t h
n e a s a ax u . n es e as exa ne e

c diti m r fully )
on on s o e .

R em a r ks on th e p r eced i n
g s ol u ti on o f th e p r obl em .

( )a lik ly th t th N wt i l w b
I t is un e a e e on a n a ca n e a
pp li d t e o the
high l citi which h r t b c id r d
ve o es a re e e o e on s e e .

b
( ) Th rm l r i t c rf c l m t df
e no a e s s an e on a s u a e e e en is n ot m r ly
e e

dp d t
e en df den d t ctly qu l t
on x an a, an so no exa e a o xd
f c os
2
a, but
82 On a i r -r es i s ta n e c [ OIL I I

r for
e as o n - thi s a
pp r t
a enc tr dicti li ion t h f ct th
a t t h on es n e a a e

out fl w f i fr m th h ll h
o o a r t b o e s e as no ee n

tk i t c t
a en n o a c oun .

O th gr d ch th r tic l l
n es e o un s su eo e a ca c u

l ati on s h p r
c anctic l im p r t a ve no a a o an c e .

E p rim t x e l d cid th m t it
en ca n a on e e e e os su

bl f rm f th h d f h ll
a e o o e ea o a s e .

Mr r r l ti t thi bj ct it
o e ove 1n e a on o s su e

m y b m ti a d th t m y thi g i dic t
e en on e a an n s n a e

th ti l im p rt
e es s en f th r r
a d f th o an c e o e ea en o e

h ll
s e .

Th h p i I V d V w r p t f rw d by
e S a es n an e e u o ar

d Al mb t i 1 744 d by Pi b t i 1 8 3 1 t h
’
e er n an o er n e e
gg
h p by R bi
s a e tr t d o th r r
ns ; d a un ca e c on e on e ea en

f h h ll by D y
o t e s i 18 0
e d Whi t rth i 18 60
re se n 4 an wo n ;
w ll
as e h rp p i t d h d by h l tt r d by
as a s a - o n e ea t e a e an

H hl r e e .

Th t rp d f rm i d btl
e o e f l o p r ly o s ou es s us e u on u e

hydr dy mi l pri i pl b th
o na ca d f th nc es ; ut e n ee or e

t bi l i ty f th h l l i th b r d i fli gh t i th
s a o e S e n e o e an n n e

ia r, a nd th r pr ti l r o e
pp d t thi ac ca e a s on s a re O os e o s

f rm f h ll
o O s e .

IV . CA LC U LATI O N O F TH E D ENS I TY O F TH E A I R 8 .

15 . cc rdi g t t h pr c di g d p d
Th e a I r -r e s I S t a n c e , a o n o e e e n , e en s

ab ll
ove a th d ity f t h i rr di g t h h ll
on e en s o e a r su o un n e S e .

I t i r q ir d th fr m t h t m p r t r f th i t C th
°
s e u e en , o e e e a u e o e a r .
,
e

b r m t r h ight H mm d th p rc t g f m i t r i t h
a o e e e , ,
an e e en a e o o s u e n e a i r,

t c l l t th w ight 8 f 1 m f i 3
o a cu a e e e ,
o o a r .

Th w ight f 1 c bi m tr
e e f p r f tly dry i i 1 2 93 0 3 kg
o u c e e o e ec a r s ,

at l l i l tit d
s ea eve 1 2 93 8 8 kg i
n a B rli l tit d 5 2 3 0
u e or n e n, a u e
° ’

an d 40 m b th A t th
a m tim th w ight P f 1 m f
ove e s ea . e sa e e e e o
3
o

dry i t t C t mp r t r d t H mm b r m t r h ight i
a r a
°
. e e a u e, an a 0 a o e e e ,
n ac

d
c or with t h l w f M i tt d G y L c i gi
an c e e a s t o ar e e an a - us s a s ve n a

B rli by
e n

H, 1
P :
1

B ut c ti mit r
ai r on a ns o s u e, an d th r f r 8 P b c
e e o e e a us e th e va
po u r
o f w t r whi h t h
a e ,
i h ld c e a r o s, ha s on ly 3 th w ight f e e o an e qu l a vo u l m e
 15] On ai r r es s ta n ce
- i 83

of d ry ai r . The h ight e of t he b r m t rr fr
a o e e e e s to t h e p r es s u e of r t he

mi o s t a ir .

h t im gi th th t w t r p ur f t i
We a ve o h a ne en a a e va o o e ns on c as

p tr
ene t d i t a ec bic m tr f d y i d th
n o on e t i c q u e e o r a r, an a n on s e ue n ce

a c rt i q tity f dry i h di pp r d th t t h pr r i
e a n ua n o a r as sa ea e , so a e es s u e s

th m b fr
e sa e as e o e .

L t t h dry i which r m i
e e b hi d i t h c bic m tr w igh
a r e a ns e n n e u e e e

G kg ; t h pr
,
r d t it i gi by H mm L t t h w t r
e es s u e ue o s ve n , . e e a e

va
p r which
ou h fl w d i w igh G kg with p r as r mm o e n e 2 , a ess u e e .

Th cc rdi g t D lt L w th t th pr r f th mi t r ’
en a o n o a on s a a e es s u e o e x u e

i th
s m f t h p rti l pr
e su r which ch g w ld h i f it
o e a a es s u e s , ea as ou a ve

fill d th p c l
e e s a e a on e ,

tr d ci g t hi
In o m pti u n s ass u on , we h a ve to c on s id r th te a at fir t s

th c b e w fill d with G kg
u e as e , of dry i
a r, a t a
p r r H
es s u e ,. Th en

acc rdi g t th B yl -M ri tt
o n o e o e a o e la w w e h a ve

G1 H1 Ho — e

Now i f ,
on ly th G kg e 2 ofwtr a e va
p r
ou w p r as es en ti n the m 3
,
at

a
p r r
es s u e e ( w ightep m er
3
gP ) th ,
en
p r tic
aclly a

G2 e

3 1 )
HO
T h es e v a ue s l
6
an d ,

i tr d c d i t
n o u e n o the e q u ti o a n 8 G, G2 , gi ve

H
( 0 h ) e ,

o r, fr om ( )
1
1 2 93 9

Wh th i i t r t d with p r th
en e =E t
(
a r i f s sa u a e va ou en e en s on o

w t r r d E b t k r m h t bl °
a e
p t t va ou f t a an c an e a en o e a es .

If h w r thi i t t h c th
o e ve i fr ti f E; l t s s no e as e , en e s a ac on o e

e E d 1 00 will b gi
s an t h hygr m tric p rc t g i th
3 e ve n a s e o e e en a e n e

t bl ; th
a e en

H, 27 3 s E
s ‘ ' I
( )I
7 60 27 3 + t 27 3 + t

h
T us t is th e t mp r t r
e e a u e of the ai r
'

in d gre ees Ce n tigr d a e

( Ce li s us ) .
84 On a i r es s ta n ce
r -
i [ OH I I
.

3 r l ti m i t r th t i t h r ti f th t i
i s th e e a ve f th
o s u e, a s e a o o e e n s on e o e

w t r p r t lly i th i t th t i E f w t r p r i
a e va ou a c ua n e a r o e e n s on o a e va ou n

th c e f t r ti ( f E
as e o lt T bl
sa u a 1 0 0 i gi
on or c on s u a e no . 3 s ven

dir ctly by K pp
e L m pr cht hygr m t r
o
’
e s or a e
’
s o e e .

H t h b r m tric h ight i m m r d c d t 0 C
°

0 e a o e e n ,
e u e o .

Th h ight H i mm will b r d ff
e e th m r ry b r m t r
n e ea o on e e cu a o e e .

Th r di g
e f th b r m t r
ea n r d c d f p rp
s o e f c m p ri
a o e e are e u e or u os es o o a s on

t d th
o on e an m t mp r t r i 0 C e sa e e e a u e, v z .
,
°
.

Th c ffici t f e
p i
oe f m rc ry b
en i g 1 5 5o50 t h
exh igh t
a n s on o e u e n : ,
e e

r d ff t h b r m t r
ea o on e a o e e

H H th t r ctic lly H
(
1
1 7 1 so a
5
p
; a a 1 0

and th rr cti m t t
e co e on a o un s o

Ht
0 000 1 8 1 Ht ,
5 5 50
which i btr ct d fr m H
s t o be su a e o .

O t h th r h d t h c l
n e o th b r m t r ch
e an g by p i e s a e on e a o e e an es ex an s on .

I f th l i m d f br ( c ffici t f p i
e s ca e s a e o w as s oe en O ex a n s on e

h t btr t g i fr m t h l t mb r 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 Ht
a ve o su ac a a n o e as nu e ,
.

Th wh l c rr cti
e th t b btr ct d fr m t h r di g H
o e o e on en o e su a e o e ea n

o f t h b r m t r i th
e a oly 0 0 0 0 1 6 2 H t ( c m p r T bl
e e s us on o a e a e no .

Fr q tly th h midity f t h i i t t k i t c t I
e ue n e u o e a r s no a en n o a c o un . n

thi c s as e

0 465 H
27 3 + t
( H mm )
0
0 In ,

an d thi i ffici t i m t c
s s su en n os as e s .

I thi w y t h d
n ity f t h i i bt i d r th gr d
s a e en s o e a r s o a ne nea e oun

l l
eve .

A i r -d e n s i ty at h e i gh tg .

Wh e n t he lt r ti
a e a on of a i r - e n s d ity with t h l e e e va ti on
g m b a o ve

the p a e lc of o b r ti
s e va on is tk a en i t cc t it
n o a oun , can be a ll w d fo e or

by t h e fo rm l u a
8, 8 (1 0 0 00 1 1 y) ,

wh r e e d t th d ity t h ight g ( th mb r 0 0 00 1 1
en o e s e en s a e e nu e ,
ac

c rdi g t t h c l l ti
o n o f Ch rb e i r i m r cc r t th th t
a cu a on s o a on n e ,
s o e a u a e an a

of 0 0 0 00 8 f S t R b rt ) o o e .

I t will ft b ffici t ft r t h c rr p di g p r bl m f t h
o en e su en ,
a e e o es on n o e o e

tr j ct ry h b c lc l t d with 8 q l t th i d ity th
a e o as een a u a e e ua o e a r - en s on e
 15 ] On a i r -r es i s ta n ce 85

gr d d i thi w y th h ight g f th r t h b d t r
oun ,
an n s a e e o e ve ex as ee n e e

mi d t p rf rm th p r ti g i with
ne , o i de ity 8 which
o
‘

e O e a on a a n a n a r- e ns y ,

r f r t t h h ight Y t which t h h ll w ld b f d i i t flight

e e s o e e a e s e ou e o un n s

on th rg e a ve a e .

Thi r g h igh t Y i th c wh r it r f r t tr j ct ry
s a ve a e e ,
n e ase e e e e s o a a e o

whi h m d w g i t th h ri t l pl thr gh th m l
c co es o n a a n o e o z on a an e ou e uz z e ,

i gi
s by Y = ag
ven , .

Th d ity 8 f t h i t th
e r g h ight Y i th u
ens 1; o e a r a e a ve a e e s s

a, 3 (1

wh r e e 8 d eno es t the d en s ity at t he gr o un d ,

and
g t
, h e h ight
e of t he
vert ex .

The c lc l ti
a u a on is th en r e
p ea e t d with thi s v a ue l of the air

den s ity .

In al l s uc rth lh l l titi l i t h l l t i f t h
ca cu a on s it is n ev e e es s es s e n a n e ca cu a on o e

i d
a r- e n s i ty 8 th gr d th t th i t mp r t r i t b t k
on e t h ou n ,
a e a r- e e a u e s o e a en n ot a t e

m m t f fi ri g b
o en m t mp r t r b d
o n ,
ri f b r ti
ut as a ea n e e a u e as e on a s e es o o s e va on s ,

b th
e c a us e i t mp r t r lt r i g r l m r l wly t gr t h ight th
e a r- e e a u e a e s n ene a o e S o a a ea e an

n ea r th gr d Th q i kly m i g p ri di i ll ti i th t mp r t
e o un . e u c ov n e o c os c a o ns n e e e a ur e

o f th l w r i
e tr t d t tr l m h pw rd d m t b ig r d
o e a r -s a a o no av e uc u a s , an so us e no e .

I t i pr f r b l t h
s t m r th t m p r t r f t h i
e e a e h gr end t o e as u e e e e a u e o e a r on t e oun a

6 i th m r i g 2 i t h
n e ft r o n n d 1 0 i th i g d t t k th m
,
n e a e n oo n , a n n e e ven n ,
an o a e e ea n

o f th thr r d i g
es e ee ea n s .

T bt i th m d i r l t mp r t r f t h i m r imply d lm t
o o a n e ean u na e e a u e o e a r, o e S an a os

a s e xa ctly i gl m r m t wi ll r i f t k ith r i th m r i g b tw
,
a s n e ea s u e en s e ve , a en e e n e o n n e ee n

8 and 10 l k ( i Wi t r l ittl b f r 1 0 i S mm r l ittl ft r

’
o c oc n l n e a e e o e ,
n u e a e a e or e s e

i th
n i g t8
e e v en n a .

I th r d
n ti f r g t e e rm l i d i ty wi ll b pl i d i
uc on o an es o a no a a r - en s ,
as e ex a ne n

43 d § 4 5 it i
an q ti f th p r t g h g with r g h ight f
,
s a ue s on o e e cen a e c an e a ve a e e ,
or o

A 8 /8
y
Thi r l t i
y
. i lly r pl d by th q i l t t th gr d l l
s e a on s u s ua e a ce e e u va e n a e ou n e ve

A 8, A8
5
”

thi i ly rr t wh th r l ti b tw th i d i ty 8 t h ight
B ut s s on co ec en e e a on e een e a r- e n s ,
a e

g and th i d i ty th gr d i d fi i t f ti f (g ) f th h igh t 3)
e a r- e n s on e o un s a e n e un c on o e e

(f mpl th l i r f ti b ) i
or e xa e
f g)
e( d w h
n eam r r t hi un c on a ov e ,
s .
, ,
an en o e ov e s

ti f (g ) d
.

f un c on t lt r wh th i d i ty h g fr m 8 t
oe s n o a e en e a r- e n s c an es o ,
o

It i l y th th t
s on
f (g ) en a .

Th l t r l ti e i l d th t h r b
as e a th r p i d ri t i f t m p r
on nc u es e o e ,
e c a us e e a va a ons o e e a

t r whi h b b r d r th gr d d t l imi t d h i ght h b

u e, c ca n e o s e ve n ea e o un an a a e e , a ve ee n

e li mi t d wh 8 h b
na e m d th m f th l t 24 h r
,
en as e en as s u e as e e an o e as ou s .

Wh t h i d ity 8 t h ight y m i t b c lc l t d m r
en e a r - en s
3,
a a e s o e a u a e o e

a cc r t ly th i t h ppr im t f rm l
u a e an f S t R b rt n e a ox a e o u ae o o e or

Ch rb a i r th p r c d r i
on n e f ll w ,
e o e u e s as o o s

Th t m p r t ur t C i c lc l t d by mi g ( t 1 5 ) th °
e e e a e . s a u a e as s u n s ee n o e e
86 On a i r -r es i s ta n c e [ OH I I .

t m p r t r t dimi i h t h a r g
i
a r- e e a u e f o n s on e ve a e or e ve ry 1 00 m of

h ight
e .

Th c d fr m t h b r m t r r di g H mm
en e, an o e a o e e ea n 0 on th e gr d oun ,

t h b r m t r r di g H
e a o t th t h ight ( t t h m
e e ea n
,
a a e m e e an t m p r t ur
e e a e

b tw th pp r d th l w r h i ght ) i gi by
e e en e u e an e o e e
'

s ven

27 3
an dth us
760
'

27 3 + t 27 3 + t

in whichp r i i m t c t h ex c d t rm m b
e s s on
y gl ct d ; n os as e s e s e on e a e ne e e

an d i t k s 4 t th t hs ight ; E i
a gi en i t rm f t i a a e s ve n n e s o n

V l m V T bl 4 B tt r till th dir ct m
. o u e I ,
a r m t f 8 by
e . e e s , e e e as u e en o
,

m f r gi t ri g kit
ean s o d p il t b ll e m ight b c rri d
s e n t es an o a oon s e a e ou .

A m piric l t bl b t i d i thi w y i gi
n e a i V l a e O a ne n s a s ve n n o . I II,

1 1 1 fr m which 8 f , y h ight
o i t b t k ; th c t h ,
l or a n e s o e a en en e e ca cu

l tia i m d
on c rdi g t th b r d i d ity th gr d
s a e a co n o e o se ve a r - en s on e oun .

Ex a mp l e on 15 .

1 . Rea di n g of brmtr
a o e e on t he gr d o un 7518 mm ,
a i r- e t mp r t r e a u e

hygr m tri t t 5 0
o e c s a e
°

/
mm rdi bl mm
o

Th H = 75 1 8 en 0
°

and a cc o ng t o Ta e 4, E= 12 8 °

5 , r
t= 15 ; d °
kg/m on th e g o un 3
.

H i gh t f b r m t r
2 . e th g d H = 7 5 Omm m t mp r t r
o a o e e on e r o un O ,
ea n e e a u e of

th i
e a r H g t i h i d i ty 8 t h i
ow
gh t g = 2000 m ?
r ea s t e a r- e n s
,
a a e

T mp r t r t thi h i gh t i =3 6 th t °
e e a u e a s e s t ,
so a

2000
l og H, = l og 7 5 0
1 5 4-3 6

(
'

1 8 400 l + 0 0 04
2

th en ce 8, kg/m 3
.

C h rb
a on n e ir ’
s ex
p r i e s s on gi v es

( l 0 0 00 1 1
S t Ro b rte
’
s gi ves

—o oooos ~

16 . C r i ti c a l re m arks c on c e rn i n g a i r -
r e s i s t an c e .

th We th t th p rim t l r lt us t tir ly i
s ee a e ex e en a es u s a re no en e n

agr m t with th
ee bt i d by th r tic l mi ti f the
en os e o a ne a eo e a exa na on o

q tiue s d it i c q tly id t th t th m tt r h hith rt

on , a n s on s e ue n ev en a e a e as e o

b i ffici tly i tig t d i i t th r tic l p ct

e en nsu en n ve s a e n s eo e a as e .

Th tt mpt t rri thr gh p r ly th r tic l c id r ti

e a e s o a ve , ou u e eo e a on s e a on s ,

at l w f th r i t c
a af th i t o l g t d h ll m i g i lly
e es s a n e o e a r o an e on a e s e , ov n ax a
 16] On a i r -r es i s ta nce 87

an r t ti g h
d o a nf l d t
, a ve ti f ct y r lt b c
so ar e th
o no s a s a or es u s, e a us e e

p h m e no c t b
en a p pr rly
anno mi d e o e e xa ne .

Th h ll l e s rgy i i t flight th r gh th i by r
e os e s ene n s f ou e a r eas on o

th f ct th t t h p rticl
e a a f th e r u di g i
a es cc l r t d
o e s ur o n n a r a re a e e a e .

Th cc l r ti
es e a e e a ci t d with w m ki g d ddy m ti
on s a re a s s o a e a ve a n , an e o on

i q c f fricti
n c on s e ue n e o Th m pli t d r lt f t h i m ti
on . es e c o ca e es u s o e a r o on

m y b tr t d fr m
a e ea e
p i t f i wo t h r
on e lt f im
o n
p ct do v e as e es u s o a , an

fr m o th r th rm dy mic ff ct i ith r c w ith ly p ti l

an o e as e o na e e s : n e e as e on ar a

su cc es s .

Oth r l w ech th a f L r
s, s u d V i ill gi i g t l
as os e o t o en z an e e, v n a e as

t h m t im p rt
e os t f ct f t h m m t f t h i r d th h ll i
o an a s o e ov e en o e a r o un e s e n

a m th m tic l form
a e a ch th t it i t y t k w wh th r th y
a ,
a re s u a s no e no n e e e

a re dir ctly pplic bl t pr ctic l p rp

e a a e o a a u os e s .

It h b h w th t th ri q titi r q ir d i m r
as e en s o n a e va o us ua n es e u e n ea s u e

m t f th i r i t
en o e am ly th cr
r - es s cti R th f rm
an c e , n a e e os s -s e on
2
7 ,
e o

c oe ffi i t i t hc en l ity t d ,
e t cc r i
v e oc th im pl m
e c .
, r o no o u n e s e ann e

as s u m d f rm rly ; th t i
e o e
p r t f ct r a f p r d t
s , as s e i t h t a a e a o s o a o uc ,
n e rue

f cti
un f i r i t c ;
on o d th t tri tly p ki g
a r - es s a n e ani gl f rm a , s c s ea n ,
a s n e o

c oe ffi i t i d c en t it ch r ct ri tic f th i fl c f th
oe s no ex s ,
as a a e s o e n u en e o e

s h p f th h ll
a e o e s e .

I th c n wh r th l g t d h ll d
e as e e e t m
e e on i lly thr gh
a e S e oe s n o ov e a x a ou

th i b t wh r t h l g
e a r, u i m k fi it e gl w ith t h t g t
e e e on ax s a es a n an e e an en

t t h p th f t h c
o e a tr f gr ity t h c m p t f th i r i t
o e en e o av , e o on en s o e a r - es s

ance,
p r ll l a ad p p r e dic lan r t t h le g i
en d l u at h p i t o e on ax s, an a so e o n

o f ppli ti
a f th r
ca lt t i r i t c
on o e es u th i m yb l
an a r- e s s an e on e ax s a e ca c u

l t d by h l p f m l m t ry l w ( N wt LO l
a e e o so e e e en a b t th a e on ,
’

ss ,
u es e

c l l ti
a cu a ry
on s rt i ; b c
are ve thi g i d fi it ly k w
un c e a n e a us e n o n s e n e no n

as t wh t l m
o t ry l w i t b d pt d i c lc l ti f th
a e e en a a s o e a o e n a u a on s or e

high l city f th h ll ; d b
ve o o l l wh th r
e s e
y l w an b a
pp li dov e a e e an a c an e a e

with ffici t cc r cy t gi
su en a
y p r ctic
u a l r lt o ve a n a a es u .

Th c ll d A g t h d f rm c
e s o- a e u t p ibly b th fi l l ti
us ea - o anno os s e e na so u on

o f th N wt i e
pe r bl m on ant t h m t o it bl
e h p as f or f c e os su a e s a e o su a e .

N t ly i th r f d m t l di cr p cy i th m r m th
o on s e e a un a en a s e an n e e e a e

m t i l t t m t f t h p r bl m b t t h
a ca s a e en o m pti
e o i c tr
e , u e as s u on s ar e n on a

di ti with th ct l f ct f t h i m m t r d th h ll
c on e a ua a s o e a r ov e en o un e s e .

W h ll i f t r p k f t h r t rd ti
e s a n u u e s f th ea h ll b i go e e a a on o e s e as e n

f( )c wh rv i
, r
p p rti
e e c l t t h
s cr o cti o R % t h
on a i d o ity e os s -s e on e a r- e n s

8 , f rm
a o ffi i t i
-c o e d i r ly pr p rti l t t h w ight P f
c en , an n ve s e o o on a o e e o

th h ll B t thi hyp th i i ly d pt d b c u th r i thi g

e S e . u s o es s s on a o e e a se e e s no n

b tt r t r pl c it
e e o e a e .
 CH A P T ER III

P r obl e m s r e l a ti n g t o th e t r aje c t o ry

17 . T h e ge n e r a l eq ua ti on s . Th e P r i n c i p a l E q u a i on t
t g b i l i ty an d i ts i n e ra .

Th p r b lic e w ll th lli ptic p th f h ll

a a o ,
as e id r d i as e e a o a s e ,
c on s e e n

Ch p t r I f
a e c m i s lt r d i g r l by th i r i t c
or a v a uu ,
a e e n en e a e a r es s an e so

th t th r g i h rt d th rt h ight d fi l l ci ty
a e an e s s o en e , e ve ex e an na ve o a re

dimi i h d d th gl f d c t i i r d
n s e ,
an e an e o es en s n c e as e .

O th nth r h d it i t f d m t lly im p ibl th t t h i

e o e an s no un a en a os s e a e a r

r i t c m y ti r
es s an e th r
a g r c rd d by Mi lli fr m
no n c e as e e an e , as e o e v . n a re o

th b r ti f ch c
e o s e va thi i p ibl with l g t d h ll i
on o su as es : s s os s e e on a e s e n

c as eswh r t h fr t p rt f th i f t h h ll li lw y
e e e on a t
o e ax s o e S e es a a s , or a

l t f th gr t r p rt f th tr j t ry b th t g t f t h
ea s or e ea e a o e a ec o ,
a o ve e an en o e

p th
a ; d t h
an cti f
so t h i g i
e a t t h l ti
on og h ll i f t h e a r a a ns e s an n s e s o e

sa m ki d th t
e n ili g hi p w ith th il t th l t
as a on a s a n s e sa s se on e s an .

( Th m thi
e g
sa m y h ppe with n
p h ri l h ll wh
a t h a en a S e ca s e , en e

s h ll h r t ti b t h ri t l i ; m p r 5 1 d
e as a o a on a ou a o z on a ax s co a e an

Th c r r ly ri
es e as es d th y a e cl d d h r a th s e, an e a re ex u e e e , on e as

su m pti th t th i f t h l g t d h ll li c ti
on a e ax s o ly i t h e e on a e s e es on n uo us n e

t g t f th p th ( th t r t ti cc i
an en o e a or
p h ric l h lla
) no o a on o u rs n a s e a S e .

Mr r di t rbi g i fl c will b gl t d h th r t
o e ov e s u n n ue n e s e ne ec e , s uc as e o a

ti f th E rth d th wi d d f th pr t t h i d ity
on o e a , an e n ,
an or e e s en e a r ens

will b m d f it c t t m
e as s u e as o l s on s a n e a n va u e .

S trictly p ki g t h b lli tic c ffici t

s ea n cc rri g i t h e a s oe en 0, o u n n e

r t d ti cf ( ) f h ll fr m i r i t c i gi f cti f
e ar a on v o a s e o a r e s s an e, s a ve n un on o

th h ight 3)
e e f flight b c th
o i d ity 8 i i l d i
,
e aus e d e a r ens s n v o ve n c, a n

thi i
s , as 15 ni w i th t h h ight g
,
va r e s
’

e e .

F rth r th r might b p ci l h ll t b c id r d i which

u e e e e S e a s e s o e on s e e n

t h w ight i cl d d i
e e i n f cti u f t h tim t ( m k pr d ci g
e n c s a un on o e e s o e- o u n

s h ll
e t r h ll c m d r thi h d )
s , or s a s e s th r i whi h th
o e un e s ea ,
or o e s n c e

cr - cti
os s s e ri with th tim
on va es e e .
90 P r oblems r el a ti n g to the tr ajec tory [ OI L I I I

wh r e e u e
w
,
Fe
w) ,
7 .

g
g d c
z d9 ,

5 d9
g d t
0
,
c os

d
g y t a n 9 d 9,

5
2
d9
g d s
c os 9
wh r e e ds i s t h e e e lm t en o f a rc . A l so

d a dp
_

dt dt

in which g Z o
— r ta n 9 i s r pl c d by p
e a e ,

P r oof o
f the e
q ua ti ons (3 ) to

Th e co mp on en t a c ce e a l r ti on d i r ti f th
i n th e ec on o e no rm l a on th e on e h dan

is g c os 9 at th e p o i tP n o f t h tr j t ry
e id r d
a ec o c on s e e ,
a n d on th e oth r h d i
e an s

wh r r di r t r t p i t P ( y)
2
v
e e p i s th e a us o f c u va u e a o n x, .

th r f r e e o e ( 7) b m ec o es

2
d 9
1)
ds

( th e mi nus S ig n is r q ir d b
e u e , eca u s e as 3 i r n c eas es th e a ng e l 9 is di mi i hin s n g, a n d

d9 is n ega ti ) ve .

The e l imi atin o n o f c os 9 b tw

e ee n ( 7) and ( 1) gi ves

c
f( ) v u
2
d 9dt
d ( 7) COS 9)
T
,

d
i
or , s n c e
Elf
q t
v,i (th e
3 ) f ll w whi
e h uab wri tt iont h f rm ( 3 ) o o s, c can e en n e o a .

Th e h ri o t l mp t f th l ity
o z n a co on enb ti t ti g i thi O e ve oc su s u n n s

eq tiua on th l f 9f m
e v a ue o h q tic os d th ro i we a ve e ua on an en s n ce

dy = t an 9d d d = d
x an s v t.

Eq ua ti ( 5 ) i m r ly th r f rm f
on s e ei d= d an o e o o S n ce s u t .

Fi na lly t b t i
,
o O a n

N w d9
h fr m ( 5 )
e
2
we ave o
g 2
_
9d at c os t

da '
d9
an d S i n ce — d ta n 9,
g cl t
"

?
c os 9
d x d ta n 9
th r f r
e e o e —
dt 2

Th e p r oo f of th es e e q ti ua on s
2
c an be g i ve n wi th t th i d
ou e a of th e r i
e x p es s on

for th e . cen tri p t le a ac c e e a l r ti on b ec a u s e in q ti ( 1 )

e ua on s and wh en t he
 1 7] P r obl ems r el a ti n g to the tr ajec tor y 91

l ft h d id i p d d d th r t rd ti cf ( ) f t h i i t
e - an s e s ex i an e ,
an e e a a on o o e a r res s a n ce s

el i mi t d by m lti p ly i g t h
na e q ti r p ti ly by i 9 d 9 d
u n e e ua on s es ec ve s n an cos ,
an

su btr ti g th q ti ( ) f ll w imm d i t ly d l
ac n , en e ua on 5 o o s e a e ; an a so

A m g th onq ti 1) t th which i l
es e ly e ua on s o e on e n vo v e s on

tw l m t f th tr j ct ry i ( 3 ) ( 3 b)
o e e en s O e a e o s a or .

W h e t t i t gr t th di ff r ti l q ti
a ve n ex d t o n e a e e e en a e ua on an o

d t rmi
e e th c t t f i t gr ti
ne t m k 9
e on s a n o n e a on s o as o a e o on .

If h b o bt i d as f cti f9 th t F th
een o a ne as a un on o , so a o en

3 d e,
g (n or t a n 9 d e.

sec 9 d9 ,

and we h a ve on ly t i t gr t with r p ct t
o n e a e es e o 9 , or s um u
p do d y d t d s
, , , .

A S for t he di ff r t m t h d which
e en e o s c an be us e d to ca rry o ut thi s

p l an , th y e a re c id r d i Ch pt r I V
on s e e n a e s an d V .

I f E q ua ti on
n tegr a bi l i ty of th e Ch i e .

I t is on ly d fi it m pti f th f rm f th f ti
on a e n e as s u on o e o o e un c on

f
o ( o) ,
th e r t rd ti d t i r i t c th t fir t i t gr l
e a a on ue o a r es s an e, a a s n e a can

ex s iti n a fi it f rm f thi q ti
n e o o s e ua on ,

d
g ( o c os 9 ) oc f( ) o d9 ,

or, of t he e qua ti on
do d9 c f ( o)
+ sm 9
o c os 9 g
i t gr ti w w rk d t i 1 7 1 9 by J h B r lli th
Th e n e a on as o e ou n o n e n ou ,
on e

as s umpti f ( ) Th c it i p
on o ibl w h o lr dy co
”
. en e s os s e, a s e ave a ea s ee n

for t h q u dr tic l w f ( )
e w ll f t h c bic l w
a a th a o o co
g
,
as e as or e u a cv
3
, e

bi q dr ti l w
ua a d t l t h pr bl m
c a
“
co , an s o on , o s o ve e o e .

A d wh n i g1 0 th m piri l l f i r i t c i gi
en as n ,
e e ca v a ue o a r es s an e s ve n

by t bl i a ri f
es th tr j ct ry i
n a se thi m r g r l c es o z on es , e a e o n s o e ene a ase

c an b lc l t d with cc r cy by di i di g i t p i t
e ca u a e mb r f a u a ,
v n
'

u n o a nu e o

su cc i p rt Thi i di c d i th l t r rti l
e s s ve a s . 20 t 22 s s s us s e n e a e a c es , o ,

3 2 to 3 4 ,
an d
§ 3 7 .

t rw rd i 1 7 4 4 d A l m b t h w d h w t h i t gr ti
Af e a s, n ,
’
e er s o e o e n e a on is

p ibl
os s f t h em r g orr l l w f )( e + b which i cl
o e d en e a a o o co
”
, n u es the
B r lli l w
e n ou
p ci l c a as a s e a ase .

H mi d l th f cti
e e xa nel g b R a so e un on s a o v ,
ao
"

c (l g o B t th thr dditi l f rm u es e ee a on a o s a re n ot of

an
y r l im peart c f p r t o r
p p an e or our e s en u os e .
92 P r o bl e ms r el a ti n
g to the tr ajec tor y [ OH I I I .

I n 1 90 1 , S i a c c i r m d t h w rk f i tig ti g th r f rm
es u e e o o n v es a n o e o s

Of a n I t gr bl
n e a e fun cti d p bli h d f rt
on , a nth r f rm ch u s e ou een o e o s, su

as

A o V( 2c o
?
) B ( c wh r e e A B , , c a re c t t on s a n s .

Pu tti g n ( K20 o
?
) oz B
( c s ni e q u ti o a n ( )
3 b c m e o es

z dz d9
z
2
( B 2
0
2
1) 2A cz 1 c os 9 (B o Si n 9)

in which th ri bl e va
p r t d a e s a re s e a a e .

Th e f rm m pl y d by L g dr i 1 7 8 2 i i cl d d i thi with
o e o e e en e, n , s n u e n s,

A 0 O th r f cti
. f thi ki d h
e un b on s o mi d by P A pp ll s n a ve e e n e xa ne . e ,

M E O i t
. . d T H y hi ( T ky )
u ve ,
an . a as o o .

It d h rdly b t t d th t th r i
n ee a i fi it mb r f ch
e s a e a e e s an n n e nu e o su

i t gr bl f cti ; f it i ly c ry t
n e a e un on s or m y r l ti s on ne e s sa o as s u e an e a on

b twe e en 9 d c os
y 9 an ‘f( ) d t
o, i sart thi ,with c os ’ o ,
an o nse s,

i t th q ti n o d th el it f f ( )
e ua on an en s o ve or o o

an d h f ti i th bt i d
s uc a un c on s en o a ne .

Ag i i § 18
a n, as th r i t gr bl f cti
n , o bt i d th
e n e a e un on s a re o a ne on e

assu m pti f y = l ( ) f th q ti f t h tr j ct ry
on o xr o
. or e e ua on o e a e o .

Th q tie e( )
3 ua ( 3 ) i on ,t h dy mic l r
or
p i f t h
a , s e na a ex e s s on o e

h d gr ph r f t h tr j ct ry
o o a c u ve o e a e o .

C id r th li dr w thr gh th rigi 0 f c rdi t p r ll l

on s e e ne a n ou e o n o oo n a es a a e

t th t
o e g t t y p i t P f th p th ; thi p r ll l thr gh
an en a an o n o e a on s a a e ou

0 l t t h m g it d
e e f t h c rr p di g
a n u e l city f th m i g
o o e o es on n ve o o e ov n

p i
o n t b m er d t c l
eas u e t f rm r odi s cta e r f r m 0 s o as o o a a us ve o o .

Wh thi c tr cti i c rri d t f l l p i t f th p th t h

en s on s u on s a e ou or a o n s o e a ,
e

en d f ths o ct r tr c t c r which i c ll d th h d gr ph
e s e ve o s a e ou a u v e, s a e e o o a

of t h c rr p di g p th
e o es d th on ri bl
n d 9a th p l r
,
an e va a es o an a re e o a co

ordi t f th h d gr ph
n a es o e o o a .

Th h d gr p h i g
e o o r l i c r d li ; but i th p i l c
a n en e a s a u ve ne n e S ec a as e

of a vac m it i th p rp dic l r t th i f t di t c
uu s e e en p u a o e ax s o a a a s an e o0 c os (

fr m O f i thi c
o : or f( ) n 0 th s t t h q
as e c ti ( )
3 b c m o ,
so a e e ua on e o es

d( 9) 0 9 c
o c os t t , o c os on s an o0 c os

R tly C Cr
ec en d R R th h . h w th t h q t i ( 3 ) i th
an z a n . o e a ve s o n a t e e ua on n e

p r ob l m e b i t gr
cant d r
g p hi e ll y n w i t h
e t i f
a e t r y r y i a t h f ca sa s ac o a c c u ac ,
n e c as e o

a n en ti r ly rbi tr ry l f i r i t
e a a wi th t mpl yi g l l w
aw o a r es s a n c e , ou e o n z on a a s .

Th q ti
e e ua on
94 P r obl ems r el a ti n g to th e tr ajec tory

We fin d th e fir t thr d ri ti
s ee e va ve s o f y with r es
pe ct t o x ; d en o e t
th m by y
e
'

, y
”
, y th
’”
en

o c os 9

y —
d t = dx y
;
29 9
th t t h tim t i gi
a e e s ve n by i t gr ti f thi l t q u ti
an n e a on o s as e a on .

i f w d i ff ti t i y wi th r p t 9 th
F
Bg
’
or e ere n a e ta n 9 : es ec to , en

dy dx dx
’
1 ,,
_
c os
2
9 dx d 9 d9 ’

o2
3/ o c os 9
g
A n d fu rth r e ,

so th t a

d l tr j t ry y i g ti
th e th t J ( y ) is r l
"
an a on g a ec o s ne a ve , S O a ea .

Th e r l ti f f ll w fr m
e a on or t o o s o

o c os 9=
dt
Fi lly na ,
i n th e e q ti ua on ( )
3

gd ( 9)
w
o c os
)

( v c os a) —
a g > e s <9 )
“

i re

so th t a
W J“ "
2
ay

Ex a mp l es .

1 . Th e tr j t ry i m y
a ec o n an c as es m ay be r pl d v i tly by hyp rb l
e ac e c on en e n an e o a

w i th a ve rti l ympt t thi

h bca as o e s as ee n s a e t t d by N wt I d Oki gh d e on , n ra , n a us , a n

St b r
au e .

E Oki gh. f rm rl y t t d th t th tr j t ry w
n aus t lly h
o e s a e a e a ec o as a c ua s uc an

hyp rb l l t r h
e m d h tw ympt t t b l ti g d d i
o a a e d
e as s u e t e o as o es o e s an n ,
an s c us s e

t h hyp rb l i
e l ti f th pr bl m m r ly ppr im t l ti
e o c so u on o e o e as e e an a ox a e so u on ; s ee

1 9 th r m 6
,
eo e .

O th mpti th t t h tr j t ry h ld b hyp rb l
n e as s u on a e a ec o S ou e an e o a

b
a
 19 ] P r oblems r el a ti ng to the trajec tor y 95

3ga (b x ) ?

99 ( b —w) 3

( o cos
b —
2b 2
( a ) ta n
d)
b b ( 1)
ta n 9 = ta n q.
d
)
{ 1
( b x )
2

1 2b 2

lJ (b —x ) 95
( b '
m“
0 °

2 . P it on -B re s s a n t as s u m es the tr j t ry t
a ec o o be a p a a rbl o a of the 3 rd
2
9
y —x t a n (p
2
9
2120

w h e re m is an e m pi i l r ca co ns t ttan o be d t rmi d ( mp r l
e e ne co a e a so

T h en in thi s cas e, s nc e i
I

3/

t he l a w for t h e r t rd ti
e a a on d ue t o a i r re s s a n c e it wi ll b e as fo ll wo s

3 mo4 co 3
s 9
2
CO S ( ) t
t a n 9 = tan 1
<)
<) 1
o c os 9 = o0 c os ( p ( 1 + 3 mx )
A
,

3
3 mx ) 1}
’
2
9 mo0 c os (
p
3 . ll wi g pr p i ti
Th e fo m d by C F Cl ( b
o n o os on wa s a e . . os e s ee a ov e ,

A ssumi g th pri i pl f th t ilti g f th tr j t ry ti f t ry d th t

n e nc e o e n o e a ec o as sa s ac o ,
an a

a r g t bl h b
an e tr t d th tr j t ry f th g m y b
a e as tr t d
e e n c on s uc e ,
e a ec o o e un a e c on s uc e

f or h t tr m r g by ti lti g f th l r tr j t ri Th p i t t h
e ex e e an e a n o e es s e a ec o es . e o n s on e

t r j t ry
a ec o th gi i p l r rdi t
a re en ve n n o a c oo n a es .

Th r l t i b tw r d i
e e a t r d p l r gl i gi by q ti
on e een a us v e c o an o a an e s ve n an e ua on ,

an d th th b pr i i p l t h l
e n c e on f 9 f (
e a ) f y p i t
ove nc e e v a ue s o o, o c os ,
t, o o or a n o n

o f t h l g t tr j t ry
e on f d
es a ec o a re o un .

It i p ibl th wi th th i d f h r g t bl t bt i th i i
s os s e en e a o t e an e a e o o a n e a r r es s t a n ce

an d r p di g l l ti h b m d by G Gr hi ll d C E W lff
c o r es on n ca c u a on s a ve ee n a e . e en an . . o .

C lt g1 1 d 3 8 t 40 th pr b bi l i ty f th
on s u an mpti o on e o a o es e a s s u on s .

19 . G e n e r al t p r o p e rt i e s o f ev e r y t j
r a e c o ry .

A k no wl dg f t h di ff r ti l q ti
e e o t bli h d i § 1 7 i
e e en a e ua on s es a s e n s

s uf fici t en t dd c
o ri f g r l l i d p d tly f y
e u e a se es o en e a va ue s , n e en en o an

assu mpti on o f p ci l l w f
a si r i t ce f y
a tr j ct
a ry o a r e s s an e, or a n a e o .

I t is as s um d h w r th t th r lt t i r i t c t l g
e ,
o e ve , a e es u an a r es s a n e a c s a on

t he t g an en t f th tr j ct ry d th r t rd ti of ( ) d t i
o e a e o , an e e a a on o , ue o a r

it c
r es s a n e, i c ti
s a f cti f th
on l city l
n uous un on o e ve o a on e .
96 P r oblems r el a ti n g to the tr ajec tor y [ OH I I I
.

h g r l pr p rti f th tr j ct ry
T os e en e a o e es o e a e o a r e n ow t o be di c s us s e d ,

which di ff r b t w th p th i i d i e e e en e a s n a r an n a va c u u m .

1 Th h ri
. t l c mp t 9 f th
e o z on a o on e n 0 c os o e v e oc l ity o i n th e fligh t
of th h ll dimi i h l g th tr j ct ry
e S e n s e s a on e a e o .

P f I t
r oo h q ti . n e e ua on

g d ( o c os

wh r f ( ) i p i ti d 9 i lw y g ti b
e e o o s os hve ,
gl f l p 9 s a a s ne a ve ; e c a us e t e an e o s o e

wi t h t h h r i t l d r
e f m it
o ri gi l l I th th righ t h d i d
z on a e c ea s e s ro s o na va ue ( ) ; us e - an s e

of th q t i i g ti
e e ua d t(
on 9) i g ti
s ne th t ia 9 d imi i h
ve , a n so a o c os s ne a ve a s , o c os n s es

alw y a s .

N m i l
u mp l A h ll fr m fi ld
er ca ex a 4 2m/ qte 1
. d gr s e o a e gu n ,
v0
: 4 s ec , 5 e ee s ,

cal ibr 8 8 m w i gh t f h ll P
e c kg
, e o S e .

F th h ri
or t l di te o z on a s a n ce s

3 000 000 m 9 4 2 223 1 6 8 m/ ,

5 ,
o c os 5, ,
s ec .

2 Th
. gl f d c t i gr t r th th gl f d p rt r p
e an e o es en to s ea e an e an e o e a u e ( .

In g
r l t tw p i t A en e a ,
a o o n s an d A, with q l rdi t e ua o n a es
y ( A on

th c di g br h A th d
e as en n an c , , on e e s c en di g ) th gl f l p
n e an e o s o e 9, a t A ,
i gr t r th
s ea e 9 t A an a .

P f T h q
r oo t i . e e ua on

t&n 9 d 9 g dfil
d
g y
—v° ta n 9 d 9, or _
2
c os 9 ( o c os
i s to b e i t gr t d fir t fr m
n e a e ,
s o th e o rigi n 0 up t o the r m 9= p t
ve rt ex S, or f o < o

or a s o, l r m y=0 t
f o o
y =
y ; , on th e o th r h d b k fr m th p i t f
e an , ac o e o n o

d es c en tO , to t h rt S
e ve ex ; so th t a

on th e on e s id e, + 5 ta n 4 2
c os

th r i d + } t on th e o e S e, 1 an
2
w

Si 9 i lw y d im i i hi g h d mi t r i h
n c e o c os s ad i t gr l i
a s n s n ,
t e en o na o n t e s e c on n e a s

alw y l th th t i th fi t i t gr l th f ti
a s es s an d r h i t gr l ig
a n e rs n e a ; or e r ac on un e t e n e a S n

i th
n d i t gr l i lw y g t r th th t i h fi r t th
e s e c on n e d i t gr l
a s a a s r ea e an a n t e s e s ec on n e a

i th
s gr t r th
us th fi r t th t
ea e an e s ; so a

t t a n ce an (0

Th m h ld wh th i t gr ti i t k fr m A A
e sa e o s en e n e a on s a en o or , .

N umeri ca l ex a mp l e, a s i n No 1 . .

We h a ve a) 24
°
( p 1 5 44 d gre ee s .
98 Pr oblems r ela ti n g to the tr ajec tor y [ 0 11 I II

If thi q ti s e ua on is i t gr t d fr m A t
n e a e o o A,, th en dg/ = O, an d th r r m i
e e e a ns

ll
2
f
2
r ) ( v) d 8 ;

t he ri gh t h d i d ti
- an d s e is n e ga ve , a n s o r1 < v
.

Thi q tibs e bt i d t
ua by m
on c a n e o a ne a on c e e an s o f th e fa c t th t th lt r ti a e a e a on

§ m ( ) f
o,t h ki
z-
t i r
2
rgy fot h h ll e ne c en e o e s e ,
i n pas s i g fr m A t A i th
n o o ,, s e

su m f h w rk f i r i t
o t e d gr i ty
o o a r es s an c e a n av ; a n d as t h l t p rt i
e r wh
as a s ze o en

A d A t d t th
an m h i gh t
, s an a e sa e e ,

2
2
7” 71 )
N umeri ca l ex a m
pm/
l e, as i n No 1 .
y
= 0, v0 m/
= 44 2 s ec , r e : 1 97 sec .

5 Th . rt p i t S f th e ve i rr m rd
ex o n o e . tr j ct ry
a e o s n ea e , e as u e

h ri t lly t th p i t f f ll 0 th t th p i t f d p rt r 0
o z on a , o e o n o a , an o e o n o e a u e .

P f L t t
roo h q t i l
.

$59
5 b iet g t d fi r t fr
e em t h iua
gi 0 p t on o x = e n e ra e ,
s o e or n u o

th rt S fr m y = 0 t y = y d l t 9 d
e ve ex ,
or th ogl f l p f th o , , an e e n ot e e an e o s o e o e

t g t t h h ri t l S dly l t th q ti b i t gr t d fr m th p i t
an en o t e o z on a . ec on e e e ua on e n e a e o e o n

of f ll 0 b k t t h
a rt wi th 9 th gl f l p Th
, ac o e ve e x, , e an e o s o e . en

d3/
0 ta n 0 1
dy dy
B ut h e re a c c or di ng t o 2 for t h e sa m e 9
y l > 9 so th t a
ta n 8 1 t an 0
th e n ce

N umer i ca l ex a m rd i g t S i i g
p le, as i n No 1 . . A ca c u al l ti o n acc o n o ac c a ve

OD 25 00 m 0 D = 200 1 m x, = :
, , .

6 Th
. d c di g br ch f th tr j ct ry h
e es en n rtic l an o e a e o as a ve a

as ym pt t t di t c o e, a 19 fr m t h
a rigi ; th l city i
s an e 11
2
( o e o n e ve o n

t h p th i cr
e a th r d ppr ch
n eas e slimiti g l t
e e b an a oa es a n v a ue v, , o e

c lc l t d fr m th q ti f ( ) 9
a u a e o e e ua on c v, .

P f W
r oo h d .
— d9
e
9 d9
ave W h t hit q t i i i 7
t _
v c os

2
en s e ua on s n e~
9 9 g 9 c os c os

g r t
a ed fr m = ot = o i t i ll wtb l t r pl o 9 by m
t t, l i s a o a e o e a c e 7) c os a ea n v a ue t , s n ce
i

7} cos 9i lw y fi it d ti
s a a ds
1
9
d
n t lt r i
e an i g c on n uous , a n
008
2
oes n o a e n s n .

A rd i g t thi
cco n o s

n 9 —ta n
{
1
( t a
9
r l g ti f th p th f th h ll p t th h ri t l thr gh th
Th e p o on a on o e a o e s e as e o z on a ou e

m l wi ll
uz z e , rg t rt i l d ir ti b
c on v e wh = th l ft h d
e o a ve ca ec on e ca us e en t oo e e - an

si d f th q t i b m i fi i t
e o e e d uaq tly th right h d i d l
on eco es n n e, an c on s e ue n e - an s e a so :

m
s d t
ee 1
p . fi i
ant t 9 m tan ( ) d 9 —
g a re n e, an us co an
 19] P r oble ms r el a ti n g to the tr ajec to r y 99

It is ev id t th t thi
en a s ve r ti lca , to whi ch t he d es c e n di g b n ra nc h a
ppr h oac es ,

is a li ne a t fi it di t
a n e s a nc e, bec a us e o f th e r l ti
e a on

— Q
2
0 39, x =
=
9
r i lw y fi it b
He e s a a s n e, e ca us e , t rti g fr m th i iti l l
s a n o e n a va ue t he
l i ty d imi i h t fir t p i d d
v e oc n s es a s ,
rov e
a)i d isff r t fr m r d i i
e en
p t i o ze o a n s os ve , in
q
c on s e f h ff t f gr i ty
ue n ce o t e e ec o av an d i r i ta r es s a n c e .

t r h r h d mi i m m i t i r
Af e 7) as ea c
g i d ret h ff t fagr i ty n u n c ea s e s a a n un e e e ec o av ,

t i ll fi lly th i i t b m q l th w i gh t f th h ll Th‘
na e a r re s s an c e ec o es e ua to e e o e s e . en

wh thi l imi ti g l
en s i r h d whi h i th r ti lly ly ft r
n va ue v, s ea c e ,
c s eo e ca on a e an

i fi i t tim th f r m f ( ) d mg b l
n n e e, e th r d th h ll m
o c es c v an a a n c e on e a n o e ,
an e s e o v es

on wi t h t h t t l i ty e c on s a n ve oc

Th th i t gr l
us i e lw y fi it wh t r l 9 m y m
n e a s a a s n e, a e ve va ue a as s u e

b tw 1 d %
e e en ( ) d t h l i m i ti g
an l f i th
- 1r an e n v a ue o x s us

N um er i c a l h ll w fi r d t M pp
ex a m
p l eA pri l 28 1 8 9 2 wi th t h
. A s e as e a e e n on , ,
e

f l l wi g i i ti l
o o n d i tin l ibr 24 m w ight f h ll 21 5 kg r di f
a c on ons : ca e c ,
e o s e ,
a us o

o gi l h
va d 2 l ibr i iti l l ity 6 40 m/
ea ca gl f d p rtu
es , n i a ve o c s ec , an e o e a re a r

d i ty t k t
en s a kg/m en a
3
.

C l l ti a cu a
g th r f r th f ll wi g r lt h ri z t l r g
on a ve e e o e m e o o n es u s : o on a an e ,

tim f flight 6 8 8
e o d fi l l i ty m/ gl
s e c on f d t 58
s, na ve o c s ec, a n e o es c e n
°

ve rt b i ex a m
sc ssa rt rd i t m M r r t h l i mi t i g l
,
ve ex o na e . o e ov e e n v a ue

v, t whi h th
o l ity w t d i g ti lly w b ut 5 8 0 m/
c e v e oc as d th en n con n ua ,
as a o s e c , an e

di t f th
s a n ce o rt i l ympt t fr m th p i t f d p t = 29 3 00 m
e ve ca as o e o e o n o e a r ure , .

7 Th e mi n im um va l ue c m i s gi ve n by t h e e q u ti on
. a

cf(
'
vm ) g sin 9 .

Th e po i t n of tr j ct ry wh r thi l i r ch d li b y d
th e a e o , e e s va ue s ea e ,
es e on

t he ve rt ex, in th d c e di g br ches en n an .

P roof . To o b t i t h l p f t h t g t f t h p t h wh r i m i i m m
a n e s o e o e an en o e a e e v s a n u ,

the d ri t i
e va ve o f wi t h r p t t 9 m t b m d
v es r b t i g rl
ec o us e a e ze o ; u as , n en e a ,

do f ( v)

i }
7) c
+sin 9
79
6 c os 9 g
,

t he fir t p rt
s a of th e th r m f ll w imm d i t ly
eo e o o s e a e .
100 P r obl ems r ela ti n g to th e tr ajec tor y [ OH I I I .

F rth r
u e ,
the l i ty
th t y p i t b r l d i t h ri
v e oc v i n t h e pa a an o n ca n e es o ve n o a o

z on at l mp tco 9 d
on e n rt i l mp t i 9
0 c os an a ve ca co on e n 7; s n

Fr m th t rti g p i t p t h rt b th th mp t d i mi i h
.
,

o e s a n - o n u o t e ve ex, o es e c o on e n s n s ,

l th ir r lt t
as a s o e es u an 27 .

A t th rt th h ri t l mp t i ti ll d r i g th rt i l m
e ve ex , e o z on a co on e n s s e c e as n ; e ve ca co

p o n en t h on th r h d h r h d i t m i i m m
t e o e i th r w rd i
an as ea c e s n u ; o r,
’

n o e o s, s

c on s t tf m m t
an or a q tly th r t f h g f th r lt t d p d
o en ; c on s e ue n e a e o c an e o e es u an 2) e en s

on n c os 9 d ,
thi i d imi i hi g i d r i g t th t
an as s s n s n ,
v s ec ea s n a e ver ex .

B t i
u i
s n c e 7)
y i r ng i l
ant r i t f ll w t h t t h m
c as e i i m m n c ea s e s a a n a e ,
o o s a e n u

m us t l i thi i d f th rt
e on s s e o e ve ex .

Th t pl i t b d t rmi d by m
e e xa c ac e f t h r l ti
s b tw
o d e e e ne ea n s o e e a on e e e n 7) a n

9, an d by t h q ti e e ua on

( sin
c
f v) +
g

Ex a mp l e, as i n No 6 . . By l l ti i t
ca c u a on w as fou d th t i f 9 n a : b m
1) ec a e

a mi i m m
n u ,
at a b t
ou 25 1m/ s ec . Th e c oo r d i t f th rr
n a es o e co es p o n di g p i t
n o n

we r = e x m, y = 5 880 m .

8 . Cu r t r f t h tr j ct ry Th p i t K f m im m
va u e o e a e o . e o n o ax u c ur

v a t ur e IS g by m
i v en f t h r l ti f( ) = —%g i 9 ; it li
ean s o e e a on c v s n es

alw y a s on th d c di g br ch d b tw th rt S d th
e es en n an , an e e en e ve ex ,
an e

p i t M
o n fl
o t l ity
eas v e oc .

P roof . Th l r ti f th h ll i t h d i r ti f th rm l t th r
e a cce e a on o e s e n e ec on o e no a o e c u ve
2
is on th e on e h d g 9 d h th r w h r p i t h r d i f r t r
an c os an on t e o e
v
e e s e a us o c u va u e
5
, ,

and s o

g c os 9

a nd th i s r i wi ll r h mi im m
e xp es s on ea c a n u ,
or t he r tr
c u va u e a m i m m wh
ax u e n.

do
_0 . B ut
d9
2
c os 9 v sin 9

a nd 1 7, e q tiua on 3a )

do
=o t an 9+
vc f ( v)
da g c os 9

T h rfr
e e o e th e c on d i ti on for a n e x re t m e va ue l i s gi ve n by
mfl
}
fl
o= 2u c os 9
{ 7} ta n 9 +
g cos 9
sin 9,

or 3g sin 9 ( ) 2cf r m t hio d i t i

0, t h p i t K
as a f m ibmm ove ; and f o s c on on e o n o ax u

r t r f h p th b b t i d
c u va u e o t e a c an e o a ne .

A t th
s p i tio f thi p i t
e d th os t r f th t m l
on o s o n an e na u e o e e x re e va ue ,

t he h g
c
p an
0
me t b in i d d fi r t fr m t
c os
h ri gi 0 t t h us e c on s ere ,
s o e o n o e
g
102 Pr oblems r el a ti n g to th e tr ajec tory [ OI L I I I

l ft fr m
e o v, s i n O to 7; s i n 9, on th e ri gh t fr m y o , to y ; w e h ave th en

2=
( ) a oa ( v s in e> sin 6 } dy ,

( b) %( v sin 9) 2 —0 = 9} dy

sin 9} dy .

thi In s t q ti ( b) i ( ) t k
las e ua on ,
as n a , we a e 9 as the t
ac u e a n g e l bt e wee n th e
h ri t l
o zon a an d t h t g t f t h p t h th
e i
an en o e a en n b
( ), sin 9 is neti ga v e, a n d s o

(a ) 5( i) s i n {g f ( r ) s i n 9} dy
c ,
as ce n d i g br h
n a nc

( b) sin g f ( v) s i n 9} dy
c , d es c en d i g br h
n an c .

I n th e i t gr
n e a l s on right h d i d th l
th e - an s e, e v a u es o f ( b) l th t h
a re es s an os e

of ( ) a , an d so th e i t gr l i ( b) i l th th t i
n e a n s ess an a n ( ) a , an d th i 9 i ( b) i
us u s n n s

l th
es s a n 7) s i n 9 in (a ) .

10 . r g t h h ri
F or a t l thr gh th m l th tim
an e on e o z on a ou e uz z e , e e

o f flight i th d c di g br ch i gr t r th th ti m i th
n e es en n an s ea e an e e n e

a s c en di g br ch n an .

P f L t
root h t i m
. f fli gh t ei t h dei g b r h fr m 0 t
e oS fi
( g r n e as c e n n anc o o u e on

p 9.6 ) b d t d by
e d t h
en o e t i m f fli gh t i t h d d i g br h fr m S
t, , an e e o n e es ce n n an c o

t 0 by
o , t2 .

F r m q ti ( 5 ) f t h y t m i 1 7
o e ua on o e s s e n ,

vd 9

g c os 9
T hi qu ti
s e a on i s to be i t g t d fr m 0
n e ra e o to S, i . e .
, on th e l ft fr m
e o t = o to
t = tl ,
a n d on th e ri gh t fr m o to t fr m 0 and n e x o , to S , i e on th e
l ft fr m = o t ri ght wh r 9 m t d t t
. .
,

e o t o t = t2 , a n d on th e ,
e e us e n o e a ga n i the acu e

an lg f m 9 =e, ro cc to
0 vd9 ‘
b d9
T hi gis ve s
9
r

9
’
¢ g c os o g c os

0 v d9 u d9
_ '

w g c os 9 o=o g c os 9

Both i t gr l fi it in e a s a re n e, s n ce u a n d c os 9 a re fi it
n e, an d th e re fo e r
a re a s o l fi it n e .

W l mpl y th q ti
e can a s o e o e e ua on

dy
vs u i 9
’

and i t g t i t i p i t f t h r l u i th d m i t r t t h t ; fi r t
n e ra e ,
n s e o e ze o va e n e en o na o a e ver ex s

i th
n '

d i g br h fr m 0 t S th t i fr m y = 0 t y = y d
e as c en n dly i
an c o o ,
a s, o o , , an s ec on n

th d e d i g br h b kw rd fr m 0 t S th t i fr m y = 0 t y = y (wi th
es c e n n anc , ac a s o , o a s, o o ,

ut lg )
,

9 g i tha a n e ac e an e .
 1 9] P r oblems r el a ti n g to the tr ajec tor y 103

y =m dy
v sin 9
a s ce n di g b
n ra n c h ,
ll =0

u=zh dr/
= v sin 0
,
d es c e n d i g br h
n a nc .

y 0

He r e , as wa s shw b o n e fore i n La w 9 , 1) s i n 9 in ( b) for t he sa m e i

y s l th
es s an

1) s i n ( )
9 in
9
a ,gr t
so r t th t i
h a
1
i 9
i (
7) s n
) d in b
( ) is ea e an
1) s n
l
n a ; an so i t f ll w
o o s

th t th i t gr l i ( b) i gr t th th i t gr l i ( ) ( t rm by t rm)
a e n e a n s ea er an e n e a n a e e ,
o r t? t, .

11 Th . f th c di g b ch fr m th rigi 0 t th
e a re 3 , o e as en n ra n o e o n o e

ve rt S i l g r th th d c di g
ex s on e fr m t h an rt S t e es en n a re 3 2 , o e ve ex o

t h p i t f f ll 0
e o n t h h ri o t l thr gh th m l
a , on e o z on a ou e uzz e .

dz
P f T k
r oo h r lt
. d /
i 9
a d efi rt t i te gr t i t
es u fr m 0 t S d s
s n
an s n e a e o o ,
an so

fr m
o t t h l ft d o t h ri gh t fr m y = 0 t y = y
on e e dly ; an on e o o , ; s e c on

fr m th p i t f f ll 0 b kw rd t S wh r 9 g i d
o e o n o a ,t th pw rd t
ac a s o ,
e e a a n e n o es e u a ac u e

an gl W h
e . th e a ve us

d i g br h a s cen n an c ;

dl
( b) 3
2
ai s
8

d ds
g br h es c e n in an c .

A cco rdi g t n o La w 2, for t h m y th gl 9 i ( b) i lw y

e sa e e an e n s a a s grea t r th
e an

in ( )
a ,
so th t a in ( b) i s a lw y l th gilt9 i ( ) d
a s es s an -
n a ,
an so 32 s,.

lt t h r m rk i t h t i th pp di c c r i g th
Cons u e e a s n e n o es n e a en x on e n n e

q ti
ue s f th gl f d p rt r p with gi i iti l l city
on o e an e o e a u e ( , ven n a ve o t o,

which c rr p d t th gr t t r g i i
o es on s o e ea es an e n a r .
 CH A P T ER IV

F i r s t gr o u p o f c a l c ul a t i o n s i n th e a pp r ox i m a t e
s o l u t i o n o f t h e b a l l i s t i c p r ob l e m A pp r o x i ma t e .

s o l u t i o n o f th e e x a c t d i ffe r e n t i a l e q ua t i on s

§ 20 . I t w as s h w i § 1 7 th t
o n n a the p rcd r
o e u e in a nu m ric l
e a

so u l ti on m tbus e s uc h th t th q ti a e e ua on ,

g l e ( 7) c os 9) c
f( ) v v d9 ,

m t fir t b i t gr t d wh r f ( ) i th r t rd ti
us s e n e a e ,
e e c v s e e a a on d ue t o t h e a r i
r i t c ; d th i t i t g l q ti i t h f rm
e s s an e an en s n e ra e ua on , n e o 1) F m t
us

b m pl y d t c rry t th i t gr ti
e e o e mm ti o a ou e n e a on or s u a on in

f ee — ff mn
j
’
x = ed e t s ec 9d9
, y , .

a a
trictly p ki g th pr bl m c
S t b l d lytic lly i
s ea n , e o e an n o e s o ve a na a n a

fi it f rm c pt f l w f i r i t c f ( )
n e o ex e or a a o a r es s an e c v cv .

I th r cn o w h ll e ly ppr im ti
as es , as
p ibl e s a s e e , on a ox a on s a re os s e .

A fir t gr p f ppr m t l ti l t th b
s a s ou mi d o a ox i a e so u on s , e os e e e xa ne

f orwhich th q ti it l f h b l de etly ; d l t
ua on se as een s o ve e xa c an e

a
pp r im ti oxb d f at h mm ti
on sf d d y d t Te hi fir
us et or e su a on o x, ,
. s s

gr p i t h
ou with which thi ch pt r i c c r d
s e on e s a e s on e ne .

Ltr c d gr p will b t k i whi h

a e a se on pp r im t ou e a en n c an a ox a e

m th d i m pl y d f t h q ti it l f i th t t h q ti i
e o s e o e ,
or e e ua on se ,
n a e e ua on s

r pl c d by th r ppr im ti f which l l f rth r i t gr ti

e a e an o e a ox a on , or a u e n e a on s

a re m d p ibl a e os s e .

1 . S o l u i on t of th e e q ua ti on o n th e a s s um p ti on o f a

r t d ti e ar a on a cv
"
.

The e q ua ti on no w b c m e o es

g d ( 1) c os 9) v( ) d9 a co
"
.

Wh en t h l ft h d ide e - an s e o f thi q ti i s p
e d d uad t h on s ex an e , an e
—
e q u ti a on i di id d by W
s “ v e ,
an d d 9 br ght t t h l ft h d
ao
"
ou o e e - an

s id e,

( + g s i n 9) d9 cd9
”
if
g c os a .
106 App r ox i ma te s olu ti on [ GIL I v

we k w th t
no a

dx si n x n 2 dx
( ) ( 1) ( 1 (
"
c os x n c os n c os

T h us , for exa m pl e,

dx sin x

( ) 2 ( c os )
3 2
c os x x

ir + 17
2
) 1
9 g
0
M 1 + 10 2
)
wh r e e
p t an x .

T hi s fun c ti on , whi h c m a y be d tden o e for s h rt by

o 5,
is g i ve n i n Vol . I v,

Ta bl e 1 0 b, for l
v a ues of

for l
an g es x f r m0 t
o
°
o

Am ore e x e n t d d T bl e a e i s foun d i Ott n o s

’
Ta bl es for b m b t h r wi
o o n g, Be rl i n 1 8 42 .

d
( 00 5W ta n w 4( t an x )
3

dx Sln x
( 6)
( ) 4
5
c os x c os
4
x 8 c os
2
x

t au x + ta n 3
x
gt an
"
x , e tc .

With n 2 for
, ex a m pl e,

1 sin 9
c
c on s a n t t
( 9
2
v c os
g c os

writi g t n an 9 p,
1
v
2
p
« 1 p
?
) l og [ d ( 1 + p + p] c on s t .

Wh en thi s ex
p r i es s on for v, or r th r f
a e or i
f
,
is su b tit t d
s u e i n the
g en e a r l q ti e ua on s

g d x —v cl 9 2
,
d
g y = —v
' 2
t a n 9 d 9,

g d t — o s ec 9 d9 , g d s —v 2
s ec 9 d9 ,

th en dx dy d t d s
, , ,
are e x
p r es s e d tir ly i 9 i p with t 9 = p
en e n , or n ,
an , ,

or in 2 ith t
w an
(i 7r + § th t it ly r m i t w rk t
so a on e a ns o o ou

th es e i t gr ti
n e a on s , th t i a s, th e p r bl mo i r d c d t qedr t r s e u e o ua a u es .
 20 ] f
o the ba ll i s ti c p r oble m 10 7

3 . ci l c I n th e s
pe a as e o f a 0 and n 1 i ,
. e .
,
on t he as s u m pti on

f( )
c v t h p r
:e i ov, e ex s s o ns fo r lm t
a ll t he e e en s of t h e pa th ca n be
bt i d i fi it f rm,
o a ne n a n e o as s a e t t d lr d y a ea .

A fu c ti ft w h
s n on s o , e a ve th en

—t
9 t ( )
1 0
c
1) c os c os ( o ,

( )
1 1

thi l w f i r i t c
B ut s a o a r es s an e, c
f( ) v ov, d oe s n ot g en e a r lly c m o e

i t c id r ti o
n o on s e a n .

4 I th
.
p ci l c
n f e s e a as e o a =0 an d n = 2, and the m pti
as s u on

cf )
( v t h q dr
6 11tic
2
l,w f e ua a a o ai r r it c
es s an e is o bt a nei d A b
. s a ov e

‘ 9
g( )
’
a c t t f i t gr ti
on s an o n e a on
(
.

7)

Th e i t gr ti
n e a on c ons t ti
an s d t rmi d fr m th c di ti
e e ne o e on on th t a

v v, a n d 9 at the o rigi ; n and s o

9 1
25 00 8
2
0 lC

w hr
e e C 5 2c 19
2
(

si n 4 ;
l og tan ( 4 5 59
0
7 )
1
?
c os <)

T hi c t t i c ct d with th
s on s a n s on n e e e ve o l city v, of the s h ll
e at th e
ve rt f th p th by i mpl r l ti
ex o e a a s e e a on . Si c n e 9 = O a t th e ve rt ex,

an d th r 5 ( 9) 0
e e d v u th r f r ,
an s , e e o e

In tr d ci g thi
o u n l
s va ue o f v
2
or u i n the s ytm s e of e q u ti o
a ns

g d x c
2
d9 , d
g y v
2
tan 9d 9,

c d9 c
2
d9
9 d s
c os 9 c os 9
 App r ox i m a tes oluti on

t an 9d 9
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

( 30 8
3
9 lC
hi l t q ti
T s as e ua on
( )
1 8 can be ex
p r e d sse in a fi it n e fo rm by
ano th r i t gr ti
e n e a on

Si c b writ
'

n e, a s a ov e w e ca n e

el f
U E
an d th c by i t gr ti
en e n e a on

20 3 l og {0 a c on s t t an ( 1 9).

( )
a I f t he a rc s o f the tr j ct ry i
a e o s m ea s u e r d fr m th rigi 0 o e o n ,

an d wh en

1 C
lo g0 s ow n —i
as f ob) 20 ( v0 c os

b
( ) If on th e o th r h d
e an , as be l o w t h e ,
a re 3 is m eas u e r d fr m o

th e ve rt ex, a n d s O for 9 : O, 0 ,
th en

1 C E(9) 9 C(1 m
C
5( ) e ) .

Th e tr j t ry p a ec o y m pt t o ss e s s e s tw o as o es .

Th p l ng t i on f th d d i g br h ppr h rt i l l i m r
‘

e ro o a o e es c e n n an c a oa c e s a ve ca ne o e

an d m r t d i t fr m h ri gi
o e, a a rd i g 1 9 6
s an ce o t e o n , a cc o n to , ,

A t th ert ve ex th e va ri bl f i t gr ti
a e o n e a on 9 c h a n ge s s ig n b m eco es ze o r
an d th n g ti
en e a ve so t h t thi d i t i
a s s ance s

Th e p rl
ti b kw rd f th
o on ga d i g br h ( t
on ac a o e a s cen n a nc o t co
, x = - oo

y ) w
pp r i m t ta l t i g l i
ox i l i d t h h
a es r i t o a s an n n e, nc ne o t e o z on a a n ang e l B
give nby C d th pr i f it di t fr m th rgan e ex e s s on or s s ance o e o i i n 1 8 eas i ly
d t rmi d
e e ne .

Thi d i t s i gi sh r wi t h t p r f
ance s ve n e e, ou oo ,
as

1
2c c os B
wh r e e B is s up
p os e dt b o l l t d fr m th r l t i {
e ca cu a e o e e a on 3 C .

i mi lar re u lt h l d r lf h l f i r i t
.

A s s o s in g en e a or t e aw o a r es s a nc e
1 10

wh r
e e we w rit e for br ity
ev

d9 4’ d9 1
an d C
( c os 0 ( 008 ( ” o0 0 8
2
1 s ec

s ec
2
9d9

c f

9
cv
2
( q u
a dr tic a la w )

g 1
26 c os
2
9 [G
with th e no a t ti on

i s
°

s
a ) l og ta n ( 4 5

}
°

+ l og t a n ( 4 5 + 1

which c on s u lt T bl
a e 1 0 , Vol . IV ) ,
an d for br ity
ev

9 9
C SOP) or 0
2ov,
’ 2
p)
?
20 ( v0 c os (

an d th en we h a ve
d9
c os
2
O
9L
tan 9 d 9
c os
2
9[C

c os
Q
9 V[ C E( ) ]
9
d9
c os
3
9 [C
1
l °g
C EU)
?
2c 0
 20 ] of the ba lli s t i c p r obl em 111

wh en 8 is m e as u e r d fr m th ri gi
o e o n ;
1 C
a nd lo g
0
w h en 8 is m e as u e r d f m th rt ro e ve ex .

( b) n 3 r t rd ti cf( )
e a a on v ou
"
( c bic l
u aw )
11
2
wh r e e

9
2
v
9 l
I
t a n 9)3

2) d9
g c os 9
“
r) a
71
2
( M
g c os 9 j

The i t gr ti
n e a on s for x y t , , ,
3, l d t llip tic i t gr l
ea o e n e a s, w h en a 0 ,

an d n 3 or 4 .

Corr p di g t bl b d
es on n a es as e on t he t bl
a e s of Lg e en d r h
e a ve b ee n

c on s tr ct d by Gr hill f
u e e en or n 3 ,
an d S a bud s ki for n 4 .

R em a r ks on s i m i l a r tr ajec tor i es . R ul es f or comp a r i s on .

On th e as s u mp t i on of t h e la w of( ) o co
"
,
and i t gr ti
n e a ng wi t h r es pe c tt o 9
frm o ( p t o 9 ,
w e h a d

w h en c e

v0 c os

I n t h e ge n e rl
a c as e

9 2
1 003 9

g d t —u c os 9

s o th t b tw
a ,
e ee n li m i t s 9, and 9,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 1 12 Ap p r ox i ma te s ol uti on
[ CH I v .

t i d r t tr j t ri A d A f d i ff r t pr j til fi r d
Nex ,
we c on s e wo a ec o es an
’
o e en o ec es , e at
th m gl f d p t r b t wi th di ff r t i i ti l l iti
e sa e an e o d d e ar u e u e en n a v e oc es , v0 a n vo , a n
’

wi th rr p di g ffi i t co d
es L d t th
on f th A t
n c oe c en s, c an c
’
. et 8 eno e e a rc o e ra

j t y b tw
e c or i i ti l i l i t i 9 d fi l i l i t i 9
e ee n d
an th n a nc na on , an na nc na on ; an s
’
e

r p d i g f A b tw t h m i l i ti
c or e s on n a rc o
’
e e en e sa e nc na on s .

Th tr j t ri A ed A ll d imi l r wh th r ti
a ec o f th esr f an
’
a re c a e s a en e a o 3 s
’
o e a cs o

t h tr j t ri
e i t t b tw th m i i ti l d fi l i l i ti
a ec o es s c on s an e ee n e sa e n a an na nc na on s

m d th t t h m f i r i t d r i d r ti
.

It i s as s u i e d a e sa e z on e o a r es s ance s un e c on s e a on , a n

l t h m p w r l ; d wi th t t p 9 9 d t h t
a so e sa e o e aw an s o, c on s a n ( , , , an n, a

( v0 c os
’
v c os
o

th t i a s, s s
’
is c on s a n t t and e q l ua to s o?
v0
’
2
, p r i d d
ovt h t e a

(
’ ’

( v0
"
c n c os
o 0 c os or co
o

In thi s ca s e th en ,

l <>
t t r t i f or t t i s i n t he
’
c on s a n a o o no vo
’
.

O th t n tr j t ri e d t t h p i t wh r t h fi
wo a ec o l l p 9 f th es , an a e o n s e e e na s o e o e

t g t i th m l t th l i ti f th w h ll b d t d by d f
an en s e sa e, e e v e oc es o e t o s e s e en o e r an i .

It i b i s o th t fr m ( 1 ) h th r l ti
v ou s , as e a o we a ve e e a on 1) 11
’
vo
’
.

Th l th t i t h r t rd ti d t th i r i t i f
en c e a s o c v
"
a s e e a a on ue o e a r es s a n ce s o

th m m g it d h m l g p i t f th t p th wi th q l 9
e sa e a n u e at o o o o us o n s o e wo a s, e ua .

T m p o su h th h f ll wi g pr p i ti
u ,
we If h
ave m p w rl en t e o o n o os on . t e sa e o e aw

h ld f th t h ll
o s or d f rth r i f th y
e wo fi r d t th m d p rt r
s e s , an u e , e a re e a e sa e e a u e

an gl p w i t h e ( l i ti
,
h t h t th i i t i l r t d t i d t h i r i t
v e oc es s uc a e n a e ar a on ue o t e a r es s an c e

i ths m f th t h ll th h r
e sa e or d e f th tr j t ri
wo s f q le s, en t e a cs s an s
'
o e a ec o es o e ua

r tr t i d b tw q l t g t i l i ti
c u va u e , c on a n e i e t t r ti
e en e ua an en nc na on s , a r e n a c on s an a o,

d thi r ti i th t f t h q r f t h i i t i l l i ti = 2 2
’ ’
an s a o s a o e s ua es o e n a ve oc es , s s r0 r0 .

S l th rr p di g tim f fli gh t i
o a so e co es t t r t i i th t f
on n es o a re n a c ons an a o, v z .
,
a o

t h i i ti l l i ti = ’ ’
e n a ve oc es ; t t v0 vo .

Fi lly th r t rd ti d t i r i t
na ,
e t h m l g
e a p ai t on f t h ue o a r es s a n c e a o o o o us o n s o e

t wo p t h t h t ai b tws, q l t ga t i l i t
s i i e t h m f b
ee n t h t h e ua an en nc na on s , s e sa e or o e

s h ll e s .

Th l w f imil r tr j t ri
es e a d
s o t S t R b rt
s d F Sla i a ec o es a r e ue o o e an . ac c .

A ppl i t in a f th l w f imi l r t j t ri h b m d l t ly by
ca on o es e a s o s a ra ec o es as ee n a e a e

By m f th r g t bl f k w g b t i th l m t
‘
E Roggl . a . ea n s o h e an e a e o a no n un , e o a ns e e e en s

o f h tr j t ry f h wi t r
t e a ec o m rt r o a o ze or a o a .

Wi th th m i d i ty d h m h p f th h ll th b ll i ti
e sa e a r en s ,
an t e sa e s a e o e s e ,
e a s c

c oeffi i t i i
c en r ly pr p rt i l R— wh r P i th w igh t f th h ll
0 s
P
n ve s e o o on a to
fi
n
- e e s e e o e s e ,

R th
2
r
11 tie c os s s e c on .

Th th ttm t b
e n ce i t d th fo
e s a e ll wi g m r en c an e e n un c a e In e o n an ne

D t by th i iti l l i ty f g A th h ri t l di t
en o e to e n a dv e oc o a un ,
x e o zon a s a n ce , a n u

th l i ty ft r
e v e oc d i th a rt b i a th rt l i ty
e t s ec on s ; x, s e ve ex a s c ss ,
v, e ve e x v e oc ,

t, th tim f fli gh t t h rt X i h m i m m r ng t b t 4 5
e e o o t e ve ex ; s t e ax u a e, a a ou
°

l ti T h rr p d i g t t l tim f fligh t th fi l l i ty P th
e e va on , t e co es on n o a e o , e na v e oc ,
e

w i ght f th h ll R th r
e o ti g = P R th ti l d i ty f l d
e s e ,
2
71 e c os s -s ec on ,
2
1: e s ec on a en s o oa .
1 14 A pp r ox i m a te sol u ti on [ CH I V .

Th ep r i exwhich ri i t h c
e s s on slc l ti d d c d i a se n e a u a on ar e e u e as n

20 d it
,
an d ly b h w h r h w E l r c rri d t t h
n ee on e s o n e e o u e a e ou e re

m i i g mm ti
a n n su a on s .

C id r t w dj t p i t M d M f t h m br h f
on s e o a a c en o n s, an , ,
o e sa e anc o

t h tr j ct ry
e a e d p t SM
o SM ,
f
an th rc m r d fr m
u 3 , , s, or e a s e as u e o

the ve rt S ex .

A cc rdi g t t h
o b n o e a o ve ,

l 6 1 —5 09) 1 —
0 E H
( 1)
SM s —- l o
g S M, 8, l og
2c 0 25

an d s o th e s m ll l m t
a e e en o f a rc MM , ,
or

—
1
10 g
o as )
2 0 s o)
i cli ti t t h
Th e n na on o e

h ri t l f t h tr j ct ry
o z on a o e a e o

i 9 t th p i t M
s a d 9 e o n ,
an ,

a t th p i t M e d E l r o n an u e

no w tr t th l m t f ea s e e e en o

a re rly tr ight d
as n e a s a ,
an

h i g m i cli ti
av n a e an n na on

9
, ( 9 d th r f r an e e o e

1
1° g
0 gm e+ a
2c o s
a ) 2

C —
04 0 .

2c l go
o
- 2

h pr j cti
T es e A d Ag f th
o e A th t
on s , x an ,
o e a re s a re en o be
summ d ; th Z Ae EA y y us x x, .

I m pl E l r t k th di ff r c f t h i cli ti 9
n a n exa e u e oo e e en e o e n na on s an d

f t h tr j ct ry
o e b i g 5 d gr
a e Th c rr p di g tim
o as e n e ees . e o es on n e of

flight w gi th fr m t h r l ti
as ve n en o e e a on

2c ( 71 c os

an d s o
—
o o \/ U s
Ax 1
l0 g
a )
71 0 0 8 9 20 —
o gw) 2 a,
wh c en e tim f flight f ll w by mm ti t = EA t
t he e o o o s su a on .

As it w l d b c di gly w ri m t c rry t th c lc l ti
ou e e x ee n ea so e o a ou e a u a ons

in
’

e ve r
y c t g
a s e,th r with toh uemm ti EAeEA y EA t w m u t e s a on s x, , , e s
 21 ] o f the bal li s ti c p r oble m 1 15

s et w rk t c tr ct T bl which ll w f
to o o
y t j ct ry
on s u a es a o us , or an ra e o

wh t r gi by th l
a e ve f,
t bt i th l m t f t h
ve n -
e v a ues o 0, s o, o o a n e e e en s o e

tr j ct ry i r g X gl f d c t fi l l city
a e o ,
v z .
,
rt
an e ,
an e o es en na ve o ve ex

ab ci s rt rdi t y d f rth
s s a x8 ,
ve ex o na e , ,
an so o .

E l r t t t h f ll wi g pri ci pl
u e se t r d c t
ou mi ion e o o n n e , s o as o e u e o a n

m m t h tr bl
u fc tr cti g t h T bl
e ou e o on s u n e a es .

L t t h f rm l
e b f EA EAy EA t b writt i t h f r m
e o u ae a o ve , or x, , , e en n e o

9 + 91
2oy 2c EA y 2 l og ,
2

V2ot = V20 2A t = E l og —
0 9
50 ) 2 a,
right h d id f th
Th e q ti- ani l s ly C ( es th o es e e ua on s nvo ve on or e

an gl 8 f i cli ti f th ym pt t ) d 9 which ry l g y
e ,
o n na on o e as o e an ,
va a on an

tr j ct ry d fr m
a e o tr j ct y t
, an th r o on e a e or o an o e .

W m th
e ass u 1 f th pr e t d c id r fir t f y
en 0 or e es en ,
an on s e s or a n

ass u m d l f C th ri f A A y A t c l l t d fr m d gr
e va u e o
'
e se es o x, , ,
a cu a e o e ee

t d gr
o e f 9 by t h f rm ul
ee o b f t h c di g br ch ; d
,
e o ae a o ve , or e as en n an an

aft r thi with C Ef th d c di g br ch t h

e s mm ti b i g
or e es en n an ,
e su a on e n

m d t rti g fr m th rt wh r 9 0
a e s a n o e ve ex e e :
.

Th di ff r t tr j ct ri
e th diff r ly i th di ff r t
e en a e o es c an en e on n e e en

va l f th
ue s o gl a f d p rt r e an e o e a u e .

B t it i uid t th t l l th tr j ct ri
s ev en c gr t t ch a a es e a e o es are on ue n o ea

oth r ; f th y
e m r ly gr t r
or e m ll r p rt t ff th m
are e e ea e or s a e a s cu o e sa e

r r ck d fr m th rt
c u ve , e on e o e ve ex .

W h bt i d th f
e a ve
y od ry 0
a ne t h l m t en ,
y t or an an e ve , e e e en s x , ,

of c m pl t
a o ri f tr j ct ri with di ff r t l
e e se es o fa a e o es , e en va ue s o .

E pr d th rwi wh
x es s e i t r trict d t t h
o e lse, ity en 0 s no es e o e va ue u n ,

w h e f y
a ve , gi l f O
or an B t h l m t 2 2
ve n va ue o
y V ( 2 ) t or , e e e en s 0 x, c , o

o f th ri tr j ct ri which di ff r i th gl f d p rt r a
e va o us a e o es , e n e an e o e a u e .

W pp e thi t b c rri d t f
su os e th r l f C B
s o e a e ou or a n o e v a ue o or ,

an d th sol m t 2 2 y V( 2 ) t k w f
e e e en s c d ri f
0 x, c , c a re no n or a s e on se es o

tr j ct ri f ri
a e o l
es , f gt ; d
or v a f rth o us v a u e s o an so o .

Th T bl h ld th b c lc l t d gr p d f th diff r t
e a es s ou en e a u a e ,
ou e or e e en

l
va ues o f C which cc r i pr ctic ; d th y will h w i ch
’
c an o u n a e an e s o n ea

g r ou
p d f ,
ry
an i gl d t h l
or e ve f y V( 2 ) t
s n w lle ) , e v a ue s o ex , o , o ,
as e as

o f 3
3 which
2 , d t i l oes n o n vo ve c .
 1 16 App r ox i m a te s ol uti o n
[ OH I V .

Ta bl
r c l l t d th f d m t l l w by H Fr
es we e a cu a e on es e un a en a a s . . v on

J c bi ( th
a o t bl l t) by Fr P
es e Gra it 1 7 6 4 b t
a es are os , . . v on ven z, , u
t bly by J C F Ott 1 8 4 2
no a . . . o, .

Th y h eb t d d l t r by M l S ch S i i L d i ll
a ve e en e x e n e a e o a, e ve, acc , ar on ,

B r ci li i
ac d th r
a n d rr g d di ff r tly f c
,
an i c f
o e s , an a an e e en or on v e n e n e o us e .

Ott lc l t d hi T bl i 1 8 4 2 f t h ri
o ca u a e l f B s a es , n ,
or e va o us v a ues o

b tw 3 5 d
e ee n m tly ri i g by 2 d gr
°
an t tim ; d th os s n e ees a a e an en

b tw 3 0 d 7 5 ri i g by
e e en
°
d gr t tim
an
°
s n on e e ee a a e .

Si l f C ( f B) i gi by t h T bl
'
th nce e v a ue o d or o s ve n cu,
2
an e a es

a re arr g d f pr tic l
an e i gr p f di ff r t l
or f p d ac a us e n ou s or e en v a ue s o ( ,
an

in ea ch gr p cc rdi g t ou a o n o ov0
2
.

Al th lm t
so gi e f X w e e T 9 X f th p i t f
e n s a re ve n o c , , cc , o e o n o

f ll
a th m
on l h rie d l y X
uz z e o z on , a n a so , .

Thi m th d s b ill tr t d by t h f ll wi g
e o tr t wh r
c an e us a e e o o n ex ac , e e

f i t c 4
or ns an e )

Use of O to t ’
s Tab l es fo r th e so u l ti on o f a p a rt i c ul ar t ra e j ct r y o .

( S e e a so l Vol . IV .
)

r g i m tr
Th e th m
an e n e e s on e uzz e l h ri i d t d by X t h
o z on s en o e ,
e

angl f d p rt r by 96 th i iti l
e o e a u e , e n a l ity i m / c b
v e oc th c t n se y s o, e a u e

angl f d e t by th fi l l
o es c e n a) ,
e na ve o city by u i m / c t h tim f , n se ,
e e o

flight by T d h ight f rt s e c on s, e o ve ex by y m , .

Th r t rd ti d
e t i r i t
e a a on ue o a r es s an c i e d h r s or
”
,
an e e

P x

wh r e e h l f c libr i m tr 8 i t h i d ity i
R i s t he a - a e n e es , s e a r e ns n

g
= m / i i t h c ffi i
s ect f h p f h
fi
d
,
1 f K r
s
pp e oe c en o s a e o ea or u
’
s

norm l h ll f 2 c libr
a s e r di f th gi l h d 1 3 c libr
o a e s as a us o e o va ea ,
or a e

as h ight f gi
e o h l f gi l gl t th p i t ) P th
o ve , or a o va an e a e o n , e

w ight f th h ll i kg ; 7 = 0 0 1 4 f
e o e l city l th 24 0
s e n t
°

or a ve o es s an

m/ c (b t i f l
se cc ur cy i
u c ry t h t bl es s b t k a a s ne es s a ,
e a es can e a en
‘
1 18 Ap p r ox i ma te s ol uti on [ OH . Iv

N otes . dr p i t d t i 1 7 8 2 th t rr r i t i d i
(a ) A . M . Legen e o n e ou n a an e o s c on a n e n

E l
u er s pr
’
d r wh r t h oc e d y l l t d i f th y w r th p j
u e, e e e Ax an A a re c a c u a e as e e e e ro e c

t i f th d f t h
on s o l m t tr t d tr igh t l i
e en s o t h pr j ti
e a re e e en s As , ea e as s a n es , as e o ec on s

Ax d y
an t gr t Th r f r h t k
A a re ooir l r l m t f eai t d f. e e o e e a es a c cu a e e en or As , n s ea o

a str i gh t l i
a d fi d ( lt Did i f h pr f)
ne ; an n s c on s u on or t e oo

9, -
9 _ _h

Ax = ( Eul e r Ax ) Ay = ( Eul e r Ay )
91 i
2 2

D i d i h w d l t r i 1 8 4 8 th t thi pr d r
on s o e a e ,
n ,
a s oce u e of Le ge n d l d
re ea s to n o c os e rl
re s u l t th th t f E l r
an a o u e .

b
( ) A m t h d rr p d i
e g t th t
o f E l r co es on n o a o u e , for t h e q dr ti ua a c law of a i r

re s sit an c e oo
z
w,
br gh t f rw rd by B hf th i
as ou o a as or n 1 8 73 , b d th
as e on e cu bi c l aw
3
cv

T hi th ry i
s eo s con s id r d b l w
e e e o .

(c) A . B as sa n i h as r i d t t h i t g ti
ca r e ou e n e ra on on t he as s u mpti on of th e
q dr ti
ua a c la w of a i r re s s a n ce , o n ait m th d wh r e o e e t h e fun c ti on

ap < ) + t l os [J ( 1
/ 1 2
t +r
whi h c oc c u s r i n Eu lr
e
’
s so u l ti on , is re p a c e l d by th e a pp ox r im t a e v a l ue

2
( 1 + O 25 23 p )
'

p
2
1 + 0 0 9 1 17

22 . M e th o d of F . B a sh fo rth .

m ti d bri fly lr dy F B h f t h um d th c bic
As en on e e a ea ,
. as or as s e e u

l w f i r i t
a o a r d r t rd ti f ( ) =
e s s an c e , a nwh r ri d i e a a on o v ov
"
, e e c va e n

di ff r t
e en f th l city t h b i f m th d f l ti ;
zon e s o e ve o ,
as e as s o a e o o so u on

an d rr p di g T bl w r c tr ct d th m pri ci pl
co es on n a es e e on s u e on e sa e n es

as w r mpl y d by E l r d Ott f th q u dr tic l w

e e e o e d u e an o or e a a a or
?
an

by S b d ki f th bi q dr tic l w
a u s or e ua a a .

Th r l ti b tw th l city v f th h ll i i t p th d th
e e a on e een e ve o o e s e n s a , an e

co rr p di g gl 9 f l p f th t g t f th p th t th
es on n an e o s o e o e an en o e a o e

h ri
o i gi
z on ,
p r d is 20 i t h f rm
v e n , as ove n ,
n e o

( d 1) c
( t
s
9 4 t 9 ) t h i t gr
2
ti
; c t t A an an
3
e n e a on on s an .

Le t us p u t

v c os 9= vx , 1c ,

an d d t rmi e e ne th e i n te gr ti c t t A fr m
a on on s a n o th e r l ti
e a on at t he
ve rt whex , en 9 0, v: v, th th q ti en e e ua on c a n be writt en
 22] f
o the ba ll i s ti c p r o blem 1 19

The g ene a rl ex
pr i es s on s for d t dx d y , , , na m lye

v, d9 v1
?
( 19
dy
g c os
‘
3
9
’

g c os
2
9
’

l d th
ea en to

We see th t th i t gr l d p d ly 9 d th l u f
a es e n e a s e en on on an e va e o

bc e a us e B ( 9) i l 9 ly n v o ve s on .

Th es e i t gr l
n e d t d f br ity by T X Y ; d F B h
a s a re en o e or ev , ,
an . as

f rth h
o as c lc l t d T bl f th m c rr p di g t l
a u a e a fes or e ,
o es on n o v a u es o

V lu a es of t he i t gr
n e a l s a re r q ir d b tw
e u e e e en th e limit s (
p an d 9;
for i t c
ns an e,

To ‘
l’
TO "
TO 2 T0 ¢ To “
.

It is s uf fici t th en en to h ave th e i t gr l r ck
n e a s e on e d fr m o the
ve rt ex ( 9
Th e fo m u r l a e a re th r f re e o e

2 2

x =
”8 ”3
— X 0¢
( —K °) O
9
2
v8
+
5
‘
v
2
v —T 9
0 T
( 0 ¢
,
q g

v c os 9
1 20 Ap p r ox i m a te s ol u ti on [ OI L I v

1 c os
3

Th e c lc l ti
par c d
u ath w ith t
on h i d f t ho eeT bl f ls en e a o e a es or v a ue s

d 9 f X Y T
an d , T bl or f B ( 9) f
,
l ,
f9 ,
an a a e o or v a ue s o .

F i t or i f t h c libr i 2R w ight f h ll P
ns ance, e i d
a ity 8 e s ,
e o s e , a r en s ,

i iti l l city
n a ve o d gl f d p rt r p w c lc l t fr m ( 7 th
v0 , a n an e o e a u e ( ,
e a u a e o e

l f t k t fr m th T bl f B ( 9) th l f B a) d l
va ue o lo, a e ou o e a e o e v a ue o , an ca

c l t fr m ( 5 ) th rt
u a e o l city e ve e x ve o v, .

F y l ct
or a n d l f 9
se e d t h e l u f t h
va ue ofr cti 7;
,
an e va e o e a on
v,

h th t b l r l u f X Y T ; d fr m
a ve e a u a va es o t h tr j ct ry , ,
an o e a e o

l m t y t which c rr p d t 9 th gl f 1 p ch
e e en s x , , , o es on o ,
e an e o s 0 e os e n .

I th n
p ci l c
e s f 9 e0 w h
a t h as e ort c rdi t ,
e a ve e ve ex oo n a es

an d l t h tim t
a so f r chi g t h
e rt
e , o ea n e ve ex .

N m i l u mp l Gi 2B = 0 228 6 m P
ex a 1 10 9 kg 3 1 5 m/ = 5
°

er ca e ve n
'
: r s ec ,
o
.
, ,

kg/m i 1 t d t rm i t h h i gh t y 3
,f th rt ,
o e e ne e e ,
o e ve ex .

P 1 10 9
K Q 4 5 ’ O3 3 ’ 000
3
c or 0 0 000 6 0 x x 3 1 4 16

3
3 ta n + ta n

c os

3
0 13 4 1 .

Th e Y t bl gi f
a e ve s , or 0 1 3 4 1, and 9 = 0 , th e . va ue l so

th t th
a e ve rt rd i t
ex o na e

2 b
1
,
c

0 x o 58 195 _ 1 96 6 m .

I n the a
ppr im tioxm th d f t
a h Fir t Gr p t h
on e o s o e s ou , e
“
Me th od of

Ve l citi e
o s
”
c anb i cl d d which E V lli r m pl y d f
e n u e , . a e e o e or t he i t gr
n e a

ti on of t he e xac t di ff r ti l q ti e en a e ua on s .
1 22 App r ox i ma te s ol uti on [ CH I v
.

or , s ni c e

cf )
( v c os 9,
an d v c os 9,

it f ll w th t
o o s a

2g of ( )o c os 9
F ( ) x
( b
8
v c os c os
g
P r c di g i
o ee n n t he sa m m e an n e r ,
w e fin d

F ( i v) sin
( )
0
c os
4
1 b
g v, 4 ef ( ro

a n d s o on .

So l gon h ll i b th m u l h ri y d i t d ri
as th e s e s a ov e e zz e o z on , an s e va

ti ve s with r
p ct t r m i fi
es it de c ti T h
o x r f r w e a n n e an on n u ou s . e e o e e

obt i th p i f y i t rm f by b tit ti f th l
a n e ex a n s on o n e s o x su s u on o e c a cu

l t d l F (0)
a e va u e s i th i b ,
n e s e r es a ov e .

Th l p 9 f t h t g t w ill b
e s o e bt i d th c fr m t 9 l
o e an — en e o a ne en e o an
cx

thr gh i gl di ff r ti ti
ou a s n d e9 t h h ri t l c mp t
e en a on , a n 1) c os e o z on a o on e n

o f th l city fr m
e ve o 9
—y
9
( § )
1 8 thr
o gh c d
7) c os s ee ou a se on

di ff r ti ti
e en a on .

Fi lly th ti m f flight t i c lc l t d fr m dt i i 9 by m
na e e o s a u a e o
1)
,
ea n s

o f ani t gr ti whil t = O f
n e a 0 on , e or x .

I thi w y w
n bt i
s a e o a n

y x ta n ( )
i 2 ( p
1 f( )
c vo
{f ( )
o 710
9 3m < 9} c os ( b
+ a r m i d rR
e a n e

or y x t an d)
2( v0 c os 3
a r m i d rR
e a n e
c os (
p
( )
1

tan 9 t a n qb a r m i d rR
e a n e

1) c o s 9 u, c os a r m i d rR
e a n e .
 22 a ] o f the ba l li s ti c m o ble m 1 23

He r e, for i t c i f th bi q
ns an e, e uad a r tic la w of ai r r es is t c
an e,

f( )
c v is tk a th b i en a s e as s ,

f ( “
c vo) S ot o ,
a n d s o on .

Th e
p i i ex ri b
a n s on c tr t d i
n a sethi w y f y es can e on s uc e n s a or an

l w f i r i t c
a o a r es s an e .

E p i x f thi ki d h
an s on s o b w rk d t i di ff r t w y s n a ve ee n o e ou n e en a s

i c t h d f th 1 8 th c t ry with ith r
s n e e en o e t 9 en u , e e x , or , or , or s , a s

th i d p e d t ri bl ( L mb rt B rd T m p lh f Ott H im
n e en en va a e a e , o a, e e o ,
o, e ,

Fr c i Pfi t D k Li g w ki N m )
an a s, s e r, en ec e, o s , eu an n .

Th c rg c f th ri w ith r
e on v e en e o m d id t e se es as e e as s u e as ev en , or

bri fly di c d
e s us s e .

E th l t r w rk f P H pt ( N t ) i
ve n e a e t rig r
o o . au s ee o e s no o o us .

C V i th
. w
e th fir t t gi
en as rig r pr f th t th b lli tic
e s o ve a o o us oo a e a s

ex
p i i
a n s on ri f p nw r a f se d y es f ti o f t o e s o x an ,
as a un c on o , c on

ve rg f ll fi it les or a ft i ll c
n wh r c rt i
e va u e s o m pti ,
n a as es e e a e a n as s u on

i m d with r g rd t t h
s a e i r i t c f cti
e a o e a r es s a n e un on .

Th f l l wi g b tr t m y b gi
e o o n f th m t h d f C V i t h
a s ac ( a N t ) e ve n o e e o o . e en s ee o e .

A y t m f r l rd i ry d i ff r ti l q t i
s s e o ea o f h Fi r t Ord r m y b
na e en a e ua on s o t e s e a e

id r d
c on s e e
d d
ll 73
I ( £ f (
a
() l, 1
6
’ t)

and th f ti 1 d ( i m y b pp d t b p d d i p w r ri f
e un c on s ( ) a n t a e su os e o e ex an e n a o e se es o

t g £
to, w hi h 0, 1
7r g f
1 l
7
0,l l f th di ff r
c c on v e es or a va u e s o es e e e n c es .

I thi n 5 d r pr s c as e , t d fi i t if rm f ti f whi h ti fy
an q e es e n e n e un o un c on s o t, c sa s

th d i ff r ti l q
e ti
e en d a m th l
e ua f
on s , a n = as s u e e v a ues or t to .

Th f ti es e b p d d i p w r
un c on s ca n ri f e ex an e n o e se es o t to,

=
U 00 + 71 (
7 t - t
0) +

whi h c c on v e rg e for l a l l va ues o f t to .

Now t h e fu n d m t l q ti
a en a e ua on s ca n be wri tt en i n t h e fo rm ( mp r co a e 17,
e q ti ua on s ( )
1 and

2
(
17 0 05, 2 .
F ( v) 'l - g’

wh r i e e n w e fin d

7) c os 9, 1) s i n 9,

f ”
f
“
new ) ,
F e) ,

For th e fi it r gi
n e e on of c whi h m i t c i d r ti
co es n o c on s e a on , w e ca n r im t
a p p ox a e

with ffi i t su c en ac cu ac r yt o th mp i ri l f t i F ( ) l
e e ca un c on r ,
so on g as it i rys e ve

wh r ti e e c on n uous , by m ea n s o f fi i t p ly mi l i
a n e o no a n v
2

F ( ) if ( 13 0 6 +
1 24 App r ox i ma te s olu ti on [ OH I V.

th t i
a
pr
s, wi h th r q ir d r y h ri ght h d i d
we can ex es s , t e e u e a c c u ac ,
t e - an s e of the
d i ff r ti l q ti by p ly mi l i g
e en a e ua on o no a s n ,
1
7.

O th nmpti f th
es e i r i t th
as s u b l w h ld on s o e a r es s a n c e , e a ove a s o ; a nd we
s ee th t g d a p b l f b i g an
p r d i w r r
r) a re ca
p i f a e o e n ex es s e n a o e se es o t

whi h c rg f l l l
c on v e e or a v a ues of t, a n d §0 =r
o c os ( p, q0
= v0 s i n

I t f ll w t h t h t th
o o s en , a i
e e x pa n s o n o f x a n d
y i n,
t rme s of r
t, c o n v e ges a s o l for
all l f wh r
va ues o t, e e

r dt
)
= q 0 t + 62z +
2

i g t h t l y th fi r t 3
S uppos n a on e s or 4 t rm f th
e s o e se ri es in (1) a re e mpl y d o e ,

we k w th th t th tr j t ry
no en a e a ec o c an b r g d d
e e ar e as a pa a rbl o a of th e 3 rd or

4 th rd r
o e .

Thi i s s the p r c d ur
o e e, for m pl f B Pr h D l li k Pit
e xa e, o . e n, o a , on

B re s sa n t ,
He li e, Mi e g ( t he l t c lc l ti g with rithm tic ri
as a u a n a e se es

of t h e 3 rd or 4 th o rd r ) e .

S OME A P PLI CA TI ONS .

1 . Me th d o of Pit on -B res s a n t , a n d o f Hé li e fo rm l f th Ga r C mmi tt

u ae o e v e o ee .

ri ( 1 ) tk br ki g ff t th d t rm Th f t r 5
2 96 n
0
Se es w as a en , ea n o a e 3r e . e ac o w as
11 0
d t d by K
en o e ,
an d d t rm i d f m t h r
e e ne ro e a n ge .

T hu s we h a ve ( co mp r l a e a so 18 )

= x ta n
y p
c

and th en c e ta n 9 ta n .

1
<)
2a) ?
g x
? ( 2 + 3 X x ) .

c os
I
()

Wh e n x =X
, y
= 0, 9 —; a so th t i f w
a e pu t 1 + KX = Z ,
th en

gX Z
?
t o s in 29)
t a “ 9° Z ‘

2 (1 , c os (
p) 9 x

and Z d t e n o es th e r ti b tw
a o e een th e r a n ge in a v ac uu m and th e t lr
a c ua a n ge

m 1 d
,

in a i r, for th e sa e <) an t o .

A t th e en d o f t h p the a

ta d)
t an ( =
) ta n q 5
g
- co
[ +3
2 (Z

A n d fur th r ie ,
s n ce
y ( 1 + 3 Ex ) ,
 1 26 App r ox i ma te s olu ti o n
[ OH I v .

It is o f en t
d th t f th m h ll d th m i iti l l ity K i
foun a ,
or e sa e s e an e sa e n a ve oc s

i dp d t fp d b tr t d t t i th rr p di g R g
,

n e en en o ( an s o can e ea e a s a c on s a n n e co es on n an
, e

T bla A m tt r f f t K d p d
e . s a
p i a imm d i t ly fr m h
e o ac , e en s on ( ,
as s s ee n e a e o t e

exp i i
a n s on I t i m wh t b tt r t w rk i q ti ( ) ( 9) wi th K
n s so e a e e o o n e ua on s 5 to , as
t t wh r K K p
c on s a n ,
e e ,
= c os ( .

A t b l i gi f a
f ( Z) Z
f ( ) f ( Z)
e s th tp g
ve n or , , 2 , 3 on e n ex a e .

E mp l Gixa X = 3 3 00 m wi th 1
e. d = 3 54 m
ven
/ T fi d , ( ) an 7J
O s ec o n

X 4 000 m
.

re ,d T f a) , an or = .

W fi d K fr m e n o
2 0
3 54 0 32
1 + 3 3 00 K
98 1 x 3 3 00 3 3 00

F or t h e r a n ge X 4 0 00 , t h e co rr e s p on di ng a n
g e l o f dp tr
e ar u e (
pis l
c a c ul a e td
9 81
.

x 400 0
13 88, th en 53 .

T h en for thi r s a n ge , s n c e i Z and th en c e fr m o th e Ta bl e,

f,
, f
f ( )
. 2 = o 6 8 0 a ( Z °

) 1 2 50,

-
1 27 9 ;

v, = 24 4 m/ s ec

TX 3 54 008 12 53
T :

Th e t l l tld
v a u es of (
i t hi y i f i rl y g d gr m
,
t
a) , r e , T, ca cu a e n s wa ,
a re n a oo a ee en

wi t h t h B t if e tr th
h ld pr d f i tu fr m h d t f
. uth we s ou oc ee ,
or n s a n ce, o t e a a or e

r g f 3 3 00 d th rr p di g l f K t d t rmi h l m t f
an e o ,
an e co es on n v a ue o ,
o e e ne t e e e en s o

t h p th f
e r g f 6 000 th r r mi ght b ri
a or a an e o ,
e e ro e se o us .

2 M th d f D
. h e ( Fr h )
e o o uc ne en c .

Th q ti f th tr j t ry i t b
e e ua m d t b f h f rm
on o e a ec o s o e as s u e o e o t e o

2
B1
y = x ta n ¢ c os
2
( )
p
in whi h A d B t b c id r d d p d t
an a re o e c on s e e as e en en on t o for t h e sa m h ll e s e , but
as i d p d t f th t i
n e en t tien rr p d i o a s , a s c on s an n a co es on ng Ra n ge T bl a e .

T d t mi o A d B
e er m pl y t d fi i t l ne an ,
we e o wo e n e v a ues o f X an d

S b ti t t t h
u s i th q ti u e en n e e ua on

? 2
t o sin 29) BX
g ‘r
2
008

an d we h a ve tw o q ti
e ua on s for t h e un k w q
no n ua n t i ti es A and B . G i ve n , for
e xa mpl e, for s o: 5 29 m / s ec , X1 m : 1 8 00 ,

X = 22cc m ,

—4
w e fin d A = 1 98 4 °

x 10 ,
 1 28 App r ox i m a te s ol u ti on
[ CH I V
.

T h en m h ll d th
for th e sa e s e an e sa m e t o, but a ny a rbi tr ry a an lg e of d p rt r
e a u e

( p, we ca c l ul t th l m t fr m
a e e e e en s o

= 2
y x tan ¢ (1 +p + q p )

7) c os 9 = v0 c os d) ( 1 + 319
x 1 2°
J ( + 1 + 6 21 ) dp
1 3 0 9
2
vo w s ,
” 0

Ax B
W h e re
I 2 9 ’

C OS
¢
hi meth d f Du h e wi th r g rd t
T s o i m r
o t t h t h pr d i g
c n e, e a o s o e e xa c an e e ce n ,

b t l u i t
es s c on ve n en .

3 I f i t i pr p
. d t r pr t gi tr j t ry by r ti l i t gr l
s o os e o e e s en a ve n a ec o a a on a n e a

al g br i l fe ti f th 3 d 4 th d gr
a ca un c t
on bt i f o y gi e r or e ee , so as o o a n, or a n ven

di t t h h i gh t y
s an ce x, d th u t d t rm i
e t h tr j t ry
e gr t m y ,
an s o e e ne e a ec o ,
a ea an

m th d e p oibl s a re os s e .

A p bl f i t
‘
a ra f t h 3 d Ord r
o a, or n s a n ce , o e r e ,

is g i by th r g X th
ve n e an e
, e a n g e of l dp e art u e ( r p, an d th e t
ac u e a n g e o f l d e s c en t

(0 , thr gh th f ur d i ti
ou e o c on ons th t a , for

x= 0 , y = 0 , y = te n
’

d) ; and for x = X,
y = 0 , y
= ’
—ta n ( 0 .

Wi th th es e c on d i ti o ns

2 ta n c —
p ta n m
2 3
x x

A pa rbl a o a of t h e 4 th Or dr
e ,

is g i v en for i t
n s an c e by th e an g e l of d p rt re
e a u th e i i ti l
n a v e oc l i ty t o, t he
ra n ge X ,
an d th e an g e l of d es c e nt( a c ute ) to ; i
s n ce , for

==
O, y = 0 , =t ’
x
y an d) ,

and for x = X,
y
=0
, y
’
—t an (a . An d so we h a ve th e fi v e c on d i ti on s .

Fr m o th e fi r t th r r l t i
s ee e a ons we h a v e a t on ce

2
ar
y x ta n q; ( 1 + A x + B x 2
2 ( ” o c os

Th e tw o i t
c oe ffi c e n s A and B a re th en o bt i d fr
a ne om

A X + B X2= M
gX O O O O O O O O O O O O O

2 2
SAX 4B X 2:
2220 c os
I
( )
( ta n gb + ta n m)
X
9
13 0 App r ox i m a te s ol u ti on [ bI L IV

F or t h e m w
sa e e a p on a n d l di
oa ng t he e q tiua on a b ove m a y be writt en

= x ta n d>
y

wh ence

9 f ( x)

w) , y _ + ,
.

( N e q)
He r
e x, y d ten o e th e c oo rdi t n a es 0 A, A B of th e tr j t ry OB 1 f whi h
a ec o , or , or c

th gl f d p rt r i
e an
p e o e a u e s ( ;
9 i h t g t l p
s t t B
e an en s o e a ,

an d th l i ty i t h
r e v e oc ,
as n e

fig r u e .

W t i d r th t
e nex c on s e e ra

j y 2 h i g h
ec to r r g , av n t e an e

0A d or di g t x, an a c c or n o

t h R g T bl h i g
e an e a e av n an

l d p rt r
a n g e of e a u e t
a c u e a n g e of l d es c e n t to, a t A d fi l ,
l ity
an d na v e oc on an

t t l tim f flight T
o a
'

e o x .

Thi tr j t ry 2 h
s a ec o as th e e q ti
ua on

= x ta n
y <p x

wh ence t an 9 ta n
f ( x)
9 f (x )
c os ( ) ;
?
l ( v c os c os
?
l
( ’x

T h en if in thi q ti
s e ua on x d t e n o es th e r a n ge 0A of tr j t ry 2
th e a ec o ,
a n d at

the sa m t ime e the a b i

s c s sa 0A of t h e po i tB
n of t he tr j t ry 1 w h
a ec o ,
e ave

f (x )
’

ta n d) x :

f ( x )
(v
2
ex c os c os d ),

E l i mi t i na ng
f( ) x b tw e ee n 6
( ) a nd ( f ( )
)
e x
,
’
b tw e ee n ( c) and (f ) , an d
f ( )
”
x

b tw
e ee n ( d ) a n d (g ) we o bt i a n th e r lt
es u s

2 c os 2 (p

2 2
ta n to,c
y ta n co c os
t an 9 t a n <1)
c os
2
x c ds
2
1
( )

c os ( ) 1
c os (p,

Fi llyna ,
th e tim e of fli gh t fr m 0 o to B i s g i ve n by
all 1 c os
q) ,

7) c os 9 c os ( p
 22 a ] o f the ba l li s ti c p r oblenn 13 1

a nd th by i t gr ti
en n e a o n, f rm0t
o o A , we h a ve

c os a,
c os ( ) 1
We h a ve , th r f re e o e, t h e fo ll wi g r lt
o n es u s

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7) c o s c os to,

q ti ( 25 ) wi ll r t d t rmi
E ua on s e ve o e e ne th e h i gh t A B
e or
y ,
wh en t he a n g e ofl
d p rt r 1 i gi
e a u e <) s ve n .

S l d w i th r p t t p w h
o ve es ec o ( ,
e a ve

1 J [c os 2
2c5,c 2 ta n E s i n 2d>x ] y
ta n c p ta n E ( 29 )
sin 2¢ x 5 ,

a nd thi r t l l t th d p rt r gl wh gi m rk B ( y ) i t
s s e ve s o ca cu a e e e a u e an e en a v en a x s o

b tr k Eq ti ( 26 ) d t rm i 9 d th ( 27 ) d t rmi th l ity
e s uc . ua on e e n es , an en e e n es e v e oc v,

an d ( 28 ) t h ti m f fli gh t e e o t .

Pr i d d t h ov lg 1 d e f d p rt r
e an tes ry d i ff t q ti
<) an o e a u e a re n o ve e re n ,
e ua on s

( )
2 5 ( )
2 8
to b r p l d c an
pp r i m t l yeby t h fell w i g
ace a ox a e e o o n :

9 t
p —t p t 9 =
an c g —t 9
an c m = T an an wx , r c os = vex 0 0 8 m t x
.

x x

S i n ce
g
‘
i s th e t
a n ge n t of t he l
a n g e of s igh t B OA E fr m 0 , or ,
a s s ee n o (E i s
the s o lp e of th e g r d ) t h fi r t f th
ou n e s o es e e q t i i qui l t t
ua on s s e va e n o

tan E = ta n cp—t a n ¢
or with m l l gl E s a
( Ti lt i an
g f t h tr j
es ,t y “
n o e a ec or

Th q ti ( 2 ) t
es e e p r i
ua d f l r
on s ,
pp i m t i 5
t l t f glo ov e us e u a ox a on s , a eas or a n es

of d p rt r
e p t
a u e u o

V ll i r i
5 . 18 8 6 w
a th fir t t e mp l y h r m i d r R i i i t gr l
,
n ,
as e s o e o t e e a n e n ts n e a

f rm i b ll i ti
o n l l tia s c ca c u a on s .

Th rr p d i g q ti f y 9
e co es d
on pr
n d f ll w
e ua on s or , ,
r, a n t, a re e x es s e as o o s

= x t an
y ¢

v cos 9 = r o c os c p

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
13 2 App r ox i ma te s olu ti on o f the bal l i s ti c p r obl em [ OH I V.

t i th third f th q ti th i t gr l p
Exc ep n e o th rr ti
es e e ua on s , e n e a ex res s e s e co ec on

of th q t i f m ti i
e e ua on o m by i rti f th t rm d t th p
o on n a va c u u nse on o e e ue o e s a ce

b i g fill d wi th i
e n e a r

A fi r t pp l i t i by V l li r r l t t t h d d ti i d i ff r t w y f th
.

s a ca on a e e a es o e e uc on n a e en a o e

eq ti f 25 f fl t tr j t ri
ua on s o or a a ec o es .

S pp u t h bi q
os e d ti l w f i r i t i
e u a ra md c da 9 o a r es s a n c e s as s u e , an s ec

i r pl d i th i t gr l by t tm l ( Di d i m l ) ’
s e ac e n e n e a a c on s a n ea n va ue a on s ea n va ue .

Th q ti ( 3 0 ) b m
en e ua on ec o es

g 3
t) 2
dt
y _ x tan c
p ? y ea
( i
c os 1
()

l (
2 2
3 2
x t an p
c
( )
1+
3
0 a v0 c os ¢ . x

as in 25 .

A s e c on d a pp l i ti wi ll b m ti d
ca on e en on e in § 29 , for t he c al c ul a ti on of a n

r i
e xp es s on for an dj ti g f t r B
a us n ac o .
13 4 S econ d group o f [ CH V .

As w ill b h w l t r th e s o n a e ,
e l ti i
so u on n the l at li
s ne i s th e sa m e

as th t f Didi ( c m p r
a o on o a e 29 with
,
a = s ec (
p) . Th e sa m e
p ro

c e d u re i s d u e t o B es ou t .

L g dr m d m y gg ti
e en e a e an su es on s as t o th e i t gr ti
n e a on of the
C hi f Eq ti
e ; i p rtic l r
ua d r on n a u a un e an as su m pti on o f th e q ua dr tic a

l w f( )
a , oh r pl c d t h
o i d 01
9
,
e e a e e a r en s ity 8 by
8
ii by c 9 (1 )
2
or c o os a
p ,

V
wh r p = t 9; an d t h e fa ct r he m C OS ( ) 1 h
e e an o a as su es
1 ( T i s 0
c os 4 )

agr withe es the tr ue 0 in thr ee

p o n s i t of t he tr j ct ry
a e o ,
na m ly e

for an d 9=
T h c en e the e qu ti o b e c om e s
a n t h e fo ll wi g
o n

d
g ( o c os 9 )
o c os 9 . ov c os
2
9

g d u
g d u
or dp ( 1 + a p 2
)
( 1 )
2 8
uc + a
p u cu

In thi q tis e ua p r t dong i b tw

th e p d
'

va r a i bl es a re s e a a e a a n, e e en an

u , or t 9 dan 9 A d whan it i i t gr t d d t h l f
2) c os . n en s n e a e ,
an e v a ue o
2
v as a f cti f9 i
un b tit t d i th g r l q ti f d th t
on o s su s u e n e en e a e ua on or x, a

i i ya
s n d 9 th
x thi q u ti c
2
b l d i fi it f rm
,
en s e a on ca n e s o ve n a n e o

an d by h l p f q ti
e f t h 3 d d gr
o an e w ill b p r
ua d i on o e r e ee , x e ex es s e n

t rm f p ; d y l
e s o an a so .

Fr c i r i d th bj cti t thi pr c d r th t f
an a s a se e o e on o s o e u e, a or

an d t 9 anth i d ity will b c m i fi i t H him l f

00 e a r en s e o e n n e . e se ,
on

1 t 9 2

thi cc t r pl c 8 by 8 9
s a ou n , e
bt
a wh res d bm t b c os
a an

an
2
e e a an us e

d t rmi d cc rdi gly

e e ne a o n .

A m r g r l m th d th t i pplic bl t y f cti f ( )
o e en e a e o ,
a s a a e o an un on c v

wh t r wh th r gi
a eve ,
lytic lly ie e t b l r f rm i th v en ana a or n a a u a o , s e

f ll wi g
o o n

L t t h r t rd ti
e du t e i r i t
e a b till d t d by f ( )
a on e o a r es s an c e e s en o e c v .

Th ct q ti i
e e xa e ua on s

cl 9 d ( 9)
g 1) c os

c os
2
9 1) c os 9 cf ( v) c os 9
 23 ] nu mer i ca l metho d s of ap p r ox i ma ti on 13 5

wh r d e e or eno es at c on s t t
an , to be d t rmi d h r
e e ne e e a ft e r; an d we h ave

i d diti
n a on the e qu ti o
a ns

c d9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9
0 0

9 c os

t a n 9 d9

9
With bj ct f i t gr ti g q ti ( 1 ) th i mplific ti i
the o e o n e a n e ua on e s a on s

i tr d c d f r pl ci g t h
n o u e o 9 d r t h f cti l ig j; l d
e a n e c os un e e un on a s n e n c os e

i
n a s ni gl p ir f r d br ck t by c t t m
e a o o un l a e s, a on s a n e a n v a ue a , c on

s i d i g th t l g th tr j ct ry
er n a a on t l t l g gr t p rt f it
e a e o or a ea s a on a ea a o ,

c os 9 ri l wly ; r pl ci g l th
va es s o 9 b tw p ir
e f d bl
a n a so e c os e een a a o ou e

r d br ck t by th r c t t 7
oun a e s an o e on s a n .

Th th
en q ti i ppr im t ly
e e ua ct on s a ox a e e xa

wh r e e u T h r by th
e e e va ri bl
a es 9 an d u a re s e
p rtd
a a e , an d

da 1
0
2 or t an 9= t an
¢ [ J ( ) u
f( )
’
o 07 m u u 20 7

J ( )
u 29

u
2
g cl u

a C ru f w)
fi —
x =+ w( )
10 D wll e ,

-
o u g d u 0
“

da
'

f( )
’

9 C ru f( ) u Cr u

wh r
i n c) l e e T ( u)
13 6 S econ d g r oup o f [ OIL V

Fi lly
na dy dx t a n e dx tan 4
; [ J oe J ( ]
0 d
2 x ,

or, s u b tit ti g th b
s u n e a ov e v a u e o f l dx ,

1 u du
—J ( u )
2

dy — d x ta n cp — — J ( ) u
0

é ay % f )
0
( u

an d i t gr ti g fr m y
n e a n o 0 to y , or f rm
o u0 to u , or f rm o x O to x,

1 J ( u) u du
15
20 7 f e) e

1 J u u du
( )
< > {mo —
2
0

,t
5 07
J u. D ( t
n
, 3
o
t o
f ,

J ( u ) u du
an d ,
wh en is d en o e t d by A( u ) ,

f( ) u

251
y
= wt
( ) an
0 D a s } . {14 u A ( )1u0 J o) . D
[ 0 .

Th i t gr l l e f D ( ) T ( ) J ( ) A ( ) which
n e a c ll d
va ue s o a , u ,
u ,
n , a re a e

Si i P rim ry F cti b l t d ctly i f w um t h

’
ac c s a un on s , c an e e va ua e e xa e ass e e

m mi l l w f ( )
on o a
f( ) = a d th ,
t r d i u T bl v
”
, or u u
”
,
an en e n e e n a a e .

Th f i t c t h c bic l w f r i t
u s , or n s an e , on c f( ) f( ) u e u a o es s an e, o u “
cv , or u
3
,

J ( ) u 2g

f
u “

i
“
g u e tc
6
.
,

m r c m plic t d f cti f ( ) th i t gr l m t b
F or o e o a e un on s u , e n e a s us e

l t d by S im p
e va ua e r l by th f I t gr ph s on s
’
u e , or e us e o an n e a .

Thi i i mi l r t th
s s wh th ffi i t f f rm i i l d i i
s a o e ca s e en e c oe c en o o n v o ve n c s

r pl d by
e ac e t tm l I h wh r i i t b p r d
a c on s a n ea n v a ue . n s uc a c as e , e e s o e ex es s e

as a f ti f f
un c mpl on o r, as or e x a e

-
1 3 20 6 0 000 1 0 24 2 ,

or, m r g r lly o e en e a

th pre dr b
oc e ri d ti t w y
u e c an e ca r e ou n wo a s

dj ti g f t r B d thi wi ll b
.

Ei th r w l l t f th p rp
e e ca c u a e or e u os e a n a us n ac o ,
an s e

exlp i d l t r i 29 O l
a ne a e
p r d m r tl
n y i t h y fi r t pr p
. d r e se we oc ee o e e xa c n e wa s o os e

by O Eb rh rd t h f
. v on ti b f e mpl J ( ) i r pl d by
a : e un c on a ov e , or e x a e, u s e ace
13 8 S econ d gr oup f
o [ OIL V

till it i f i t r t t tr t th di ff r t m th d fr m g
S s o n e es o ea e e en e o s o a e ne a l r
t dp i t d t
s an o n mi th ir i r
, an i o e xa ne e nn e c on n e x o n .

( ) B rd 1 7 6 9
a m o a, ,
as s u es

a
”

1, y on t he ass u m pti on c
f( ) v ov
2
.

il
b
( ) J . D idi on , 1 8 48 :
o7 ,
wh r e e a m m
is so e ean va uel of

s ec b tw th b gi i g d d f th
9 e e en e e nn n an en o e c rr p di g
o es on n a rc of th e

tr j ct ry H ch t h i r i t c f
a e o . e os e e a r es s an e un cti f ( ) =on c u cv
2
1

c an d rb i g c t t ; d th r f r
e n on s an s an e e o e

= D = a v c o s 9,
x
[ ( ) u u

t= T
[ ( )
u u0 a v, c o s

t an 9 5 J u
0
J ( “ ll
t an
20
[ ( ) a

9
= x ta n
9
1
—A ( “ l o
—D ( u ) l l o

More ove r D idi on did n ot tk a e i t as i d p d t ri bl i

the n e en en va a e n hi s
m th d
e o of s o u l ti on , bu t x, an d es a t bli h d y t m f f rm l
s e a s s e o o u ae for
t, 9, y , 0 c os 9 ,
as fun cti on s o f x .

Th e m e an va u e l for a, e m pl y d by him
o e ,
is

9 d9

ta n 9 —tan cp

( )
0 S t Ro b rt pr
e o
p d i t d m g th r thi g t h rithm tic
os e ns ea ,
a on o e n s, e a e

m e an b tw
e e en the l f 9 t th t rti g p i t 9 p ( d l
v a ue o s ec a e s a n o n ( an a so

at th e p i t 9
o n ( p i t h n d c di g br
e ch ) d t
es h l t
ent h n an an e va u e a e

ve rt ex i . e .
, th erithm tic m b tw
a
ped 0 ea n e e en s ec c an s ec , or

d
( ) m th d f l ti
He li e m d th g m tric m
i n hi s e o o so u on a s s u e e eo e ean

b tw
e 5 d 0
e en s e c
9 th t i an s ec ,
a s a

( ) F S i e i t i hi m
. th d f 1 8 8
ac c 0 ( d t d bri fly foo i n s e o o en o e e or c on v e n

1
enc by S i i I
e m d
“
acc
9 ; d m pl y d th m i hi as s u e an e o e e n s

m th d
e mi g
o f
ass u th lw f i r it cn z on e s or e a s o a r es s a n e .
 23 ] nu mer i ca l metho ds of app r ox i ma ti on 13 9

(f ) N l . V Wui c h
.
,
1 8 8 6, a s o as s u m es a 7
l and t he q u dra tic
a
al

l w cf ( )
a with p ibl ch
v cu ,
”
a os s e an g e o f 0 a on l g th tr j ct ry e a e o , an d
with i d p d t ri bl
x as n e en en va a e .

( g) F Kr pp ( fir t pr c d r ). u s o e u e : a 7 l an d e m pl ym t o en of t he
Kr pp T bl u f i r i t c a es o a r es s an e .

h
( ) F S i i i h i p r c .d r acc , n s o e u e of 18 8 8 ( d e n o te d c on v e n e n i tly as

Si i ac c
gt 7 B a c os ,
: oos
2
wh r B i t b t k
e e s o e a e n out o f a

T bl fr m X
a e d o th t fir t an so a a s a
pp r i m t i r
oxlt Z a on es u s . on e s a re

t b o m pl y d f i r i t c t
e e o e or a r es s a n e o d t rmi th d p d c
e e ne e e en en e on the
l city
ve o v .

Th y t m f q ti i th
e s s e o e ua on s s en

1
” "

D
[ ( )
u D ( “oll
6 3

( 30 P 8 (
T
[ ( )
l l T n0 170 ,

ta n 9 t an 4 )
[ J ( )
u J

S m i il r gg ti w r m d by J M I g ll ( N rth A m ric )
a su es on s e e a e . . n a s o e a

1 9 00 d by N S b d ki ( R
, an i ) f fl t tr j ct ri . a u s us s a ,
or a a e o es .

( i ) E V lli r i .1 8 9 4 h r a= c y ee d ft
n r : e e a os r
,
an a e a

fir t ppr im ti m i t b c lc l t d by f rm l
s a ox a on , . s . o e a u a e a o u a .

h
( ) F S i i p r c d
. r f 1 8 9 6
acc S i i g i
,
= o e
p u e o ac c a a n a
-
c os ( ,

«
y B e c os
2
.

l
( ) P C h rb i.r fir t pp ra im ti y 1 (
on n e l i : as a s a ox a on 0 « as a s o n

t h f rm r pr c d r
e o e f F K r pp) do e u e o . u , an so

D
[ ( )
u D u o cos c ,

t
b T
[ ( )
u T c os (
p ,

1
tan 9 ta n
90 [ J ( u) J

y x ta n
To
" {
?
A ( ) u A ( )
is J ( ) u, [ D ( ) u D
1 40 S ec on d gr oup f
o [ OI L V

And th w pr c d g i i en c d ppr i m ti t ki g i th
e o ee a a n n a se on a ox a on , a n n e

asc di g br ch i t d f 8 8 ( 1 5 t
en n an d i th d c di g
,
n s ea o , 7 x, an
2
an n e es en n

br ch 8 ( 1 4m t
an d — 5 9 £ 919 2 2)m Th
an p
2
an 1c e ro
f( 9 ) 0 c os

ced i t b
ur e m pl y d i fl t tr j ct ri
s o ed th e i r i t c o e n a a e o es , a n e a r es s a n e

t k fr m Kr pp t bl
a en o u
’
s a es .

24 . S ol u t i o n of J . D i di on

Th e r t rd ti
e a a on of a i r r it c
es s a n tk e is a en as c
f( ) v or)
2
1 + 3 )

wh r e e c a n d r a re the c on s a n s t t i tr d c d i n o u e n 10 . A cc rdi g t
o n o 1 7,
2
d ( 9)
i c g
’
0 008
31 699 , or s n e d9 =
9 re
fs)
2) c os 9d ( 0 c os 9)
f( )
O u COS
’
0
Di di on pp r ’
im
sm th d
t c elc l ti oh lr dy
of ab m ox a e a u a on as a ea ee n en

ti on ed i , ) n t h which f (
right h d id h b v r p lonc d by e - an s e as een e a e

f ( 9
av c os
) d 9 by 2 ;
'

i th
an m c os l f 9 a s en a e an v a ue o s ec .

Th c with
en 9 e, th di ff r ti l q ti ( 1 )
a v c os m u, e e en a e ua on as s u es

a f rm i
o which th ri bl
, n d p r t d e th
va t t h a es x an u a re s e a a e , so a e

1 d u u
i t gr ti
n e a b c rri d
on t t
can c ; i f ct d
e a e ou a on e n a x
fl )
’
ac u

u
2
1 +

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Fr m thi q ti
o i t gr ti will gi
s e ua 9 d f rth r 9
on a n n e a on v e 2) c os ,
an u e ,

t d y
an f cti f
as un on s o x .

Th q ti ( 2) m y b d d d i th m er pr p d by Di di him lf
e e ua on a e e uce n e an n o os e on se ;
b t t h i tr d t i
u e fn oi d p d t ri bl i th m th d f l ti
uc on o u as n e en en va a e n e e o o so u on was
fi r t mpl y d by S t R b rt i 1 8 7 2
s e o e o e n .

Th q ti f m ti f th h ll r l d i h ri t l dir ti l d t
e e ua on o o on o e s e es o ve n a o z on a ec on ea s o

—c v
—cf ( r ) c os 9 —c v2
( 1 + 3
g
fi or

Didi on n o w r pl
e ac es do by t h e a pp oxi r mt l l by a e va u e a o x ; or u a ux .

Wi th u = a vx a v c os 9, d u = a d ( ox ) th q ti wi ll b m
, e e i ua on e co e as n
( )
2 a b ove

a dx
 142 S econ d gr oup o f [ OH . V

Th e ex
p r i e s s on s for 1) c os 9 t 9 y
, , ,
as fun cti on s o f x a r e s a e ttd gi a a n

fu rth r e on .

da
D idi on c lc l t
a u a es the m e a n va u e a o f l the a ct l
ua va ri bl
a e
a;
« K
l + t an 9)
2
pp r im t ly
or s e ct h r ti 9
5 f
as t h fi it
a ox a e e a o o e n e a rc

( 0 M ) f t h s ct ol tr j t ry which
e a i d r
ua c id r ti t
a ec oi t , s un e on s e a on , o s

h ri t l pr j cti ( OM = ) Thi r ti 0 M 0 M h t k
o z on a o e on I x . s a o, “ e a es as

a
ppr im oxt ly t h m
a e t h r ti e f t
sah f t
e h pas th f e a o 31 x1 o e a rc o e a o

flight OP i c m ( h i g th m i iti l d fi l i cli ti

n a va uu av n e sa e n a an na n na on s

qb d
an 9 d t h ,
m
an i iti l l city
e sa t t h he ri t l
n
p r j cti a ve o o e o z on a o e on

OP f thi
I o th t is a rc : a s

OP 1 h rio z on a t l pr j cti o e o n of thi s a rc

G i v en th e l
v a ue s o f (
p ,
9 ,
a n d v0 , OP m t th and OP l us en be cl a eu

ltd
a e on th e assu m pti on th t th a e r i t c f th i c
es s a n e o e a r e a s es
( c m
o
p r a e

( a ) N u m r t r OP =
e a o s1

Now

In a va cu m u
2
9 50 1
t a n 91 t a n 96
y, x1 t an 4
)
20 0 1
2 ?
c os <)

g y
—— th t dp
l
P ut t a n 91 p ,
so a
x1

1 s in 9
K 1
1 ) dr + 10 s
2
+
« 0
t an
“ “

2 00 8
2
0

( Ta bl e, Vol . I V, No . th c en e

b
( ) D mi t r OP
en o na o 1 x1

b
—
2

A cc rdi g t t h b th t
c os q
o n o e a ov e , x 1 ( ta n < > f t an so a
9
31
_
— 9
5 010 5 0 )
x1 t an 4) t an 9
 24 ] n umer i cal me thod s of ap p r ox i m ti on 1 43

Wh th en flight t b c l l t d t d fr
e a rc o f o e a cu a e e x en s om t he s art ti g n

p i t (9 =
o n p t t h rt u( 9 w h
o e ve ex e a ve

6 c wh 9 0 E( 9) 0 t 9 Si n e en an 0
, , , .

t I an ( )

I f t h tr j ct y i t b c lc l t d
e a e orcc ur t ly s o e a u a e as a a e as
pos s ibl it i e, s

d i id d i t
v e r l c f which th p rt
n o s e ve a r th ar s , o e a s n ea e ve rt e x c an be
t k f gr t r l gth th f
a en o ea e m pl i f th gl
en : us , or e x a e, e an e of d e pa rt ur e is
t h di i i ew ld b m d i t f r rc y
v s on ou e a e n o ou a s : sa ,

( ) fr
a m 9 =
t o4 5 t h r c :
°
o e e

1 27 7 2’
4
tan 5 —ta n 3 0

b
( ) rm9
f o 30
°
to 9 0 ( ve rt ex ); hr e e

50 )
3 0 H )
0
1 0 53 1 ’
ta n 3 0 ta n 0 ta n 3 0

( ) c rm
f o to 9 hr e e

5( 0) f 3 0) E( )
3 0
m b
t an 0 ta n 3 0) t an 3 0
1 0 53 1 ’
as
( )’
d
( ) f r om 9 3 0 to 9
°
hr e e

E( 3 0) 4 5) E( 5 )
4
1 27 7 2’ m
tan 3 0) ta n 45) ta n 4 5 tan 3 0
as (0 6 °

a
3
s ec 9d 9
Th e m ea n l
va ue a c an a s o l be d t rmi d fr m
e e ne o
2
s ec 9 d9

ano th r p i t
e o n r ti
of v e iw . F or i f th r e e are n p os i ti ve f ac on s 7
al

61
,
( 12

62
,
Q 3

b3
’
a

i m ll r th t h gr t s s a e an e ea e s t d gre t r th h
,
an a e an t e

sm ll t f t h p r t fr ti
a es o d i m m
e se a a e ac on s , a n so s so e ea n v a u e l b t th m e we e n e .

N d t by 9 9 9 th gl f l p t th
ow eno e
1 , 2, 3 ,
e an es o s o e o e h ri
o f th t g t
z on o e an en

t th tr j t ry t
o e ri i t rm di t p i t Th
a ec o a va ous n e e a e o n s . e v a ues l f 9 223 o sec or

th
a re us

3 3 3
s ec 93 s ec 91 s ec 3
92 s ec 3 93 s ec 9
2 2 ’ ’ 2
s ec
4) s ec 91 s ec 2
92 s ec
2
93 s ec 9
wh r e e 9 a nd (
bare t h e e nd -v a l u e s of th e l
a n g e o f s op e l . T h es e f r ti
ac on s a re un

e q l ua ,
b ut a ce rt i m
a n ea n v a ue of l th m i
e s th e fr ti ac on

s ec 3 qb + s ec 3
91 + s e c 3
92 + + s ec 3 9
2 -s e c 2 2 2
s ec
1
( ) 91 + s ec 92 + + s ec 9

as a b ove .
 44 S econ d gr oup f
o [ OH V .

S ta tem en t o f th e for m ul a e f or D i d i on
’
s s ol u ti on .

m 20 ax
e
f”
1
( )
1 y = x t an ¢ B wh e r e
% ( 0 ozx )
2 2

1
5
0

21 3:
2x0 ( 1 x0 )
0 5

1
( )
2 ta n 9 t an J :
( 1 leo
)
2

2x 0 ( 1 x0 )

( )
3 1) c os 9 v, c os

( )
4 t

or , app ox r im t ly a e

E( d> )
t an 4)

He re for ( x y ) p ,
t he tr
en dj ct ry i t
t
o n b of th e a rc of the a e o o e

c lc l t d i th l ci ty f t h h ll i i t p th i m / ; 9 th
a u a e , 1) s e ve o o e s e n s a ,
n s ec e

i cli ti t th h ri
n na on o f t h t g t ; t t h tim
e o z on f flight i
o e an en e e o n

sec d t thi p i t F rth r i t h i iti l l city f th h ll

on s o s o n . u e v, s e n a ve o o e s e
‘

in m / c ; f th gl f d p rt r ; 2B th c libre f t he h ll i
se c) e an e o e a u e e a o s e n

mtr ; 8 t h i d ity i kg/m ; P t h w ight f th h ll i kg ;

e es e a r en s n
3
e e o e s e n

9 t h cc
e lar tie e af g ity i onm / c ; A
o ra v = 4 3 5 ( f r
n m se
"
r o

= 5 50 m c d w w rd cc rdi g D idi T i d b l i i
/
’

v se ; , o t n a t
s a t o
q u n o on , ra e e a s e,

P ri
a 1 8s60 p i,
= 1 fo .

p h r Th fu cti B J V
r s D t
e es . e n on s , , , ,
a re o

b p t
e u 1 f c m or a v a u u .
1 46 S econ d gr oup of [ OI L V

(d ) t rg t (
G i ve n a a e xg
) ,
c a n d a n g e of l imp t 9 ; t
ac o find <)1 a n d v0 .

A pp r i m t ox l ti a e so u on s for 1
<) an d s o a re foun d fr m o th e m q ti
v ac uu e ua o ns

g = x ta n ( ) j J
2
L 2 ’
an d ta n 9 _ t a n l
( )
2
gx
?
— ( t wo eq t W th t
ua i on s i wo
2210 c os ¢ v0 c os 4)
u n kn o w d
ns th th fi t ppr im t l
v0 a n en c e e rs a ox a e v a ues a rebt i d f o a ne o K
o,

B an d J th rr p d i g t q ti ( 1 ) d ( ) i
; en c e c o es on n o e ua on s an 2 n whi h g 9 B c x, , , ,
J
a re k w th t
no n, k w q ti tie d I
w o un t b no n uan es s
o
an ( ) a re o l ltd
e ca c u a e .

Thi l l t i i t b r p t d wi t h t h l f
s ca cu a on s o e e ea e e va u e s o 27 a n
0
d 1 f d
( ) so o un .

N m i l
u mp l
er c a Gi R = 0 1 8 95 m
ex a P = 29 3 7 kg
e. ve n Q °

;
'

;
i 1 X = 225 m ( f g = 0 ) t fi d d f rth r 9
or T Th o n c o, a n u e 3 , re , . en

c = 0 0 00 25 4 ; 5 (4 5 ) t an
°

ea X = x 1 1 4 7 8 x 225

In a v a c uum

m/ s ec ,

th en c e

a nd th e Ta bl e s of D idi on gi ve B = 1 0 24 , J 1 0 3 7 5 , D = 1 0 3 5 5 , VI °
: 1 0 555 .

T h e n c e a c os e l r l v a ue of v0 is o bt i d fr m q ti
a ne o e ua on wh r e e x = X = 225 ,

a nd g 0 .

We h th a ve , us , 2120 2
c os
2
4 5 ta n 4 5 = 225 x x 1 0 24 ; a nd s o u0 = 4 7 5
°

F rth r wi th
.

u e ,
x X ,

ta n 9e = t an 45
x 225 x 1 0 3 7 5
c os
2
45
0

4 5 50

225 x 10 3 55

j
(; 475 x cos 45

hrfr m/ m/
'

T e e o e , v0 = 47 5 °

se c, 96 45
°
ve = 45 6 °

s ec , T= 6 94
‘
s ec .

25 . B e rn o ull i -D i d i o n A p p r o x i m a t i on M e th o d for th e
M o n o m i al L aw c
f( ) v c w .

r t rd ti d
On t h e l a w of e a a on ue t o a i r r it c es s a n e c f( ) ( which
v cu
"

b c m t h q dr tic l w f
e o es e ua a a or n 2, c bic f
u or n 3 bi q
,
dr tic f ua a or

n 4 d , ) t
anh l ti s o on e so u on c an be c rri d t i
a e ou n a m r imil r a nn e s a

t th t f D idi
o a o on

Th p r c d r i e th t c o e u e n a as e was , f rm o th e a
pp r im t q
ox a e e ua

1 d
t d
i on x wh ch i n i u a v c os 9 to
, o bt a i n a r e a l onl t b tw e e en
 n um er i ca l method s of ap p r ox i ma ti on 1 47

i c
or s n e u a m0 0 3 9 , u0 owO c os c) f ,

7) c os 9 v, c os < )
1( 1 20 a m ”
c os
2

dx 1
we h a ve dt
9 « K
l c os
2
7) c os v0 c os t
g

20 a 3 2
c os
2
3 0 01 3
1 “c os 4) 3

F r th r
u e

( 1 c os
2
I
() x ) dx ,

t an 0 ta n

dg
l
( )

W ( Z
«
‘ 3’
6a 00 00 8
‘
3 2

and s n i c e ta n 9
dx
,

= x ta n b
g g

tan 9 tan 4 )

1) c os 9 v, c os
1 48 . S econ d gr oup o f

2n - 2
T

i
-
lT2 2n —2
z
e —z —l

"
( n - 2)

Va r i ous tr a nsfor m a ti on s of th e B er n ou l l i D i d i on -

Ap p r ox i ma te S ol u ti on sp eci a l ly f or th e Q ua d r a ti c a n d
,

th e Cu bi c L a w s of A i r R es i s ta n c e .

A .
-
I n th e c a s e of the q uad a r tic l aw ( r t rd ti
e a a on c
f( ) v

y 5” ta n 4’
2110 2
c os
?

t an 9 t an 96

7) c os 9
c o c os d) D ( z)
V( 2 )
,

i
()

wh r
e e z = 20 ax . F or t h e p i t
o n of fa ll ( x = X,
g
= 0 , l e t 2caX = Z ;
)
 S ta tem en t o f th e for m ul a e .

F or an
y p oi n t ( xy ) f o the tr ajec tor y

E
xB )
2
x z
= 1
y x ta n ¢ XB Z
)
xB ( z)
t a n 9 — ta n gb z ) — t an
¢
th e i cli
n i
n a t on o f th e t g tt
an en o t he tr j ct ry
a e o .
( )
2

v c os 9
v0 COS ( ) I for t h e h ri
o z on a t l l cityve o v c os 9
V (Z
.

v0 c os
9)

t
[ B (2) for t h e tim e of flight t .
( )
4
g
(5)
F or the p oi n t o
f des cen t
8 1 23

with Z
20 a as

20 0121 .
20 a
3 Z B ( Z ) , or B ( z)

t mm
a or t an w J ( Z ) —t an ¢
for t h e c t
a u e an gl e of d c tw
es en .

X
T for th e t t l tm
o a i e of
v() c os ( )
1
flight T
F or the ver ex t
X B (Z ) 2x, or 133
20 012 22 8 J ( ) zs
( )
1 0

V ( 28 )
2
1 ca QB 1 § Z B ( Z ) for z, 20 015138 , an d th c en e th e ve rt e x
a b ci
s s s a x8

y 8 x8 t an f
c)
2
( 2 ) for t he
8 ve rt ex o rdi t na e
y , .

v0 c os

17
for t h e ve rt ex v e o l city v, .
( )
1 3
63 ) 8

D for t h e tim e of flight t , to the ve rt ex .

( )
1 4
v0 c os 4
)
 25 ] nu mer i c a l metho ds of app r ox i ma t i o n 15 1

He r e v0 i iti l l ci t y i m / c ;
n a ve o n se
¢ = an gl e d p rt r ;
of e a u e

m tr f y 0 ; 55 (
3
X r g an e in e es
4 or : a s ee Vol . I V, T bl 1 0 f f)
a e or ,
3 1 )

or mr o e e xa c tly a a nd mr o e ex a ctly till s

(
£ b)c H9) .
R 2
7
9 i 8
x 00 14
9 1 20 6 P
,
ta n d) ta n
'

wh r 2R = li b f h ll i m P = w i ght f h ll i kg 8 = i
e e ca re o s e n ,
e o s e n ,
a r

d ity th d y i q ti i kg/m i = 1 f l g t d h ll
en s on e a n ue s on n
3
,
or e on a e s e

with gi l p i t f 2 c libr r di ( c m p r l
o va o n th f t r o a e a us o a e a so e ac o

h ld g d f l citi b l w th rm l l city f u d ;
o s oo or v e o es e o e no a ve o o so n

a f ct r 0 0 3 9 ( i t d f 0 0 1 4 ) h ld f
a o b tw 5 5 0 d 4 20
n s ea o o s or v e e en an

m / c ; m tim
se m so l f th f ct r i t k ; b t it i f r
e es a e a n v a ue o e a o s a en u s sa e

to c lc l t th tr j t ry i
a u a e r l p rt d t ry th m ric l
e a ec o n s e ve a a s , an o va e nu e a

f ct r ( c m p r e 29
a o d o
pp 4 8 5 1 5 2 f
a t h f ct r K ) B J an s ee .
, ,
or e a o : , ,

V D E (9
, ,th f cti ,
f ll w a re e un on s a s o o s,

1 2
1
B ( )
z ( Vol . I V, Ta bl e 6 b) , J ( ) z
6

2 ( Vol . I V, Ta bl e 6

5 3
1
V( z ) = e
2
( Vo l . I V, Ta bl e 6 a ) ,
D ( ) z
e
( Vo l . I V, Ta bl e

z ( ei
z
(
z
e z
E (Z ) 6 6)
e
z —z —l 2
e
z —z —l

( for c rr p di g T bl
o es on n a es for E ( z ) an d 6 ( )
z ,
as w lle as for z B ( ) z ,

c o ns u lt H yd r ich L h e en e , e r e vom S chus s B e ,

rli n 1 9 0 8 , Vol . II,
pp 1 3 0 .

r d r i th l ti f i d i i d l mpl ( 1 ) Gi
P oc e u e n e so u on o XRP 8 n v ua e xa es : ve n v0 , , , , ;
2
i 29
t d t rmi
o e e i T ne
y d y,
f ve , y g i ,
C
w, x 8 ,l l t 8 , v8 a n d or a n ve n x . a cu a e
v0 s n )
an a,
9X
th Z fr m d W th t
Z d q tl y i Th f ll w fr m
2 X
enc e o an i i c ’
an c on s e uen . en 3 , o o s o
a

(11) d w i th i t
an d th y fr m fr m
x ,” an fr m en F th r8 o v, o ts o ur e a)

fr mo th fr m T fr m e n v, Si i ho b l l t d th l f o nce as ee n c a c u a e ,
e va ue o

z i gi s f y g
ve n i d t h
or a n y fr m 9 fr
ve n m x, an fr m (3 ) d en o o r o an t
fr mo

( 2) Gi I t d
ven t rm i t h
0, ( ) r m ,
i vi
0 g q ; t i t
o i W i
e et h t h fi r t ne e e a n n ua n es . e s

a ppr i m t i
ox
6
tm
a d f on 0 y g i t h l f i
an gi by or a nd ve n x , e v a ue o z s ve n an

th y 9 en fr m
, ,
v, t o

N t fr m ( 6 ) th T b l f Z B ( Z ) gi
ex o th l f Z d th
e a e or fX ve s e va u e o an en ce o , as
152 S econ d gr oup o f [ GIL V

w ll e a s a) thi l f th
f rm o Wi th s va ue o co e v a ue o f a l l ltdm can be ca c u a e o re

a ccu a e r t ly d th t h r m i i g l l ti
, an en e e a n n ca cu a on s a r e t b r p t do e e ea e .

Th f ll w fr m
us T fr m
ve o o s o o z, an d wi th i t fr m x, o and

s o on .

(3 ) X ; t d t rmi d ( f i t
G i i th l l t i f th
ve n 0 , v ,
0 o e e ne ) as or ns an c e n e ca c u a on o e

e rr r f d p rt r ) ; l th r m i i g q titi
o o e a u e a so e e a n n ua n es .

Th l f I i l l t d i th r f m th f rm l r p di g t
e va ue o ( ) s ca cu a e e e ro e o u a c o r es on n o a

v a c uu m l fr m R g T bl ; d th th fi t ppr im t l f
,
or e s e o a an e a e an en e rs a ox a e v a ue o a

is l ltd
c a cu a e .

Th Z en c e 2ca X , a nd r m i t th
f o e s ec on d ppr im ti
a d fr m ( 6 ) d ox a on to ) o an co

fr m o Th en a c an be f dm r
ou n o e a c c ur a e t l y d th l l t i r p t d
,
an e ca cu a on e ea e .

T h e n v, rm &
is g i ven f rm o an d Tf o c .

( 4 ) Gi gb d 9 t d
v en 0 , t rm i ,
x an v c os ,
o e e n e v0 .

C l l t d th
a cu a e a a n
,
d V( ) th f ll w fr m en 2 a n z ; en v0 o o s o

( 5 ) Gi R P 8 w l l X f T t d t rmi i
ve n , , , as e as , () , ; o e e ne ,
v , v,
0 , to ,

Si T X 1
nce
gi Z
( ) f,
ll w f m ( )
,
9 d t
()h Z =
a re ve n, 9 o o s ro an e nc e ; c

th en ce ti f d ‘
s oun .

A ft rw rd i d t rm i d f
e a i t s fr mv0
XD
fr m
s e e ne or n s a nc e , o v0 to o
, ’
T j c os c)
fr m o & c .

Th b l ti ppl i p i lly t
e a o ve s o u wh r th i i ti l l i ty f on a e s es ec a o ca s es , e e e n a v e oc v0 o

th e sh ll i l th 3 00 m/
e s t h d gr
es s f th r y lt 3 3
an s ec on e e ee o e a cc u a c ,
c on s u .

B id esth rigi l f ti B J V D d th f ti E
es e o d B it
na un c on s , , , ,
an e un c on s ,
e an 2

is ev i d t th t th m y b i tr d d i t th y t m f q ti
en a o e rs a e n o uc e n o e s s e o e ua o ns .

N W i h h p r p r d T b l f p r ti l
. v . u c Th m th d i tr d
as d e a e a es or ac ca us e . e e o n o uc e

by H y d r i h i hi L h m S h B rl i 1 90 8 II p 1 22 i i d ti l with
e en e c n s e r e vo c us s , e n, , . . s en ca

the a b o ve .

B .F ct r f Fir
S i acci gi ’
s
“
a o s o e a re ve n i n Vol . I V, Ta bl e

an d t b
a re d f imil r p rp o e us e or s a u os e s .

Thi t bl c t i f t h di ff r t
s al e on a n s or e e en v a ue s o f Z the v a ue s o l f

v, s i n 24> T 5
2
ta n (0 v0 c os 9 x, y8
g X ta n ¢
’
ve c os w
’
X ’
X ta n p
c
’

Si uX ( 2B )
2
1 000 Bi a 1 000 v0
2
sin

1 20 6 P 1 20 6 P
‘ '

th es e
pr i ex d t d r p ti ly by
e s s on s
f f f a re en o e es ec ve , , , , , 1 2 ; th y e

a re c ll d th F ct r f Fir
a e e a o s o e .

Th t bl et b d f ll w
a es a re o e us e as o o s

Gi X d (6 ‘

P R 8 i
ven w ll , , , , as e as an .

Pr c d fr m t h gi
o ee
f ; l k t t h h ri t l li
o e ve n fi oo ou on e o z on a n e, i . e .
, for
the gi l f Z th rr p di g m ric l l
ven v a ue o ,
e co es on n nu e a va ue s o f
f f f , l , z,
154 S econ d gr oup f
o
[ OI L V .

9 8 x8
f5 =
X ta n cp X
2
di a X ( 2B ) 1 0 0 0
”
1 2 061

v0 s i n
'
2
8 i a l 000 24)
1 206 P '

In thi s w a y for every l ted f

v a ue of Z th rr p di g l e co es on n
“

v a ue c a n be l
c a c ul a o

ff f
, l , Thi z, l l ti
th t f i m r l y
s ca cu a on i d d i T bl 1 1 I t i
s e x te n e n a e . s s een a s e e

th f rm r f ti B ( ) f T bl 6 d th t f T bl 6 b f th f ti V l
e o e un c on 2 o a e , 3 e un c on o a e a , an a
( ) z

wi th f d f h f ti E ( ) d ( ) gi i t b l r f rm
l an z, t e un c on s z an e z a re ven n a a u a o .

C F t h c bic l w f i r i t
. or c t h c rr p di g t bl
e u a o a r es s an e e o es on n a e

of F ct r af Fi h b c tr ct d by F Ch p l
o s o re as een on s u e . a e .

Thi t bl i q i l t t t h y t m f f rm l c tr ct d by
s a e s e u va e n o e s s e o o u ae on s u e

Fr Z dlit i 1 8 96 i d p d tly f Ch p l b d th c bi
. v . e z n ,
n e en en o a e , as e on e u c

la w .

Wh en th e r t rd ti
e a a on d ue t o a r i r i e s s ta n c e is tk a e n a s cv
3
,

y x ta n (
b ( 1 i
v z
i ) f

wh r e e z 0a v c os
0

t an 9 ta n ( 6

v c os 9

L+ i z
l
<>

Su b tit ti g 1
s u n £ 2
g ,
or z 2(g 1)
”

v e h av e
y x t a n qb
2vo
z
9 60

c os
?

t an 9 t an 4)

v c os 9
v0 c os < ) 1
2g 1

He r e q i s a
p r m t r which ri l g th tr j ct ry ; t th
a a e e ,
va e s a on e a e o a e

en d , w hr e e y 0,
x X = 9 w t = T th al f q m y b
,
v ve , , ,
e v ue o a e
 25 ] nu mer i c a l meth ods of app r ox i ma ti on 155

d en o e t d by an d th en

ta n co

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

c tr cti
The f
on s R g T bl will pr c d th
u on i th
o a an e a e o ee en n e

f ll wi g m
o o n r F ri r g X th gl f d p rt r will
ann e : or v a o us an es e an e o e a u e

b f e d by p rim t d th i iti l l city will b k w

oun ex e en ,
an e n a ve o vo e no n as

w ll Th c rr cti f wi d i d ity d
e . e o e f rth will b
on s or n ,
a r ens an so o e

c rri d t ; d th fr m th thr
a e ou an l f X d by t h
en o e e e v a ue s o v0 , an e

h lp f ( I ) d fi it q will b d t rmi d Th c ll cti

e o a e n e f , e e e ne . e o e on o

q e l
-v a u es i th h w grs
p hic lly f
en s cti f X o n a a as a un on o .

O thi c r
n th sl f 9 will b
u ve h w c rr p di g t e va u e s o , e s o n o es on n o

l
v a ues o fX y t X 1 0 0, 20 0
sa 3 00 ,m tr o , , ,
e es .

F ry l f g t h gl f d p rt r 1 will b c lc l t d
or e v e va ue o e e an e o e a u e <) e a u a e

by ( I ) th c t gl f d c t by ( I I ) th fi l l city fr m
,
e a u e an e o es en to ,
e na ve o v, o

( I I I ) d t han tim f flight T fr m ( I V)

e e o o .

Th f ll wi g r m rk
e o o thi y t m f l uti w r m d by
n e a s on s s s e o so on s e e a e

Fr Z dli t t pr th t i pit f di ff r c f f rm , it i
. v . e z, o o ve a ,
n s e o a e en e o o s

id tic l with Ch p l T bl f F ct r f Fir th r f r it i

en a a e
’
s a e o
“
a o s o e
”
: e e o e s

no t i cl d d m
n g th T bl f V l V
u e a on e a es o o . I .

Th y t m f q u ti ( I ) t ( I V) h w th t th F ct r f
e s s e o e a on s o s o s a e
“
a o s o

Fir e

sin 24> Tv0 d)

2
v0 ta n a) v, c os x c os

X ta n ¢
’
vo c os c b
’
X
d fi it f cti
a re e n e un on s of
qe or 1 + %Z ,
an d s o of Z 5 00
9
1 1 716 COS
7
() I ; th y e

c anb lc l t d e ca u a e in c on s e q ue n c e as fun cti on s of Z , an d gi ve n in a

t b l r f rm
a u a o .

TvO c os v0 s i n 24>
4
2

S uppos e
X
)
t o be d i id d by
v e
X it will be s een

T
vo s i n c)
is a gi v en fun cti on of Z . So a sol i s th e ex
p r e s s i on
j
wh r e e
y 1 i s t h e o rdi t na e of the tr j ct ry
a e o for th e a b cis s sa
156 S econ d gr oup o f [ GIL V

We k w th t
no a

g x
2
1 2g 2

y a .
t an lb
2v0 I 3
2 2
c os ( )

9 X ”
1 291 2

3, 1
:
i ta n a
8 v,, 2
c os
2
I
) 3
(
r m which w h
f o e ave

= 1 + 4 = 1 -
l-: c oc2
k vo c os
{11 2
2 1

B ut q , 1 é ca
fi’
X v0 c os so th t qa , 1 (q , 1) an d so 9,i s

a l s o a fun cti on o f
q , . N ow

g X 1
3h i X ta n 4 ) 1
2v0 2
sin 24)

v0 s i n 2d)
2

and S i n c e q, an d
X a re g i v en fun ct i on s o f q, ,
an d s o of Z , th e

q ua t i ty n in th b ck t
e ra e i s a fun ct i on of Z and
y,
X tan
,
( P
T h es e
“
F ct r f Fir
a o s o e

sin 24>
2
v, ta n 0) v3 c os x y,
X ta n <>
j
’
vo c os d )
’
c b
’
X ta n f
c)
’

a re th gi by Ch p l i h i T bl
os e ve n a e n s a e ; and i tim t
we s e e n ow t he n a e

c i with th y t m f q ti
on n e x on e s s e o e ua on s i tr d uc d by Fr Z dlit
n o e . v . e z .

Ron c h h w thi i
a th r w y
as s o n s n an o e a .

26 . A p p ro x i m a t e s ol u ti on o f F . S i ac c i , 1 8 8 0
S i acci I

As o
pp os e d t D i di
o on s
’

pr c d r S i
o ei i t d c d t h
u e, f ll w i g a cc n ro u e e o o n

m dific ti
o a on s , whi h d c e
p en dl m th d f mth m tic l i t
e ss on e o s o a e a a n e

ra ti on
g .

fir t pl c f ll wi g N M y ki
I n the s a d t h pr p
e, l o o n . a e vs an e o o sa

of S t R b rt h ch
o ei d p d t i bl i hi m th d e os e a s n e en en va r a e n s e o

f l ti t h h ri t l l ity m lti pli d by Di di c rr cti ’

o so u on e o z on a v e oc u e on s o e on

f ct r
a ( o= a, i t d uf t h b ci f t
a v c osh tr j ct ry ; n s ea o e a s ssa o e a e o o r,

l
in o th r w rd h ch e
y o t h gs,r l y et m f l t os e a
"
«

a
i n e ene a s s e o s o u i on s

of 23 .

Se c dly i t h pl c
on ,
n e a e of D i d i on
’
s la w of a i r r it c
es s a n e, Ma y e vs ki ’
s

Z on e s a r e e m pl y d o e .
 158 S econ d gr oup of [ OH V .

c lc l ti
A s to the a u a on o f t he i t gr l
n e a s D J , ,
T A , ,
it i s s e en i n t he
fir t pl th t i th
s ace a n e ex
p r i f 9 t th
e s s on s f cti cc r or x, , , es e un on s o u

only i th ir diff r cn e e en e va ue s ,l c lc l t d fr m m i iti l c diti

a u a e o so e n a on on ,

as D,, Du o J , u J “o ’ a n d th t arbitr ry m ric l

s o on , s o t t a a nu e a c on s an s

m ay be i tr d c d n o u e .

Th m i tr f A i c y i bt i d fr m t
e sa e s ue or , s n e s o a ne o an 9 by i t n e

g t
ra i with r p
on ct t ; i t h p g b tw est h e o u n e as s a e e een e z on es it i s

ry t pr r
n e c es s a ti ity o e s e v e c on nu .

Th c l l ti i c rri d
e t i t h f ll wi g m
a cu a onr s a e ou n e o o n an n e

( ) Fir t a b tw 7 00 sd 4 1 9 m / c f( )
z on e : v e e en an se v

0 0 3 94 g
wh r e e
4 000
7r

1 du 1
l og u an a rbitr ry c a on s an t t Q ,

9 Q rb tr ry c t t Q
1
l og u an a i a on s a n 3 .

q
Th e c on s a n s t t Q Q Q Q rbitr ry S i i t k
, , a re a a . ac c a es Q 1 0, an d

Q , Q 2, Q 3 s uc h th t th t bl f D ( ) T ( ) A ( ) b gi
a e a es or u ,
u ,
u e n at ze o r for
u 7 00 .

b
( ) Se c don z on e : v b twe een 419 and 3 75 m/ c f ( se : v ) p v
3
,

0 0 00 0 94 0 4. vry
4 000

an a rbitr ry c a ons t tC
an
'
,

J ( ) u = —2g

an d s o on .

Th e c on s a n t t s 0 Cl, , 02 03
, a re d t rmi d
t o be e e ne ,
s o as to mk a e th e
i iti l l f f cti t th
n a v a ue o a un on a e b gi i g f t h
e nn n o e se c d on z one the
sam th fi l l
e t th
as e na v a ue a e end f t h fir t o e s z on e . T h us , for
1
i t c 0 i uch th t wh
n s an e, s s a ,
en u 419 l g ,Q o u -

u
C: ’
an d s o
p
f rth
o .
 26 ] n umeri c a l method s of ap p r ox i ma ti on 159

Th e p r t
so ul titr j ct
on ri by m of f t h y
t he t m se a a e a e o es e a ns o e s s e

o f q ti e ( )
1 t ua i f
on s ll w S pp f o m p l (5 s as o o s : u os e , or e x a e , v0 , , 0,

g i d f gi
ve n , a n t h l orf y t 9 t b
ve n d t mi x d ; e va ue s o , v, ,
a re o e e er ne

th fr m i which
en o w ll n d k w D( ) x , v0 , c , as e a s uo a n a a re no n, a

. d u
an lc l t d th th r T bl d t rmi t h c r p di g
a re ca u a e e o e a es e e ne e o r es on n

l f J ( ) A ( ) T ( ) th
v a ue s o 9 i
u bt i d fr m
,
u d fr m
, it : en s o a ne o an o

it th l f i c rr ct d d th c lc l ti f 9 r p t d ; th
e va u e o a s o e e an e a u a on o e ea e en

y i f d fr
s m t fr
o un m d o fr m o an v o

O th th r h d th c lc l ti f t h l m t X w T f
n e o e an e a u a on o e e e en s , v, , , o

th p i t f d c
e t fr m th m d t
o n ,
o es r q ir m r w rk
en o e sa e a a v0 , 0, e u es o e o .

Fr m ot th p i t f d c at (y 0 eX) w h o n o es en , ,
x , e a ve

0 = t an < >
f —D
a nd h r by cc i tri l
e e, su e s s ve a s , u, a ve c os x d t rm i d th c it is e e ne en e

1
f ll w fr m ( 1 ) X
o o =s—
( 1) D o an d th t fr m Then a n (0 o en
5 16

a cl r l u f i d t rmi d
os e va e o a s e e ne ,
an d t h wh l c lc l tiei o e a u a on s re

ea te d
p .

r bl m f gr t t imp rt c i t h r g t bl c lc l ti
Th e p o e o ea es o an e n e an e a e a u a on ,

( v i zr m gi
f o.
,
I X P R d 8 b t with i k
ven w d l v0 , ( ) , , ,
an ,
u un no n , an a so

0 u k w t c lc ul t t h l m t w T f th p i t f d c t )
n no n, o a a e e e e e n s ve , , o e o n o es en ,

i st no y t c rry t b c ueas cc i ppr im ti by tri l

o a ou ,
e a se su es s v e a ox a on a

an d rr r i r q ir d
e o s e u e .

O thi cc t S i i pr p d t c tr uct th r fu cti

n s a oun d acc o os e o on s o e n on s an

t bl i dditi t th prim ry f cti D J T A with i w

a es, n a on o e a un on s , , , ,
a v e

t l o i g th l b ur i th l ti f th pr bl m
es s e n n e a o n e so u on o es e o e s .

S e con d a r y fu n cti on s E N Q 0 S S , , , , ,
’
a nd th e
cor r esp on d i n g ta bl es .

Wh en e qua ti on D ( )
u a cx + D ( u0 ) i s s o ve l d for t h e dtr e e

mi ti na on o f u, we s ee th t a u is a fun cti on o f a cx an d no ; an d
fl —A
l J
a so u
—J uo , A ,, —A Tu —T uo , an d
u W J a re gi ve n

fu ct n i on s of a cx an d no .

Th e fo ll w i g bbr i ti
o n a ev a on s a re i tr d uc d
n o e i n the us e of th ese

fun cti on s :

A ,,
Tu —Ta o = S ; —
m f uo = E
=
J Ju u o Q; '
°
 160 S econ d gr oup of [ CH . V

Ano th r e fun cti on , d e

p en d t en on a cx a n d n o, i s fu rth r e

S
a so l Q E :
O ,
an d fi n a lly —
a cx
S
'

h f cti E N Q S S 0
T es e un on s , , , , ,
’

, , a re c ll d c d ry f cti
a e s e on a un on s

th c rr p di g t bl
e o es ily c on n a es a re eas on s tr ct d by th h lp f th
u e e e o e

o rigi l l nafD J A d T
va u es o , , an .

Th r f r e e o e

D ( )
u a cx D

t an 9= t an
¢ —
Q ( c ax ,
uo ) ,

y
= x t an ¢ E ( c ax , no ) ,
C

t= ~
S ( e ax ,
é
u a v c os 9 ,
u, a vo c os

A t the ve rt ex, u u, a vg , x = x8 , y y , ,
9 :
0, an d so

i
a cx 8 ta n
g
f

y , x, t an qb S ( c ax 8 , no ) .

A t t h e po i t n of d c t es en , y 0, x X , it u6 a v, c os 9
an d s o

D ( )
u, a cX D
a
t an w __
C
Q ( c a X ,
no ) t an

ta n ¢ =
“ E ( c aX uo ) T = — S ( ea X , n o ) ;

an d a sol
ta n a) 3
20
tan (b X ;N ( a
ca X , n o ) ,

'
T aX S ( ca X ,
no
) .

t c i f th r g X t h gl f d p rt r f d th
F or i n s an e, e an e , e an e o e a u e () ,
an e

i iti l l city
n a gi
ve o d i t b d t rmi d ( th f rm
v0 a r e ven , an c s o
‘

e e e ne or e o

c ffici t i with gi R P
oe en th m t c i t q ti t ve n , , e os on v e n e n e ua on o

em pl y w ld b t 1 } X N
o ou e an ( )
1 a
2
.

H r X e e k w d , d ; th r f r N
v0 a r e b l no n , an a an no e e o e ca n e ca

l t d
cu a e d fr m t h N t bl i th c l m
, an f gi
o th l e a e n e o u n o v e n u0 e va ue
162 S ec on d g r oup of [ OIL V

d en o e t d by J ( )
u ,

(w
éf y)
’
8 . J
’

( ) u Ax ,
or J
u

J
’

( )
u Ax
2 J
’
d t d by A
en o e ( )
u .

y t m Si acc i I c itd of t h e fo ll wi g q ti
o n e ua on s , in which
W
The s s e on s s e

2 2
8
t h e fa ct r
o 0 o cc r u s, w hr e e c an d f( )
o v i s t he re

t a rd a t i on

D
( u Duo) :

wh r e e
u a v c os 9;

@ —i = tan — J u —J “ )
Ei
= tan ¢ ¢ 20
( 0
dx 2c

wh r e e

a
dy dx ta n
é?
)
 27 ] n um er i ca l m etho d s f
o ap p r ox i ma ti on 1 63

u da
wh r e e A ,, J u
f( ) u

da 1
8
T
( u Tuo ) wh r e e Tu
f( )
,
u

Wh e n w e p ut a =1 , and i tr d c t h
n o u e e no a t ti on wh e re

R 2
( i
71 cm 8
) g i n
”

“9 ’
P ( i kg ) 1 20 6
-
n

T
’
a
( )

th en we h a ve

wh r e e u v c os 9 , or dx

x =
( u
D —D )
E uo
‘

( u)
’

ta n 9 = t an t — —
i
'

¢ au r
t ( J J uo )
f )
.
u ( u

,
J ( ) u u da
f J ( n o)
i
“
=a
y ¢
f( )
u (L

'
an
¢ + (A u

—d a 1
T
< u‘
l
—T ,
u
ef ( ) u a

u v c os 9 ,
u0 v0 c os

i t gr l ri i g h r D D J Q J
The n e a s A aA s n e e,
'
u
’

uo, ,
'

u
’

uo ,

T
’
Tu w r c lc l t d ppr im t ly by K r pp by mm ti
wo , e e a u a e a ox a e u , su a on

of t h c rr p di g
e o l fr m 1 00 0 m / c d w w rd ; d h
es on n v a u es o u se ,
o n a s an e

ass um f i t c A es , or l m/ c d c l l t
n s an e, u se ,
an a cu a es

u du I u u
Du Du°
.

'

9 f( u ) ti f f)
“ 1 000 9f ( ) u 1 000 9f ( u )
h T i cl ltd f
us
it
ry l f th
s h ri t l a cu a e or e ve va ue o e o z on a
efl ) u

l city u { em = 1 0 00 d w w d
ve o , r d h l dd d t t h
u o n ar s , an eac va ue a e o e

sum f th p r c di g
o l e t rti g fr m th b gi i g f t h
e e n va ue s , s a n o e e nn n o e

T bl ; t h cc i m l ’
a e e su th fD
e s s ve s u s a re e v a ue s o u.
164 S econ d gr oup o f [ 0H V .

Th ep di
co rr
g l f
es T J onA bt ind by fi it
v a u es o
’ ’
u, a re o a ne a n e

u mm ti f th m ll fi it diff r c Thi pr c d r r c ll i ’

s a on o e s a n e e en es . s o e u e e a s n

m y r p t th m th d f c lc l ti l g m pl y d i t h
an es ec s e e o s o a u a on on e o e n e

i ffi
n s u ran c e wh r
'

o imil r m th d f th t bli hm t f
ces , e e a s a e o or e es a s en o

d th pr b bility by i t gr ti f fi it mm ti fr m
ea o a an n e a on o n e su a on s o on e

y r f li f t
ea o th r i
e m pl y d
o an o e ,
s e o e .

F or m u l a e .

F or an
y gi v en
p o n i t( x
y)
'
u = v c os 9
'
x =
(D D uo ) : ,
U0 vo c os ( b ,

1
y 9) ta n c b -
l J
d
n

uo

t= 1 (T T flu
’

For th e p o i t n of d c t
es en ,
x = X, u = ue v6 c o s ( 0 , t = T, 9 = —w ,

y 0

ta n w an ( P+
1 J
'
“0
1
- — Tui
’

e,
a (L

J
J Y ta n c bl
--

A t the ve rt ex, x = xg ,
y vs c os 0 = v8 ,
= t8

J
’
a ta n 4 ) uo , ( )
1 0

( )
1 1
166 S econ d gr oup of [ CH V
.

( d ) To dt e e rm n e v, i ,
x, ,
t, , y , , at the ve rt ex

Fr m o

u8 = v8 = 351 6 '
m/ s ec .

Fr m o x8 = 705 8 m ,

rm
f o t, = 1 6 0 2 s ee ;

an d fu rth r e ,
93 8 7 , A
’

uo

an d so fr m o =
y , 1 4 98 m .

2. Ex a mp l e . A pp l i ti ca on to th l l ti f t h m l l i ty
e ca cu a on o e u z z e v e oc v0 , wh en

the v e ocl i ty of th e s h ll h b
e as een m d r t h m l by
ea s ur e n ea e uz z e , s c ree n s a n d th e
B oul en gé c hr on og a p r h .

S u pp os e , for e xa mpl
l i ty h b m r d t 5 0 m fr m th e, th e ve oc as e en e as u e a o e

m l df dt b
uz z e a n 5 4 4 m/ oun o e v50 = s ec .

Th t i t h h ri
a t l pr j ti f th l i ty m r d b tw tw
s, e o zon a o ec on o e ve oc ,
e as u e e ee n o

p r l
a al l rt i el r n
ve i ca s c ee s, s

9= = 5 44 v c os vao .

F rth r t k u e ,
a e

kg/m 3
,
i = 1, B 2
11 P = 4 76 ‘
c m /k g
z
.

T h en f r m q ti
o e ua on (1)
( r m)
’

b) D
’
D ( v0 c os ( 50 a ,

wh r e e
P ( kg) 1 206
'
50 a 23 8 , 2250 5 44 , D ( vw ) 1 7 27 7 ,

D
’
( 6 0 c os a) 17 77 2 23 8 1 703 9,

v0 c o s qb 5 49 .

As su m e a n ang e l q=
b 8
°
i n the e x pe r i m t th en ,
en

00 : 549 s ec 8
°
554 m/ s ec .

F or s uc h pr bl m whi h fr q
o e s, c e ue n tl y oc c u r i pr tin ac c e, t bl
a e s a re

of gr t ea us e .

Gr os s h as gi ve n a t bla e, for di ff r t l e en va ue s o f u
,
an d n
o,
for t h e

D “o
/
B
l

ue

of u, c a n c l l t d by ( 7 )
be a cu a e a .

Fi lly W Olna h cl ltd c i t t bl i which th

. s s on as a cu a e a on ve n e n a e, n e

l
v a ue s o f T X m f 1 gi f di ff r t l
v, c os ( 0 , f , , ,
or a ,
a re ve n or e en va u e s o

4 ) an d v0 c os c t .
 28 ] n umer i c a l m etho d s of ap p r ox i ma ti o n 16 7

28 . M e th bd s of s ol u ti on o f S l ac c i 1 8 8 8 ( S i acci II)
an d 18 96 ( S i a c c i m) .

In r es
p e ct t o t he m th d f i t gr ti w h r h (
e o s o n e a on, e e e a ve see

o c os 7 8
,
c os
9
l wh
c) r
, ( b i t h gl f
e e d p rt r d B i s e an e o e a u e an s a

c rt i rr cti
e a n co e on f ct r t b d crib d m r
a o o l ly l t r but d t r
e es e o e c os e a e , e e

mi d lik D i di
ne e on s
’
f ct r a t m th t t h rr r i i g i th
o a, o s oo ou e e o s ar s n n e

i t gr ti
n e a on .

Th y t m f l ti
e s s e o so u on i s t he fo ll wi g
o n

1
m D
( u Duo)
fl
,

1
t an 9 ta n 4)
“ ( J u J uo ) ,
00 8

1
3/ x ta n <) 1 A
[ ,, A J ” o
,
( Du
20 13
, 2
c os
?
43
1
P Tuo>
f

( u >
0 3 c os
4)

2;
22 tb lr l
8
r t rd ti
e a a on o
f( v ) ; ,8 a a u a va ue .

d t rmi ti
F or t h e e e na on of the r it c
a r i e s s an e as d e pe n di g n on t he
ve o l city S i i 1 8 8 8 ch
, ac c os e th e z on e lw a s

r t rd ti = e a a on cl v
2
, for v = 7 00 t 4 20 m / o s ec

v= 4 20 3 43
3
cg v ,

v= 3 43 28 2
6
c3 v ,

c m ”
, v= 28 2 24 0

m / c d w w rd cs v
‘
z
, v= 240 se o n a s .

Th c rr p di g t bl
e o w r c lc l t d by B r rdi lli fr m
es on n a es e e a u a e e a ne , o

n = 7 0 0 ; l t r by Ml t a e = 98 3 ; c d ry f cti w r
v on o a o u s e on a un on s e e

c lc l t d by B r cci li i
a u a e a a n .

S imil r prim ry da c d ry t bl b t with m wh t di f

a an s e on a a es , u so e a

f
e re nt di i i i t (
v s oni with th nf M y ki S
o z on e s b d ki ) v z .
,
os e o a e vs - a u s ,
a re

t b f
o e d i th w rk f
oun H yd r ich Di L h
n e o m S h o von e en e , e e r e vo c us s ,

B rli 1 90 8 P rt I I t which r f r
e n ,
ah ld b m d ,
o e e en c e s ou e a e .

Si i r
ac c
p c d r f
’
1 8 96
s ( S i i I I
o eI ) di ff r
u e f r m S i
o i I I ac c e s o ac c

m r ly i b i g b d
e e n th r l w f i r i t c h r l
e n as e on o e a s o a r e s s an e: e e a so

Si i h
ac c r lc l t d th prim ry T bl D J T A w ll
as ec a u a e e a a es , , , , as e as a

T bla f8
e o ,
.
16 8 S econ d g r oup o f [ GEL V

Th e fa ctor o f c or r ec ti on B f o S i a cc i I I a nd III .

Th e po i tn of di ffi lty cu i n th e so u l ti on l i es o bi v ous ly in t he
fa ct ro ,8 .

Th e e xa ct Chi ef Eq u a ti on was

d9 g (d v c os 9) g
c os
2
9 e v
f( v) c os
2
9 cy

l
<>

in which d p d m g th r thi g
0 e en s a on o e n s on th e a r i d en s ity ,
an d is
vari bl i f ct with t h h ight y f th
a e n a e e o e s h ll b
e a ov e t he gr oun d;
thi m y b r pr t d by th ffi y i
s a e e es en e e su x n

Th pp r im t C
e a hi f Eq ti i ox a e e ua on s

8 c os
2
I
( )
‘
l’

an d h r i pr id d with t h ffi 0 t d t th t t h
e e 0 s ov e e su x ,
o eno e a e 6, r lly
ea

va ri bl m y b r pr t d ppr im t ly by i t l
a e, a e e es e n e a ox a e s v a ue at t he
9
h ght f th m l f th gu I t d m g
ei o e th
uz z e o e n . n ro uc u
v c os
e a
pp r ox 1
l c os ( )

m ti c i t i p tti g f ( ) 9
a on on s s s f( )B 95 n u n cy v c os u c os
2
. S th t
o a

i c
s n e

on t he q u dr tic
a a l a w for i tns ance,
f( v ) v
2
,

8
,
h a s t h e fo ll wi g l o n v a ue s

c os cb
2

at t h e po i t f d p rt r
n o e a u e O(9 :
qt ) [8 ,
v0

at the ve rt ex S , ( 9 ,3
1 70 S econ d g r oup f
o [ OI L V
Th e i n t e gra l on the l e ft h an d s id e i s —§ tan a n d furth e r i t
- 3

is s een th a t for cf ( v) cv t he fra cti on ( Pm 1 : ( a n d h ere i n li es th e

,
”
,

r e a s on of i t s i n tr o d u cti on by S i a c c i ; S i a c c i th e n
) pu t s it e q u a l t o

un ity .

O n th e right h d id - an s e, th e limit s a re i n ve rt d e ,
an d r pl c d
e a e

by 2 in thi m s an n e r -i
, as s s e en ea s ily by th e ex
p a n s on i of

( t a n
d ; ta n t he c on cl di g f rm l
u n o u a is

3 V0 c os ( )
1 ta n 9 2
d9
4)
2 s i n 2¢ f ( V0 ) 9
°

m c os ta n 2
4
) c os 9

Ex c pte thi pr i c t i
for t h e f ly V r cti
a on s ex e s s on on a n s on ,

and t ; t h i t gr l w
( c l l t d by S i i by ppr im t q u d
e n e a as a cu a e acc a ox a e a

r t r f d i ff r t l
a u e f d or d V qb ; th t
e en
p tti g va u e s o ) an 0 c os so a ,
u n

asid T bl f B
e, a b dr w pa th t gi it
e f o ll p ibl c an e a n u a ve s or a os s e

l
v a ue s f 4 d V b i por ctic ; f) l lan
p ibl 4 d o c os c n a e or or a os s e ) an

X c V X c

ii
Si n e 0
si
,

B bl gi th
S i acci l ’
s Ta e ve s e s e va u e s .

H w fa thi f t r B will dj t t h
o rr r f i t gr ti req ir
r s ac o a us e e o s o n e a on , u es .

f rth r c
u id r ti ( c lt 3 2
e on s e a on on s u ,

It w i t h c l l ti as f B th t ri q titi w r
s e en n e a cu a on o a va ou s ua n es e e

ne gl ct d th t might ff ct th c r cy f th c m pl t c lc l ti
e e ,
a a e e ac u a o e o e e a u a on

of t h tr j ct rye a e o .

Si i ght t m k t h pr c d r m r
acc s ou r t by l l ti g o a e e o e u e o e ac c u a e ca cu a n

with di ff r t l f B f = 0
4 X
e en X
4 4 X X ; d l with
v a ue s o or x , , , ,
an a so

di ff r t B f y
e en t 9 or x , , , .

P r di h t d d thi m th d f pr ctic l p rp ( N t
a o a s ex en e s e o or a a u os es s ee o e

no . 28 )

29 . Th e a p p r o x i m a e s ol u t ti on o f E V al i er , 1 8 9 4
. l .

Th e ch ic o e of o
7 m th
andd i t h m ,
i on Va ll i e r
’
s e o ,
s e sa e as n

S i a cc i I I an d I I I B t t h c l l ti
. fB i
u m wh t di ff r t
e a cu a on o s so e a e en .

Mor eove r di ff r t l w f i r i t
a e en i m d th t i i
a o a r es s an c e s as s u e : a s, n

th e va ue l o f th i r i te a r d p d t th l city f th
e s s an c e a s e en en on e ve o v o e

s h ll e ,
for v 3 3 0 m / c t h Ch p l V lli r l w h
se b e m pl y d ; a e - a e a s a ve e en e o e

an d for v 3 3 0 th tw ,
l w f H j l ( c mp r
e o z on e - a s o o e o a e
g ]
29 n umer i c a l m etho d s o f app r ox i ma ti o n 17 1

Wh th r t rd ti d t th i r i t c i r pr t d
en e e a a on ue o e a r es s an e s e es e n e ,
as

b f r by f ( ) d
e o e, ( 8 oi t h i d
v ity t h ight y
an c
,
s e a r ens a a e ,

m r d kg/m ; R t h h l f c libr f t h h ll cm P w i ght f

e as u e i n
”
e a a e o e s e in , e o

sh ll i kg i 1 0 60 th c ffici t f f rm ) th
e n ,
7
i 10 8 ; f
, e oe en o o , e n , as n , or

3 3 3 0 m/ c f ( ) 0 1v25 ( : se , v v

0 02
1
330 3 00 v 1 6 92 v
”
,

0 033 8 1 4
3
3 00 v 6 .

H r i = 1 f r t ti g l g t d h ll with gi l h d f mi
e e or o a n e on a e s e o va ea o se

angl f p i g 7
e o o en n «

B t V lli r u th th r h d c id r i
a e lightly i bl
on e o e an on s e s as s va r a e,

and p t u s

y[ u
3 3 0 m/
r

f , or v _ s ec
41 5 ( 26 3 )
.

5 v

b t f
u 3 3 0 m/
or v s ec ,

i = 0 67 ,
= 31
° ° - ° -
v ,
3 6 9, 4s 2 .

dj ti g f ct r B h b
Th e a c lc l t d by V lli r ry
us n a o as een a u a e a e ve

sy t m tic lly mpl yi g t h T yl r M cl ri p i

s e a a , e d th o n e a o - a au n ex an s on an e

r m i d r i th i t gr l f rm A fi it f rm l f B i th
e a n e n e n e a o . n e o u a or s us

obt i d a ne .

Thi f rm l i r lly s t oim pl t m g t h B T bl f

u a s ea no so s e o ana e as e a e o

Si i gi i Si i w rk B li ti q t i P ri 1 8 9 2
’ ’

a cc ,
v en n acci s o , a s u e ex er eur e, a s ,
or n

th L h m S h f H yd r ich B rli 1 90 8 V ll i
’
e e r e vo p 3 0c us s o e en e , e n ,
II . . . a er s

f rm l i h rdly
o u a it bl f t bl s a su a e or a es .

O th th r h d it h th d t g f gr t r g
n e o e lity ; th
an as e a va n a e o ea e e n e ra e

B T bl af S i i d H
es oyd r ich f il fr q tly with g
acc f gr t
an e en e a e ue n un s o ea

c libr Th f rm l f B i c lc l t d i th f ll wi g m
a e . e o u a r or s a u a e n e o o n an ne .

V lli r t rt with th M cl ri
a e s a p is f 22 with t h e a au n ex an s on o a, e re

m i d a nt rm i th i t gr l f rm i q ti ( 3 0 ) i 22 ; d
er e n e n e a o ,
as n e ua on n a an

th us
?
ex
y x t an cf
)
20 0
( x t) ( I )
4
2
)

Th e m th d e o of a
pp r im ti oxm p l y d by V lli r w all i on , e o e a e , as e as n

S i acci I I an d III in ,
t h i t gr ti
e f t h Chi f Eq ti
n e c it a on o e e ua on , on s s s

in r pl ci g
e a n

R i z
( ) v
f( ) v c os 9
1 2 06 P
a
pp r im t
oxly by a e

B c os
2
( b

in which 8 d i ( ) d t t h i d ity d th f rm ffici t i

y
an v en o e e a r en s an e o c oe en

f
or th ct l h ight y b th h ri
e a ua f th m
e l ; 8 d i( ) a ov e e o z on o e uzz e 0 an v0 ,

on th th r h d
e o th rr p di g l
e an t th p i t f d
,
a re e co es on n va ue s a e o n o e

p rta r f t h tr
u e o j ct ry e a e o .

F rth r f ( ) 9 i r pl d ppr i m t ly by th f cti

u e c v 008 s e ac e a ox a e e un on

9
f rth r 8
v oos
d 0 0 00 1 1 y ) ( )
2 u
'

an u e
y
.

4 c os )

Th f ll wi g r l ti
e o c tr t d
o n e a on s a r e on as e

c rr ct
o e :

y
= x ta n ¢
9 9
—g ( x —t ) dt ,

1 2 06 P
i c rr ct
n o e

—
2

y = x ta n b
g
9 33
—g ( x t) 2
dt
2v0
2
c os
3
4 )
4
v c os
4
9 t

B i z
( )
v0 80 B c os
?
qS
12 06 P

In thi ppr im ti t h rr r
s a ox a on , e e o e in r l ti
e a on to t he di t or na e
y of

t h e pa th c rr p di g t t h b i
,
o es on n o e a sc s sa x, i ths us th e di ff r c e en e of t he

tw o e x p r i i ( )
3 d
e s s on s n an

= — f( )
o v c os 9 c f( ) u
( 0
2
e
9 w 4
v c os
4
9

c id r t h c m pl
Le t us on s e e o e e t tr j t ry i a ec of it li b ,
n so a r as es a ove

t h h rie t l thr gh th m
o z on a ou e uz z e l .

Th = X; d y= 0 i
en x an n mi g th t th r i
as s u rr r i
n a e e s no e o n

th m pl ym t f t h f ti
e e o en o e un c on c
f( ) t h th r
v : on h d y i ( 4 ) will e o e an n

b di ff r t fr m
e r D t
e en o ze o . en o e th th rr r i t h h ight y f th
en e e o n e e o e

tr j ct ry t t h d f t h r
a e o a e en o e an g by (5
e .

L t th eri bl i t h d e va a e n e e fi it i t gr l b i t d f t ; d
n e n e a s e x ns ea o an

l t th
e th r ri bl r m i
e o e va a es e a n as b f r th th rr r i
e o e, en e e o s

X —x)
f( )
c v c os 9 c, f ) dx
( u
(
2
,
4
v c os
4
9
 174 S econ d gr oup f
o
[ OIL V
s n i c e u0 v0 ; an d

R 80 2
i ( ) ( 1 ys ) f( ) 3 4
v3 2
v, 008 )
4( )
) 8
P ( “
‘ 4
”s 01 “3 0 0 8 T
Su b tit t th
s u e e s e va u e s o f l qb( 0 ) and (
M) s in an d we h ave

f )
2
10
10
s ec
2
¢ i ( ) v0

3
4 5i ( ) ( 1 0 0 00 1 1
00
366 v,
8
( )
s

T hi s i s t h e fo rm l u a for t h e d t rmi ti
e e na on of B th t a w as t o be
c tr ct d
on s u e .

It i b i th t t hi l f B
s o v ou s ly b mpl y d ft r
a s va u e o c an on e e o e a e

fi di g fir t
n
pp r
n im a t l sf B ( a ch B I ox b tt r cc rd
a e va u e o su as or e e ,
a o

i g t V ll i
n
p r oc d r Ba er si
’

p r i i l
o e c lc l ti
u e, c os n a ov s on a a u a on

o f t h tr j ct ry i e r p ct f t h rt
a e o d pr i i n l l
es f
e o e ve ex , a n ov s on a v a ue s o

v, , y A
asr p , t d , pp. lic ti f thi
e
p r c d r
ea e d a t lw y a on o s o e u e o es n o a a s

I
l d t m r c r t r lt V lli r d t Bi ( ) by
ea o a o e ac u a e es u . a e en o e s v0 '

m
A th r m wh t m r x ct f rm l f B gi by V lli r m y
no e so e a o e e a o u a or ,
ve n a e ,
a

b t t d h r with t pr f
e s a e e e ou oo .

S pp p r
u limi ry c
os e lc l ti a f t h b lli
e t ic l m
na t a u a on o e a s e e en s

x1
y 9 h
1 b
v1 u1 p r i 1i lly m
as d f t h
ee n
p i t ( y) with
o v s on a a e or e o n xl l

ab ci s o 225 s sa th x1
°

xs , en

f f )
i i
t )
?
ll s
A
l / 4
i ( )
v0 s ec
fi
gb
l 8

(1 y , ) s ec
3
91

( 1 0 000 1 1 y8 ) ( )
9
‘
.

Th e au th r i o ,
n ll i r f rm l f B
1 9 10, h a s p rp d o os e an o th r f rm
e o of t h e Va e o u a or .

I th ng l l t
e i t hpr ldi 05
ece h b n md ca cu a on e v a ue 5, as ee n as s u e .

I th n l e pr
l l ti f tr j t ry lw y r q ir d i th ppl i
i iov s on a ca cu a on o a a ec o , a a s e u e n e a ca

ti f V l li B b i d
on o a dy
er s
’
l lt d X
,
esw ll e s v, ,
a s , an , ,
we c a n c a c u a e x , an as e .

Th r t i Xi h k w mr
e a o x, r t l y d th t h p r d i g s t us no n o e a c cu a e ; an en e ec e n

pr i rr
oc e s s i d t fr h f
s cai t h f rm l
e ( )
8 oub m t h f ll
a w i g es : or ns an c e , t e o u a ec o es e o o n

f( ) 7 3
2+ f )
( u
4
s

v0 u

3
i ( ) +
re i ( vs ) ( 1 0 100 0 1 1 vs )
 3 0] n umer i ca l meth od s of app r ox i m a ti on 1 75

in whi h thc e s pe c a il fe a tr
th t w i t h t t i h f t i ( ) d i ( )
u e is a ,
c on s a n ,
t e ac ors v0 an v,

l i(
c an c e , )as= i v0

Th B f m l
e b or b i ly b ppl i d h i l
u ae a f Eb rh d
o ve ca n o v o us e a e to t e va ues o v . e ar

6
F rth r i t mi gh t b p ibl t h
u e i t b l l f th f t i 9
e os s e o a ve a s u a e va ue or e u nc on )

i t d f th l i r + whi h m igh t pply

ns ea o e nea d f it g p f l f
a
0 a
,
z, c a to a e in e ro u o va ues o

4
c , v0 ,f r i f
5,l fi ld
or g h w i t r
es , t e un s , o ze s , e c .

Fi lly i t m y b t d th t th h i f th m
na a e l = d
no e a e c o ce o e ea n va ue a c os >

9 9
v c os

a ?a
w r b tr r
v c os
y M r g r lly w m y p t =
as a
4 d i a . o e e ne a , e a u o c os P 2
,
an

o bt i p fr m l l t d tr j t ri ( 5 3 2) fr m b
a n o ca c u a e ti h 4 d t a ec o es or o o s e rva on e re , e no e s

a m f th l f 9 t h d f th rr p d i g f th tr j t y
ean o e va ue s o a t e en s o e co es on n a rc o e a ec o r .

30 ti . f P Ch A p p r o xi m a
b i t e s ol u on s o . ar o n n er .

Ch rb i r tt m pt th c lc l ti f t j ct ri q lly by
a on n e a e s e a u a on o ra e o es , e ua

t h h lp
e f e p i io ri b t
ex
y t i m r
a n s on ti lly n se es , u e n a anne ess e n a

d i ff r t fr m S i
e en i d V lli r Hi m th d m y b
o acc
p l i d h ran a e . s e o a e ex a ne e e,

as a pp li d t fl t tr e j ct ri o a a e o es .

A fir t ppr im t l ti i m d K pp m th d
’
s a ox a e so u on s a e on ru s e o or
,

a cc rdi g t S i i I wi th = I b d
o n o th
a cc ytm ,
a ,
as e on e s s e

—D ) 9 = t a n gb —1
% D
( u uo ,
ta n
20
( J u
—J u )
o ,

in which a = v oe s 9 ,
n0 v0 c os ( ) I , an d i f( ) v d e n o es t th e r t rd ti
e a a on

d ue to a r i r it c
es s a n e .

Th e exa ct Chi f Eq ti e ua on is

d9 g d ( v c os 9 )
c os
2
9 c vf ( v) c os 9
2

o r, with v c os 9 u, a n d

it m a
y be writt en

d9 da
g
c os
2
9 0
4 )
c os
2
9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E p m ly o on the right h d id - an s e of t he e q u ti a on the ex

p an s on i
1 9 2
59 4
1 9 2
29 4
-
l 1+ ‘
l
00 3 9 c os
fi
9 I
 1 76 S econ d gr oup f
o
[ CH . V

so th t a

d9 g 9 2
29 4

1 + + +
( 30 8
2
6 C T 1 3
m

an hrd e e the cti fu n on

4 ) u is ex
p an d d by
e Ta yl r
o
’
s

Th r meo e ,
an d writt en

> ma m
g
u a)
+

Multiply t g th r th
o e e e tw o se ri es , an d th e e q ui l en t
va of t he C hi ef
Eq ua ti on in ( )
1 m a
y b e gi v en i n t h e fo rm
d9 g
1

J
u ) 6
c os
2
9 b

(9 ( ) ( )
4
u
( 5 u da .

m ll th t ly th fir t t rm i
If 9 is so s a a on e s e n the s q u r e bra ck e ts
a nee d
be rti d w h
e a ne ,
e a ve

d9 g g d ( v c os 9)
9 b M ) c os
2
( u da
c v c os 9 f ( v c os 9 ) ( )
3

an d thi i t h pp
s r im
s t q u ti which
e f rm
a d t h b
oxi a e e a on , o e e as s of the

p r i u
ev o K r pp sl u ti d th t
u f S i i I withso 1 on , a n a o a cc , a .

A c d ppr im ti i r ch d wh th fir t t w t rm
s e on a ox a on s ea e en e s o e s of ( )
2
a re e m pl y d Th im plifi d Chi f Eq u ti i thi c l d
o e . e s e e a on n s as e ea s to

d9 (1
( )
u 6 2

cos
2
9 E 2
or s n i c e

f 00
2

d9 g d u g
(3 0 5
2
0 Cl b f( u)

wh r e e
'
1 f ( ) u

W e) 00
M “ ) 21 ?
‘

E thi di ff r ti l q ti b tw 9 d will l d t di ffi
ve n s e en a e ua on e e en an u ea o

cu lti ies ct l ti b c
n a n e xa 9 cc r t h right hso u d id on , e aus e
2
o u s on e - an s e

f
or thi r s Ch arb n i r r p l c
eas on , 9 t h right by t 9 o n e e a es
2
on e an
2
as an

a
pp r imox ti ; d a f rth r
on
pp r im ti t k
an t h p r
as a i u e a ox a on a es e ex es s on

1
t 9
an t d 2 an( J J ) fr m
) f rm r q ti
0
( S i i u I with uo o a o e e ua on a cc

= 1
a )
178 S ec on d gr oup o f [ OI L V

Fi lly y will b gi
na e v en by
( v c os 9) d9
g c os
2
9

id ri g th t th c tr cti f f rth r t bl i l b ri
Con s e n a e on s u on o u e a es s a o ou s ,

and th t wh th t bl
a e v en t h d th lc l ti f t
en es e a e s a re a an ,
e ca u a on o ra

j t i i
e c or e s ly lightly im p lifi
s ond t h f ll wi g m thsd i r
p p d s e ,
e o o n e o s o os e

by Ch rb i r a on n e .

Eq ti ( )
4 b
ua writt i ont h f rm can e en n e o

[ 1 9 2
x
0 0]

wh r e e

or a
pp r im t ly ox a e

d9 g du
'

9 ( 1 9) f( )
2 2
c os c 16 u u

d9 d u
Con tr t d with q ti
as e e ua on ( )
3
0
g
’ thi q ti s e ua on is mr o e
f( )
2
00 8 cu u
a cc r t u a e .

Ch rb i r t p r t with m
a on n e l f th f ct r 1 9 n ex o e a es a e a n va u e o e a o 16
3
,

which i di ff r t f th c di g d d
s di g br ch f th
e en or e as en n an es c en n an es o e

tr j ct ry O th fir t br h th l f th t f ct r i 1 ¢ ( )
a e o . n e s anc e v a ue o a a o s
2
x u0

a t th p i t f d p rt r
e t th
o n rt it i 1 th t th m i
o e a u e, a e ve ex s , so a e ean s

1 O t h d c di g br ch t h m l i n e es en n an e e a n va ue s

1 y d )
a
e / ue ,

wh r w i th c t gl f d c t d
e e s e a S th t t h
u e an e o es en ,
an u, v, c os a) . o a e

pr c d
o er i f ll
u e w s as o o s

d9 d u
S t rti g fr m th q ti y t m f l ti
g
a n o e e ua on ‘ on a s s e o so u on
9 f( )
’
2
c os cu u

simil r t th t f S i i I ( w ith 1 ) t t h rli r

a o a o f K r pp
acc a or o e ea e on e o u ,

a fir t pr i i l tim t i m d d t rmi i g i p rtic l r t h

s ov s on a es a e s a e, e e n n n a u a e

ve rt d p i t f d c t ; th c lc l ti
ex an o n i th rp td do es en e a u a on s en e ea e , an

c i r pl c d by ( 1
s e ai et he c di g br ch wh r c n as en n an ,
e e

i qb; d i t h id c
i di,
g br ch
i t, i v0 c o s an n e es en n an c s
2 104 )
r pl c d by
e a e c ( 1 w hr e e [6 6
2f
ve c os x a nd
(u ) e

d ) i
?
thor x
2
s en r pl c d by t
e a e an
2
(5 ,
or ta n 2
r es
p e cti ly ve .
 30 a ] nu mer i c a l method s o f app r ox i ma ti o n 1 79

m t b d d d th t Ch rb i r
It us e a e a a on n e
’
s
p l c an t i r ti l on a ns a a o na

p ri ci pnl f i cr a i g t h cc
e r y f
or t h n e s n e a u ac o e c lc l ti f tr j ct ry
a u a on o a a e o .

N rth l it i m wh t l b ri i
e ve e es s s so e a a o o us , n S
p it f t h
e o m p l ym t f e e o en o

t bl which Ch rb i r h
a es , lc l t d a on n e as ca u a e r c tly ( N t ) Thi
e en s ee o e . s

m th d f ppr im ti which pr id
e o o a ox a on , ov es a
p r t
se c lc l tia a ef a u a on or

t h t w br
e ch i t t d p rti lly t l
o an es , s es e , a a a ea s t i 32 33
, n , .

30 a . O n th e se c on d a r y b a ll i s ti c fun c i on s , t a n d on

b a ll i s ti c c u rv e s .

1 . The S econ d a r y f un cti on s .

Th e B elli D idi r
l ti n i 525 m y fir t b
n ou - mi d on so u o n a s e e xa ne .

Th r t h f cti
e e B J V D
e t r i th q ti ( 1 ) t
un on s , , , en e n e e ua on s o

r i g f t h c lc l ti f y 9
se v n or d t S b q
e tly t h f c
a u a on o , , v, a n . u se ue n e un

ti E d G)
on s d ri d fr m th
an a re e ve o es e .

S l i th S i i I pr c d r f § 26 th f cti E N Q
o a so n e acc o e u e o , e un ons , , ,

0 S S
, ,
i tr d c d ppl m t ry
a re n o u e as s u e en a .

C rr p di g r l ti
o esh ld f t h y t m f l ti
on n fSi i II
e a on s o or e s s e o so u on s o acc

an d I I I § 28 d f V lli r § 29 Writi g f
an 1 thi y t m f
o a e , . n c
'
or s s s e o
B
, , ’
c

eq ti i ua f ll won s s as o o s :

D ( u) D ( )
v0 ,

T
[ ( )
u T

20 29
8 <
2 [ J ( ) u J

D( m
2

y
= x t an b
g
—
2 c os
0
A
{ ( u ) A( ”o ) J ( ) 90 D
[ ( )
u ”o
¢
2

( ) u A ( ) v0
x t an cb u)

u c os c b O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

c os 9

a nd th
l m t t 9 y f y ch
us th e e e en s x , , ,
o an os e n tr j ct ry
a e o a re e x
p r es se d
i nth p r m t r e a a e e u .

Th f cti cc rri g h r D T J
e un on s o u n e e, , , ,
A ,
a re c ll d th prim ry
a e e a

b lli tic f cti bl th m T bl

.

a s ( t f i un on s a es or e n Vol . I V ,
12 d a e a an

T bla e

1 2—2
180 S econ d gr oup o f [ OH V
.

Den o t e f in
i
, e q u ti o
a n
( )
1 by f ,
an d for t h e en d
p o ni t of t h e pa th ,
0

w hre e x = X ,
l et 1
? be d en o e t d by 5 6 ; th en e q u ti o ( 1 ) s h ow s th
a n at

u is a fun cti on o f E a n d v0 .

Le t be writt en r es
p e cti ly ve

T ( u) T ( vo) = E ( vo , E
) ,

J ( ) u

A( u ) A( 710 ) E ( Ur 9
”
‘
D D e.)
It is eas ily
by h l p f th p i m ry t bl th
s e en , h ow d ry e o e r a a es, e s e c on a

t bl f H L d E
a es or b , t bli h d A d fi it l f
an ,
d
can e es a s e . e n e va u e o v0 a n

f i ch
s d th f
os en , a n m p l fr m q ti ( )
1 w
en, g t t h l
or e x a e, o e ua on e e e va ue

of d th
u an f J ( u) d th c t h
en c e o l fL ,
an en e e va ue o .

T bl m y l
a b c lc l t d f
es a E Na sod L E M e a u a e or ,
an .

f
Th y t m f q ti i gi th i th f rm
e s s e o e ua on s s ve n en n e o

S = D ( ) u

t H ( v0
‘
P
,

t an 9 ta n 1
( )
20 54 8
,
)
L ( v E) 0 , ,

ta n 4 ) 1 L ( v 5) 0,

= E ( vo
y x ta n ¢ , f) ,

'
xc
E ( vo , f) ( )
1 1
2 c os Sb ?

rri g p ci lly t
R e fe n s e a o t h e po n of i t d c t
es en on the h rio z on thr gh
ou

th e m l h r y=0
uz z e , e e ,
x = X , 9 = —w , v = ve ,
u = ue ,
5 :
£
6 .

Th c fr m i c '
en e, o sin an d s n e c

E a” $) it f ll w th t
?
N
6
o o s a

N ( v0 ,
18 2 S econ d gr oup o f [ OI L V

L ( 71 0 , ( )
1 8

H ( v0 , ( )
1 9 for t h e ve rt ex ,

4)
y
(6 8 , 98 ,

D (a ) . ( )
20 e 0

1” ( 110 , 5)
8

E
x8 tan 4 )
ggs:2
; ( )
21

“8 008 < 2 .
( )
22

ti i tr d c d h r E N H L M
Th e fun c on s n c ll d th o u e e e, , , , , ,
a re a e e

c d ry b lli tic f cti

s e on a Th c rr p di g t bl
a s un gi e i on s . e o es on n a e s a re v n n

V l V T bl
o . I 1 2 b t 1 2f
,
a es o

Th f th c d ry f ct
e us e o d t t c wh th
e s e s e on a un i on s i s e vi en a on e, en e

p r bl om t b e l d i thou t h r g
e s o ve X b i g m r d d
s t h s : e an e e n eas u e , an e

an gl f d p rt r d d th i iti l l ci ty t fi d th tim f
e o e a u e ) ,
an e n a ve o v0 o n e e o

flight T th l city , t d c e t th ve o gl f d c t w t h v, a es en , e an e o es en , e

ab ci s d rdi t y f t h
s s a x8 a n rt o na e , o e ve ex .

Th l ti i l b ri with th
e so u on f t h prim ry f cti
s a o ous e us e o e a un on s ,

D T J A ( c m p r Ch pt r V I I I f
, ,
-
, o th l ti f p rtic l r
a e a e or e so u on o a u a

p r bl om f tr ej ct ri
s ) o t h th r h
a e d with t h o c d
es ry on e o e an e s e on a

f cti
un th l ti i c m pl t d ry im ply
on s e so u on s o e e ve s

I qu ti n e i 2¢ = X N (
a on qt d X k n w s n d v0 , an a re o n , an

c q tly N d i c i k w l 5
on s e ue n ,
an b c lc l t d s n d e v0 s no n a s o, , can e a u a e ,
an

c
'
l by
a s o,

Eq ti ( )
1 6 gi
ua T d
on ( )
1 7 gi A d D ( ) f ll
ve s w fr m ,
an v e s (0 . n ue o o s o

d l an A d a so b c lc l t d fr m
ue . F rth r
n v, can e a u a e o u e

f E —
s fi i gi x
by s d ; ve nd th t h l f y f r m an x8 an en e v a ue o , o

It i id t m r r th t th r i thi g t pr t th i tr
s ev en o e ov e a e e s no n o e ven e n o

d cti
u f th r on c d ry f cti i dditi t E N H L M
o o e s e on a un on s , n a on o , , , , .

F i t c it f ll w fr m ( 1 2) d ( 1 6 ) th t
or n s an e o o s o an a

an d c on s e q ue tly n ,
if an o th r e fun cti on R is i tr d uc d
n o e for an d a

ta bl e is c lc l t d
a u a e ,
we h ave

R 010 )

an d s o fo rth .
 nu mer i c a l m etho d s of app r ox i ma ti on 18 3

2 . The B al l i s ti c Cur ve .
( Vol . I v, d i gr m
a a s 1 11 a to 1 11

Eq ua ti to ( I V) gi i t d c t
.

on s 1
( ) in § 23 , ve t he p o n of es e n ( x = X,
—w th
,

=0 9= u = ve , t = T, u = ue
) : en
y , ,

Y'YC
x

-
2
D ( uo) ,
0

0
T=

1
J
[ ( e)
u

0 = ta n
i

l A( no )
¢ 20 7 p i ns ) D ( uo)

X ‘
t d by g
C
r
y
Le t be d e n o
’

e .

2
0

Eq ti ( )
1 huaw th t fr
on m s o s a ,
o uO a n d f ,
u, l
a so gi ;
is ve n c on s e

q tly fr m ( 2) Z T i f cti
ue n — o f
C
s a un on o u0 a n d E; a n d fr m ( 3 ) th
o m e sa e

h ld f ( t 1 t w ) 2 7 ; d fr m
o s or an < ) an 0 an ,
o 207 ta n ‘9 i f cti
s a f un on o

u0 a n d
‘
g
’

or,

F l ( u0 > E
); ta n w 17 2 060 , ta n ( 9;

F 3 ( uO ) g) ;

an d it f ll w l
o o s a so t h t a

1
ta n w — F , ( u0 f) , .

20 7
Assu mi g n t h e t wo q ua n titi e s a 0 an d f a re k w it f ll w th t
no n, o o s a

th l
e s e a s o a re gi ven :

c dly
s e on
5
a n d u, is gi ve n by n o an d f;
9
sin 29)
2
v0

X
2 si n 4 ) c os d )
F 3 010 E
) F s ( uo t)
E
: . .
00 8
2
l
<> x
in which on ly k w q no n uan titi e s a re
p r e s en t;
“ur thly i 171 60 V2 F l ( u0 E
)
0 9
,

var tan 4 )
,
0 7 5] vs a]
Th e e q u ti o a ns 1
( ) to ( I V) gi ve in a s i mil r w a a
y t h e ve rt e x of the

tr j t ry
a ec o ,
for x = x8 y ,
y , , t = ts , v = vs , u = u,
7

3 ; an d it i s

e as fl th t X x,
__
d
y,
g Wi th d ‘ ’

y s e en a an
Xt an ( )
l
a re i ve n no an g .

I t ha s a lr dy b
ea ee n c on v e n en i t t ch o oos e 0
'

c os ( )
I and
y B 008
2
4)
( S i ac c i I I th and dd th r lt e n u0 v0 , a n
‘
’

g c BX ,
an e es u s ca n be
ex
pr s d i t
e se h f ll wi g m r Sn
pp d B Xegi o o n an n e : u os e v0 a n c ve n , th en

t h f ll wi g l m
e o ot f th tr j ct ry k w
n e e en s o e a e o a re no n

v0 s i n 24>
2
ta n

X A (0

t an 4 )

and fi ally A gm
n , .

I p r ctic t h i iti l
n a l city i
e, lly gi e d l n th r ag ve o s u s ua ven , a n a so e an e

X t w hich t h gu fir with gl f d p rt r (b th t A d
o e n es an e o e a u e ,
so a l an v0 a re

gi ve n Th. A i gi t en d with it t h
,3 sc t gl f d c t ven oo, a n e a u e an e o es en

w; d A
an d c q tly th fi l l city ; A d t h tim f
3 an on s e ue n e na ve o v, 4 an e e o

flight T ; A d t h b ci
‘
5 f th
an rt ; A d t
e h h ight
a s ssa o e ve e x x8 6 an e e

of th rt y ; fi lly BX d th c B d c q tly th
e ve ex s na c an en e c ,
an on s e ue n e

p r d
o ctuB i gi t h c libr
,
2R w
ven ight f h ll P d i e d ity
a 8 e , e o s e ,
an a r en s .

I t i cl r fr m t h
s b th t th f t r A A A
ea o e a b ov e a es e ac o s ] , 3 ,
ca n e

c lc l t d with th ppr pri t t bl F i t c S h tt t k th

a u a e e a o a e a es . or ns an e c a e oo e

B lli ti T bl
a s c N 13 f S ia i 1 8 96
es , d t h T blo . f F ll i o a cc ,
an e a es o as e a, n

whi h c r l f th f ct r
s e ve a c lc l t d ; d with th ir h l p th
o e a o s a re a u a e an e e ,
on e

su gg ti f th th r h c tr ct d th i c r T bl I I I —f
es on o e au o ,
e on s u e e s x u ve s , a es a ,

which pri t d i V l a re n e n o . IV .

I f th l m t f th tr j t ry I X w
e e e en s y T co ld b e a ec o () , , ,
v, ,
x8 , , , ou e

ob r d dir ctly i m r tr j ct ri ( M th d f N
s e ve e n nu ) it w ld e ou s a e o es e o o e es en ou

b p e ibl t
os s tr ct ch c r m piric lly with t l w f i
e o c on s u su a u ve e a , ou a a o a r

r it t g th r with prim ry d
es s an c e , o e d ry t bl ; d f B t h
e a an s e c on a a es an or e

l i V l li f rm l w ld b
va u e n a er s
’
m d o u a ou e as s u e .

O th n mpti th t th R g T bl
e ass u f p r ly on p i a e an e a es a re o u e ex er

m t l t r — whi h i k w
en a na u e t t b th c — mpiric l
c s no n no o e e as e an e a

c r c ld b dr w fr m
u ve ou mb r f R g T bl ; it pp r
e a n o a nu e o an e a es a ea s
18 6 S eco n d gr oup o f [ OH V .

th e s h lle is e q l t t h w rk d
ua o e o on e by TO, i n t h e s h rt d i t
o s anc e MOM1 ; as s u m e

t h e fo r ce TO c on s t t l g thi an a on s a rc , a n d we h a ve

{rmvo
z
§ m v1
2
0
MI TO ;

and h l ltd f
en c e v1 c a n k wT d m th m
be f h
ca cu a e h ll ; or we no
o, v0 a n e ass o t e s e

m ll d ir d
,

an d M M bO h 1 ca n e c os en , a s s a as es e .

Th M 21e a reb d rib d i h f ll wi g m r Th mp t

0 1 c an e es c e n t e o o n an ne : e co o n en

t M N ( N ) l g t h rm l M 0 v e c or
O O or O a on e no a O 0

gi r w rk Th f r N i th mpl y d ve s z e o o . e o ce
O s us e o e

i r i g t h p th d h t h m g i t d n cu v n e a ,
an so as e a n u e
2

th r d r t r 'v
Th M0 9
N m f :
en c e e a i us o c u va u e
5
O O 0
0

p i k w t M d th p i t f or
O s no n a o, an so e o n o

i t r ti C f h t ti rm l n e s ec on O o t e wo c on s e c u ve no a s

11 C d M 0 R d 0 d rib hr 1 0 O an 1 0 . o un 0 es c e a s o t
M M wi th r d i M 0 ry rly a rc O , a us 0 0, ve n ea cc

i id t wi th th h rd M M d h nc en e c o
O I ; an so t e

p i t M i r h d t whi h t h t g t o n 1 s eac e , a c e n ew an en

M M i th t g t f h ir l r 11 1 2 s e an en o t e c cu a a re a t 1 1,

d i p p di l r MC an s er en cu a to 1 O .

Pro d i g fr m M h
cee m pr d r i f ll w d
n o l lt ,
t e sa e oc e u e s o o e ; w e ca cu a e

and N =m

a nd thi s va ue of l TI i s e m pl y d i o e n

$s 72
2
m v22=
T1 1 11 1 M2,

to d t rm i h
e e l i ty whi l t h mp t M N; ( N ) gi h
ne t e n e w v e oc v2 ; e e co on en , or
,
ve s t e .

n ew r di f r t ra us o M 0 dc u va u e
pl or 1 1 ; an s o on .

Thi i h pr s d r f th
s t tr ti by p i t ft r p m g th rt
e oc e u e o e c on s uc on o n s ; a e as s e ve e x,

th t e f rwo i r i t d t g ti l
o ce s , a r mp t f gr i ty b i ly
es s a n ce a n an en a co on e n o av ,
a re o v o us

opp d t
os e h t h r d f
o e ac t h t r r o m t b p i d tet h i
; g i han or a eas on ca e us e a o e s n n t e

cal c l ti f T
u a on o .

Fi lly th tim f fli gh t i f d f ll w i d ribi g h

na e e o M M th s ou n as o o s : n es c n t e a rc 0 1 e

sh ll t k
e m ll ti m
a es a s m th f r T a t t l g 11 11 thi f r
e t: as s u e e o ce O c on s a n a on 1
0 1 1 ; s o ce

i th
s th men m f th e h ll m lti pl i d by th r ti f t h d imi ti f t h
as s o e s e ,
u e e a o o e nu on o e

l i ty
v e oc t h ti m
v0 i whi h t hi t k
v1 o lp td e e t n c s a es ace ; an so

i
or s n c e m vo
2
th 2=
2MO M1 TO, en c e t r l t i whi h
i T hi s is a e a on c
2 ) 771

ca n i f t b d d
n d by ti g th t th
ac e e uc e no n a e a rc Mif t lly d rib d by th
O ] ,
a c ua es c e e

s h ll wi th d imi i hi g l i ty
e l b n s n v e oc ,
c an a so e id r d
c on s d rib d with e e as es c e a

c on s t t l i ty q l t t h r i t h m t i m
an ve oc ,
e ua o e a e c ea n o f t h i iti l d fi l l i ti
e n a an na v e oc es ,

v0 a n d v1 , a t Mo a n d M1 .

Th e wh ol e t im e of fligh t is th en th e s um of al l th es e s m ll l m t
a e e en s of

tim e .
 3 1] n um er i c a l m ethod s o f ap p r ox i ma ti on 18 7

rt l whi h i th p i t f l t l i ty d th p i t f h t t
Th e ve e x a s o, c s e o n o e as v e oc ,
an e o n o s or e s

r di f r t r
a us o b d t m i d gr phi l ly i thi m
c u va u e , c a n r e e er ne a ca n s a n ne .

I ry fl t tr j t ri t h r d ii f
n ve a t a ec op yg t es , e a o c urva u re , l , a re ver rea ; so
th t th p i t 0 C
a e o n st g t d i t 0 , l ,
a re a a r ea s a nce .

Di d i p r p d
on i t hi i d
o r hos e r 11 111 M M n i r l s cas e to c on s e t e a cs 1 0 1, , 2, as c c u ar

or r
e ve n
p b l i r Oa a h fi r t om p t i h
c a cs f i t .t ki g n t e s as s u on we a ve or n s a n ce , a n

MT 0
b i
O as
i d h d i r ti f M C
a s c s s a ax s d i t i ( y ) th an t e ec on o O o as or na e a x s , x, e cc

ord i t f M th q ti
n a es o +y 2 y = o fr m whi h
1, e e y f ll w uaF on x
2 z
po ,
o c p0 r
o o o s . or

f r h r d
u t eil lt Di d i
e ta s , c on s u on .

B . Gr ap h i c a l s ol uti on s of app r ox i m a ti on , by
th e a u th or

rTh e p dr i p ti l r b
oc e f l i
u e ca n i whi h i t i r q i d
n ar cu a e us e u n ca s e s , n c s e u re

t d t rm i
o e e wi th t tr bl t m r p i t f th tr j t y h b lli ti
ne ou ou e a nu e o us o n s o e a ec o r t e a s c

lm t
e e h th
en s , s uc rd i t th l i ty f h h ll tim f flight d
as e c oo na es , e ve o c o t e s e , e o ,
an

l p f th
s o e o t g t the mpti f di r t fi d k wl dg f f m
an en ; on e as s u on o ec re a n no e e o or

c oeflfi i t Th
c en l t i r t t h m h i l pri i p l f i d p d
. e so u on s d es on e ec an ca nc e o n e en e n c e an

on th ppl i t
e a i f t h m p i ri l
ca t b l f on m p l f
o K r pp ( V le IV e ca a es , or exa e, o u s ee o

T bl
.

a e

Fi r t i d r th
s tr ti f th tr j t ry i
c on s e m ( fig 1 t
e c on s uc on s o e a ec o n a v a c uu s . o

I fign l t . b th
1, tr i ght l i dr w fr m h rigi 0 i h
e e e s a ne a n o t e o n n t e

di r ti f th gl f d p rt r with th h ri
ec on o e an d t k e q l l gth
o e a u e e o z on : an a e e ua en s

r pr ti g t gi l t h i i t i l l i ty
e e s en m n o a ve n s ca e e n a v e oc v
(,
or so e

t t p rt f i t
con s a n a o .

Fr m B B o th rt i l di t
1 , B 0 B 0
2, dr w d w w rd
e ve ca s a n c es I 1 , 2 2, a re a n o n a

q l t 5g 1 4g 2 4g 3
,

e ua o . th t 0 0 0
2
,
.
p i2
t ,
t h p t h .
2
,
so a , 1, 2, a re o n s on e a .

Fi g . 2

A i mi l r
s tr ti a c on s uc on , a s is ea s ily s ee n , is g i ve n i n fig 2 : d ra 0 0 , e ua to
. w q l
v0 i t h i i ti l d i r t i
n e nth q l
a rl l ec on , a n d 01 0 1 = §g z en 0 1 0 2 e ua a n d pa a l e to 0 0 1
an d0 2 ég 0
; f t h r
q l d p r ll l t 0 C d C 0 5 é g
0 ur e 2 3 e ua an a a e o 1 ,
an 3 3 , a nd

s o on .

A m difi ti f th rigi l m th d f fig 1 i h w l i
o ca on o e o na e o o . s s o n a so n t he

tr ti by h rd i fig 3 dr w 0 D = i h rigi l di ti
c on s uc on c o s n : a 1 v0 n t e o na rec on and

t l d
.

0 0 1 ég 1 t 0
z
0 = 0 D d D 0 2; 5g h
n ex 0 0 p g t D 1 1 2 an 2 2
: .
; en 3 ro on e o 3 ,
so

th t a d D O i q lt d an 3 3 s e ua o an s o on .
18 8 S econ d gr oup o f [GEL V
l t tr ti th f ll wi g
I n th e as i t m th d b
c on s m pl y d uc on e o o n c on v en e n e o can e e o e .

Dr w ( i fi g
a OA = A A = A A =
n d rti l thr gh A A d l 1 1 2 2 3 an ve ca s ou 1, 2, an et

OE b th i i t i l t g t f th tr j t ry w r
.

I e e M k En g ha OE p an en o e a ec o . a e , ,
e e , re re

t t h i i t i l l i t y m/
s en s e d th
n E 0 i th arr p di g di t
ve o c f in s ec , a n en l 1 s e co es on n s a n ce o

Fi g . 3 . Fi g . 4 .

fa ll i th fir t tim l m t J i 0 with th midp i t M f OE d l t th

n e s e e e en . o n
1
e o n , o l ,
an e e

p r l g ti
o on fM 0 a th rt i l th r gh A i E M k E 0 E 0 d
on o 1 1 c ut e ve ca ou 2 n 2 . a e
2 2
=
1 1 ,
an

dr w 111 0 fr m M th mi dp i t f O E d
a 2 2 o Th i t hi
2, th e o n o l z,
an s o on . en n s ca s e e

tr j t ry p
a ec o th r gh t h p i t 0 0 0 0
a s s es d 0 11 M 0 M 0
ou e o n s , 1 , 2, 3 ,
an 1
1, 1 1, 2 2,
d t rmi th t g t f th tr j t ry Thi m th d h th d t g i
e e ne e an en s o e a ec o . s e o as e a va n a e n

c on s tr ti th t th q l l gth é g = E O = E 0
uc on , a b t ff w i th t h
e e ua en s 1 l 2 2
:
e se o e

co mp as s .

A ll th tr ti b d pt d t m t i i t h i d
e s e c on s uc f
on s ca n e a a e o o on n e a r, a n s o a re o

p r ti l i t r t
ac ca n e es .

1 B gi . i th t h etr t i i fig 1 d tr t i t i th f ll w g m r
n w e c on s uc on n .
,
an ea n e o o in ann e

Th m e m t f th h l l i p d t b di id d p i t l rg mb r f
ov e en o e s e s su po s e o e v e u n o a a e nu e o

s m ll q l tim l m t ( i fig
a e ua i t ke e e q lt d ) th
en s At n . 5 , At s a en e ua o on e s e c on ; e

m ti f t h h ll d r th imp l f fi ri g i th l m t f tim wi ll b
o on o e s e un e e u se o n ,
n es e e e en s o e, e

l g th i iti l t g t pp th OB = B 0 = C D
a on e n a an en su os e en
1 1 1 I 1

N t i d r th pr bl m ith t t ki g gr i ty i t
ex c on s e e t th o e w ou a n av n o a c c o un ,
on e

as s umpti f d fi it l f i r i t with th l w f Ch p l V ll i r
on o a e n e aw o a r e s s a n c e, e a s o a e - a e

or th l w f Sie i a Th srr p d i g d iff r ti l q ti d t rmi th

o ac c . e co es on n e en a e ua on s e e ne en

t h le f l i ty
os s p ri
o d by th h ll i
v e oc h prt lm t f Av ex e ence e s e n ea c se a a e e e en o

tim d t h lf th l f l ity i th l 2 3 tim l m t by

e At ; en o e a e os s o v e oc n e , , ,
e e e en s 8 1 , 8 2,

83 ,
r p ti ly es ec ve .

Wh r wi ll h h ll b f d t t h
e e d f t h fi r t l m t f t im ?
t e s e e o un a e en o e s e e en o e

A rdi g t th pri i pl f i d p d
cco n o th r lt (f e i fi i t e m ll nc e o n e en en c e , e es u or a n n n s a

l m t f t im ) i t h m i f t h th r i fl
e e en o e i sp r t i t h p wd
e sa r e as e ee n uen c e s n o e a on , e o e

i mp l h i r i t u s e, t d gr i ty
e a r m i t p r ti ft r t h
es s a n c e , a n th r av co e n o O e a on o n e a e e o e ,

an d i d p d tl y n e en en .

D t t h i i ti l
ue l ity r i d by th h ll fr m th p wd r pr r
o e n a v e oc ,
ec e ve e s e o e o e es s u e ,

th e sh ll w ld pr d fr m O t B thr gh t h i r i t
e ou oc ee i t wi ll m o o 1 : ou e a r es s a n ce ove

b k t p fr m B t B ( fig wh r i t i
ac a s e 31 om d t h t th l m t f t i m
1
o 2 . e e s as s u e a e e e en o e

t i t k s m l l t h t th i r i t
a en so s m y b a mdt t l g h a e a r es s a n c e a e as s u e o ac a on t e

d ir ti B 0 L tly d r gr i ty l th h ll w ld d p fr m B t 0
ec on 1 . as ,
un e av a on e e s e ou ro o 2 o 1

a di t 2g s an ce d t th d f thAt1l m t f t im
2
h
an h ll i f d so a e en o e e e en o e A tl t e s e s ou n

t lly t 0
a c ua a 1
 90 S econ d gr oup o f [ OI L V

s ec ti l l d 1 th t i t y i mpl yi g th t bl f
on a oa , a s p iol t h
sa ,
n e o n e a e or a s ec a cas e , e

co rr p di g mb r
es on d
n f t h t b l m t b m lt i pl i d by h
nu e s 2 Ax an S At o e a e us e u e t e

f t r
ac o a = w h r P i h w i gh t f th h l l i kg R e e th r s t e e o e s e n ,
2
71 e c os s
P
s ec ti i q m 8 th w ight f bi m tr f i i kg i i h f rm
on n s c ,
e e o a cu c e e o a r n ; s t e o

ffi i t ryi g wi th t h h p f th h ll f Kr pp ri gi n l rm l h ll ’
c oe c en , va n e s a e o e s e ; or u s o a no a s e ,

i = 1 ,
rl y b t it i b t d t rmi d by p rim t by t ki g th h ri
or n ea so u s es e e ne ex e en ,
a n e o

z on t l mp t f th i i ti l d th fi l l ity whi h r l t t gi
a co on en s o e n a an e na v e oc ,
c e a e o a ve n

r g d th mp ri g wi th t h t b l r r lt f th rr p d i g h ll
an e, an en c o a n e a u a es u s or e co es on n s e .

Th T b l e f K r p p pr i d th
a es o th mplet h ri t l pr j ti f th m ti
u ov e en e co e o z on a o ec on o e o on

o f th h ll Gi th
e s e . i pi t 0 A A A ve n t h h ri tl i
e s uc c es s v e o n s , I , 2, 3 , on e o zon a ax s

thr gh th rigi 0 th h ri t l mp t f h l ity i th t

ou e o n ,
e o z on a co o n en it o t e v e oc v n e ra

j t
e c or
y i k w tst h p i
no t d l t
n ah tim es ewhi h r q ir d
o n s , an a so e es A tl ,
A tg , c a re e u e

i t h h ri
n e t l m ti fr m O t A fr m A t A d
o z on a o on o o I , o l
o 2,
an s o on .

Th lg f d p rt r d i pp d t b gi
e an e o e a u e, ) , s su os e o e v en .

A d tr j t ry th b f d th t i th
s e c on a ec o wh p r j t i i
can en e ou n ,
a s e on e os e o ec on s

A I ,by dr wi g t i lly d w w d fr m B th l i B 0 q l t é g
a n ver ca o Th n ar o 1 e ne 1 1 e ua o A tl z
. e

t g t t 0 f th tr j t ry m y b t k
an en a 1 o M 0 B j i i g M th mi ddl
e a ec o a e a en as , 1 2, o n n 1, e e

p i
o n t f OB to 0 d t h t h
I ,
to t i m 1y b ; tanrt d fr h fr m
en 0 e c on s ru c on a e s a e a es o 1,

p r d i
oc ee g i i mn i l r m r n t h rt
a i l
s i A m t aM 0 i B an n e d fr m ; e ve ca n 2 ee s 1 1 n 2, a n o

B 2
h li t B 0 = ég
e ne i dr w rt i lly d w w d th 11 0 i dr
2 2 A t22
s a n ve ca o n ar ; en 1
2 2 s a wn

fr m t h m i ddl p i t f 0 B
o e gi i g 0 e t hi d p i
o n t t h
o tr j t ry1 d 2, v n 2 a r o n on e a ec o ,
an

M 0 th t g t t 0
2 2 e d
an en a 2 ; an s o on .

I thi pr n d r t h tr j t y i h w
s oc e u e l p f th t g t d
e a e c or s s o n a s a n e n ve o e o e an en s ; an

w th e d ib tr j t ry f
us es c r mb r f e a f d i ff r t p r b l
a ec o wi t h o a nu e o a rc s o e en a a o as

Fi g . 8 .

ve rti l ca a xe s , c o rr
mb r f t h l gth 0 A A A
e s p on di ng ht o th e nu e o e en s ] , 1 2, on t e

a b i i
s c s s a ax s

I f t wh th fi t r l tw t
.

n ac f p b b
en 0 de 0 i rs k ( fi g
a rc o a a a o a e ee n an 1 s a en .

t t r l d r t
,

th t e p i wo 0 d 0 g
o n s i i t h t i i
an i f t h
1
a rei d ve n on ,
e ve ca ec on o e ax s , an

th t g
e t G B
an t t
enh p i t 0 , a e o n .

N i f 11 O
ow i t b t h t 1g t f 1
h p1
r b s l i o t h em p i t 0 e an en o s uc a a a o a n e sa e o n 1 ,

M m t b t h m i ddl p i t f OB
us e e e o n o I

i d f tri gl A B C ( fig 8 ) t h i ti i A B
1
.

B i f th
e c a us e e s es o a an e . ou c a c on c s ec on n I , 1 ,

C d AA an BB 00 dr w th by B i h Th r m th thr l 1 a re a n ; en r an c on s
’
eo e ,
es e ee

l i m t i p i t M d P B N C f r h rm i p i t N l t th
l , , , ,

ou a on c o n s ow e e
n es ee n a o n an 1 l a re .

, , , ,

i d CB d wi th i t A r d t i fi i ty th ti b m p r
,

s e an i I ec e e o n n ; e co n c s ec on ec o es a a a

b l wi th rt i l i th rti l l i M Q ( fig 7 ) j i i g th p i t f i t r
, ,

ve ca ax s : e ve ca ne o n n e o n o n e
o a, I .
 3 1] nu mer i ca l m etho d s of m a ox i ma ti o 19 1
'
n

s ec ti on o f t g t M0 d M0
th e t w o an en s 1 an 1 , t o t he middl p i t e o n of 001 wi l l b e a

d i m t r f th p r b l
a e e od rti l e a a o a, a n s o ve ca a nd pa ra ll l t A B
e o , ,.
A t th m ti m i t i i d t
e sa e e s ev en

th t h middl p i t f M Q i
at e e o n o I s

a no th r p i t f t h p r b l
e o n o e a a o a .

Th r i l i
e e n y impl w y f
es a ve r s e a o

c on str ti g y mb r f t
uc n an nu e o ra

j t i d
ec or es a n f dr wi g th t g t o a n e an en

a t an y rbi tr y p i t J i M wi th
a ar o n . o n ,

th emi ddl p i t Q f 0 0 d e o n o 1 an

bi t M Q i F th P i
s ec , th r n , en s ano e

p i t
o n f t h tr j
o t ry d th e a ec o ,
an e

t g t t thi p i t i th l i
an en a s o n s e ne

j i i g P wi th th mi ddl p i t f 0
o n n e e o n o
‘

OM] ; a n d s o on
Fig 7
.

Th e n e xt q ti i t ttl th ues on s o se e e
. .

wa y i whi h th r g th p rt f th b i
n c i b tw eh d p rtan O e, e a o e a s c s sa ax s e ee n t e e a ure
an d p i t f d t h ld b d i i d d i t OA A A A A
o n o es c e n Th ,
s ou e v e ,
n o I , l g, 2 3 , e c on

str ti wi ll t r lly b m r
uc on t i f mb r f p i t A A A
na u a e o e e xa c ,
a nu e o o n s, ,, 2, 3, a re

F thi p rp
or ith r s u os e , w e c an e e

( ) S l t th di i i
a th t h tim l m t
e ec e ll q l v s on s s o a t e e e e en s A tl ,
A tg , a re a e ua

thi h h d t g th t th l gth R 0 3 0
s as t e a ll b dr w wi t h t h
va n a e a e en s I 1, 2 2, c an a e a n e

Fi g . 8

sam tti g f th mp
e se n tho th r h d th r i th i
e co as s ; on e o e an e e s e n c on v e n en c e i th ta

i t rp l ti i r q i r d i Kr pp T bl
n e o a on s e u e n u
’
s a e .

( b) O t h d i t 0 A
r A A A A
e b m d q l
s an c e s ] , 1 2, 2 3 ,
can e a e e ua ,
a nd t he r
c o re

s
p d
oni g l i t y n d t i m i
ve oc t r l t h b
an t k e n e va s A tl , A t2, ca n en e a e n o ut of K r upp s
’

( ) Fi cll y t h i t r i g p
na i t A A A,
b e n e ve n n o n s I , 2, 3 , ca n e c h os e n on the
h ri t l pr j ti t y d i d i t r l d t h rr p d i
o z on a o ec on a an e s re n e va ,
an e co es on n
g t i m i t r l e n e va

At t k fr m K rupp T bl Thi pr d r i th whi h l d t th

’
a en o s a e s oc e u e s e on e c ea s o e

im
.

ul t i
r es th lp t d i t m r i f Kr pp T bl d
n e s es an e as es anne u
’
s a es o n ot re qi t b u re o e

d with i t rp l ti by h i g uit bl but rly q

us e n e o a on , c oos n s a e, n ea e ua l l gth f en s or

OA I , A 1 A 2, A 2 A 3 ,
Exa mpl es are g i ve n blw
e o .
 92 S ec on d gr oup of [ 0 11 v

I f we a re to a vo id th e i t r ti
t i fl t tr j t ry tn e s ec on of the t a n ge n s n a a a ec o a

t m ll lg th l f th rd i oo s a an a n e, e s ca e o e o

t l i i r d th r g X n a e s a on e s n c ea s e ; e an e on

t h dr w i g i t lt r d t h r by e a n s no a e e e e .

F t h r i f d t wi h t m ur e we o no s o eas ur e

t wi t h t h mp th m ll l gth ou e co as s e s a en s

B 0 B 0 d t t th m t h 1 1 , 2 2,
an o se e ou on t e

di gr m i whi h h r m a a ,
n c cas e t e e r ors a c c u u

lt i i y l l t h di t a e, t s ea s to ca c u a e t e s a nc es

B 0 C 0 C 0 th t l l m r d 1 1, l 2, 2 3 , a a re a ea s u e

f m h i i ti l t g t d th mbi ro t e n a an en ,
an en c o ne
Fig
th m i 9
m r m t ( fig e n on e ea s u e en .

S upp os e th wi th q l l gth OA = A A
en, eth di t ua B 0 B 0
en s 1 1 2 e s a n c es 1 1, 2 2,

B 3 03 , a re d t d r p ti ly by
en o e it i
es y t h th t
ec ve s] ,
3 2, 3 3 ,
s ea s o s ow a

B 1 01 = 81,

a n d s o on

l gth by m r dd i ti hw hm
.

T h es e en s a re gi ve n e e a on , a s s o n i n th e sc e e

a a l a

b a +b 2a + h 3a + b

a + b+ c 3 a + 2b + c 5 a + 3 b+ c

d a + b+ c + d 4 a + 3 b + 2c + d 7a + 5b+ 3 c + d

thi pr d th r i h di d t g i r
B u t, i n s oce u re e e s t e sa va n a e, r es ti
pec ve of th e ou tr bl
e of

t h pr li mi
e ry l l ti th t f pr l g ti f
e na ca c u a on , a or a o on a on o t he n a i i ti l t
a n en OB I a t
g
v ery l rg h t f dr wi g p p r m t b mpl y d
a e s ee o a n a e us e e o e .

Ex a mp l es o f th e g r a p h i c a l p r oced ur e .

1 . Ex a mp l e l l i ty m/ th gl f d p rt
. G i ven th e i iti
n a ve o c v0 s ec , e an e o e a ur e

f rth r P ( kg) th w i gh t f th
u e h ll d R ( m ) i t r
e e o ti w lle s e an
2
1r c
?
s c os s s ec on , a s e as

t h f rme o ffi i t i c oe c en .

T d t rm io th r
e e g X t h ne t g l f
e d an t eh rd i,
t e ac u e an e o e s ce n a) , t e c oo na es

( y
x8 ,) f ,
h rto t h
t w h l t
e vei m f fli gh t T t
ex , h fi l e l i t y o e d f y e o ,
e na ve oc v,3 an or a n

g i v en h r i t l d
o i t z on a t d t rm i t h rd i t
s an ce x ,y f t h tr j t r
o y th e e ne e o na e o e a ec o e

tim f flight d th l p 9 f th t g t t th h ri
,

e o t, a n e s o e o e an en o e o z on .

Th h ri e t l r g i pp d t b d i i d d i t
o z on a an e s mb r f ( rly
su os e o e v e n o a nu e o n ea

2
R
e q l ) p rt OA A A A A
ua a s d ft r p pl i t i
I , 1 2, f th f t r =
2 3 ,
P
8i
an a e a ca on o e ac o a
.
7r

w e us e K r pp T b l t u l l t h h ri t l l i ty t th r p di g
’
s a e o ca c u a e t e o z on a v e oc a e c o res on n

p i t
o n s A A A I ,
d h t i
2, m f fli gh
3
t ,
= F r
an m t h t rr e p d i g es o t 2A t . o e co es on n

tim i t r l th f ll d r g i ty { g i l l t d d th
e n e va A t, e a un the ra v y At 2
s ca c u a e ,
an en c e e

di t s a n c es B 0 B 0 B 0 1 1, fi
( g Th 2
tr j2, t r y fr 3m O3, t h p i t f . e a ec o o
'

,
e o n o

d p rt r i th
e a u e, tr t d bi t by bit f ll w Mi ll im tr r l d p p r i
s en c on s uc e , ,
as o o s : e e u e a e s

tk
a d
en , a n i t t l rg l ( f i
on o a f i f try w p 1 mm = 2 m
a e s ca e or n s ta n c e , or n an ea on s ,

t 5 m f
o rti ll ry 1 mm = m t 20 m) th i t r l
: or a e ,
h d w
5 o e n e va s Ax c os e n a r e ra n , or
1 94 S econ d gr oup o f [ C PL V

Con s e q tly th f ll i
ue n e o ow n g n u mb r e s a re th os e r q ir d t
e u e o be tak en f r m th
o e

Ta bl e .

Ho r i z o n t al
Kr“PP S Ta bl e
’

ve l o c i ty u
EM se c

Th e r l es u ts of th e g r phi l l ti
a ca so u o n a re a s fo ll w
o s :

R a n ge X = 4501 m ,

l fd t
Ang
( =
°
e o m 2 t
es ce n 4 a n (0

T t l ti m
o a f fli gh t T 18 0 e o : s ec ,

Fi l h ri t l l i ty = 1 7 9 m/
na o zo n a v e oc s ec ,

F l l ty 1 9 3 m/
179
i na v e oc i 1 s ec ,
3}
,
2 c os 4 5

Ab i f th t = 260 0 m
s c s sa o e ve r e x ,

Ord i t na e 12 m 4 .

Mo r
e o ve r th dr wi g e b m
a d di r tly t gi
n ca n e eas ur e ec o ve the

t
a n ge n t ,
an d t h h i gh t f fli gh t
e e o

0 m
° '
9 12 38
° '
11 31
° '
8 45
° '
4 55
° '
0 52
3 94 5

18 8 5
0 to a b t 02 m
ou

Ini ll tr ti f th r m rk
us a on o e e a s on th e i rti
ns e on dditi l p i t t h
of a on a o n s on e

tr j t ry th dd iti l p i t P i
a ec o ,
e a on a o n s c on s tr t d
uc e i t h dr w i g b tw
n e 0 a n e een
8
an d 0 ; 0 0 i dr w bi
9 tdi Q
8 9 s a n, s ec e n ,
an d P is th m i ddl p i t f M Q
e e o n o ,, .

( )
b Exa m p l e : 2R = 24 cm ; P = 2I 5 kg ; vo = 6 40 m
/ 8 t h
s ec
g r d; ,
on e oun ,

i=1 0 476 .
 3 1] n un wr i c a l me tho d s of app r ox i ma ti o n 195

Al l wi
o ng fo r t h e a lt r ti
e a on o f a i r d i ty e ns ,
we h a ve

X = 13 6 5 0 m , (o 27
°
v, = 307 5 °

m/ sec , T= 3 7 3 s ec .

F r m l l ti o ca c u a on
( Ta bl e, Vo l . IV , no . 1 2a ) t h e re s u lt bt i d w
s o
°

a ne e re

X=
=1 4 1 7 0 in , w=33
°
m/ s ec , T= 3 S I '
s ec .

( )c Exa mpl e : v0 = 4 65 m/ s ec ,
1
E
0 1 5 48 , X = 40 7 5 m ( obs e r d ve

4 000 m) ,
T s ec
( o b r d
se ve 13 0 s ec ) ,
ve =z 25 3 m/ se c r( a n ge t bla e

x ,
= 225 0 m , y,
= 2l 4 m .

2 . P robl em . G w ll th h p d
i ve n t he r a n ge X i i ti l l i ty
,
n a ve o c v0 , as e as e s a e an

m f th h ll i P 2R i T fi d th gl f d p rt r d d th th r
as s o e s e ,
n , , . o n e an e o e a u e ) ,
an e o e

e elm t en s .

A b f r s r
g p hi l l t
e o e, a i i th b t t mpl y t ki g pr i i l
a ca so u on s e es o e o , a n a o v s on a

l f j l t d by mp ri with th r g t bl A t i r g X
v a ue o ( ) ,
s e ec e a co a s on e an e a e . cer a n an e ,

i s bt i d t gr i g
o a ne tly with th gi X B t th tr j t ry i
,
no a ee n e xa c e ve n . u e a ec o s re

l d w g l ik rigid l i b t th ri gi 0 ti l th r g b m
v o ve or s un e a ne a ou e o n ,
un e an e ec o es

t h gi e X Th gl t thr gh whi h t h r j t ry m t b t r d d w
ve n . e an e Ac ,
ou c e t a ec o us e u ne o n

w d m t th b btr t d fr m th gl f d p rt r d ( m t b
ar , us en e su ac e o e an e o e a u e ) , or us e

a dd d) Th r by (b i bt i d d i N 1 th th r r lt ll r f rr d
e . e e s o a ne ,
an as n o . e o e es u s, a e e e

t th tr
o r g b i
e ue i an e as a s c s s a ax s .

T k th a m m ri l mpl wi th X 4 3 00 m t fi d
e e sa e nu e ca e xa e, :
; o n

Th tr j t y i fi r t e tr t d wi th
a e c or s th s i h c on s uc e as w as e c as e n t e

e xa mpl b wh th r g e a f
o ve , d t b 4 5 0 1 m Th tr j t ry i w
en e an e was oun o e . e a ec o s no

t r d b t 0 ti ll th r g i 4 3 00 m th
u ne a ou ir l r i d e ri b d b t
an e s us a c cu a a rc s es c e a ou

a tr 0 wi th r d i 0 W = 3 OO m tti g th tr j t ry dr w l dy i
c en e a us , 4 ,
cu n e a ec o a n a r ea n

W d 0 W i dr w whi h i t h tr
,
an b i
s i a n, c s e ue a s c s sa ax s .

Th lg W O W d thr gh whi h th t r i m d i gi by
e an e , or A ), ou c e u n s a e, s ve n

t an d A ) d 1 d t hi gl i t b A ) b tr : t d fr m
°
t h p an s an e s o e su ac e o e re

i
v o us a n
gl f d p rt r e o e a u e .

3 P bl m Gi n r
. ro
g X de gl f d
.
p rt r d ve d l P 2 B
an d i e an an e o e a u e ) ,
an a so , , an .

T fi d
o d th
n th r q t i t i
v0 a n e o e ua n es .

Th impl t pr d r i t h
e s r g t b l w i th l f
es oc e u e l s o c o os e a an e a e, a v a ue o v0 as c os e

as b f
ca n d th gi e Th
ou n w i t h t h i i t i l h ri t l l i ty
to e ve n vo . en e n a o z on a v e oc

v0 c os
d m p l y K r), e
p p T b l d m k o t h dr w i g A ru g X ’
i s b t i ad es , a n a e e a n . an e , s o a ne

th r by b t t i d ti l wi th th gi X I f X i m ll r th X l t
e e ,
u no en ca e ven .
, s s a e an ,
s e ec

ano th r l f t gi r g gr t r th X d m k th r dr wi g
e va ue o v0 , o ve a an e ea e an ,
an a e a no e a n

whi h d t rm i
c e ed r g X Th by i t rp l ti b tw X X
n es a s e c on an e 2 . en n e o a on e ee n ,, 2,

an d X l i f d f t h i i ti l l i ty
,
a v a ue s ou n o e n a ve oc v0 .

A i g f l b r r lt fr m t l l ti g
s av n o a ou d tim th mpl t es u s o no c a cu a n a s e c on e e co e e

l i t f th l f 0 A A A
s o e v a u es B B 0 Th fi r t i t r l l
o
, ,
i , 2, , 2 2, e s n e va a on e s

i r d d i mi i h d d t h t h r m b r r m i
n c eas e or n s lt d whi l h
e ,
an e o e nu e s e a n un a e re ,
e t e

h ri t l l i t y t O d t h fi r t t p
o z on a v e oc 0A ad h fir ,
d pB 0an e s s e Ax , or
1
an t e st ro , ,

a re d i ff r t e en .

P bl m Gi
4 .
d
ro d X e d t rm . i t h f t r ( f
ve n vo , i t ) ,
an ; to e e ne e ac o a or ns a n c e, to
fi d i wh
n P 8
, d 2R gi
en ) , ,
an a re ven .

Thi imp rt t pr b l m whi h r q i r i m th d d bl l l ’

s o i Si
an o e ,
c e u es n ac c s e o a ou e ca c u a

ti on a n d b q t i t rp l t i su d
se ly by th mpl ym t f h
uen n e d ry o a on , an on e e o en o t e s ec on a

13 — 2
1 96 S ec on d gr oup f
o
[ on v

fun c ti rid t
on s c a n be ca r e ou

w i th ( b t th
ea s e , l ly f u en s o e or

th e f
cas e o m ll gl f a s a an e o

d p rt r ) r q ir h r
e a u e ,
e u es e e a

d blou etr ti f th c on s uc on o e

tr j t ry Th m t
a ec o . e os c on

i
v en en t pr d r ft r m oc e u e, a e co

p ria w i th i t b l r g
s on a su a e an e

t bl i t
a e, m s l o ass u e a va ue

o f t a, tr t th to c on s uc e ra

j t y
e c or d t d t rmi
,
an o e e ne a

l X f h r g th
va ue , o t e an e ; en

as s u m th r l f e ano e v a ue o a

an d d t rm i th r X
e e ne ano e 2;

th i t rp l t
en n e o a e .

It i i d t th th ts ev en en a

thi g phi l pr d r i
s ra ca oc e u e s

no t i t bl f t h l l
su a e or e ca cu a

t i f r g t bl b t i t
on o a an e a e, u

i s d tg f
a va n a e o us or a ca s e ,

wh r e e k w
s o, a a re no n,

an d ri f i t rm d i t
a se es o n e e a e

p i t
o n s f th tr j t ry o e a ec o a re

r q ir d t b f d
e u e o e oun .

A d i np r b l m ( )
2 n o e an

i t i g ti m t b m d
n ve s a on us e a e

as t wh th r h ti lt i g f
o e e t e n o

t h tr j t ry i
e p rm
a ec o i ib l s e ss e

o r n ot .

m th d h ld t
Th e e o s ou no

b mpl y d f
e e gl o f e or a n a n e o

dp te r
ar ure ov e

Th m th d b
e e o can e c on

sid d t b
ere gr p hi l od e a a ca e

l pm t
ve o f th en d o e s e c on

gr p ouf m t h d f o l t i e o s o so u on .

It b
c an pp l i d h e af e to eac o

th rr p di g t bl S
e co es on n a es . o

l
a so d 023 )
'
hr
an y c an e e

b h
e c d ir d
os e n a s es e .

Rem a rks .

1 . Th e w rk f A I dr o o . n a

( 1 8 8 6 ) on Gr phi B ll i
“
a c a s

ti cs
”
is b d th f ll
as e on e o ow

i ng id ea s

I n fi g 3 a ove , a n d i n a . b
v a c uum , t h e po n s 0 , 0 2 0 3 i t
on the tr j t ry
a ec o a re th e
 CH A P T ER VI

I n v e s ti ga t i o n of m o d e r n m e th o d s of c al c ul a ti on ,

an d of th e i r a c c u ra c y

§ 3 2 c lc l ti
. Th ef tr j t ry c rdi g t th f rm l
a u a on s o a a ec o a co n o e o u ae

i bj t t d bl r r
n u s e a re s u ec o a ou e e ro .

Th fir t p rt f th
e rr r ri i th t th Chi f Eq ti i
s a o e e o a s es n a e e ua on n

t h b lli tic p r bl m c
e a s t b i t gr t d ctly b t i tr t d
o e an n o e n e a e exa , u s ea e on a

m th d f ppr im ti
e o o a d thi i di ff r t i t h V ri
ox a ytm
on , a n s s e en n e a ou s s s e s .

Th d p rt f th rr r ri fr m th f t th t th
e s e c on a o e e o a s es o e ac a e

f cti
un f thon i r i t or c m pri i g c ffici t f f rm d ity
e a r e s s an c e , o s n oe en o o ,
en s

o f i d it
a r an ri ti t i s va t k w with c r y
a on , e c .
,
s no no n a c u ac .

B t t th pr
u t tim it i t y t k w which f th
a e es e n rr r e s no e no n o es e e o s

i th m r
s e ri o e se ou s .

Th di ff r t ppr im t m th d
e e en f c lc l ti
a m t th r f r
ox a e e o s o a u a on us e e o e

b t t d i
e es e rd r t , t h m g it d
n o e f rr r ri i g fr m t h
o s ee e a n u e o e o a s n o e

m th d f i t gr ti
e o o d l n e h w f th a rr r i t h i t gr ti
on , a n a so o ar e e o s n e n e a on

c t rb l c
ou n e th r
a an e on e a n o e .

Th m d r m th d
e f l ti
o e n h t h f ll wi g i c mm
e o s o so u on a ve e o o n n o on .

A b f r s d t th l city i th tr j ct ry 9 t h l p
e o e, v eno es e ve o n e a e o , e s e e

t t h h ri
o e f t h t g t f t h p th t t h tim
o zon o e f flight f ( )
an en o e a ,
e e o , c v

th i r i t c r t rd ti
e a r- e s s a n e t y p i t ( y)
e a t h tr j ct
a ry on , a an o n x on e a e o .

Th ct Chi f Eq ti f t h pr bl m i th
e ex a e ua on o e o e s en

i ) COS

As pp r
an aim ti ox a on , th e tw o l 9 c t i d i
va u e s o f c o s , on a n e n t he s qu ar e

br ck t
a tr t d
e s , are ea e as c t t l g t h tr j t ry
on s a n a on e a ec o ,
an d r pl c d
e a e

by th ir m e l ea n va u e s , a an d 7 r p ti ly th t es ec ve : so a

g d ( v c os 9)

wh r e e u
 3 2] Mod er n methods of c a l cula ti on a nd the i r a cc ur a c y 199

hi
T s d ffe i r ti l q ti b tw
en da e ua on e een it an 9 is i t g bl
n e ra e ;
va ri bl a e s a re s e
p r t d T h r f r w bt
a a ei . e e o e e o a n

2
0
( D 0
—fTu
a
Ta o)
:YC ,

t an 9= t an
¢ ( J u
—J lt
o );

y x ta n ( b J uo D
( u D uoll ,

wh r e e

29
f( )
’
u

hi y t m f l ti
T s s s e d p di g o th b m ti d
so u on s , e en n on e a o ve en on e

g r l pr c d r m y b c ll d th M d r S y t m ( c m p r
en e a o e u e, a e a e e o e n s e o a e

Ch pt r V 2 d gr p f l ti
a e ,
n ) ou o so u on s .

I l l f th m
n a rr r i pr t b c
o e an d 7 h b e o s es en ,
e a us e 0
'

an a ve ee n

as s um d c t t wh r i r lity th y
e on s a n , ri bl l g th e ea s n ea e ar e va a e a on e

tr j ct ry
a e o .

Th y di ff r m r
e r i th ch ic f th l m r
e o e ov e l n e o e o e va u e , o e or ess

a
pp r imox t f a e,d 7 o a
”

an .

Wh th bj ct i m r ly t ttl th c rr p di g rr r d
en e o e s e e o se e e o es on n e o ,
an

t cl
o i fy th y t m cc rdi g t th rr r th c m p ri m t
as s e s s e s a o n o e e o ,
e o a s on us

b m d
e a th e m l w f i r i t c i cl di g t h f rm
on e sa e a o a r es s an e, n u n e o

c ffici t i d i d ity 8 d f rth r t h m gl f d

oe en an a r en s , an u e e sa e an e o e

p rt
a r 4
u e d i iti
) l l city
an ; d th
n t h i tig
a ti m t
ve o v0 an en e n ves a on us

d t rmi
e e t h m g it d
ne f the rr r i th ighb rh d f th
a n u e o e e o n e ne ou oo o e

ve rt d t th
ex, an d f t h tr j t ry
a e en o e a ec o .

C r i g th m th d f i tig ti C chy L w
on c e n n e e th o o n v es a on , au
’
s a on e

a
pp r im t
ox l tia e f di ff r
so u ti l q ti m ont fir t b o t t d a e en a e ua on us s e s a e .

S ppu di ff r ti l q ti dy E ( y ) d b tw t h ri bl
os e a e en a e ua on x, x, e e en e va a es

x d y
an S t rti g fr m
. gi p i t y t k
a n rbitr ry m ll
o a ve n o n xo o, a e an a a s a

i cr m t A
n e en d l l t th c rr p di g A y = F ( y ) A ;
x, an ca cu a e e o es on n x0 , o x

a s e c on d p i t ( A y A y ) i bt i d th c r
o n x x, s o a ne on e u ve .

Pr c d fr m thi p i t i t h
o ee o m w yt th r thi d p i t
s o n n e sa e a o an o e r o n ,

an d b uildi g p i cc i t h i t gr l c r
s o on , n u p lyg n su e s s on e n e a u ve a s a o on

o f m ll fi it
s a tr ight l m t
n e s a e e en s .

Th if eni t h gr t t e l f th di ff r t A i cr m t
s e e a es va u e o e e en x n e en s ,
 00 Mod er n m eth od s [ 0 11 V I

fu rth r i f A e t th gr t t m ri l l th t cc r
,
B , C d en o e e ea es nu e ca va u e s a o u

81
o fF
25 8; ,
r p cti ly b
,
tw t h t rti g esd t h e d p i t f
ve ,
e e en e s a n an e en o n o

t h c rr p
e di gp rt f th r
o es on d i f i th n mb r f l m t a o e c u ve , a n n s e nu e o e e en s

e mpl y d th th rr r f y t th d f thi p rt m p r d with

o e , en e e o o a e en o s a co a e

t h tr e l f y lw y
ue v a u e o i s a a s

Thi pr c d r w s m pl y d by S t R b rt i
o e u e m pl with as e o e o e n an exa e

s m ll i iti l l city wh r h t rt d with th f cti

a n a ve o
f 5 which
,
e e e s a e e un on
1)
2
1

c h g an ly l wly ; d h h t h bt i d
e s on s o pp r limit t t han e as us o a ne an u e o e

e rr r o .

Thi m th d i l gr t l b r i f th
s e o r yi t b n vo ves h ea a ou e ac cu a c s o e s uc

as i r q ir d i t h pr
s e u tc e n e e s en as e .

O thi c t t h f ll wi g m th d w i tr d c d by th
n s ac o un e o o n e o as n o u e e

au th r o i rd r t bt i r l N rm l l ti n o f e o o a n s e ve a
“
o a so u on s o

t h tr je t ry pr bl m f p r p
a ec o f c m p ri o e ,
or u os e o o a s on .

M y ki L w f Z a e vs w
’
m d
s b i ; thi t k
a o
“
on e s as as s u e as a as s s a es

a r i t c f cti
es s an with e i t g r f l citi fr m 5 5 0
un on v
"
,
n an n e e ,
or v e o es o v

m / c d w w rd I
se ,
h
o th
n Chi f Eq ti
a . b i t n s uc c a s es e e ua on can e n e

gr t d a e tly c r m t h w r b t k th t th
exa c : a et t f us ,
o eve , e a en a e c on s a n s o

i t gr ti
n e adj t d on t m k a ret h ch g c ti
a us efr m ,
s o as o a e e an e on n uous o

on e z on et th r o an o e .

Th r l ti b tw
e d 9 i th
e a k w ; i p tic l r th
on e e en v an s us no n n ar u a e

ve rt l ity i k w w h r 9 0
e x v e oc v, s no n, e e .

f 0 2

Th f cti t 9 th b c lc l t d i iJ v s ec
f 9
e — un on s o , ’
an , , can en e a u a e n
g 9 9
t rm f 9 Th f cti
e s o ft r th y h
. b d t rmi d f
es e un ons ,
a e e a ve een e e ne or a

nu mb r f l e f 9 ot b h w gr phic lly
va ue s o l rg ,
a re o e s o n a a on a a e

s cl a e .

Fi lly th mm ti f
na e su a on o

x = v
2
d9 , y
= 2
t an 9d 9 , t v s ec 9d9 ,

is rri d t ith r by pl im t r i t gr ph
ca e ou e e a an e e or n e a .

S i c t h pr b bln rr r f m r m t by pl i m t r
e e b o a e e o o ea s u e en a an e e c an e

d t rmi d
e e
p rc t g f t
ne h ct l c r by m
as ri g a e en a e or e a ua u ve e as u n a

circl q r f imil r r th pr b bl rr r w
e or s ua e o f s a a ea, e o a e e o s , ,
10 2 , o

th i di id
e l p rti
n f c r d li
v r i th m r m t
ua o on s o u ve - ne a ea s n e eas u e en a re

k w no n .
20 2 Mod ern meth od s [ GI L V I

8
;
3 wh r
fi ( D idi on , May e vs ki Wui c h )
'
0
7 e e a v.
r e)
. .
,

4 . 0
'

y
}
z
wh r , e e a i s th e a rithm tic m e ea n o f t he l
va ue s of s e c 9

at t h e po i t f d p rt r
n o e a u e, an d a t th rt ( 9
e ve ex so th t a

1
}( s ec d) 1)
( S t Rob e rt) .

y
i wh r i0
'

, e e a s t he g m tric m eo f th e e an o e l
va u es

m ti d ben th t
on e a ov e , so a a ( He li ) e .

6 y 1
. th t a
'
«
,
so a u v c os 9 ( im p lifi d p r c d r
s f e o e u e o S i acci ,

em pl y d l by F Kr pp)
o e a so . u .

9
7 . a c os
d ) , y B c os
2
(b ,
so th t
a u
v c os
an d th r e ei n
c os ( ) i
3 tan 2
9 d9
2 s i n 2¢ f ( V0 ) 4 9
2
ta n ) c os

wh r e e V0 i s d fi d by
e ne V0 an d X i s th e h ri
o t
z on a l

r g
an e .

T hi i S i i pr c d r 1 8 8 8 ( S i i I I ) d 1 8 9 6 ( S i i I I I ) ;
s s ac c
’
s o e u e ac c an acc

in b th th
o l ti th pr ci pl f c m p ti f th i t
es e so u on s e i n e o o en s a on o e n e

g ra ti rr r i th m ; d i ff r t l w f i r i t c
on e o s e sa d e e en a s o a r e s s an e a re u s e .

8 .Th m but B 1
e sa d e as an so

=c =
¢ y ¢
2
a os ,
f
c os ,
u

9 . a = c os
¢ ,
r
y
= B c os ¢ 2
,
wh r B
an d 87 u ’ e e ’
d c os )

as a fir t ppr im ti
s a ox a on : it i th c l l t d m r cc r t ly thr gh
s en a cu a e o e a u a e ou

the r l ti
e a on

6f ( ) 90 5f ( ) us C OS
?
( )
i 6f ( v0 ) 5f ( ) Us

5
4 3 4
v0 c o s < v,

i iti l l city
n art ve o , v8 ve ex ve o l city l f t th rt
,
as va u e o u a e ve ex ,

so th t a
f ( )
u, i t h
v8
v s e va ri bl p rt f th f cti f i
a e a o e un on o a r re
d c os )

i t
s s an ce , a n d i t k fr m t h s a en o e co rr p di g
es l w
on n z on e a .

With c t t i d 8 thi on s a n an , s is V lli m th d ( V lli r I )

a er s
’
e o a e .
 33] f
o ca lc ul a ti on a n d thei r a c cur a c y 20 3

9
10
y .
B I a B
c os fir t « c os
2
( ) ,
u
v c os
an d for at s an
4 cos

a
ppr im t lox B §¢ th c t
a e h l m t c lc l
v a ue , t d c os z en e e e e en s a re a u a e ,

x, , t th rt w ll
a s , v, a 9 t th p i t ( y ) e vef e x , as e as u, , v, , , a e o n x, , , o

t h t j ct ry wh r t h
e ra eb ci 0 225
o ; th B i r,
c lc l t d
e e e a s s sa x, x, en s e a u a e

9f ( )
v1 4f
‘
( )
vs

u,
4
c os
2 4
v, c os
3
9, ”8
4

T hi s is an o th r pr c
e o e du r e of E . V lli r ( V lli r I I )
a e a e .

11 . P rcd r
h rb i r f fl t tr j ct ri o e Fir t l t u e of C a on n e or a a e o es : s e

o = = 1
y d =
r 9 T h c t h c,
t gl
an f d c t d u v c os . en e e a u e an e o es en to an

th fi l h ri t l l city
e na w l l t d A ft rw rd
o z on a ve o vx
,
ve c os a re c a c u a e . e a s

th c l l ti f th p th pr c d i tw p rt I th c di g
e a cu a on o e a o ee s n o a s . n e as en n

br ch i r pl c d by ( 1 i t
an c i which
s e a e c s , an
2
n

f c
i

I, v
) vx
°
2 f( )
v x

v, i s th e h rio z on a t l l city ve o ,
v c os 9 i n t h e pa
,
th ; so th t i a n the s
p e ci l a

c as e
’
1
v f ( v ) xo
_
_
vO c os d) .

2 f
I n the d c di g br ch
es en n an c i s t o be r pl c d by
e a e c ( +
1 % xw ta n w ) , g

wh r e e

33 . A ll th tr j ct ry c lc l ti w r m d with th m
es e a e o a u a on s e e a e e sa e

sh ll with th
e , e sa m i 8
e v0 , d w ith t h m lw b ;
, ,
an e sa e z on e a s as a ov e

t h T ble f a es or D ( ) J ( ) T( ) A ( )
u , d B fSiui II
, d III u ,
u , an o acc an ,
a re

t b f
o di e oun n th L h e m S h f W H yd r ich 2 d di ti
e r e vo c us s o . e en e , n e on ,

B rli 1 9 0 8
e n .

Th d t il e c lc l ti
e a s of t he a u a on s a re n ot h r gi
e e ve n ; on ly th fir t e s

cas ei p l i s ex d i f ll a ne n u .

1 . E mp l L t th i i ti l
xa l i tye . e e n a v e oc v0 465 m/ s ec ; th e ang el d p rt r
of e a u e

j
( ) 3 4 42d gr th w i gh t f h
e h ll P
ees , e e o t e s e = 6 85 k
g, th e
°

ca l ibr e 2R = 0 0 7 7 m '

the c oe ffi i t f f rm i
c en t t i=1 o o s c on s a n , ,
the ai r d i ty ens 8 is t t d
c on s a n an

1 2 00 kg/m 3
.
 04 Mod er n m eth od s [ OH V I .
'

Fi t rs z on e , frm o v= v
0
= 4 6 5 to He r e th e r l ti b tw
e a on e ee n v a n d 9
i s th e fo ll wio ng

2
e, v

( 7 7 ) 7r
0 0 2
9 81 1 2 00
°

-
x x x 0 0 3 9 4 ; l og 0 , 4 4 1 73 8
4 68 5 1 2 06
.

2
9( 1 8)
B , = ta n q) + ta n 2
[ J ( l <> l] if
1
? 0
1 7 40 52 ;

so th t a at we h ave

We a re hr e e at th e e n d of th e fir t s a nd b gi i
e n n n g of th e s e c on d z on e

d rm r t d by
.

S e c on z on e , f o v = v, = 4 1 9 to v= v =
2
3 75 . He e v an d 9 a re c on n e c e
.

the re a l ti on

( t %t )
3
an 9+ an 9 +B 2;

- - 5
x x 0 0 94 0 4 l og 0 2 79 19 ;
68 5 1 2 06
(6)
B 2 i s d e term m ed, th en , fr m th r l
o e e a t i on 9 33
°
v 4 19 and s o B2 0 0 1 7 0 269 .

Wh e n w e fin d 35
’
thi s i s th e b gi i
e n n n g of t he thi d r

Z O HO .

hi rd
5(
5
2 2 )
°
T zo n e ta n 9 + ta n 9 + 3
ta n 5
9 +B 3 ,

( 11 )
a nd th r e e l og 0 3 : 12648 5 4 ; and at t he b gi i g f t h thi d
e nn n o e r zo ne , R3 = 0 0 221 1 '
.

F or v = v3 = 29 5
,
21
’
thi i th b gi i g f th
s s e e nn n o e fou rth z on e .

(6)
th I 1

a nd
F
fo r
our zon e
3
v c os 3 9 g
17
°
n

an d
9
3
thi
ta n 9 3

i s th e
) + 0 0 1 223 5 8 ,

b gi i n n n g of
an d

th e
l og c 4

l t
as
7 58 78 5

z on e
s e .

Fi fth
2
2 g ( +p )
1
z on e 0 5 71

p
= ta n 9 l o c5 = 5 9 6 8 0 1
; g ( l i t y
a nd a t
) t 9 9 0, v v, ve rt e x v e oc ;a
v= at 9 = 21 4 06
( r t h d p i t f t h h ri t l r g )
v
‘
n ea e en o n o e o zo n a an e .

2
ti t 9 m t l l t d f g t mb r f l f
Th f e
g un c b on an us n ow e ca c u a e or a r ea nu e o v a u es o

th e gl 9
an d dr w gr p hi ll y
e , an l rg l i a n r l p rt fr m
a ca on a a e sca e n s e ve a a s, o
2
w i th 9 f b i rdi t
9 q =34 t 9= d
5
°
) o t 9 or a s c s sa , an an as o na e .

Th r f th e a ea o e t b m r d by th pl i o e eas u e e an

m t r i f r p rt I th f r t thr p rt
e e ,
ii ou a sq r m r pr t
. n e i sm ee a s , on e s ua e c e es e n s ,

i t h l t p rt
n e q r m r pr t
as a on e sm Th r d b d ry f h
ua e c e e s en s . e c u ve o un a o e ac

p rt
a i m sr d 1 0 t i m by t h
eas u e p l i m t r A t fi r st t h p l
es i m t r m e an e e . e an e e ea s ure

m t i t b rri d t p t t h p i t wh r 9 =
en s o e ca e ou i th
u ighb r o e o n e e n e ne ou

h d f th p i t f d
oo o t t th m l h ri t l h r t h rdi t y i
e o n o es c e n o e uzz e o zon a ; e e e o na e . s

ti ll 3 4 1 m ft r rd t y = 0 wh r = X
,

s : a e wa s o e e x ,

A t th p r b b l
s o rr r i th d t rmi ti f y d ri d fr m th q
e o a e e o n e e e na on o ,
e ve o e s ua re

of th rr r thi h d th l i 0 1 3 / th pr b bl r r f y f
e e o s, s a e va ue
'
0
0 :
e o a e e ro o as ar as
 20 6 Mod er n m ethod s [ OI L V I

2 . Ex a mp l e . P 6 9 kg, 23 0 0 77 m ,
v0 m/ 8
5 50 s ec , 1 2 06 kg/m 3 ,
i = 1,
I n Ta bl
r lt e g I I the f h es u s b i a re i ve n or t e t l i ty
v er e x v e oc v, ,
a s c s sa x, ,

o rd i t y tim f flight f th r th l m t
na e a, e o y f ,
ts
p i z t urr t h e e e e e n s v, x , ,
t or a o n n ea e

p i
o n t f f ll o h r 9 — 3
a 1 ,
l
w tl y t
e eh fi l l: i t y t °

g l f as e na ve oc v, ,
acu e an e o

d t r g X tim f fligh t T f th p i t f d t wh r y = 0
es c e n to , an e ,
e o or e o n o es ce n , e e

Al l th l m t rfrt h rm l tr j t ry d t l l tr j t i
.

“ ”
es e e e en s e e o t e no a a ec o ,
an o a a ec o r es

l l t d by th i m th d f th m l f i r i t
c a cu a e e va r o us e o s or e sa e aw o a r e s s a n ce .

Th m r m t by pl im t r f y d
e ea s u e en m d i 7 p rt an e e or an x w as a e n a s .

3 E .mp l b f r b t wi th j 4 ( T bl I I I ) P l im t r m r m t
xa e, a s e o e, u ( ) 5
°
a e . an e e ea s u e en

i 1 4 p rt
n a s .

4 E .mp l b f r b t wi th qb= 7 0 ( T bl I V)
xa e, a s e o e, u
°
a e .

Th fi r t = 50 t ) r h d h d ’
e ( s 4 1 9 zon e t v 1 2
5 5 6 t o ea c e o e s e c on zon e

( v= 19 t 3 7 4 ) d d o t 4 45 en t h t hi
e rd ( = 3 7 5 t 29
a ) t 5 0
'
e v o 5 a
’

th e f r th ( ou 29 t 24 0 ) t v= 5 th fi fth ( = 2 0 d l ) t
o a e v 4 an es s o

9 = - 77 thi
°
t i th rt s d h
z on e p i t f m i im m
c on a n s e ve ex an t e o n o n u

l i ty = 8 2 3 9 8 m / t 9
v e oc ,
v
'

th i th s ec( =2 0 t a 29 ) r hd e s x z on e v 4 o 5 eac e

fr m 9 = h d
° ’ ”
o 77 17 p t t 5 u o e en .

Th mm ti f th l f dv by pl im t r w rri d t i th
e su a on o e va ues o an e e as ca e ou n e

a s c en d i g b r h i 2 1 d i th d d i g b r h i 1 8 t p
n anc n ,
an n d f e es c e n n an c n s e s : an or
2

a b i 9 th l
s c s sa , 1 t 6 m f
,
e s ca e di t t 9 1 000 m t 5 m
w as
°
o c ; o r or na e, an ,
o c .

S mm t i u f i a on p r t t t h
or x m l
n t h t f t h d w i a g s ,
o e sa e s ca e a s a o e ra n .

S mm ti
u f tha l i
on o p rt e t l f b
v a ue s i 9 1 n 6 m l a s ; s ca e o a s c s sa , ,
°
to c ; s ca e

o f rd o t i na e,
0
d t
c os
m
v
o n e s ec on o 5 c .

9
Thi m pl s e xa h f e bw as th cSi i B t bl
os e n ior hi e ca us e e ac c a es n s

a
'

B l l i l ( 1 8 9 2)
zs t c t d fr m i iti l gl f ex e n d thi o t dd
an n a an e o an s w as e x en e

70 i th L k m S h f W H yd i h ( 1 908 T bl p d
°
to n e e r e vo c us s o . e e n re c ,
a es . an

t h r f r h p p l i t i f t h m th d
e e o e t e a ca h t p tr j t ri
on o b i ly
e e o to s uc s ee a ec o es w a s o v ous

c on s id r d e e .

T th r mpl w r w rk d t r l ti g t th m i iti l l ity

wo o e e xa es e e o e ou ,
e a n o e sa e n a ve oc

v = 5 om /5 b t t h ll f gr t r w i ght
se c , u o s e s o ea e e
o
.

5 E mp l
. P = 4 1 kg 2R = 0 1 m 8 1 2 0 6 i
xa e . 1 1 , p l i m tr i 5 , ,
:
, <) an e c

o p r
e a t i i 1 0 7
on s p rt M in i m m l i t y = a m s/ . t n 1 2 u v e oc ,
v s ec , w as a
°

6 E mp l . P 8 2 kg
xa 5 0 m/e . 212 :
m 8 1 2 06 i 1 ,
v0 : 5 s ec , ,
:
,
:
,

Th c rr p di g e o ri f fig r h w th t th cc r cy f
es on n se es o u es s o a e a u a o

th e
“
rm l tr j ct ri i ti f ct ry
no a
”
a e o es s sa s a o .

C m p ri g h w o a r th di ff r t m th d f l ti c t i d
n ,
o e ve , e e en e o s o so u on , on a n e

i 2 t 1 2 f th r g X fi l
n o or l city e an gl f d c t tim e , na ve o ve , a n e o es en 60 , e

o f flight T h ight f rt y & with t h c rr p di g fig r

,
e o ve ex , ,
c .
,
e o es on n u es

o f th rm l tr j ct y 1 d pr i g t h di ff r c
e
“
no a a e or
p , an ex es s n e e en e as a er

c t g f th rm l tr j ct ry w fi d f i t c i y
en a e o e no a a e tr m o ,
e n or ns an e n , an e x e e

e rr r f 1 3 / d i th r g f b t 29 / with
o o 9
o ,
an n e d
an e o a ou
°

o
an s o on .
21 0 Mod evu meth ods [ GEL v1

a
8 s 5
2 ? 3
w w m E
3 a a a
s
S
a
m s
"
s
. ” s

o w m
.

h é m
m m w

w
a
s
H
a u
s
e
: E m
.

:
.
H
H a
H o
s
8 8 6 a 5
a8 a
5 m s 5
? , ,
. .

A
.

s
. a a o
 3 3] f
o c a l cul a ti mi a nd thei r a ccu r a c y 21 1

T h
rr r ri es e tir ly i th pr c d r f i t g ti
e o s a se en d e n e o e u e o n e ra on , a n

c an b y ri ue ve r se o s .

S f th
o b lli ti q titi
ar as e c d by which t h a s c ua n es a re c on e rn e , e

m rit f th y t m f lc l ti i t b m r d w m y
e o e s s e o ca m u a on s o e ea s u e , e a as s u e

th t t h t t l r g X d th h ight f rt y
a e o a an e th th t an e e o ve ex , a re os e a

se r b t; b c
ve th
es th m t im p rt t q titi i
e a us e es e a re e os o an ua n es n

p r ctia d m r
c e, an r hibit t h gr t t
o e ovep r t g f r r ext h e ea es e cen a e o er o , e

tr j t ry b i g y
a ec o
p tibl
e n t ch g i
ve r r g rd t r “
gs us c e d e
”
o an e n e a o an e an

h ight f rt
e o ve ex .

Thi p tibility i
s s us c e m ch l i r p t f t h gl f d s c t u es s n es ec o e an e o es en

to : th f m pl wh 2R 7 7 cm d 4 4 5 ( E m pl 3 ) t h
us or e x a e, en an )
°
xa e e

a b l t l so u e f th rr r cc rdi g t th c i m th d
v a ue s o e to e o s a o n o e s u c e s s ve e o s

a re 38 16 , 05 , 08 p c t; d t ,
er en . an a

4 ) 1 8 1 9 ,
0 9 p c t
,
er en .

S t th o mb r f th tim f flight T t 03
oo e nu e sgi t h or e e o ,
a : ve e

f ll wi g di ff r c with r p c t t t h rm l l ti “ ”
o o n e en es 70 14 es e o e no a so u on : , ,

-
4 3 14 3 3 6 ,
11 p ,
c t d f th fi l l city
,
er en . an or e na ve o v,

for d 2B 7 7 cm r p cti ly
an 6 7 56 84 18 4 , es e ve , , , ,

1 2 8 101 ,
50 p c t
,
er en .

O thi cc t ly t h p rc t g rr r f th t t l r g X
n s a o un on e e en a e e o s or e o a an e

an d th rt h ight y will b w rk d t f th di ff r t m th d
e ve ex e , e o e ou or e e en e o s

o f l ti so u d fr m thi w ill b f
on , a n d th r g p rc t g f rr r
o s e oun e a ve a e e en a e o e o ,

th t i th m f th b l t l d i id d by t h
a s e su o mb r d r
e a s o u e va u e s v e e nu e un e

c on s id r ti ( = 6 e a 5on 4; m d t ll w f c lc l ti
u ,
or ,
or so e o no a o o a u a on ,

bc th S i
e aus e i T bl i L h
e accm S h f W H yd r i h da es , n e r e vo c us s o . e en e c ,
o

no t g f ogh ) a r e n ou .

Thi m th d f s r gi g i it bl t t h
e o o bc
a ve a i pr cti n s su a e o e cas e , e a us e n a ce

th e m f rm l
sa e m tly m pl y d f
o u a e a re ry di ff r t l f
os e o e or ve e en va ue s o

an gl f d p rt r d w ight f h ll ( Ob i ly i t d f th
e o e a u e an e o s e . v o us , n s ea o e

a ve ar g rr r th m q dr tic rr r
e e o ,
e b m pl oy d ean b ua a e o can e e e as an a so

l t m r f th m
u e eas u e o rr r ) e ean e o .

O thi cc t t h m th d f V lli r ( Fr c ) i b tt r th th
n s a ou n e e o o a e an e s e e an e

o th r f dj ti g t h rr r f i t gr ti ; d th f ll w t h
e s or a us n e e o s o n e a on an en o o s e

W i h m th d m pl y d i A tri which r pr
u c e o , e t light m di
o e n us a, e es en s a s o

fi tica f t h D idi
on o m th d e on e o .

B t th im plifi d m th d f S i i I with = 1 i q it
u e s e l e o o acc a s u e us e es s ,

c r i g whi h P Ch rb i r h c rr tly r m rk d th t it m t
on c e n n c . a on n e as o ec e a e ,
a us

a lw y gi t l g tr j ct ri it i
a s ve oo th t thi m th d with
on a e o es : s s e en a on s e o ,

an an gl f d p rt r e o th r e g will b 29 t l g
a u e e an e e oo on .

B th m dific ti V lli r I d I I V i r c d r ’
o
( o
) af l l on s
p a e an o a er s o e u e a re

1 4— 2
 21 2 Mod er n m eth od s [ GI L V I

ab t q liou e ua n a cc r cy I pr ctic th im pl r f rm l
u a . n a e e s e o u a of V lli r I
a e

will b t k e a en , a n d 8 i th
,
c lc l t d fr m t h q ti
s en a u a e o e e ua on

8 6 f ( ) i t f( ) us
b— fi
f ( v0 ) s ec
3
g
W
,
, “
us v0

v0 thei iti l l city th rt

n a ve o l city ,
2 2
v, e ve e x ve o ,
u
”

0
8
v, s e c

4 ) gl an f d p ert r o
f )( t h e
p rt
a f t h
u e, p r i f t
v h i e a o e ex e s s on or e a r

r i t c which i
e s s an e f cti f th s l city a f thun h ll ; y on o e ve o v o e . s e ,

ve rt h ight ; d t h f cti 1 Ky i pl c f 1 r pr t t h
ex e an e un on , n a e o e es e n s e

a l t r ti f i d ity i
e a on o a rq f t h h ight X
en s 0 0 0008
n c on s e ue n c e o e e ,

a cc rdi g t S t R b rt d V lli r 7t = 0 0 00 1 1
o n o o e Ch rb
an ir a e , on a on n e
’
s

c lc l ti
a u a on s .

C m p r d with t h S i
o a e i 8 t bl which i m r c e i tf
a cc ,
a e, s o e on v e n en or

us e th thi f rm l f 8 t h f rm ul h th d t g f g r
an s o u a or , , e o a as e a va n a e o en e a

l i ty d f gr t r cc r cy
,
an o ea e a u a .

I th m pl ym t f thi f rm l
n e e o with ry t p high gl
en o s o u a e ve n ve s ee an e

tr j t ri t h rr r
a ec o es , till b k pt withi m d r t b d With
e e o can s e e n o e a e o un s .

v0 50 0 m / c 212 3 7 cm P se 68 0 g i = 1 8
,
1 2 06 t h gr,
d r, , on e o un ,

1
<) t h tr j t ry we c lc u l t d
a ec o
p l im tric lly t ki asg i t a a e an e a ,
a n n o

a cc t t h lt r ti
oun ef i d a ity ; it w f d th t
e a on o a r en s as o un a

y 3 5 7 1 2 m 3 4 5 1 m
, / c , v, se .

O th n th r h d e i gl pplic ti
o e an f t h f rm l
, a g s n e a a on o e o u a a ve

y s
= 4164 m
( rr r ~ f = 3 44 m
e o / c o( rr r f 0 3 v8 se an e o o

At 1 th<) rm l l ti g e no a so u on a ve

1518 1 m y 3 43 9 5
x8 m ; , ,

w hil th f rm l g
e e o u a a ve

1 742 m y 4 1 3 8 m
x8 , , .

U lly i pr ctic th f rm ul f 8 will b m pl y d f

s ua n a e e o a or ,
e e o e or an

an gl f d p rt r t c di g
e o e a u e no e x ee n

Th r lt e b es u
p r d i t
canh f ll wi g
e ex m r es s e n e o o n ann e

Th b t l f 8 i f d wh t h b lli tic c ffici t '

e es va ue o ,
s ou n d en e a s oe en c , an

th 8 im pli d i
e ,
it d t rmi d p rim t lly ; thi i th c
e n ,
a re e e ne ex e en a s s e as e

f i t c wh
or n s an b id e, ( 212 P
en , 8 d i )
es t h r g
e s v0 ,X t h , ,
an ,
e an e or e

tim f flight T t h fi l l city

e o ,
or th gl f d c t i
e na ve o v8 ,
or e an e o es en to s

k w d th c i d t rmi d
no n an en e c
'
s e e ne .

B t th u i ll c en wh r w m t bt i th 8 l th
n a as es , e e e us o a n e ,
va u e eo

re ti lly t h
ca gr t t c r cy i bt i d
, e e a es th ac r g i f th
u a s o a ne on e a ve a e, e

V lli r y t m f f rm l i m pl y d
a e s s e o o u ae s e o e .
21 4 Mod ern method s [ 0 11 V I

Th e r lt
es u s of r h c lc l i
fou s uc a u a t on s a re gi ve n i n th e fo ll wi g
o n

Ta bl e, in whi h c
9 li)b tw 6 d
es e een
°
an

R a n ge X i n m i obs e r va t on
; i
a e r r or in m

Ca l ltd
cu a e a cco rd i ng t o La w I : 406 1 2
I I : 40 4 9 2
1 11 : 4 1 7 3 0

Ca l ltd
cu a e ac c o rdi ng to La w I : 4 9 19 1
I I : 4 959 1
11 1 : 5 0 6 4 8

Ca l ltd
cu a e acco rd i ng to La w I : 6 3 69 7
I I : 6 47 2 3
1 1 1 : 6 5 96 4

th
In m pl th r lt f th w rk d t h L w I f
e s e e xa es, e es u s o os e o e on e a o

Ch p l V lli r H j l r q ir d t b i cr
a e - a e - d ( mi g th c r y
o e e u e o e n eas e as s u n e a c u ac

o f th b r ti ) b t th L w I I I f S i i th r lt g
e o s e va on s ,
u on e a o acc ,
e es u s a ve

r g t gr t
an es oo ea .

Th r lt e t es ury d i ff r t d th rr r
s a re n o r l ti ly
s o ve e en ,
an e e o s a re e a ve

s m ll a .

W h t er ck with
a ve rr r ri i g fr m th i t gr ti
o e on an e o a s n o e n e a on

p r c d
o er f 5 6 / wh
u e o t h c lc l ti
°

i m0
d o, t h y t m
en f e a u a on s a e on e s s e o

Si i I I (L h
acc m S h f H yd r ich ) ;
e r e vo th t i thi c thc us s o e en e so a n s as e e

e rr r ri i g fr m t h B T bl w gr t r th th t ri i g fr m
o ,
a s n o e a e, as ea e an a a s n o

th i r i t c l w
e a r es s a n e a .

Th ch ic f th l w f i r i t
e o e o i t h thr e
p ific
a i t oc a r es s a n c e n e ee s ec ns an es

i p s ibly f m wh t light r im p rt c th th ch ic f th
os s o so e a s e o an e an e o e o e

s y t m f c lc l ti Th thr l w f i r i t
s e o a u a on . g d gh
e ee a s o a r e s s a n c e a re oo e n ou

t mpl y i pr cti l w rk ; till th y d impr m t

o e o n a ca o s e n ee ov e en .

A im pr n m t b r ch d o ve
p r limi
en ry wh can m thi g e ea e as a e na , en s o e n

l i h
e se s f ri i t d f
c os e n ity i L w I w ll i L w I I I
o ns ea o un ,
n a ,
as e as n a ,

f thor rm l h p f h ll
e no a s a e o s e .

Th pr bl m with t h B f V lli r
e o e th b l d th b i e o a e ca n us e s o ve on e as s
 3 4] of c a lc ul a ti on a n d the i r a c c ur a cy 21 5

of La w I as w ll e m t k ; l t r h w r th
as La w I I , an d the ean a en a e on , o e ve , e

q tiue s f p
on o ri m t ex i re i t c m t b c id
e n s on a r r d es s a n e us e on s e e .

R m k Th pr
e ar di g h ld m r ly f g f h li b m ti d Th
. e ece n o s e e or uns o t e ca ie en on e . e

s ttm ti tt b
a e en si d r d t h ld g d f ri fl b ll t Th l l ti
no o e c on s e e o o oo or e u e s . e ca c u a o ns

l ti g t h
re a n h
o s uc t b tt mpt d
ca s e s p ri m t
ave n o k w t ee n a e e as n o e x e e n s a re no n o

th r i whi h t h l f tr tw rthy f 1 p i lly

,

t h e au o , n c X d i e v a ue s o v0 , an a re us o or < ) es ec a ,

i
n c on s eq f th rr r f d p t r d j mp)
ue n c e o e e o o e ar u e a n u .

A s th
s oon a s Kr pp Eb rh rd e new l f i r it u 10 )
- d e a v a ue s o a r es s a n ce a re us e

f
or th tr ti f th prim ry d
e c on s uc on o d ry f ti i t wi ll b i ly b
e a an s e c on a un c on s , o v o us e

d i r bl
es a e th m f
t o us e h pr b l m e o r s uc o e s .
 CH A P T ER VI I

Th e h i gh a n gl e t r aje c t o ry Th e m e th o d .

o f s w i n gi n g t h e t r aje c t o r y

CA LC U L A TI ON o r A HI GH A N G LE TR AJ ECTOR Y . V ER TI CAL F I R E .

§ 3 5 . M o t i on
rt i l l i of a s h e ll in a ve ca ne .

S pp u h ll pr j ct d fr m 0 with i iti l l city

os e a s e o e rtic lly e o . n a ve o v0 v e a

u
p w rd a
; t h l
s city f t h h ll
e ve o d r t h i fl c f gr
o ity d e s e ,
un e e n ue n e o av an

i r i t c
a r will di mi i h m r
es s a n e, d m r d ft r c rt in s o e an o e, an a e a e a n

tim t will b r ; d th h ll will h r ch d i t m im m

e 1 e ze o an e s e a ve ea e s ax u

h ight Y
e .

A ft r th t it b gi e t f ll g i
a with r i iti l l ity ; t h
e ns o a a a n a ze o n a v e oc e

l city i cr
ve o d ppr ch
n m r d m r t limiti g l
ea s e s a n a oa es o e an o e o a n v a ue

v] d t rmi d by th q lity f i r i t c d gr ity th t

, e e ne e e ua o a r es s an e an av , so a

th m e m t t d t b c m i f rm O th th r h d h w r
ov e en en s o e o e un o . n e o e an , o eve ,

th el city f m t ri t
ve o o t rti g fr m p with ry m ch
a e eo c s on e , s a n o s ac e ve u

gr t r l city
ea e r
ve o m/ ,th ov e r g d p tr ti g s ec on e a ve a e, an en e a n

th tm ph r d triki g th E rth dimi i h m ch m r d will

e a os e e an s n e a ,
n s es u o e an

a
pp r ch oach l itysu i f ri r
a v e oc limit v1 a s a n n e o .

B f r th e o e h ll r h thi p ri r limit f i t l city it

e s e can ea c s su e o vl o s ve o ,

strik th gr d g i ft r t c d r k d fr m t h high t
es e ou n a a n a e 2 se on s, ec on e o e es

p i t
o n d i
,
t f
an ll i Y d i t s l ity
a m y b sd t d by an s v e oc a e en o e

Th m ti e f th h ll m t b c lc l t d p r t ly f th c t
o on o e s e us e a u a e se a a e or e as en

an d d c t es th tw p rt f t h m ti
en , as es e t ymm tric l o a s o e o on a r e n o s e a : on

th c e tr ry i th fir t p rt f t h c t i r i t c d gr ity
on a n e s a o e as en ,
a r es s an e an av

ac t i th n m dir cti b th r t rdi g th m ti ; i th c d p rt

e sa e e on , o e a n e o on n e se on a

of th d e t i r it e s c en d gr ity
,
a r t i pp it
es s d ir cti an c e an av ac n o os e e on s ,

th i r i t c r t rdi g b t gr ity cc l r ti g t h m ti
e a r e s s an e e a n , u av a e e a n e o on .

A s cend i ng Moti o n .

Le t th e c rdi t
oo na e
y b e r cke on e d p os iti ve u
p w rd fr m a o t he
o rigi n 0 .

S uppos e t h e s h lle to h a ve r ch d
ea e a h ight
e
y a b ov e 0 af etr t
21 8 ’
The hi gh a n gl e tr ajec tor y [ OH V I I .

Ex a mp l e G . i ven 0 4 , v0 = 7 00 m/ s ec . Ta k en e i th r fr m th
e o e Ta bl es , Vo l m IV
u e ,

or fr m th d i gr m
o e a a s

M ( O) M ( v0 ) Q (0) 28 5 0 , Q ( v0) 48 0,

so th t a t, 1 8 221 05 2 177 s e c on d s,

Y : 28 5 0 48 0 23 7 0 m .

D es cen di ng Moti on .

c rdi t
Th e oo na e y i s hr r k
e e ec on e d fr m o the high t es
p o n i t 0,
d w w rd nd th
o n a s, a en

dv
v —
g
— f
c ( v) y
dg
,

c dv
Y 7
o {I f( )
c v

th us the ve o l city of d es cen t is gi ve n af e tr Y ha s b een c lc l t

a u a ed

by
Bdore ov e r

+9 “
c
f( ) v ,
t

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

gi i g t
v n ti m f d c t
2 the e o es en .

A limi ti f b tw ( 6 ) d
n e na on o th r i t gr ti f v e e en an o r an o e n e a on o

th q ti
e e will gi th i t t
ua on di t c f th h ll fr m ve e n s a n an eous s an e o e s e o

t h gr
e d ft r y tim t i th d c di g m ti
o un ,
a e an e n e es en n o on .

If l w f i r i t c i
a a m d gi i g th r t rd ti f ( )
o a r es s an e s as s u e ,
v n e e a a on o v

i
n a m mi l f rm on o d i i t g r t h i t gr ti i t c
a o an n s an n e e ,
e n e a on s a on e

pos sibl W h e . l w f thi m mi

en l f rmz on e m d t h a s o s on o a o a re as s u e ,
e

i t gr ti m t b rri d t i
n e a on h us Wh e ca lytic l e ou n eac z on e . en an ana a

f rm ul i t k
o a f which t h i t gr ti
s a i
en , o t p ibl i fi it e n e a on s no os s e n a n e

f rm
o wh t h l w i pr d gr phic lly i t b l r f rm it
,
or en e a s ex es s e a a n a a u a o ,

i c
s i t t m pl y th Abd k A b k w i t i t gr ph
on v e n e n o e o e an - a an o z n e a ,
or a

p l im
an t r e e .

Di gr m a gi ai V l m f
s a re fi d i g Y fr m q ti ( 7 ) d fr m
ven n o u e I v, or n n o e ua on an t2 o

f th l =0 1 0 2 1 3 6
or e v a ue s c
°

, , , ,
.
 The h i gh a/ng l e tr ajec tor y 21 9

A s s ump ti on f th e q u a d r a ti c l a w ,
o
f( )
o v cv

( F o r 0 a nd the l
va ue o f K c on s u lt
Th e r lt
es u s a re a s fo ll wo s

1 . A s ce n d i ng m oti on f r om i n i ti a l vel oci ty v0

—
/
( gc ) sin /
8 tx
( gc )
tx

for t he m im m h ight Y c d d
ax u e as en e .

2 D es cend i ng m oti on s ta r ti n
gf ro m r es t
.
,
220 The hi gh a n g le tr ajec tor y [ OI L V I I

which d t rmi e e n es the t t l ti m

o a e t2 of fa lli g wh n , en Yh b as ee n gi ven

by d an

th ( t2
x/g ),
c

for t h e ve o l city of fa ll ve .

3 . D es cend i ng m oti on w i th i n i ti a l vel oci ty o

f p j i
r o ec t on v0

1
l og sh ( t
9 04 3 43 0

for d w w rd d c t y ft r tim t
o n a es en a e e .

T bl f thahyp rb lic f cti

es or e e o un on s , s h, ch , th , a re gi ve n in
W . Li gow s ki ,
Ta bl es f
o hyp er boli c a n d ci r c ul a r f u n cti on s B e n ,
rli ,

E r tns r 1 8 90 ; l
an d Ko h k F md n, a s o i n E J a n e and E
. e , F un c ti on en .

tf l
a e n, L i p ig T b 1 90 9 e z , eu n e r, .

C lt 1 0 f t h l f f i
on s u ,
or e va u e o c or a r .

E mp l
1 A b ll t wi th ti l r 0 2 10 m w i ght 0 0 1 kg i u 5 4 2
"

. xa e . e s ec on a a ea x e ,
s
,

dr pp d i
o e rti l l i fr m h i gh t Y 26 00 m f m r t i i f m
n a ve ca ne o a e , ro es ,
n a r o ea n

d i ty
en s kg/m d = 0 00 3 9 g 9 8 1 3
; an c
'

,
= '

Th t i m f f ll i g
e = 56 e o d th triki g l ity 4 1 m/ fr m
a n t2 s ec , an e s n v e oc ve = s ec , o

f rm l
o ( 7 )
u ae d 1 an

2 E mp l. S h ti g
xa rt i lly d w w rd i w t r A rd i g t 9
e . oo n ve ca o n a s n a e . c co n o ,

2
£ wh r 3
3
i th r ti i m P i th w ight f h h ll
e e
2
1: s e c o s s -s ec on n
2
; s e e o t e s e

i
n kg 8 t h w i gh t i
,
kg f e m f w t r e i m ri l f t r t b n o on e
3
o a e ; s a nu e ca ac o o e

d t rmi d p im t lly d p di g h f rm f h h ll th t t f th
e e ne ex er en a ,
e en n on t e o o t e s e ,
e s a e o e

w t r d h l i ty
a e ,
an t e ve oc .

T k P I 4 kg R
a e m 8 1 0 0 kg/m
= d l t h
, h ll t rt 2
1I
2
,
:
5 3
,
an e t e s e s a

fr m t h
o rf f th w t r wi th t h d w rd i i ti l l i ty f = 1 0 m /
e su ac e o e a e e o n wa n a v e oc o vo 5 s ec .

Wh t i th d p th r h d by th h ll i = 0 1
a s e e ea c e e s e n t
°

s ec ?

B y f rm l ( 1 9 ) th d p th r
o u ah d wi ll b b t 7 m e e eac e e a ou .

Exp l a n a ti on o
f the p r ecedi ng e q ua ti on s .

d i ff r ti l q ti l d
Th e e en a e ua on —d t =
q v
é
ea s a t on c e to

or , s n c e i ta n
"
1

e q ti
ua on ( 1 0 ) i s bt i d by l t i
o a ne so u on for v .

i i t gr t d g i r l ti ll w
Th en if 7) :

n s n e a e a a n, th e e a on
( 1 1 ) fo o s . P ut v =0 in

an d th en t = tl ,
i as d th n an en y
= Y in
 222 T h e hi gh a n gl e tr ajec tor y [ orL V I I

r M i fi it i
He e s n e, s nce i n g3
v
c th e ve oc l i ty v va ri b tw V
es e ee n a n d co a nd s o

M l i b tw th t fi it
es e ee n e wo n e v a ues l and
1
5
: th i fi i t us 1 s n e .

In a c o r e s po n r di ng w ay ,

a z m

M I)
0°
V
vdv M
( v V V

It c an r d w i t h th m
be p th t i f
ov e ,
e on o mi l l a aw c a
f "
,
a n 1, 7 h as a fi itn e va ue l ;
a nd if n 2 5 l
> h fi it l
,
a so as a n e v a ue .

Th e m im m h igh t 5 th t h ll r h d th
ax u e ,
a a s e ca n ea c ,
an e c or es po n r d i g tim n e 1 of

th e as c e n th b ,
l l t d by S t R b rt f th l
a ve ee n c a c u a e o e or e a w o f re a t rd ti a on

c
f( ) v cv
2
2
( ) 1+ v ;

an d he fi d n s for f ,

a) 3
69
a w —
l i s n
“
! 1

wh r e e by th bi q ti 6X w
7\ i s g i ve n e cu c e ua on
3
o
l

F i r ph r f w i gh t 1 2 kg i i f d i ty 8 =
or a n on s e e o kg/m
e d wi t h ,
n a r o e ns 3
,
an

=9 81 °
= 0 000 3 7 4 b = 0 000 000 8 6 i t w
c
’
f d t h t °
-= 1 9 24 as oun a
'
s ec ,
g , , ,
r

th t th h ll w ld t r h h i gh t b y d th t f M t B l
In ,
so a e s e ou no e ac a e e on a o on anc .

S t R b rt th o t kit e t f rth r th d imi ti f i d i ty

en oo n o ac c ou n u e e nu on o a r en s

an d gr i ty wi th th h i gh t
av A th l l ti l d t e e m wh t mpli t d
. s e ca c u a on e o a so e a co ca e

di ff r ti l q ti wh b th i fl
e en a e ua wr tk i t
on en t t g th r
o n u e n ce s e e a en n o ac cou n o e e ,

S t R b rto l l t d pp r l imi t H f 5 l H th t mu t lw y b gr t r
e ca c u a e an u e or ,
a v a ue a s a a s e ea e

th 45 i th f ll wi g w y
an ,
n e o o n a

Th m ti e i pp
o d t b ond i i d d i
s t sut w p rt d th
os e mpti io e v e n o o a s , an e as s u on s

m d th t i th fir t p rt th r i t
a e a n e f th i
s l i t w rk wi th t gr i ty
a e es s a n ce o e a r a on e s a o , ou av

i th
n d p rt gr i ty l i t w rk b t t t h i r i t
e s e c on a ,
av a on e s a o ,
u no e a r es s a n ce .

Th fi r t p rt r
e h fr m
s t
a m rbi tr ry fi i t l ity
ea c es o d th v0 cc o so e a a n e v e oc v1 , a n e

co rr p di g h igh t f
es on nt i d t d by h Th
e o d p rt h f m
a s ce n s en o e , . e s e c on a reac es ro

v1 t =0
o v d th ,
rr p di g f rt h r
an e co t i h Th H h + h i lw y
es on n u e as cen s . us :
1 2 s a a s

gr t
ea er t h t h truan l f f t h h
e i gh t t h te w ld b
va u er h d wh o i i ,
e e a ou e ea c e en a r

r it
es s a n c e a n d gr i ty ti g im lt av ly a re a c n s u a n eo u s .

Th m t i e i t h fi t p rt r q i r
o on nth d i ff r ti l q
e rs ti a e u es e e en a e ua on ,

y
dv dv 6
di
v
3? f ( v)

as th e r it ai r l i e s s a n c e a on e s as s u md e at w rk o ,
a nd at t he sa m tim e e t he br a o

m tri i fl
e c i t k
n i t ue n c e s a en n o a c c oun t .

Th i t gr t i
e fr m =
n = e a on o v co to v = v1 ,
and
y = 0 to
g
=h
1, g i ve s

1 c
8 4 40 10 . l
 3 6] The h i gh a/ng l e tr a ec tor y j 223

I n th e s e c on d p rt wh r gr i ty l a , e e av a on e, on Ne wt on s
’
la w of gr i t
av t i a on , is
ac ti n g, the d i ff r ti l q ti i
e en a e ua on s

2
dv dv
( )
r
v g
“

37 ?
d 7 379
wh r e e r = 6 3 7 0000 m , t h e r di
a us o f t h e Ea r th a nd th i gi s v es
( s ince for v = v1 , y = li l
an d v= 0 , y = h1
(r
?
v1
In
2gr 2 — v1
2
(r hl )

On t he sa m e as s u mpti m/ ons a s bfr

e o e , a nd t kia n
g t he g i ve n va l ue v1 = 1 7 5 s ec ,

i t i f d th t h = 4 2 8 m h = 1 6 4 m th h h i gh t 5 i lw y l th
s o un a 1 4 , 2 5 ; us t e e s a a s es s an

H = k + k = 8 12 ml 2 5 .

Hi gh r th thi h h ll e r fly h w r gr t h i iti l l i ty m y
an s t e s e ca n n eve ,
o e ve ea t e n a ve oc a

b m d
e a e

th r i f t h p i i t h t l l t i f t h i t r i l i
.

Th e au o s o e o n on a ca c u a on s o s na u e are n co n c us v e ;

b th l w f r i t
e ca u s e mpl y d by S t R b rt i p ly mpi ri l d i
e a o es s a n c e e o e o e s u re e ca ,
an s

a l b d
aw p r i m
as e t l l i t ion e x
p t b t 6 00
e m / d tr en a
p l ve o c es u o a ou s ec ; an an ex a o a

ti fr m = 6 00 t = i t p rmi ibl
on o v o v 00 s no e ss e .

I f t n m y y
act h t t hi weg i k w af h r isat f t h i t i a no n s no n o t e es s an ce o e a r a n

or d i t ly hi gh l iti f th m i g b dy
na e v e oc es o e ov n o .

5 8 6 . S h oo i n g t n e a r l y v ert i c a l . Use of th e
l i y fu ct i a ux i ar n on s .

Th f ll wi g pr d r r l t t t h c wh r
e o o n oc e u e e a es o e ase, e e t he an gl d f e r o

th t g t f th tr j ct ry with th rtic l r m i
e an en o e a e o e ve a e a ns s o s m ll th t
a a

i th
n
p i f t h
e ex ri f ] d i ia n s on o e se es or c os \ r a n s n «f ,

V
3

‘
I
l
’

on ly the fir t s term d b r t i d ; n ee e e a ne th e wh l f o e o t he c di g
as en n

br ch d an o es n o t c m i t c id r ti
o e n o on s e a on , bu t ly th on e n ea rly tr ight
s a

p rta .

A . Hi gh an l
g fie ri n
g .

Le t y p th
P( r h d xft r
y) tim
b e t ; t h an o n i t of t h e pa ,
eac e a e a e v e

l ity f ( ) r t rd ti
v e oc f th ,
i r it c
o v —9 t h e a a on o e a r es s a n e, e

i cli ti t t h r ti l f th t g t f th p th i th i iti l
n na on o e ve ca o e an en o e a , « f, e n a

angl d th i iti l l city

e, an v0 e n a ve o .

Si c I i 9 in
p 9 d d d 9
e c os « ft h g r l q ti s n ,
s n x c os ,
r
,
e en e a e ua on s

of 17 b c m e o e

d ( d)
v c os g d t c
f( ) v c os 1 r
1 dt ,

d ( v s i n a
i)
r cf( ) v i
s n \f
] dt ,

g d x v
f’
d xlr ,
224 The h i gh a n gle tr ajecto ry [ OI L V I I

g d t v c c os e
[ l
«r f ,

d
g y
2
v c o t xr
l d ulr ,

g d ( v sin « r {) c f( ) v vd x r ,
l
an d th cen e , on th e as s u m pti on a b ov e ,

dv
'

g C
f( ) v

In t gr ti g fr m t = O t
e a n o o t, and f rm
o v0 0 to v,

d”
t : . M ( v) M (t ) o ,

wh r
e e

M ( v)
Mor e o ve r ,
fr m (4)
o

d i ff
g
d _
t

v v

t gr ti g fr m
In e a n o to i
«t ,
a n d v0 to v, t he i t t
n s a n a n e ou s

th e t g t i bt i d
an en s o a ne

wh r
e e, in o ur n o a t ti on ,

[9 f ( )]
”
0 C v

Eq ua ti on ( )
3 gi ve s

v
2
l
xr o G ( v) v dv
dx d‘
i”
[ P ( 0
7 P ( v0) ] ( )
9
g G 9 Qf G ( 110)
wh r
e e
1200
G ( v) v dv G ( v) v dv
P “) m
Fi lly th ltit d y
na e a u e of the s h ll b
e a ove t he h ri o z on t l thr gh
a ou

th e m l i gi fr m
uz z e s v en o

di f
f
g v d v
d
g y y Q C)” Q (v )
‘
0 ;

f
’
9
wh r
e e
226 Th e h i gh a n gle tr ajec tor y [ OI L V I I

Th e dimi ti f i d ity with t h h ight

nu b t k
on o i t a r ens e e c an e a en n o

a cc ou n t by c l l ti g th p th i
,
r l p rt b t i m t c
a cu a n e a n s e ve a a s : u n os a s es

it i s su ffi i t t t k t h m
c en d ity f th i thr gh which th
o a e e e an en s o e a r ou e

sh ll p e as s es .

B . S hooti n g ver ti c a l l y d ow n w a r d s .

rdi t i t k rigig i t t h p i nt f
;

Th e o n 0 of c oo na es s a en a a n a e o o

d p rt r
e ad t h p iti
u e, an i f y i dr w rtic lly d w w d e os ve a x s o s a n ve a o n ar .

Th ly lt r ti fr m A i t r pl c g by g
e on a e a on o s o e a e .

Tim f fligh t e o

t M( ) M , v ,

Sl p ft g t o e o an en

A b i s c s s a of tr j ct ry
a e o

x
[ 1 0
, ( v) P , (a n .

Ord i n a tc of tr j t ry
a ec o

y Q 1 Q (0 )
1 0

dv
Wh e re —g f( )
’
c v

g d v

v
[ 9
'

1 20”
G, ( v) v dv
—9 + ¢ 0Y

c rTh e f T bl I I ( V l
u ves ) f M G P Q h o a e o . IV ,
or , , , s ou ld be
c lt d
on s u e .

I th c lc l ti f thi T bl it i
n e m d th t th
a u a on o s a e s as s u e a e i i ti l
n a

l ity f d p rt r
v e oc f th
o h ll i gr t r th n t h t
e a u e v0 o e s e s ea e a e e rm i l na

l city f which th w i ght d th i r i t

ve o v
’
,
or e e
'

an e a r e s s an c e a re q l
e ua ,

wh g en

Th l city will th dimi i h fr m th i iti l l

e ve o en n s o e n a v a ue v0 , an d

t d m r d m r t th t rmi l l city
en o e an - o e o e e na ve o v
'
.

I th c wh r l city r m i ry rly c t t
‘
n eth as e e e v0 v , e ve o e a n s ve n ea on s a n .

Th c t t k i t cc t i thi c '
f e i as e o v, v s no a en n o a oun ,
as n s as e t he
q dr tic l w m y b m pl y d
ua a a a e e o e .
 The h i gh a ng le tr ajec tor y
§ 3 7] 227

1 . Wi t h ord i na ry s
'

m a ll s ht o t he p r i lw e v o us a s of a i r r i e s s ta nce s h ldou n ot

be mpl y d wi th t f rth
e o e ou u er e xa mi ti b na on , e c a us e of t he ve r y m ll rs a c os s

s ec ti d h
on m ll l i ty whi h
an t e s a ve o c c a re t o be c on s id d e re ,
for whi h t h u u l
c e s a

t t i th l w f i r i t
c on s a n s n e a s o a r es s a n c e a re
p os s r t ibly i na c c u a e .

2 Th . i li ry f ti whi h i
es e a u x a un c on s , c n th f rm b
e w r fi r t t k t h ld
o a o ve e e s a en o o

f y m ll l
or v e r fd m y r
s i
a va ue s o z, a e c e ve a m wh t m
so t d d ppl i ti
e a o re e x e n e a ca on ,

if i q ti ( 1 ) b
n e ua on a ove ,

d ( v c os g d t c
f ( v) c os
w elt,

the l
v a ue o f c os r pl d by m (t tm
1
; is e ac e so e c on s a n ea n v a l ue .

D en o ti g thi by i th r o y th
n s e e r ,, en

a
l
d v

9 + 07 1 f0) ’

T r l i ti i l g t th m th d f 2 — 3 1 wh r
hi s ge n e a sa d y on s ana o ou s o e e o s o 3 , e e a , an ,

w r d t rmi d by
e e r
e e
pp pr i t h i t hne i d r t i f t hi q t i an a o a e c o ce ; e c on s e a on o s u es on

wi l l b r m d l t r e es u e a e .

F m ri l mpl ( f rti l fir wi th th S b ll t) d th

or a nu e ca e xa e o ve ca e e u e ,
an e re

h f Pr
s e a rc tim f fli ght d triki g l i ty i rt i l
es o e us s onrly e o an s n ve o c n ve ca or n e a

verti l rifl fica lt t t 3 t 3 7

e re , c o n s u n o es o 5 o .

37 . G en e rlc l
a a c ul a ti on o f h i gh an g l tr
e j t
a e c ori es . A ll o w a n c e
t f i d fo r th e d i m i n u i on o a r en s i ty .

U d bt dly t h m t cc r t p r c d r f
n ou e e th pl tti gos f a u a e o e u e or e o n o a

high gl tr j ct ry i th p rim t l m th d m ki g
an e a e o s f tw e ex e en a e o ,
a n us e o o

p h t th
o o- d lit d crib
eo d i V o l 1
es , 8 4 H r
es h w r w e n o . I I I, . e e, o e ve ,
e ar e

c r d cl i ly with m th d f lc l ti
on c e n e ex us v e e o s o ca u a on .

1 Th . r l pr f § 23 h w h w i t h c lc l ti
e s e ve a oc e s s e s o f s o o n e a u a on o a

st p tr j t ry y
ee a ec o f th m th d f t h c d gr p f
an on e o e e o s o e s e on ou o

a
pp r im ti
ox b m
a
p l y d i f t h
on s c a n tr j ct ry ie di id d
e
p i t o e , e a e o s v e u n o

r l rc
s e ve a a s .

Th t t f y i d i id l m t b h
e e x en o an m ll r i p
n v ua a rc us e c os e n s a e n ro

p rti
o t h tr
on a s j ct ry i m r er d i a e t h ighbo rh d T
s hi o e c u ve n e ne ou oo . s

p r c
o ed r r
p p d by
u e, J D idi 1o8 4 8 i
os e i pri ci p l t h f ll.wi g on , , s n n e e o o n

Th y t m f q ti i
e s s e o e ua on s s

1 1
= — D
w -
( u aC

tan 9 t an 1
<)
5; ( J u

1
y
= x t a n
qb — [ Au — A J uo ( D
20 2

u av c os 9 ,
a v, c os
228 Th e h i gh a ng l e tr ajec tor y [ OIL V I I

rbitr ry h i i m d f t h gl 9 f l p rr p
An a a c o ce s a e o e an e o s o e co es on di g n

to th d f t h fir t
e en ; d th o gi 9 th e s arc an en ve n ,
a , 0 , v, , e third
e
q ti
ua w ill r t lc
on l t i s e ve o ca u a e t .

The fir t q ti th n d t rmi h t h c d t,th e f rth y

"
“

'

s e ua on e e e n es , e s e on ou ,

t h fi fth
e f th d f t h fir t r f Th f ct r
v or i h r e en o e s a e e a o a s e e a me an

l b twe
v a ue 1 d es 9 t t h b gi i g
en s ec < )d d f t h an ec a e e nn n an en o e a rc .

A cc rdi g t
o n o D idi on ,
ta n 9
tan <) 1

ac c rdi g t
o n o v . Wui c h a

or t o S t Ro b rt e %( s ec
4 ) s ee

or to Hé l i e ,
a
1
< ) s ec

2ch i f th mb r d l gth f th rc f which th

. Th e o ce o e nu e an en o e a s ,
o e

tr j ct ry i b ilt p i th f p ci l im p rt c
a e o s u u ,
s en o es e a o an e .

I rd r t k w wh th r t h d ir d d gr f cc cy i th
n o e o no e e e es e e ee o a ura n e

c lc l ti i ct lly r ch d with th rbitr ry

a u a on s a m d ytm
ua ea e e a a as s u e s s e

o f di i i n i t r w h ll lc l t m tr j ct ri ( f
v s o n o a gl
cs , e s a ca u a e so e a e o es or a n es

o f d p rt r ef i t c f d
a u e, cc rdi g t
or ns an e, o ) a o n o a

m th d whi h h t h d t g fr m m th m tic l p i t f i w
e o ,
c as e a va n a e o a a e a a o n o v e

o fk w cc r cy
no n a u a .

F thi p rp t h 1 90 9 m th d f t h th r i pr p d th t
or s u os e e e o o e au o s o os e ,
a .

w m pl y d i § 3 2 i t ti g t h di ff r t m th d f l ti
as e o e n d n es n e e en e o s o so u on a n

th ir c r cy ; thi m y b ll d t h pl i m tric m th d
e a cu a s a e ca e e
“
an e
”
e o .

A i t gr bl l w i h
n n e f th r pr t ti
a ef th i a s c os e n or e e e s en a on o e a r

r it c
e s s an f cti f th l city
e as a f i t c unm mial on o e ve o or ns an e a on o

l w gi i g r t rd ti
a ,
v n Th c rr p di g T bl
e a A D J T
a on cv
”
. e o es on n a es , u , u ,

will th b t k th b i
en f the l l ti a e n as e as s o e ca cu a on s .

Th r l ti b tw t h i t t l ity f th h ll i
o

e e a on e e en e ns an a n eou s v e oc v o e s e n .

i t p th
s d tha gl 9 of l p with th h ri i th gi by
an e an e s o e e o z on s en v en

d9
( v c os 9) g ( c os

Th e i t gr ti
n e a on c on s a n t t C is
’
th en t o be c l ul t d
a c a e , so as to
c on n e c t th t ki g t h p ir f l
e z on e s , a n e a o v a ue s ( 9 , v ) at t he en d of on e

z on e to b th
e m t t h b gi
e sa i g e as a e e nn n of t h e foll ow m g z on e .

Th e c t t i gi by t h m
on s a n c s ven e as s of the s h lle ,
i ts dim en s ons i
23 0 The hi gh a ngle tr ajec tor y [ OI L V I I

The d t il
e a s of the p r oc e d r will
u e be md mr a e o e c eal r by an

e xa m pl e .

Ex a mp l e
( ) d p rt .r a l ib r 2 R
A ng0 0 3 l
7 m w i gh t f
e of e a u e ca e =
,
e o

sh ll P = O 6 S O kg i iti l l ity
e
°

5 00 m / i , (f h
n h i fi
a v e oc v0 = s ec , = 1 or t e c o ce o ,
see

b l w) i d i ty t th m l l l 8 1 2 0 6 kg/m
e o , a r ens a e uz z e e ve :
3
.

t Z
l s
( 00 — 1 9 m/
on e ) Th i d
5 i ty i m d t _fi t thr gh t
4 s ec e a r en s s as s u e a rs ou ou

h wh l m
.

t e t b h
o e z on e t h b gi i g f th
o e t d e sa e as at e e nn n o e z on e , a n so

2
2c R 2 0 0 3 94
T h en
1r

P
(0
‘
0185) 2
7r x 2 x 0 0 3 94
9
9 9
40 955 1 .

9
Th e r l ti
e a on in thi s z on e b twe ee n v a n d 9 is
1 20
+ 5 l o g ta n (i n + 159 ) +A ,

(0 c os

Th e i t gr ti
n e a on c on s a n t t A is g i ve n at the b gi i
e nn n
g of th e z on e , wh r e e

a nd v = v0 = 5 00 ; e n c e A = 0 0 0 23 1 9 1 th . A t th e end of th e zo n e ,

v= 4 1 9, an d th en ce
°
9 = + 79 5 2 4 .

2
r i i l pl im tri mm ti gi y
A p o v s on a an e c su a on v es 2
v
ta n 9 d 9 up t o th e en d

o f th d th r lt i y = 26 4 8 m f th d i t
e z on e , a n e es u s ,
°

,
or e or na e
y , o f th e end po i t n .

Thi m k th i d
s i ty t t h d f h
a es e a r ens a e en o t e z on e
‘
-
ay z 8 (1 x0 9 70 9 ;

a nd th e m ea n d i ty ( ri thm ti m
en s a e c ea n o f va u e s a t l th e m uzzl e l l
e ve an d at th e .

en d of th e zon e ) ,
is
3, 1 2 06 x 0 98 5 4 .

T h e n c e, mr o e a c c u a el rt y
20
( 1
1
9 x 0 0 3 94 0 9 8 54 0 6 8
'

x x x
'

ir
a
9
4 0 8 914 .

9
R e p ea ti ng t ti
th e l l ti
ca c u a on , t he i t gr t i
n e a on c on s a n s n ow A = 0 0 0 228 7 2 .

A t th d f h wh r = 4 1 9 h r t d l
e en o t e z on e , e e v ,
t e c or ec e va u e 9 :
+ 79 52 3
°
.

By h f h pl t im t r y 26 8 1 m ( l t = 4 to s ca e of 1 q u a re c m of th e
'

e us e o e an e e , a s

dr wi g h t t 0 0 9 7 )
a n s ee o no .

A d th i d n i ty t h d f h fir t
e a r i gi ens a t e en o t e s z on e s ven by
=8
(1 0 00 0 1 1 x 26 8 4 ) = 0 9 7 0 5 x 1 9 06 .

2n d Zon e ( 4 1 9 — 3 75 m/ s ec ) . He re

mi th e ai r
(6) c
d i ty i
d s

id
$ th e
( t a n

d
3
ta n 9) + 3 .

t t an d e q lt t he
As s u ng en s ns e s e c on z on e a s c on s a n ua o

a m t oun ,
0 9 70 5 , at th e e n d of th e fir t s z on e , th en i n t he s econ d z on e

3
13 —l
3 x x 11
'
x 0 0000 9 4 0 4 x 0 9 70 5 x (0 68 ) ,
g
3
7 6 3 640 .

9
 3 7] The hi gh an g le tr ajec to r y 23 1

The i t gr ti
n e a on c on s a n t t B i d ri d fr s e ve m t h e ( 9, v) pa
o ir of v a lues a t t he e nd

of th e fir t s zon e th t i a s , v= 4 19, 5 2 3 , a nd e n ce B th
The l
v a ue a t the en d of t he zo n e , wh r e e v= 3 75, is th e re fo e r
0=
°
79

By us e o f t h e lp i m t r
an e e up to the en d of the s ec o n d zo ne , a fir t l s va ue is

y2 1 75 0 6 m .

Th e ai r d i ty
ens at t he e nd of the s e c on d zo n e is th e re fo re

[ 1 - 0 000 1 1

a nd s o t he m ean d i ty i id
ens ns e th e s ec o n d zon e is

{
y x 0 9 60 8 5 .

Th e l l ti
ca cu a on is r p t d wi th thi m
e ea e s ea n a i r d iyens t ; an d a c os e l r l va ue is
fo un d of
3
70 3 206 ,
9
a n d of B = 0 0 00 0 299 6 1 8 .

Us i ng th e p a n l im t
e e r , i n fo ur s e p s , t o t l
a s c a e of 1 s q r ua e c m o f th e dr wi
a ng

s h ttee o 0 0 1164 ,
t h e e m
n d v a u e of t h e o l rdi t n a e of the s e c on d zon e is

y2 1 76 8 111 .

3 rd Z on e ( 3 75 — 29 5 m/ s ec ) . In a fir t ppr i m ti th d l
s a ox a on , e en va u es of t he
thi rd d th = 5 22 29 m
°
z on e , v = 29 5 , 9 79
'
: an y en c e 3 .

H en c e t he m e a n r l ti
e a ve a i r d en s i ty i th thi rdn i 0 9 223 0 ; t h
e z on e s e n c e c os e l r
l
v a ue s a r e v = 29 5 , an d
y 3
= 5 3 6 20 °

m .

4 th Z on e ( 29 5 — 24 0 m/ s ec ) Wi.t h t he d i ty pr i l i g t h
ai r ens e va n a t e e n d of th e
thi rd m ly 0 8 9 20 1 9 0 6
z on e , n a e x ,
t he l b t i d f th d f th
va u e o a ne or e en o e z on e is
at fi r t f 24 0 9 = + 7 8 1 9 7 d th = 7 5 1 5 m A t th e en d o f
°
or v = 5 the
°

an en c e
s , , ; y 4 .

zo n e thi m k s a es

8 [1 +93 3 x “8 28 7 8 ,
or a m ea n d i ty i
ens n t he zon e 8 x 0 8 60 4 1 .

Re p e a ti ng the ca c u a l l ti wi th thi m on s ea n d i ty
en s ,
a c os e l r l va ue is o bt i d
a ne ,

9
F"
8
°
an d = 58 8 8 5 In
:
y4 .

5 th Z on e ( 24 0 —0 m s e c
/ ) . At th e t
v e r e x of th e tr j t ry
a ec o ,

m/ s ec .

Th p l i m t r g ( i i rt ) fi t l = l 9 2 8 m t h d f ue 5 at
°

e an p e e a ve n s x a a rs va
g s e en o

th e zon ed fir t l f h i d i ty t th d f th
an so a s 0 61 3
va ue o t e a r en s a e en o e z on e 54 ;
th h m d ity i th fi fth
us t e ea n i t k en s0 72 3 5 n e z on e s a en a s 1 .

R p ti g th
e l l ti
ea l r l i f d t 9 0 f th rt l i y
n e ca c u a on , a c o s e v a ue s o un a = or e ve e x ve oc t
v, _ m/ s ec .

Th p l i m t r i m pl y d g i i f r g p fi r t t 9 = + 7 8 °
e an e e s e o e a a n n ou ro u s ; s o

dly t
s e c on d t hi d l y t
o
(i 3 9 t p r p t i ly )
an r o n ,
5, s e s es ec ve

l f d h d f h fi fth m
.

Th th ence e v a ue
y 2000
oun 9 6 Th at t e en o t e z on e w as = . e

se p r t l
a a e f y w ll
v a ue s f d t h
o dd d, f t h
as d i
e
g as o x an t, a re en a e or e as c e n n

br h d t h r lt
anc ; an h w i t h t bl e th es u tp g s a re s o n n e a e on e n ex a e .
23 2 The h i gh a n gl e tr ajec tor y [0 H . VI I

Hor i z on t a l

S l op e of
th e i
Al t tud e o f th e a dva n ce o f th e
i
T me of fl g t ih
t a n ge n t t o th e h
s e ll a b ov e t h e s h el l fr o m th e
from th e s t a rt
h i or z on m uz z l e l e ve l p o i
n t of

d e p a r ture

T ll wi g r g t bl
h en c e th e fo
b bt i d Th l p
o n an e a e ca n e o a ne . e s o e E of t he g r d ou n

i gi
s whi h h t rg t i
v e n , on m r r th rdi t
c t e a e s s een o e o ve e c oo n a es o f th e t rg t t h
a e ,
e

tim f fli ght d t h triki g l ity m r d l g h t

e o t, an e s n ve o c ,
eas u e a on t e a n ge n t .

50 0 m /s ec

I n the t bl
a e a i s t he s i gh ti ng ang e a l b ov e t he l i
s op n g gr do un .

R em a rks .

1 m t
. i p r ti
In th l l ti w l d b m d t f w r mb r f
os c as es n ac ce e ca c u a on ou e a e o a e e nu e o

d i m l pl
ec d th
a ri ti f i d ity w ld t b f d by d bl
a ce s , a n e va a on o a r en s ou no e o un a ou e

l l ti b imply by mi g m
c a cu a on , l
ut s as s u n a e a n v a ue .
23 4 The h i gh l
g tr ajec tor y
an e
[ OH . VI I

Th e r a n ge t bla e isth r f r
e e o e as fo ll w
o s

A n gl e of s o lp e o f g dE
r o un = 7 2, 7 0 , 6 8 , or an
g e of s l igh t r l ti e a ve to t h e
gr d = 1
°
o un a
,
3 , 5, 7 ;
x = 4 19 8 70, 1 1 70 13 73
, ,
m ;
y 1 4 7 0 , 26 9 7 , 3 21 7 , 3 3 9 8
:
; m
0 Z = r = 1 5 25 , 28 27 , 3 4 1 6 , 3 6 5 6 m ;
t = 4 7 2, 1 0 8 9, 1 6 0 6,
°

s ec ;
e= 7 z
° ° °
51 31
Th e t g t i l l i ty
an en a ve oc on s triki ng t he
t rg t i
a e s

v = 24 8 , 1 4 1 8 8 5 8
, ,
m/ s ec

rt
.

A t t he ve ex

7 m ,

9m
= 15 18 1 -
. v, 4 0 4 ,

ts : 23 5 1 1 0 0 06 s ee .

( )c m P 2R 8 i
Th e sa e , , , , u, as bfr
e o e, b ut l d p rt
a n g e of e a u re w ith th e

f ll w i g r g t b l
o o n an e a e :

A gl nf l p E 7
e o 68s o e ,
66, 64, 6 2 an lg f r l t i l ti
e o e a ve e e va on a 2, 4 , 6 , 8

= 0 , 1 9 3 7 0 26 5 8 0 -
782 y , ,
3 0 1 24 ,
3 174 1 11 ;

1 20 8 0 , 1 5 7 9 7 , 1 8 6 1 5 s ec ; v = 5 00 ,
-
20 2 4 , 1 3 7 4 ,
96 8 5 , 7 8 7 -
m/ s ec ;
d ir t di t
ec s a n c e of m rka OZ y
2
) = 0 , 20 8 9 , 290 9 5 , 3 3 5 1 8
,
3 5 90 3 In .

0 s ec
 3 7] The h i g h a n g le tr ajec tor y 23 5

m 2R P 8
(d ) Sa bfr b e lg f d p t r
, , ,
v0 as e o e, ut a n e o e ar u e

Th fi r t r h df m d fr m 6 °
th
’
e s zon e e ac e ro to e s ec o n o 4 46 to

64
°
th thi rd fr i 6 3 0 t 63
e t h f rt h fr m 6 o n 4
° ’
o
°
e ou o 3
° ’
25 to 6 1
°
th e fi fth
fr m 6 1 10 t
° ’
o o

A t t h p r b bl
s r r f th r lt d ri d fr m
o e o a e er o o e es u s as e ve o t he a ri th m t i m e c ea n

of p t d p r ti
a re wi th t h pl i m t r
ea e o e a on e an e e ,

g = 3 o26 0 t o l m ,
°

;
= 23 0 7 8 3 i 0 6 m x,
°

0 5

t, = 2l 9 1 9 s ec ;
v, = 8 0 40 i 0 0 .

Ove r t he l p E=
s o e 6 4 , 6 2, 6 0 , 5 8 , 5 6 , 5 4 , r p di g t c or es on n o a =0 °

,
l , 3, 5,
7 , 9 , 1 1 , th e dir t d i t
ec s a n c e s of t h e po i t tr k w rk d t t
n s s uc o e ou o

OZ = O, 1 1 4 0 , 23 00 , 2 9 18 3 3 10 3 6
,
3 72 m ,
5 5, 4 .

°
9 : 0

r di g r lt fr m f r t p high gl tr j t ri f th m
Th e p ec e n es u s o ou s ee an e a ec o es o e sa e

g un g i h
a rer i d t i l b t
ve nh y gi pp rt i
e e t y f ttl i g
n t h e a ec a us e e ve a n o o un o se n e

l f th m th d mpl y d f t fr q tly i pr ti l g ry f tilti g

v a ue o e e o ,
e o e ar oo e ue n n ac ca un n e ,
o n

t h tr j t ry
e a ec o .

3 Th f r g i g p l im tri m th d w
. e o e im plifi d t o n an e c e o as s e o a c on

s id bl t t by F i h rr
e ra Z dlit i 1 9 1 3
e e x en re e v on e z n .

H pr c d e q l ly fr m t h di i i
o ee f t h tr j ct ry i t
s e ua o e v s on o e a e o n o a

nu mb r f r e th m pti f m mi l l w
o a cs , f
on th e as s u on o a on o a a cv
”
or e
23 6 The h i gh a n gl e tr ajec tor y [ CH V I I.

r t rd ti d t
e a a on ue o ai r r it
es s an ce ; and th e r l ti e a on b twe een v and 9
i fir t bt i d
s s o a ne .

S o t oo t h e v a ue l of v a t the e nd of a n a rc m a y be cl ltd
a cu a e ,

co rr p di
es g t rbitr
on ry n o a a an gl e s of s o
p l t g t
e of t he an en .

Th f i tus i or ns an c e, as n 20 , on th q dr tic l w t h r l ti
e ua a a e e a on is

1 1 20
f fl
( e
( v c os ( v0 c os g

F dlit t ppli t ch
re i h e rr v on Z e th m th d f z n ex a es o su an a re e e o o

ex
p i i ri
a n s on d crib d lr dy
n a se i § 22 wh r 9
es ,
y 9 t es e a ea n a, e e , ,
0 c os ,

are gi f ctiven a sf un on s o x .

Elimi t b tw th f r q
na e ti t h t rm i l i g
e e en d e ou e ua on s e e n vo v n c, a n

thr q ti ee e bt i d b tw t h thr
ua on s a r e o ri bl y t ; d i a ne e een e e e va a es x , ,
an n

thi w y Z dlit d ri tw y t m f q ti
s a v . e z f d i ff r t d gr
e ve s o s s e s o e ua on s o e en e ees

of r y F d t il r f r
accu ac . m t b m d t th w rk f
or e a s e e en c e us e a e o e o o

v Z dlit (
. eN t ) z s ee o e .

Col l ec ti on of for m u l a e .

O t h pr di g t ti
n e d with e ce n no a on , a n

v0 c os 90 79
4 —1
v c os 9 t a n 90 ta n 9

2 ( v0 c os ( ta n 90 ta n 9)
2
+ 10 )

l p 6
l
( )
2 y
§ ( 1 + g t a n 90

2 x
p
g —l
( )
3 t
.

3 v0 c os 90 p 2
1

an d th c t h d p i t f th fir t i d t rmi d
en e e en o n o e s a rc s e e ne .

S imil rly f th d p i t f th
a or c d d e fi l ly f
en o n o e se on a rc , a n so na or

th mpl t tr j ct ry
e co e e a e o .

Th l f di ff r i pr c di g fr m
e va ue o c t th t e s n o ee n o on e a re o e nex ,

t ki g i t c t th dimi ti f i d ity with th h ight

a n n o ac ou n e nu on o a r en s e e .

It m y b m ti d th t i thi l ti th r i
a e en dt
on e a n s so u on e e s no n ee o

m m mi l l w
as s u e a A t t d lr dy i g1 7 t h i t gr l
on o a a ,
cv
”
. s s a e a ea n , e n e a

r l ti b tw
e a on d 9 eth ll d h d gr ph q ti
e en v a n b or e s o -c a e o o a e ua on c an e

obt i d with c r cy f
a ne
y g i a l w f i
cu ar i t or a n ven a o a r es s an c e .

E mp l ( by F r ih rr
xa Z dl it )
e e e v . e z .

C l ibr 10 m w i gh t f h ll 1 1 6 kg i i ti l
a e c ,
l i ty 3 3 6 m/
e lg o s e , n a v e oc vo l
-
5 s ec , a n e

ofd p t re ar u e i d ity 1 2 0 kg/m R lt f ll w a r ens

3
. es u s as o o s :
 23 8 The hi gh a n gl e tr ajec tor y [ OH V I I.

II . ON T H E ER R O RS W HI C H C A N A R I S E I N TH E TI LTI NG

o r A TR A J ECTO R Y .

g r lc A e ne a on s id r ti e a on of th es e e rr r o s c a n on ly b m d e a e on the
c diti o f
on ns o a v a c uu m in p r cti
a c e, th e e rr r m t
o s us be i n
ves t i ga t e d for ea ch p rtic l r c a u a as e .

38 . O di r n a ry pr c
tr j t y
o e d ure of ti lti g n o r s w i n gi n g a a e c or .

A tr j ct ry OS Z a e i th o i tr t d rigid c r
, , , as n e fig r u e, s ea e as a u ve ,

d r t t d thr gh th gl an o a e ou e an e

E f th l p f th gr d o e s o e o e oun

i t th t p p iti OS Z n o e s ee os on .

C r ly i f m rk Z on ve s e ,
a a on

th li f ight OZ t th e ne o s a e

gl E f th l p f t h an e, ,
o e s o e o e

gr d i tr u k w h t h oun ,
s s c en e

ct l gl f d p rt r with a ua an e o e a u e

t h h ri i l E it i e o z on s c) a, s

m d th t th tr j ct ry assu e a e a e o

OS Z b c l l t d i f it can e a cu a e ,
as

w r tr t d fl t tr j ct ry e e ea e as a a a e o

OS Z with th gl f d , , e an e o e

p art r I E
u e ( ) d with t h m i iti l l
or a , a n ity e sa e n a v e oc .

Fr m t h pr di g m pl th r g
o e ec e th t p l p w OZ
n e xa es e an e s on e s ee s o e, or ,

a re k w f f r high gl tr j ct ri OS Z d l th gl f
no n or ou an e a e o es ,
an a so e an es o

d p rt r
e a f th m h ll r l ti g t
u e o r l gl f l p E f
e sa e s e ,
e a n o s e ve a an es o s o e o

t h gr e d o un .

Th i f t h fl t tr j t ry r g w i l l t d by V lli ’
en e a a ec o an e , s ca cu a e a er s

m th d f t h
e o gl f t g t ighti g gt E d c m p r d with w
or e an e o an en s n ,
an o a e ,

th e rr r i bt i d d t th m pl ym t f th m th d f
e o e s o a ne ,
ue o e e o en o e e o o

swi gi g th tr j t ry
n n e a ec o .

Th dj i i g t bl
e a bl t
o n n th t d r th a e en a es us o s ee a un e es e c on

d i ti with t h m pl ym t f th m t g t l ti t h
on s , e e o en o e sa e an en e e va on , e

r g i gr t r r th ri i g gr d th
an e s ea e o ve r t h h ri t l ; e s n o un an ov e e o z on a

or i th r w rd i f
n o e u l th t g t gr d ti
o s ,
f th w p
a s us a ,
e an en a ua on s o e ea on

a re m rk d f a imi g t t rg t
e or th ah ri t l thr gh th n a a a e on e o z on a ou e

m l th f imi g t t rg t t t h m di t c b t t
uz z e , en or a n a a a e a e sa e s an e u a a

h igh gl f ight th t g t l ti m t b m ll r
an e o s , e an en e e va on us e s a e .
 3 9] The h i gh a ngl e trajec tor y 23 9

t t d i §4 w
As s a e n ,
e a re c c d chi fly with l g r g fi ;
on e rn e e on an e re

d
an m tim th c rr
so e es e o es
p di
ong r l ti m y b nf d t b e a on s a e o un o e

r r d c m pl t ly
e ve s e o e e .

Ta n ge n t Fl a t tra je c to ry
o
Ac tua l r a n ge
S l op e e le va t o ni ra n ge w, w t ih w o n th e l p e i
D ffe re n ce Erro r as
of fro m a n gl e o f i i
fo r n c l n e E be twee n pe rce n tage
gro un d gr oun d d e pa rture a a n d ta n ge n t w and w, of w,
s l o pe a n d s l o p e zero i
e l e v a t on a .

p
« E e w w,

w = 28 4 7 111

At a ll e ve n t s t he e rr r th t ri
o s a a se i n t he s im pl tilt i g e n of a

tr j ct ry m
a e o a
y b e se ri ou s .

G i m th d
39 . B u r gs d o rfi
’

an d on n s
’
e o .

Th p ri ci pl i t h f ll wi g Gi
e n fl t tr j ct ry OZ with
e s e o o n : ven a a a e o ,

th gl f d p rt r
e an e o i t h fig r e th a tpg u e a, , as n e u e on e n ex a e .

H r t h h ight f ll
e e A Ze
f i k w
e b i g t h rti l a en , , s no n, e n e ve ca

di t c
s an fr m A t
e th m l h ri t l i Z
o , d l th o e uz z e o z on a n , ,
an a so e

d i t c OA = ;
s an e d OA Z i c , id r d i f it w r b w ith
a an , , s on s e e as e e a ar

hi g t O d A
n es a fi hi g and OA with li A Z ; th
, ,
or as a s n -r o
, , ne , , e

sy t m i r t t d b t 0 t h p i t f d p rtur
s e s o a e afi d tr ou ,
e o n o e a e, as a xe c en e

o f r t ti
o a i t th p iti OA Z with
on n o e os on ,

OA OA , = a, an d
Th e r t ti o a on is ca rri d e o ut till Z , r eac h es th e li ne OZ ,
l pi g
s o n

up a t t h gi e ve n an gl e Z OZ , E .
24 0 The hi g h a n gl e tr ajec tor y [ OH V I I .

T h en l e t OZ .
or w b e th e r g th
an 1 p f th high gl
e on e s 0 e or e an e

fire ,
and l e t the gl
an e of d e
p a rt r b r ck d fr m th h i t l
u e e e on e o e or z on a

A OZ 1 E a, s o th t a a is the t g t l ti with r p ct t t h
an en e e va on es e o e

gr oun d li f ne o s ight .

Thi gl d th r g
s an e a an e an e a re gi ven for thi r t ti ; d th
s o a on an e
y
a re f d ith r by gr phic l
oun e e a
i
a a c on s tr cti u on or e s e l fr m th f rm l o e o u ae

sin a i
s n 01, c os E ,

w w , ta n a, c os ( E a ) c os e c a .

I n t he gr phic l c
a a on s tr ti
uc on we ti th t i th m ti
no ce a n e o on

d crib d Z m
es circl e , , ov es on a e .

If p i t O
a i p l c d rti lly
o n , s a e ve ca

b l w 0 t d pth
e o a a e

a hi g d p r ll l gr m
n e a a e o a

OO, Z , A ,
ch g d i t OO Z A i n can be an e n o ,

th c d p iti t h fi d e s e on os on , e “
xe

p i t f r t ti b i g 0 d
o n s o O o a on e n an , .

Th p i t Z m l g e o n , ov e s a on a

ci c l r Z Z with c tr r u a t a rc , en e a

O d r di , ,
an a us a .

hi hi fti g m
T s s n ov e m t en th b c rri d t by m
can us f e a e ou e a ns o a

m ch i m
e an s p r ,
or a a a ll l gr m li k g f
e o a
y di
n t a O Z fe,t h or an s ance o e

t rg t
a e
y ,
gl or an an e of 1 p E i
s 0 rd r t d t rmi th t g t
e ,
n o e o e e ne e an en

l ti A OZ
e e va on or a ( t h pp er t a i c tr
a a us t d by t h firm s f on s uc e e o

H k ra d H id r i
e an e o n n H mb rg )
a u .

I th n
pp lic ti e a a on f thi
o
p ri i p l s t h f ll wi g
nc m h i l e e o o n ec an c a

as s um p ti h b on s a ve ee n m d : t h fl t tr j ct ry OZ i d crib d i
a e e a a e o 1 s es e n

tim f flight T
e o s ec, d
an d r t h im lt
un e i fl c f i
e s u a n e ou s n uen e o a r

r i t c d gr ity
es s an e a n av .

It i m d th t t h m m rk Z will b r ch d i f th tw
s ass u e a e sa e a , e ea e ,
es e o

f rc c m i t ti i c i f ti m T '
o es o e n o ac on n s uc es s on or a e .

Th h ll pr j ct d i th dir cti OA bj ct t i r i t c
e s e o e e n e e on , ,
su e o a r es s an e

l b t with gr ity l ft t f cc t will m i t h tr ight

a on e , u av e ou o a ou n ,
ov e n e s a .

li OA t A ; d ft rw rd d r gr ity ; it will f ll fr m A
ne , o , an a e a s un e av a o ,

to Z , .

high gl tr j ct ry OZ
I n th e th m mpti th
an e a e o ,
on e sa e as s u on s , es e

tw o t p r m i th m i OA OA
s e s e AZ A Z =f
a n e sa e, v z .
, , a, , , .

Th di ff r b tw th fl t d t p tr j c t ri
e e en c e ly b e een e a an s ee a e o e s c an on e

d ue t t h dimi
o ti f i d ity with th h ight
e nu on o a r en s .
,
e e .
 Th e hi gh a n gle tr ajec tor y [ CH V11 .

to a fla t tr j ct ry OB
a e o of r g an e
p i Ap
= OB ; wh r p d t th e e en o es e

h ri t l pr j cti 0 0
o z on a E o e on i t c os

and Ap
16
wh r h i th
0
e e s e

vertic l h ight OZ f t h m rk
a e o e a

ab 0 ; th
ov e ig t b e or s n o e

em pl y d cc rdi g E i gr t r
o e ,
a o n as s ea e

or l th 2 ; th t A p = o
es s an a so a

wh E = 2 U d r c rt i i
en a . n e e a n c r

cum t Ap m t b m lti pli d

s an c es , us e u e

p p i.
- d p J by f t r k t b d t rmi d
a ac o , o e e e ne

ex
p rim t llye en a .

1 . Ex a m pl e, as a b o ve , qt
F or ué an d h = 27 8 5 m ,

2 x 27 8 5
1 00
55 7 m ,
an d OB 6477 m ,

with c rr ct gl a o e an e of d e
p a rt r u e a A cc rdi g t
o n o Pe rci n,

a 2 di ff r c 1
°
e en e
°
or 52
Fo r a h 3 43 0 m , OB 99 22 m; an d t he co rr cte a 1
°

i r c
d ffe en e of 58
F or a h 3 5 6 95 m , OB 1 23 8 2 m ,
and c rr t
o ec a 2
°

i r c
d ffe en e of 63

2 . Ex a m pl e, as a b o ve ,
4 )

F or a = 1 3 5 , , , th e di ff r c w r
e en es e e 4 2 50 53 58
, , ,
r es
p e cti ly ve .

3 . b Ex a l m pl e, a s a ove , c)

F 2 4 6
or a di ff r: 26 29 3 0 3 2
, , ,
e en ces , , ,

R l t Th w
es u th t t h rdi ry pr c d r f tilti g th
: us e see a e o na o e u e o n e

tr j t ry i t pplic bl with ry high gl fi

a ec o s no a a e ve an e re .

Th m th d f P e m m r r i ct l
e o m piri l
o e rc i s, o e ov e ,
nexa ,
un e s s an e ca

f t r k i i tr d c d H w r l p p t b t 6 5 th p °
ac o s n o u e . o e ve on s o es u o a ou e er

c t g rr r thi m th d m
en a e e o t rly c t t th t g d
on s e o co e s ou n ea on s an ,
so a oo

r lt m y b bt i d by th i tr d cti f ch f ct r
es u s a e o a ne e n o u on o su a a o .

Th m ll t rr r ri fr m t h m pl ym t f B g d ff
e s a es e o s a se o e e o en o ur s or
’
s

m th d ; i p rtic l r f th t p p rt f t h
e o n a di g br h f u a or e s ee a o e as cen n an c o a

high gl tr j ct ry it
an eft gi g d d f irly cc r t
a e o c an o en ve oo an a a u a e

r lt
es u s .
 CH A P T ER VI I I

S o l ut i on o f v a ri o us t raje c to ri e s Em p l oy m e n t o f .

e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s ul t s fo r t h e c o n s tr u c t i o n o f

R a n ge T a bl e s
41 . 1 . t
S ol u i o n of p r b l o em s b y m e an s of T a b l e 1 2, V o l I V
.

S y s tem ff
o or m u l a e .

A
( ) for
y gi an ve n
p i t(
o n x
y) on th e tr j ct ry
a e o .

P rim ry F
a ti un c on s D J , , A T ( Ta , bl 1 2 V l
e a, o . IV )
D ( u) D ( vo) ,

T
[ ( )
u T

[ J ( u) J

( ) A
’
A ( t o)
ta n ¢ —
c x a
=
y x
Q C OS
Q
¢ D ( a ) —D ( )
u
f

u c os q S
c os 6‘
Se c d ry F cti
on a un on s E H L , , , e tc .
( Ta bl es 1 2h to 1 2f)

D ( a) D ( vo) ,

H ( 110 E
) , ,

S5
I

0
ta n 9 ta n 4
) ‘ L ( v0 , f) ,
2 c os ¢
3

t an 9= t an
¢ 1 _
sin
c

2¢
L ( vo , f)
'

y
= ce t a n c)
f — o er
E ( vo , E) ,
2 c os c
’
wc s in 2¢
E ( Uo , f)
200 3
,

4
2
) C
24 4 S olu ti on o f va r i ous tr ajec tor i es [ OH V . III
A t th e p o i t n of d c t (y
es en 0 ,
a: X)
X
E , ’
e

X N ( r0 $)
'
sin 2d) , 6 c E ( v0 ,

n , c os b
g
c os w

a , D ( ue) D ( r o) ,

m a)
C
H ,
C OS ( )
I
C
,
M M E)
ta n 9, tan a) M( v £ ) 0, 6 ta n ¢
, a

2 ( 30 8 2
4 ) E(v £ ) 0, 6

V rte ex ( x as , y 9 0)
“n “
o
, a) ,

H v0 , f 8

g
D ( u8 ) D ( vo) ,

M( v 5 )
M v0 , E) 8 a, ta n <I>
0 ) 3

D
( ) S o m m piric l
e e a an d se mi m piric l -e a a
pp r im
oxti a on s

1 226 T , Y
'

y,
y ,
T ( I 226
2 '

0 0 0 2T)
°

y , } X ( t an
qb t an
) g
w ,

y , % X ( t a n 4) t a n no ) ,

) si n
s i n (1 to

c t¢+c t
o o a
’

i - X + y8 c ot b
g ,

no

1 0 000

P r a cti ca l b i f th
ru e:rt
l Th e a sc ssa a, o
"
e ve ex is e qu l a th t r g to a an e

i t h R g T bl f which t h
n e an e gl f da e, or e an es o e s c en t d f l ti
an o e e va on

a re t g th r q l t th l ti r q ir d
o e e e ua o e e e va on e u e for th wh l r g
e o e an e .

Thi i d ri d fr m tilti g t h tr j t ry b c
s s e ve o n e a ec o ,
e a us e th t eg t t than en a e

vert i h ri t l c m p r 3 8 t 4 0
ex s o z on a o a e o .
24 6 S oluti on o f v a r i ous tr ajec tor i es [ OI L V III
[f ( ) v is gi v en i n t h e fo ll wi g t bl
o n a e

1 0 1 2 10 ( )
v

Th e l a w of th e r t rd ti
e a a on c f( ) v d ue to ai r r i t c gi
es s an e, ven in kg ,

as fo ll wo s

for v 330 m/ c se , cf( ) v e x 0 1 25 ( u

'

26 3 ) ( C h a
p l V lli r l
e - a e aw ) ,

( 1 1)
for 3 3 0 v 3 00 , c f( ) v c x 0 0 21 6 9 2 11 5

H
( j
o e l l a w )
(6)
,

for 3 0 0 v, c
f( ) v c x 00 3 3 8 14
r
f om ) 1 0 0 0 Sg i R By e
( cm )
? 2 2
,

x 1 2 06 P x 1 2 06 P

i 1 f gi l h ll f 2 libr r di f r di g i c th l w f
or o va s e o ca e a us o oun n ,
s n e e a s o

i r i t c w r
a r bt i d by p rim t wi h h ll f thi f rm ;
e s s an e e e o a ne ex e en t s e o s o

m r r i h w l t r i lightly ri bl with th l ity w ll

o e ov e ,
as s o n a e ,
s s va a e e v e oc ,
as e

as with th h p f th h ll ; S i th i d ity t th h ight y m

e s a e o e s e ,,
s e a r en s a e e

a b th gr d ; d c rdi g t S t R b rt d E V lli r
ov e e ou n an ac o n o o e an . a e ,

8y 0 0 00 0 8 y ) ;
‘

ac rdi g
co n to C h rb i ra on n e , 8g : 0 0 00 1 1 y )
‘
,
wh r e e 8 i s th e air

d ity
en s on t he gr d o un .

S ome ex a mp l es .

1 G i ve n d t rmi th l m t
2R , P , 8 , i 0 , an d To e e ne e e e en s of the ve rt e x,

d f h p i t fd t I h fi r t ppr im t i 8 i t k
.

an o t e o n o es cen . n t e s a ox a on , s a en a s in ( 26 ) or

if fr m th fr m o th L ( 5 ) fr m en ce c
’
o en e a, 8 o and th en c e

$ d
8 ,
an q tl y m
c on s e r r y fr m
ue n d D ( o e ov e , o an u8 ) an d co n s e

q tly fr m
ue n w ll
u8 fr m o as e as r, o

Wi th th l f d th
es e f K
v a u esd o us an en c e o an l lt
ca c u a e a

r l f Bi fr m ( 28 ) d th t h bt i d f m
,

i a nd at th e
’
l
c os e v a ue o , o an en e n ew c s o a ne ro

sa m tim l r l f ( y ) t th rt
e e a c os e v a ue o xs s
a e ve ex .
 4 1] S ol uti on f
o v a r i o us tr ajec to r i es 24 7

l wf m
T h en d th
E fo l o $ d fr m ( 1 2) h r g X f rth r
s ro an e n ce 8 ; an o t e an e u e

h t lg f d t fr m ( 1 7 ) d fr m ( 6 ) h t l tim f flight T fr m
e an e o es ce n a) o an o 1 t e to a e o ; o

( 1 ) D 5 d t h d t h ant h fi l l i ty fr m I t d
ence u f i an en e na ve o c u, o n s ea o ,“

y m y b gi
, a e ve n .

N m i l ump l 218 m P = 27 4 kg 8
er c a ex a kg/m 2 libr r d i e . : 15 c ,
'
4 ,
:
3
,
ca e a us

o f d i g f h gi l h d f th h ll d i = i ( ) i
ro un n o t e t 1 o va ea o e s e ,
an so so s c ons ta n :
,

m/ s ec
,

Si 1 B =
nce < ) = O 8 9 3 0 i fi r t pp r i m t i d t h i c os
'
1, n a s a ox a on an en n

th t fr m ( 8 ) so a o 1

L
am 2f
’ ‘ sin 80 14
° ’

( 00 , g) ,
e 0 5 18 7
-

r m T bl 1 2 V l i t p l ti gi h
Th en f o a e e, o . I v, n er o a on ve s t e va ue l
i t f ll w i t h fi t ppr i m ti
Th enc e o o s n e rs a ox a on

fr m q t i
o e ua O 18 7 = 62 m
on x
'
5 4 5 ,

T bl 1 2 f a M( e ,
v0 ,

q ti e ua
y = 23 2 mon 8 4
q ti e ua = on u,

q ti e ua 18 1 2on us : .

Th T b l fK l gi ’
e a e o v a ues ve s

- 12 - 12
K K
’ ’
10 , ;

an d with th es e va ue s a c o s e l l r l v a ue o f i 0 13 i s o bt i d fr m a ne o th t i
a s

3 °
. 55 0 . s ec 40 1 (1
B - ° '
1 40 7
-
94 6 .

r l l ti wi th thi l
A ec a c u a on third l f rt h r s v a ue 0 9 46 l dea s to a v a ue , u e

r p titi wi ll t i r th
e e on s r y f t h l ti
no n c ea s e e a c c u ac o e so u on .

2 Gi . 212 P 6 } ( ve n th l fy i t d f , ,
d f rt h r
,
z, dX or e va ue o
,,
ns ea o an u e 710 a n .

T d t rmi
o th
e e lg f d p rt r C l l B fr m ( 6 ) i fir t pp i
ne e an e o e a u e a c u a te o 2 n a s a rox

m ti fr m $fr m th r
'
a on , c o i d d I f m 6
o s n 2 ) an en c e ( ) o

N t i th ex d ppr im ti d t rm i 8 fr m
n e s e c on da bf ox a on , e e ne , o an s o on , a s e o re .

3 Gi . 212 P 8 i ( ven X d , t d t rm i ,
th i i t i l,
l i ty O or an o e e ne e n a v e oc v0 .

C l l t B fr m th fr m r m N r m wh '
a cu a e
g o f f en c o o o e n ce t
o

i k w
s A ft r t hi
no n . l r d t rmi ti f e l l ti f h rt
s a c os e e e na on o a) ; ca c u a on o t e ve ex

lm t i
e e en s , a s m p l 1 th n l r l f B fr m
e xa d e l r ; en c e a c os e va ue o o an a c os e

fr m wi th whi h t r p t th l l ti
’
c o c o e ea e ca cu a on .

4 Gi .
I X t d t rm i
ve n 120 , ( ) l m t f,
h p i t f d,
t do f h e e ne e e en s o t e o n o es ce n ,
an o t e

ve rt (f l l ti f r g t bl d f rth )
ex or c a c u a on o an e a es an so o .

F r m ( 1 3 ) N i f d d th
o 5 t h s fr m ou n f m f rm ,
an en c e 6 ; en 0
’
o a) ro u, o

d fr man T fr m o N t f th rt L fr m d wi th o ex or e ve ex : o an

i t 5 d fr m,
an l
x, fr m
o fr m y fr m a s o us ; o ts o ,
o

5 Gi . X f T d t rmi th i i ti l l i ty t
ve n , () , ,
to e e ne e n a v e oc ,
e c .

A fir t p r i m t la f i gi ox by th f m l a e v a ue o or u
p
s s v en e

f or a m w i th h f t
va c u u ,
b tt r fr m t e ac or or e e o a

s u
pp i t os e C l l t N vo fr ml
( )
1
.
3 w i t h i t w h
a cu a e f i g i h fi t o ,
e nc e ,
s ve n ; enc e a rs

ppr im t l f T fr m d t i t by T I
a ox a e v a ue o o en o e .
24 8 S olu ti o n o f v a r i ous tr ajec tor i es [ OH . V III
th r l f i
Ano m d m ll r th
e i f th
v a ue o b r v
O
s n ow a s s u e ,
s a e a n vo
l
e o s e ve d t im f e o

fligh t i m ll r th th l l t d T
s s a r ly d t thi
e an e ca cu a e
I
,
o r c on v e s e ; en o e l f
s v a ue o v0

by H
vO Wi th i t i th
. m y b fr th r l f T i n e sa e wa as e o e, a n o e va ue o s obt i d
a ne ;

d t i t by T
eno e
II

Fi lly i t rp l t t ki g
na d
we
“
fr m w hi h T n d T
e o a e ; a n vo
I
an v0 ,
o c
I
an
II
w e re c a l

l t d T i d t rm i d
cu a e ,
d l by m s f e e ne ,
an a s o v0 , ean s o

II II
v0 2, T T
I
O

2,O
II
T
I _ T
II o

§ 42 . S o l u i on t of ex a mp l es b y m e an s of o th r t b l
e a es

an d fo m ul r ae .

11 . So l ti
u on t
w i h S i ac c i
’
s Tab l e 13 , i n V ol . IV .

S y s tem o
ff o r m u la e .

D ( u) D ( vo) ,

= — M
t ¢ Q COS
a n
( )
u A
y a
u)
¢
2

e ta n a 20 5P 8
,
(
[J ( ) u

T
[ ( )
lt

4 )

v c os 0
c os
4 )

I
°

o, 8

T h en in c f( )v , th e r t rd ti
e a a on d ue to a r i r it
es s an ce,

( 2B ) 8 1 0 0 0 0 8 6 5 75
?
.

1 )

( ca libr 2B i m w ight
e n ,
e of s h ll P
e in kg , i 1 for o gi l
va

2 ca libr r di g ) d
e oun n ,
an

f( ) v 0 20 0 20 48 0 5 M[ ( 0 1 6 4 8 °

v 9 6]
-

w
(
( s ee Ta bl e 7 i n Vol . IV ) .

Th e v a ue o l f ,8 i s tk a en f r m T bl
o a e 1 3 of S i a c c i .
25 0 S ol uti o n f
o va r i ous tr ajector i es [ CH . VI I I

or i t l i th th r t bl
d na e Si c
va ue s X gi nthi e o e a es . n e v0 , a re ve n , s

d t rm i
e e fr m T bl I I I bn e s tofr m T bl I I I d th c
o a e ,
v, c os ( 0 o a e e, an en e v,

i k w ; T bl I I I d gi
s no T; T bl I I I t h
n a l f T bl I I I f
e ves a e e e va ue o as ,
a e

th l fy
e v a ue o e.

Fi lly th l f i bt i d fr m th gi
na e b i BX
v a ue o c s o a ne o e ven a sc ssa c ,

b 8 i gi
e c a us e i T bl 1 3 f V l V I f 2R P 8
,
s k w th
v en n a e o o . I .
, ,
a re no n, en

i i gi s ve n .

2 Gi . t d t rmi X Pr di g fr m c i 2g!
ve n 0, v0 , o e e ne . oc e e n o 0
2
s n )

with B 1 d t rmi b fr ,
Te e y d X t h n e, as e o e , w , v, c os w , v6 , ,
03 8 , , , an e

i 2d 2

l t with t h h l p f T bl I I I b
as e
Y
k w
e i which o a e a, e c a us e
v0 s n )
1s no n, n

v0 a n d gb gi ; th c B i f d m r c r t ly by r p titi
a re ve n en e ,
s ou n o e ac u a e a e e on

o f th p r ti e o e a on s .

3 Gi . X t d t rmi 4 d t h r m i i g l m e t
ve n v0 , 0 , ,
o e e ne ) an e e a n n e e n s .

Fir t t k 8 = 1 d d t rm i
s ll t h
a rdi t l ; fr m
e , ,
an e e ne a e o na e v a u es o

24
T bl I I I
a eth l f ; a ad th 95; th e cl
v a ue o
” s )
an enc e en c e a os e r

l f 8 fr m t h 8 T bl 1 3 i V l
v a ue o ,
th r p t t h p
o e ,
a e n o . IV : en e ea e ro

c e d ur e .

r m i i g t bl th gi
Th e e Ta n n
y a es en ve ( 0 ,
v, , ,
to,“ , .

4 Gi .
i w t d t rmi X d t
v e n v0 , ( )h r m i i g l m,
t ,
o e e ne an e e a n n e e en s .

S t rt with T bl I I I b ; i t h
a rr p di g c r th rdi t a e n e co es on n v0 u ve e o na e

t
i gi ; th ll t h r t k w X i gi by T bl I I I
a n (0
s ve n en a e es a re no n . s ve n a e a
tan
d )

an d th l f fr m t h b i e v a ue BX i 8 i gi
o ei th o e a s c s sa c , s nc e ,
s ve n n e

t bl
a e .

E mp l Gi
xa h i i ti l l i ty e
. 50 m/ r g X 6 8 1 m gl
ve n t e n a v e oc v0 5 s ec an e 4 ,
an e

o f d p rt re aw i gh t f h ll P = 6 9 kg l ib 2R = 0 0 7 7 m m
u e e o s e
°

, ca re
'

; ea n

i d
a r i tyen s kg/m 3
.

A 5 = 0 5 6 3 , A 6 = 0 3 440 , A 7
' °
: 1 4 5 000 Fr m A
o 2 w e fi n d ta n a l : ta n ang e

l i ty 226 m/
.

of d t 32 e s c en Fr m A = l 91w= d
°
o 3 ,
v, c os m ,
an s o v e oc ve = s ec .

F r m A tim f fl i gh t T 25 5
o ,, fr m A t e o : s ec o 5 ,
ver e x a b i 3 8 6 0 m fr m
s c s s a x8 = : o

A rt rdi t y 8 6 m Fr m A l f B
6 , ve ex o na e 8
= 5 . o
7 ,
v a ue o e =0 °

74 6 .

wh en c e t h e fo m r
c oe f c e nfi i ti ca n be l l t d by m
ca cu a e ea n s o f Ta bl e 1 3 for B .
 4 2] S ol u ti on of va r i ou s tr ajec tor i es 25 1

IV . S o l u ti on b y m e an s o f th e fo rm ul ae of Pi t o n -B r e s s an t .

S y s te m o
ff or m ul a e . S ee § 22a .

‘ g ar

y a ta n l’
“ ( 1 + Kr ) ,
c os

t a n 0 = ta n f
<> . . s

fn )
l jo
v c os H
i/( l
’
-- x

2
3 X x) ( )
1 3
9K v0 c os 1
9>

p i t
o n of des c t en on t he m u zz e l h ri o z on (y 0 , a: X)

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
) o

Z
o o o o o o o o o

32
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

« 2)

2X ( 3 Z l
c os ( ) 1 Z 1

F or t h e ve rt ex ( s ays )
3XX ( 1 + XX )] — 1

y , Xt an ( )
20

ct r K d pe d
Th e fa o d f d ie n s on v0 a n ( ) ,
an s ass u md e as
p r tic lly ac a

t t l g fl t tr j ct ry
c on s a n a on a a a e o .

O th nth r h d K lt r r pidly fr m
e o e an a e s a o on e tr j ct ry ta e o o an o th r e

onth m r g t bl
e sa e an e a e .

P tti g K th X d ry r pidly l
v0
u n t en oe s n o va so a . Th e va ue of
gb c os

K will g r lly b d t rmi d by ( 1 4 ) d

en e a e e e ne an an d so rm
f o

2s
m
81

5
for a d fi it tr j t ry
e n e a ec o ,
for which v0 , an d X a re k w no n .
25 2 S olu ti on o f v a r i ous tr ajec tor i es [ OH V I I I
.

43 . P ra c i c al t appl i c a ti on s t o th e l
c a c u l a t i on o f

r a n ge t abl es .

r r t i f r g t bl
F or t h e p e pa H yd r i h L h
a on o mS h 1 90 8
an e a es s ee e en e c ,
e re vo c us s ,

P r I
a t , p p 7 0 e tc . .

H r it e e b t t d bri fly th t th f ll wi g q titi
c an e s a e t b m rd
e a e o o n u an es a r e o e eas u e ,

i
n i t bl w th r l ity f h ll r t h m l gl f d p rt r fr m
su a e ea e v e oc o s e n ea e u zz e , a n e o e a u e o

an lg f l tie o d j mp m r
e e va r t h r l ti b tw
on a n u mb r f gl ,
o e ove e e a on e e en a n u e o an es

o f l ti
e e va d th m r g tt i d d th m tim f fli gh t w l l
on a n e ea n an e a a ne an e ea n e o ,
as e as

th e ve rti l d fl ti f th m p i t f imp t fr m th pl f fi (th

ca e ec on o e ean o n o ac o e ane o re e

ver ti l pl thr gh th i f t h g )
ca ane ou e ax s o e un .

Wi th thi pr ti f m r g t h m r m t f th d i p i i
s ac ce or ean an es ,
e ea s u e en o e s e rs on n

r g d dir ti wi ll b p ibl t h di t
an e an ec on e os s e a eac s ance .

I h ll wi th tim f
n s e th r l ti
s b tw l ti fe tti g d
uz e s , e e a on s e ee n e e va on , uze -s e n ,
an

m ea n tim f b r i g wi ll b d t rmi d w l l th ri ti i y f
e o u n n e e e ne ,
as e as e va a on s n an o

th es e .

Th p ri me t w i
ex ll b err i d t w i t h
en s ll h rg f g f r i
e b l ca e ou a c a es or un s o va a e

l di g i
oa n h, y tnh t i t r
s uc p l t i m a
y b wa
p rm i ib l f i t rm
a d i t n e o a on a e e ss e or n e e a e

c h rg
a es .

S V l III f
ee th od t mi ti f th l ity f th h ll d th
. or e e er na on o e v e oc o e s e , an e

a b r ti f gl f d p rt r (j mp)
er a on o an e o e a u e u .

F o r th e c lc l ti
r g t bl i g r l f gu witha u a on of a an e a e n en e a or a n, a

gi h rg
ven c d f l rg mb r f gl f d p rt r d th
a e, an or a a e nu e o an es o e a u e ) ,
e

m r g X r q ir t b m r d th m tim f flight T
ea n an e e u es o e eas u e ,
e ea n e o ,

an d f tim f t h tim
or tti g d th c rr p di g r g
e uz e s , e e se n , an e o es on n an e .

M r t h i d n ity 8 i t b m r d
ore ov e e a r e s , s o e e as u e

Th pr c d r f th c lc l t
e w i g r l f ll w
o e u e o e a u a i on s I s n o n en e a as o o s

1 . Es ti m a ti on of the i n i ti a l ve oc l i ty v
“ f
o the s he ll .

r lity it i t p ibl i r g t bl p rim t t m ur

In ea s no os s e, n an e a e ex e en s , o e as e

th i iti l l city i t h imm di t ighb rh d f t h m l

e n a ve o n e e a e ne ou oo o e uz z e

ov e r ry h rt r g f i t c by p rk p h t gr phy ( V l
a ve s o an e , as or ns an e s a o o a o . III,

1 26 G r lly t h m l city f t h h ll w ill h t ben e a e ea n ve o o e s e a ve o e

m r d t di t c f 25 t 1 00 m fr m th m l by m
ea s u e a a fs an e o o o e uz z e ea n s o

th B e l gé pp r tou e n a a a us .

I thi w y f n i t t h fir t cr
s f wir i pl c d t 25 m
a ,
or n s an c e , e s s e en o es s a e a

fr m t h m
o l d th c d cr e t 7 5 m ; th m
uz z e , an l city f e s e on s e en a e ea n v e o o

th h ll i m r d r di t
e s e f 25 t 7 5 m i fr t f t h
s eas u e o ve a s an c e o o n on o e

m l d thi i ll d ; b t m r cc r t ly wi g t t h
u zz e , a n s fs ca e uso u o e a u a e ,
o n o e us e o

ve rti l cr ca f m r m t thi i th m h ri t l m
s e en s o eas u e en ,
s s e ea n o z on a co

p t
on e n 9 , v c os .
 4 S olu ti o n o f va r i ous trajec to r i es [ OI L V I I I

d c t A d f d p rt r O t b q l t 5 m t r g f 25 0 0 m
es en , , an o e a u e, ,
o e e ua o ,
a a an e o

l g th l pi g gr d th t th l p f t h gr d i
a on e s o n oun , so a e s o e o e o un s

I th tilt d tr j t ry OS A th rr ct d gl f d p rt r
n e e a ec o , , e co e e an e o e a u e

ab th m l h ri i th
ov e e uz z e o z on s en

' '
7
° °
B , OA , 4 ) 5 10 5

h T l X 250 0 m d 4
e s e v a ue s , an ) 5
°
will r s e v e as a b i as s for
th c lc l ti
e a u a on s .

I f t h tilti g f t h tr j ct ry i
e n o e a e o s n ot a ll w bl (
o a b e s ee a ove ,

d t rmi
e e t h p i t f i t r cti
ne e o n o n e se on of th e tr j ct ry with th h ri
a e o e o

z on ta l OA an d su
pp os e for
m pl A A 4 m ; th l e xa e , en ca

c lt fi t pp i m u a e as a rs a ro x a

ti th c t gl f d c t on e a u e an e o es en

A OA ( d l t h tim f , a) an a so e e o

flight T f b q t p or su se uen ur

p thi i ily d with os e s : s s ea s on e

t h b lli tic c r
e a III b sd I I I d f th r t bl f V l V )
u ve s , an ,
o e c u ve a es o o . I .

S pp uit i f d th t os e th A O 4 t 3 0 7 m s o un a co en , co
°
.

Th c th r d c d r g
en e r th m l h ri 0 0
e e u e an e ove e uz z e o z on or

X OA — A O OA — A O = 23 0 0
:
7 2293 m
, , , .

Thi pr c d r i s t p rmi ibl o e

p t d r c rt i
u e um p ti
s no e ss e e xc e un e e a n ass on s

on th m ll f th l
e s d l p A OA Wh th r it i t b ll w d
a nes s o e an s o e , . e e s o e a o e

m t b i tig t d i ch p i l
us e n ve s a e n ea s ec a c as e .

3 . The fi
e ec t o f the wi n d .

Th e di g lcorr f X m y r q ir t b
e s pon r td n va u e s o , v0 a e u e o e c or ec e

for th f
e e ff ct
wi d h i g c m p t w i th dir ti f
e o a n ,
av n a o on e n n e ec on o

t h li
e ffi
ne o ( b t i t b t k re g ti wh t h wi dui i th it s o e a en n e a ve en e n s n e

o
pp itos dir cti e d f ll w t h dir
e ti f m ti ) T
on , a n m k t h o o s e ec on o o on . o a e e

ry c rr cti c lc l t with t h r d c d l X
n e c es s a o e on , a u a e e e u e v a ues , ,

i t d fX
ns ea t owh r ,
v0 , ( ,
e e

X, X Tw ur
z
v,
2
2v0w '
c os ( )
i t an
,
() f w
h T l X e s e v a ue s v, ,
r
s e ve a s d t f th f rt h r c l l tia a or e u e a cu a on s

d t th m f im pl i ity
en o e e or s c by X t A c lc l ti,
v0 , (l b . a u a on ca n a so e

m d lightly l
a e, s ct by es s e x a , e q ti ua
5 4 7onTh q ti th r °

. e e ua on s e e

gi v en b d f th
c an e us e or e l t r l d i ti
a e a f th p i t f m ev a on o e o n o ea n

imp ct fr m th pl
a ffi o e an e o re .
 43 ] S ol uti on of v a r i ous tr ajec tor i es 25 5

4 .
th r f r k w h w t d t rmi th m r g X
We e e o e no o o e e ne e ea n an e ,,

m l t r l d i ti Z fr m th pl
ea n a e a ev a on f fi , d l o th m e ane o re , a n a so e ea n

t im f flight T
e o d r th c diti , ,
un e es e on on s .

Th t which t h
e us es , r lt
o p t d p de t h es u bj ct sf a re u ,
e en on e o e o

th c l
e l ti
a cu a on s .

I c m pl t l l ti f r g t bl t h l X t c r
n a o e e ca c u a on o a an e a e e va ue s c or e

s
p on di g t nt h i iti
o l l e ity n f t h d y will b
a v e oc m p l y dv0 t o e a e e o e o

d t rmi
e e t h b lli tic c
ne e ffici t a s f t h d y by c lc l ti
oe en c , o e a a u a on .

If f i t c th t bl f 4 1 ( V l T bl 1 2) i m pl y d
or ns an e e a e o o . I V, a e s e o e

f orth p p e t h c lc l ti
ur os e , will pr c d f ll w
e a u a on s o ee as o o s

C l l t f a cu a ry gr p f b r d “
e or e ve X by q ti
ou o o s e ve v , , e ua on

§ 4 1 i 2gb ,
= XNs n ( t h l f £ ;
vo, d th fr m e va u e o 6 an en o

e q ti ( 1 3 ) d th b r d i d ity 8 f th d y d th
ua on an e o s e ve a r ens , o e a ,
an e

r g X bt i d th d y th b lli tic fli i t which h ld

an e o a ne on e a , e a s c oe e en
’
c t o s

g ood .

Thi l i t b c rr ct d f
s va ue s o rm l i d ity
e o e e d ri dor a n o a a r ens as e ve

1 2 06 P 8
fr m t h q ti '
o e e ua on 0 d an on
13 3 4 3 2
0

Th ri f e se es l o bt i d p l
v a ue s tt d gr p hic
so o lly a ne a re o e a a as a

f cti
un fX on o .

I f th p rim
e ex t h e b m d
en s r
a ve l d y d r
e en
p t d a e on s e v e a a s , an e ea e

r l tim th th r lt
s ev e a es , en p l tt d e t A es ur i s th a re o e ou . c u ve s en

d r w thr gh t h pl tt d p i t
a n ou e d m th d i f
o e c ry o n s , an s oo e n e es s a .

Fr m th r o bt i d f = f ( X) t h c rr p di g l
e c u ve s o o a ne o c
’
n , e o es on n v a ue s

b r d ff f th r l f X r c di g
’
o f c n c an e ea
p to or
p e se t a a e va u e s o , o ee n a

g i ven d fi it i
e t r
n l e; f in t c
e va s f X 1 0 0 0 or3 0 0 0 50 00
n s an m e or , , ,

d th ch ir l X l '
an f en
y or a n
p f su f tah o i f d
v a ue s o c n , , e v a ue s ou n

X
O f 5
a
3

The an gl e of d e pa rt ru e ()
f is th en gi f thi
ven or s va u e l of E by,

s i n 24> XN an d w th e an gl e o f d c t by es en

I
On
t an a) M0 3
0, 5) 6
200 8 2
() I
l

t hetim f flight T H e o d fr m D ( ) E D ( );
c
an u, o u, , ro
4 c os )

th c th fi l l city
en e
qb e na ve o v, u , c os s ec

F h g A t f th gl f d p rt r i cir l r m r
or a c an e c o e an e o e a u e, n cu a eas u e ,

t h c rr p
e o es
A
X
di g ch g f r g i X t 2t
on
1 A 4 n an e o an e s _ _
an ( ) )

t 2d a n a) an )
25 6 S oluti on o f v a r i ous tr ajec tor i es [ OIL V I I I

Th e c rro es
p on di g ch g
n an e A y for gi v en X i gi s v e n on th e fig r u e,

Ay A X ta n w .

h i g A4
C f
oos nd gr thi f rm l gi th m r f ) 1. o
1 6
a e ee, s o u a ve s e ea s u e o

th ch g f h ight i th triki g p i t d t
e an e o e ch g f n e s n o n ue o a an e o

l
re
d gr ed t h ch g i r g
ee, an e an e n an e .

I m yc n it i d ir bl i th c lc l ti t t rt with t h
an as es s es a e n es e a u a on s o s a e

gl f d p rt r d t fr m t h an e o e a u e, an no o e

r g an e .

Th p r c d r i th f ll w e o e u e s en as o o s,

gi i g T bl 1 2 V l th a a n us n a e ,
o . IV : e

f rm r l bt i d f ’
o e va ue s o a ne or c n a re

t t b pl tt d f cti f th no o e o e as un on s o e

r g b t f th d p rt r gl an e, u o e e a u e an e .

Fr m th r f f o e c u ve c
'

n or

d fi it l
e n f f i t c l
e v a ue s o th l f i or ns an e c) e va ue o c
’
n s

d t rmi d
e e ne .

C l l t f ry h p ir f l r m q ti ’
a cu a e
t f
or e v e s uc a o va ues , c , c n , o e ua on

E ( vo z

Fr m th o l f E ( m f ) th u
e va u e bt i d d by th o f v e s o a ne an e us e o

T bl 1 2 b V l V t h
a e ,
l u f E i d t rmi d c rr p d i g t
o . I , e va e o , s e e ne o es on n o

th l
e va u e f t h i iti l
v0 l city i th R g T bl ; d th c
o e n a ve o n e an e a e an en e

X E g
i
c
'
ni ,
T h s lc l tive n f t h .r m i i g l m t
e ca f t h u a on o e e a n n e e en s o e

r g t bl f ll w b f r
an e a e o o s as e o e .

Th l m t f th tr j ct ry bt i d i thi w y i
e e e en s o e T a e o o a ne n s a ,
( ) ,
ve , ,
a re

p l tt
o d e f cti as f X un
; d th t h
on sc r o th bt i d t h an en on e u ve , us o a ne ,
e

se
p r ta a e l m t f t
e eh tr j ct ry
en s r d o ff f X = 1 0 0 20 0
e a e o a re ea o or , ,

Th e c d ry t bl
s e on a a es of F llas e a a re c o n ve n e n i t for us e in th es e

c lc l ti
a u a on s .

5 . Ap p li ca ti on o
f the r es ul ts o
ffi re
f or i ni ti a l vel oci ty a nd ai r

d en s i ty as r eq ui r ed in r a ng e ta bles .

rdi g t t h t t f th d y t h t r f t h w p
A cco n o e s a e o e a ,
e na u e o e ea on s

an d t h di ff r c f th t m p r t r
e f th p wd r
e en d f rth t h
e o e e e a u e o e o e an so o ,
e

i iti l l citi f t h d y will di ff r m r

n a ve o l fr m th m
es o e a e o e or es s o e ea n

i iti l l city gi i th r g t bl I r c lc l ti fr m
n a ve o as ve n n e an e a e . n a e a u a on o

th b r d i iti l l city “ f th d y d i r d cti t th

e o s e ve n a ve o v o e a ,
an n a e u on o e
25 8 S olu ti on f
o va r i ous tr ajec tor i es [ OH V I I I
.

p r c d o ee c rr p di g t th b r d X
as in 4 :th l f o es on n o e o s e ve ,
v0 , e va ue o

i c lc l t d t h l f t h b ci BX i c rt i d
v0
s a u a e : e va ue o e a s ssa c s as e a ne ,

and thi gi i c 8 i gi by t h B T bl 1 3 V l
s ve s Th 0, s n e ,
s ve n e a e ,
o . IV . e

0 l l
v a ue s
p tt d gr p hi lly d
a reth t h l f r d f
of e a ca ,
an en e v a ue s o 0 ea o

c rr p di g t X 1 0 0 20 0
o es on n o , ,

Th t t he l bt i d f BX th t bl will gi th
'

en o v a ue s , s o o a ne ,
o c e a es ve e

corr p di g l
es f on T y n v a ue s o w , ve , ,
a n, , .

7 . Fi lly wh th f rm l f Pit
na ,
en e o u ae o on -B re s s a n t a r e e mpl y d it o e ,

is c on v e n e n i t t r pr t di gr m o e es en on a a a to a su ffici tly l rg
en cl a e s a e

t he fun cti f Z
on s ri i g i q ti o a s n n e ua on s
§ 4 2 ch , su as

1 1 ( 3 2 a fi 1
to r d off the l
va ue of e a ch
Z
’

t/ (3Z Z —l s o as ea

as a fun cti on o f Z ; a t bl
a e of th es e fun cti on s h as b een gi ve n a lr dy ea

in g22 a .

?
24)
r c i f ll w C lc l t Z 2 f t h di ff r t
v0

e u e
Th e p

r d c d r g X d c rr p di g an
o es s

es
3
d l k
s as

t th f cti
an
o o

o
s :

es
a

on
u a e

n an oo ou
or

e
e

un
e en

ons

on t h di gr m f e ry l f Za a or e v e v a ue o .

By m f th q ti ea n s o § 4 2 d with t
e em ch ua on s ,
an ou u

ca lc l ti th l
u a fw on T bt i d ; d t h i t rm di t
e v a ue s o ,
a re o a ne an e n e e a e

l f q idi t t X
va ue s or e b r d ff by i t rp l ti
u s an ca n e ea o n e o a on .

8 I th . r g t bl th l m f th
n e an f pr b bl
e a es e co u ns o e z on e s o o a e

sc tt ri g
a e bt i d n lly by h ti g t m p rtic l r r g
a re o a ne u s ua s oo n a so e a u a an es .

Th p i t f im p ct m t lw y b m
e o n r d ctly ; th p i t
o a us a a s e e as u e e xa e o n

of b r t f tim f
u s h ll i b r d by ph t gr phy C lt
o e - uz e s e s o s e ve o o a . on s u

t 65 th c l o l ti f th i di id l p i t f im p ct
on e a cu a on o e n v ua o n s o a or

b r t Th pr b bl rr
u s . e g i t b pl tt d gr phic lly
o a e e ors a re a a n o e o e a a as

f cti
un f th r g on s o e an e .

A c r i s th dr w thr gh t h p i t
u ve p l tt
end d t h a n ou e o n s so o e ,
an e

r lt t r d
es u s th r g t bl
en e e on e an e a e .

9 Th tim . f flight e f fr q t l i firi g pr ctic ;

es o a re o e ue n va ue n n a e as,

f i t c i
or ns h ti g t m i g m rk ircr ft hip
an e, n s oo lry t n a a ov n a ,
a a , s s , c a va , e c .

Mr r t h tim f flight gi
o e o ve g id i tti g tim f
e es o ve a u e n se n a e uz e ,

w hich with m ch ic l f b r li d
a t ec rt i t tan a uz e c a n e e e on o a e a n e x en .

Th m r m t f th m f
e e as u e tti g f th r g t bl
en o es e e an uz e s e n s or e an e a e

c an b c rri d e t i di ff r t w y
a e ou n e en a s .

I m ll c libr th p
n a s a f mm iti i t i mp rt t
a e, e ex en s e o a un on s no so o an
 43 ] S ol u ti o no f v a r i o us tr ajec tor i es 25 9

a d t il f th r g t bl
e a o p rim t e A t t h
an
p r e t tim a e ex e en s . e ese n e,

acc rdi g t H yd r ich f

o n o p rim te h ld b
en e c rri d t , uz e ex e en s s ou e a e ou

with w p f di ff r t t t
ea on s f w r o f i t wi t h
e en w s a es o ea , as , or ns an c e , a ne

g un , a simil r th t h fir d a r g on e mb r f r a d d as e a n a ve a e nu e o o un s , an

on e th t h fir d m ch gr t r mb r d t di ff r t
a as e a u ea e nu e ,
an a e en s e as o n s

of th y r i e mm r d wi t r Fr m c m pr h i
ea ,
n su e ri f an n e . o a o e e n s ve s e es o

su ch p rim t ex r e b bt i d which will gi t h f

en s a c u ve can e o a ne ve e uz e

se tti g t b i rt d i th r g t bl
n o e ns e e n e an e a e .

I f tim d t ll w f thi p rim t l pr c d r

e oe s no a i f tho o s ex e en a o e u e , or e

c t i t high wi g t t h c libr f t h g th f ll wi g pl i
os s oo o n o e a e o e un , e o o n an s

r c mm d d
e o en e :

Th p h t gr ph e t k t gi th m
o o a l f t h ti m
s a re a en o ve e ea n va ue o e e

1h
ofb r i g u n n d t h tim f flight Th r ti
an f ei f t h tim e o f e a o o e o e e o
7
. .
, ,

b r i g t th tim f flight i t d Thi r ti lt r ly lightly

u n n o e e o ,
s no e . s a o a e s on s

w ith t h r g b t m y b di ff r t fr m d y t d y
e an e, u a e e en o a o a .

Th r ti e g i pl tt d
a c r Th r lt
os a re a a n tk o e on a u ve . e es u s a re a e n as

th b i e f f rth r d t rmi ti
as s o a u e e e na on .

M lti plyi g t h m
u r g t bl tim f flight T by th r ti
n e ean an e - a e e o , e a o

B
T
t
f th or m r g th c r
e sa th me r ang t bl f
e on tti g e u ve , e ean an e - a e u ze s e n
t

B i 8 bt i d f th c rr p di g r g
s o a ne or e o es on n an e .

Thi m th d f c l l ti
s e i ly ppr im t d
o o m th t
a cu a on s on a ox a e , an ass u es a

a t gi r g th m r g t bl f
a ve n an e tti g B b r t th
e e an an e- a e uz e s e n 8 ea s o e

se tti g f th d y B th m r ti th m r g t bl tim f
n o e a , e sa e a o as e ea n an e- a e e o

flight t th tim f flight f t h d y th t i

o e e o o e a ,
a s

Bs i B t = T3 2 Tt .

10 lc l ti f th m r g t bl l t r l d fl cti
. Th e ca u a on o e ean an e- a e a e a e e on ,

which r l f dj ti g th m t f dri ft imp rt d by th

s e v es a so or a us n e a ou n o a e e

ri fli g i d ri d fr m t h p rp dic l r di t c fr m t h p l
n ,
s e ve o f e e en u a s an e o e ane o

fi f th m
re o
p i t f im p
e ct ea n o n o a .

By m f f rm l f Hé l i
ea n s o
§ 5 6 f r m th al foZ t h u a o e, ,
o e s e v a ue s o , e

f ct r A i c lc l t d
a o d pl tt d gr phic lly
s a f cti
u a e f th ,
an o e a a as a un on o e

r g t ki g i t cc t t h r lt
an e, a n di fl
n o a t d y ffi o un e es u s on
°
e re n a s o re .

O thi c r n th l f A
s r d ff c r ly f th i
u ve e va ue s o a re ea o on v e s e or e n

di id l r g
v ua d by m anf th l fA
es , a n d i g th m ea n s o e va u e s o an us n e ean

r g t bl
an e -th
a m r g t bl l t r l d i ti Z fr m t h
e v0 , e ean an e - a e a e a ev a on o e

p l f fi
an e i bt i
o d f h
re
p r ts r g o a ne or eac se a a e an e .

Th l f Z c lc l t d i
e v a ue g l r m r ( i t th f
o , a u a e n an u a ea s u e s x ee n s o a

1 7— 2
26 0 S ol u ti on o f va r i ous tr ajec tori es [ OH V I I I
.

d gre ee, or th
d th f th r di ) i pl tt d f cti
ou s a n f th s o e a an ,
s o e as a un on o e

r g an d th e, c r anbt i d i d f r edi g ff th l t r l
u ve s o o a ne s us e or ea n o e a e a

d i ti
ev a f th ri r gon or e va ou s an es .

1 1 Th d gr . R f h ight H m f th t rg t ( f
e an e z on e or a e o e a e or

i t c H 1 m ) fr q tly gi i th r g t bl
n s an e 1s e u en v en n e an e a e .

Thi i t h h ri t l tr tch GB i t h d
s s e di g br ch f
o z on a s e n e es c e n n an o

t h tr j ct ry r chi g e a e o ea n

fr m t h p i t f d o e o n o e

c t 0 b ck t th s en a o e

p i t A with t h rd i o n e o

t B A = H i th na e , n e

fig r u e .

Th c lc l ti f thi l gth OB
e a R f ll w fr m q ti
u a on o s en o o s o e ua on

§ 4 1 by fi ,
di g t h p i t A f which
n
y H n e o n ,
or .

A thi c lc l ti s i r th r tr bls m a
pp r im
u a ti on b s a e ou es o e , an a ox a on c a n e

m d g r lly by
a e mi g p r b li l m t OA f th tr j t ry
en e a ass u n a a a o c e e en o e a ec o ,

wh en

(
L .
1
X ta n
so th t i a n t he c as e a b ov e , with X 1 20 0 , H 1 m , R 21 m .

Ex a mp les of r a nge ta bl e c a l cu l a ti on s .

1 . For m th m
a rifl e : l i ty gi by rifl b tw th
As s u e e ean v e oc v25 ,
ven a e, e ee n e

m l d p i t 5 0 m d i t t t b = 8 6 0 m/
u zz e a n a o n s an o e v
25 se c .

Th rr r f d p rt r (j mp) i f d b
e e o o e a u e l t it bu m d t b s o un to e e e as s u e o e

t t
c on s an .

N t l t t rg t b
ex e t p t di t
a e s f 1 8 00 1 00 1 200 900 6 00
e se u a m d s a nc es o ,
5 , , , ,
an

su pp fos e m pl t h t
or e x a t h t rg t e t p t a 1 200 onm h m p ie t f
a e se u a ,
t e ean o n o

i mp t wh h ti g wi th t g t l ti
ac ,
en s oo n i t h igh t 1 0 m
an en e e va on s a a e 5 c

a b ove h m tl l l T k th i d ity f th d y t 1 2 kg/m d

e u zz e e ve . a e e a r e ns o e a a 55 3
, an

a h d wi d g i t t h d i r t i f fi ri g f
ea n a a ns em/ T k h h igh t f
ec on o n o s ec . a e t e e o

th e t an
g t i g h t f
en 1 200 s m m
or t h“
d i t b tw
”
ash i g h t ,
e s ance e ee n t e s s

5 00 0 mm h h i gh t f t h f r i gh t 20 0 1 mm
,
t e e o e o es .

( ) C l
a l t i f t h
a cu am l l i
ont y o H r et h q t i § 4
u zz e v e o c l i v0 : e e e e ua on , s

m pl y d D i l l t d fr m P th w i gh t f h b ll t ’
e o e ,
c s ca c u a e o ,
e e o t e u e ,

2B h t l ibr th i d ity 8 d h f rm ffi i t i Thi l t i t

e ca e, e a r en s ,
an t e o c oe c en s as s no

k w i d f lt f h r d t i t m t b l l t d ppr i m t ly
.

no d n , an s o, n e au o ot e a a, us e ca cu a e a ox a e as

l ) fr m t h f m f t h h d f t h b ll t it i f d '

in 13 (L fL aw o 6s s o e d or o e ea o e u e ; an so s oun

th t W
a
P
0
1 2 06
’
th x
i f d = 8 8 0 m/ e n ce v0 s oun s ec .
26 2 S olu ti on o f va r i ous tr ajec tor i es [ OI L V I I I

( )
a Ca l l ti
cu a on o f v0 P r l i m i ry t i m t
e na es a e of c 28 8 . th en ce

f " 75

A cco rdi ng to K r u pp s
’
T bl 8
a e ,
V ol . IV ,
D ( 6 93 5 ) = 10 798 . T h en c e

D ( v0 co s 1 0 7 98 26 0 1053 8 , a n d v0 c os 3
°
m/7 00 sec,

r m K r pp t b l
f o u
’
s a e . S i n c e c os 3
°
0 99 8 6 , w e c an tk a e v0 7 00 m / s ee , i n t h e fu t rh r e

l l ti
c a cu a on s .

( b) mpl t 9 7 m wi th gl f d p rt r
F or e xa e, a 24 ,
an e o e a u e the l
s ope of

gr ou n d , d rr r f d p rt r + 3 7 h tr gl an an e o o e a u e 5
’
t e ue a n e of d p rt r
e a u e

th f rt h t t rg t i an d
°
for
’
e u 12 es 11 a e s so

2 22 4 i
°
X = ' — N( s n v ,
0

I T bl 1
n ( V l aIV ) w i
e t h = 7 00 m
/
2C th see o .
,
v
0
s ec , en
'
9 7 24 8 6 0 25 1 132
°

c .

Th e l l ti f th th r r g i rri d t i
ca cu a rr on or e o e an es s ca e ou n a co e s p on di g m r n an n e .

I f th d y t bl f F l l
e s ec on mpl y d i 2d X i ar a es o as e a a re e o e ,
s n ) s t b o l l td e ca c u a e .

F ll
as e d t thi q ti t by f d fr m F l l
a eno es s uo en ,, an o ase a s
’
T bl I I I ad e ,
an

v =
0 7 0 0 m /s ec , w e ge t f0 = 28 96 , 28 96 : 3 3 58 ; and th en

1 1 93
3 3 5 8 —— 3 27 8
1 220
.

It m t b ti d th t rdi g t h m th d mpl y d th f t r h
us e no ce a ac c o n o t e e o e o e ,
e ac o c
’
as a

d iff r t m i g th t i t h t lw y th m l
e en ea n n ,
so a as n o a a s e sa e v a ue .

I nrr p d i g y by th mpl ym t f F ll m th d ppl i d t

a co es on n wa ,
e e o en o as e a s
’
e o , a e o

th th r d t f h ti g d th i r r lt
e o e a a o fi d th l f t b 33 4
s oo n an e es u s, we n e v a ues o c
’

n
o e 5,
3 1 8 3 1 2 3 27 8 ( t h l t b i g
5 ,
5 ,
b ) e as e n as a o ve .

I n d tri l wi th th m g th l = 6 9 1 m/
a s e c on bt i da e sa e un e va ue v0 s ec w as o a ne ;
an d wi t h gl f l ti f
an esth m r g w r 43
o e e va on o e ea n an es e e 40 ,

9 6 7 3 6 3 1 0 0 8 2 m Th
4 4 , i d,
i ty 1 2 6 kg/m . e a r en s was 5 3
.

Th rr p d i g l f d t rmi d th pr d r f F ll w
e co es on n v a ue s o c
'
n e e ne on e oc e u e o as e a e re

-
3 3 1 9 , 3 4 4 2, 3 5 5 5 .

b lli ti
Th e a s ri bl t ly th t d y
c c oe fli c i e n t s a re th us s e e n to be va a e, n o on on e wo a s,

b u t l duri g th
a so m d y d i f t th y t d th
n e sa dd y e a ; an n ac e s an on e s ec on a on a n

a ve a r g hi gh r th
e th fi r t e a n on e s .

A r i dr w f f th l th b t i d th t d y f
c u ve s a n o c
’
n , or e va ues us o a ne on e wo a s o

p r t i
ac r p r c e,t i t tol r
g p hi ll
e y f
es e n t i f X d i t i s v a ue a ca as a un c on o an s s ee n to
ri m wh t with h r g
se so e a t e an e .

B d t h m r m t f th i i t i l l i t i t h
as e on e e as u ed y f h ti g en o e n a v e oc e s on e t wo a s o s oo n

d 6 9 1 m/ wi th t h t mp r t r f th p wd r + 28 d °
o f 7 00 an s ec , th e e e a u e o e o e as an e

m l f t h r g t bl i t k
ea n v a u e or b 6 9 m/ e t t mp r r
an e a e s a en to e 2 s ec, a a e e atu e

F mpl t X 8 000 m pp h l f
or e x a e, a th r t b 327 , su os e t e v a ue o on e c u ve o e 5 .

C l l ti g g i wi th F ll m th d f = X = 8 000 d
’ ’
a cu a n a a n as e a s e o , 0 :c an

t t hi f d 6 92 F ll T bl I I I gi f = 0 0 000 3 8 4 8 d t h f m ’
o s 0 an v0 :
,
as e a s a e ves , ; an en ro

i Xf
°
s n 8 ,,

Th rr r i th gl f d p r r (j mp) i t b btr t d t bt i th
e e o n e an e o e a tu e u s o e su ac e o o a n e

an lg f l ti S imi l rly h l l ti f X 00 0 2000 4 000

e o e eva on . b a t e ca c u a on s or 1 , , ,
ca n e

md a e .
 43 ] S ol u ti on o f va r i o us tr ajec to r i es 26 3

F as e lla
’
s Ta bl e IV g i ve s , fo r t h e a b o ve v a l ue s o f f “ a n d c o, t h e rf d
fac t o 2, a n
th en c e fr omq ti t = f t 5 t h l f h
th e e ua on an m 2 an < ,
e va ue o w, t e an lg f d te o es c e n ;
an d i so m ri l mpl = 1 7
n o ur n u e ca e xa e w 4 4
° ’

F llas e T bl V gi a s
’
f af d e f t r f ves d th ,
f or
0
an 00 ,
a ac o 3 ,
an en ro m th q ti e e ua on

t m t m r l m l
’

f
c
t h i ,, f fli gh e d i e o i p = 8 1 t; an n ou1 n u
°
e ca e xa e t 1
°

s ee .

p
c os (

F llas e T bl I f a s
’
h m q ti ti gi
a e or f t r
t d th
e sa fr m h e ua n es ve s a ac o u, a n ence o t e

e q ti ua on v, 0 0 8 h fi l 0 : l i ty i
n e os m pl = 3 6 m /
t e na ve oc v, ; n o ur e xa e cc 2 s cc

lt f th fi ri g mpl y d i th r m th d f l l ti th
.

If h t e re s u s o e n a re e o e n o e e o s o ca cu a o n, en

t 8 000 m d r m r g t b l d i ti S i i I I m k = 1 Di d i
°
a ,
un e ea n an e- a e con o ns , ac c a es (u 4 on

w 1 4
°

g i t 1 7
a b a ns 4 4
° ’
a o ve .

A d f n th fi or l l i ty 3 29 rdi g t S i i I I 3 1 2 rd i g Didi
e na ve oc ,
acco n o a cc , ac c o n to on ,

a g i t 3 26 b
a ns a o ve .

S o d i ff r t r lt w r f d f th th r r g i gl f d t
to o, e en es u s e e oun or e o e an es n an e o es c e n

an d fi l l i ty b t th r lt
na v e oc ; t r u d d h r Th l l ti h e es u s a re no ec o r e e e . e ca c u a on as

th m r e h r t r f pr
e e c a ac e f i t r p l ti o a oc e s s o n e o a on .

( ) T h c l l t i f h m
e ca cu a r g t b l f
on tt i og l p r
t d e ea n an e- a e uz e -s e n s ca e ocee s as

f ll w
o o l ti g t h p r i
s , s e ec n mpl f i ll tr ti e e v ou s e x a e or us a on .

Wi th th tti g f 6 e se d r g n o bt i d f 9 9 6 m d m
2 s e c on s a an e w as o a ne o 1 ,
an a ea n

tim f fligh t f 24
e o d o b r d 4 se c on s was o s e ve .

Th r t i e f h a tti g t th b r d tim f fli gh t B T w rk t t
o o t e se n o e o se ve e o , , , o s ou o

2 6 0 th m d y d t r g f 7 5 7 6 0 2 248 7 m th r ti
11 e sa e a ,
an a an es o ,
5 4, ,
e a o

o bt i d i t h m y w k d t
a ne n e sa e wa or e o ut o

I th r p rim t h l f th r ti f r g f 1 0 1 6 0 7 1 2 7 1
n ano e ex e en t e v a ue o e a os or an es o ,
5, 4 8,
25 2 3 m w rk d ,
t r p ti ly t
o e ou es ec ve o

Th r ti pl tt d gr phi lly m k p
es e a os , o e whi h with i r i g
a ca ,
a e u a c u r ve c n c ea s n

ran g pp er h
a h b
oa c i i
es l wl
t y e a sc ssa ax s s o .

O thi n r t h l t 8 000 m
s c u ve , e va u e a d i th m r g t bl wa s an n e ea n an e a e

t h t ime f fli gh t r d ff
e o 8 1 ea o was 1 s ec .

C q tly th m r g t bl di ti
on s e ue n ,
on e d t ea nr g f 8 000 m an e- a e c on on s , a n a a an e o ,

t h tti g i 1 8 1
e se n 21
s d x s ec o n s .

At r g f 8 000 m d wi th f
a an e o tti g f 21 ,
d h m pit
an a uze s e n o s e c on s, t e ea n o n

o f b r t wi ll b 8 000 m fr m t h m
u s e l d t th m l l t h t i t y o e uz z e , a n a e sa e e ve ; a s o sa

i t wi ll gi r g 50 / f hit
,

th ve o n e a ve a e
0
O
o s .

A rdi g t t h
cco n tr ti f th g o e c on s d th f t uc r i gt gt on o e un , a n e ac s c on c e n n ar e ,

g r d
o un t h e tc d i t i f t h h
e c on i g h t f m b r t
on s o b t h m l h ri e e o ea n u s a ov e e uz z e o z on

d t rmi d
.
, ,

a re e e ne .

I mpl thi m y b p t t 21 m r g f 8 000 m

n ou r e x a e s a e u a at a an e o .

Th tr j t ry f th m
e a ec o r g t bl di ti m t th b ti lt d t gi
o e ea n an e- a e c on on s us en e e o ve

thi 21 m f tr h i ght i rd r m k th 21
s o ex a e d f t im f b r i g
,
n o e to a e e s e c on s o e o u n n

gi ve th b t r e ltes es u .

B th ut i d t fr m th t ilti g f t h tr j t ry t h r g wi ll b i r d
en , as ev en o e n o e a ec o ,
e an e e n c ea s e

fr m 8 000 t 8 0 8 m
o oS th t rdi g t m r g t bl d iti th
2 . o a ac c o n o ea n an e- a e c on on s , e

fus e s e tti g f l gth f 21 n o a d r l t t tri ki g r g f 8 0 8 2 m d

en o s e c on s e a es o a s n an e o an

co rr p d i g r l ti
es on n b w rk d e a f h
on s c a n th r r g e o e out or t e o e an es .

Th r l t i e th bt i d b tw h triki g r g d th f
e a on s us o a ne tti g e ee n t e s n an e an e uz e s e n ,

p l t d gr p hi ll y
o te a f d f l i pr ti l w rk
ca ,
a re ou n us e u n ac ca o
26 4 S ol u ti on o f v a r i ous tr ajec tori es [ CPL V I I I

d t rmi ti f h l f th m l t r l d fl ti i rri d
(d ) The e e na on o t e va ue o e ea n a e a e ec on s ca e

ou t i t h f ll wi g m
n r h m mp l b f r
e o o n anne ,
on t e sa e e xa e as e o e .

S pp f i t
u with 7 00 m/
os e or d d p rt r gl 1 2 1 1 1 4 th
ns an c e, v0 = s ec, an a e a u e an e
° ’
e

m r g i 9 7 4 d h l r l d fl ti f th m p i t f imp t fr m
ea n an e s 2 ,
an t e a te a e ec on o e ea n o n o ac o

t h pl e ffi i Z = 69 m
ane o re s , .

A rdi g t Hé li thi gi th f t r A
c co n o e s v es e ac o

I th th r r g m ti d i ( b) b th l f A
n e o e an 0 0 0 3 70
es ,
en on e n a o ve , e v a ue o was ,

0 0 03 9 0 0 05 1 4
0 0 0 7 7 7 0 0 0 6 99 0 0 0 72 0 0 1 76
,
5, , ,
4, 2 .

Th p i t bt i d p l tt d f ti
e o n s f th
so o
gl f d p rt r gi a ne ,
o e as un c on s o e an e o e a u e, ve

f or a n lg f d p rt r f 1 th l A 0 00 0 d th by B eli
an e o e a u e o 5
°
e v a ue = °

55 ,
an enc e e s
’

f rm l
o l t r l d i ti f 43 d gr
u a a a e a ev a on o e ee .

A l l ti f thi ki d i r rd d i th f rm f r d t h i t r
ca c u a on o s n s ec o e n e o o a c u ve a n e n e

m di t e l th b r d f f
a e va u es c a n en e ea o .

S om e ex a mp l es o f R a ng e Ta bl es .

t bl f t h M r rifl M/7 1
1 . Ra n ge rdi g t H hl r r l
a e o e a us e e , ac c o n o e e
’
s es u ts .

C l ibr mm b r r th gr
a e mm d pth f gr o e a c os s e oo ve s e o o o ve s

mm l gth f i fli g 0 mm m b r f gr
; en br dth f h l d
o r n 55 ; nu e o o o ves 4, ea o t e an s

4 3 mm br dt h f h gr mm l gt h f th b ll t 27 mm d i m t r t 5
°

,
ea o e oo ves ,
en o e u e ,
a e e

f t h b ll t mm w i gh t f b ll t 2 0 g m t ri l ft l d wit h p p r
,

o e u e , e o u e 5 ,
a e a so ea ,
a e

r h rg 0 g i i ti l l i ty 4 0 m/ w i gh t f m f i
c ov e ,
c a e 5 ,
kg n a v e oc 4 s ec , e o on e
3
o a r ,

w i ght f rifl kg l gth f tri dg

e o 60 m m w i gh t f
e 45 rt ridg ,
en o ca r e ca s e , e o ca e c as e

12 2 g l gt h f tridg 7 8 m m w ight f mpl t l d d t ri dg 2 8 g

, en o car e ,
e o co e e oa e car e 4 ,

ti l d ity f th b ll t
s ec on a
g/m m f
ens t h r t i foh b Th e u e
2
o e c o s s -s e c on o t e o re . e

t b l i gi
a e
p 266 s ve n on . .

Ta bl e o
f the or d i n a te y at d i f er en t d i s ta nc es a;
f rom the m uzzl e .

D i s ta n c e :r in m

i l 00 200 8 00 i 9 00 1 0 00

2 . R a n ge t bla e for t h e i n fa n try rifl es M/S S

'

and M/9 8 S, ac c o rdi ng to

v . B u rgs d or ff ; s ee p . 26 7 .

mpl f rti ll ry r g t bl
3 . Exa e o an a e an e a e .

E tr t fr m l d r g t bl
x f th
ac o an o an e a e o e Ge rm h y fi ld an ea v e gu n C/7 3 , for
s h l l d pl i h ll
e an ex os v e s e .
26 8 S ol uti on o f va r i ous tr ajec tor i es [ OH VI I I
.

m l t whi h th m f th rr p d i g gl f l ti
uz z e a c e su od d ti e co es on n an es o e e va on an es c e n s

eq l t th l ti rr p d i g t h wh l r g
ua o e e e va on c o es on n o t e o e an e .

Fi d h r g t whi h t h m f h gl m l m 2 d i q l
n t e an e a c e su o t e an es co u ns an 4 s e ua

t 29o h
1 g
l ti f 6 000 m r g A t 3 00 0 m th m i 7 +
°
t e e e va on or an e . e su s 4
1 3
at 4 0 00 m th m i 1 2 4-1 9 3 3 2
e su th rt m t l i b tw th 3 000
s 9
3 1
- = °
1 a § e ve ex us e e ee n e

and t h 4 000 e r g A l r l f d t 3 8 00 m d t thi r g th

In an e . c os e v a ue 1 8 ou n a ; an a s an e e

h igh t y f th h l l b th g d i w rk d t
e o e s e a ov e e r ou n s o e ou .

C lt 4 1 p 4 4 th l l ti f th rt rd i t by h l p f
on s u ,
. 2 ,
on e ca cu a on o e ve ex o na e e o an

app r i m t
oxf rm l m
a e
p l yod i j t i w i
u a, e t h h r g t b l o e n c on u n c on t e an e a e .
27 0 L a ter a l d evi a ti ons of a s hell [ OI L I x

d i ti
T h c t t l t r l d fl cti
es e ev a i c i g rl on s a r e on s a n a e a e e on s , s n e, n en e a ,

th y cc r t
e oid Th yu b c rr ct d ith r by
o on e s lc l ti e . e c an e o e e , e e ca u a on

or ob r ti s e va on .

By m f th ighti g t h d i ti d t th r t ti f
ea n s o e s n e ev a on ue o e o a on o

th h ll d th l t f th l f t h wh l m y b ll w d f ;
e s e ,
an e s an o e ax e o e ee s a e a o e or

th l d p h ri l h ll
e o h w d d i ti i
s e i d t rmi t di
ca s e s s o e ev a on s n an n e e na e re c

ti ; b t by th i tr d ti f cc tric h ll
on u d p l ci g t h
e n o uc on o e en s e s, an a n e

sh ll i t h b r with th
e n tr f gr ity ith r p d w th
e o e e c en e o av e e u or o n, es e

d i ti
ev a w r m d r g l r d c ld b c l l t d b f r h d
on s e e a e e u a ,
an so ou e a cu a e e o e an .

45 . I n fl u en c e of a s m al l t
a l e ra t i o n o f th e an g e o f l d e p a rt u r e ,
or of th e i n i i a l t v el o c i ty ,
or of th e b a l li s i c t c o e ffi c i en t on

th e r an ge .

Ir t rd ti d t i r i t c b i g f ( ) t k gi
. Th e e a a on ue o a r es s an e e n c v ,
a e a ve n

0, t gi d fi it tr j ct ry with r g X
v0 o ve a e n e a e o an e .

Wh I lt r by A t d by A
en ( ) d by A
a ighb ri g
e s c ,
an v0 ve , a n c 0, a ne ou n

tr j ct ry ri with th m p i t f d p rt r O d r g
a e o a s es e sa e o n o e a u e ,
an a an e

X + A X ; it i r q ir d t c lc l t A X s e u e o a u a e .

Th m t cc r t d t rmi ti
e osf A X f ll w
a id tly fr m u a e e e na on o o o s ev en o a

r p titi f th tr j ct ry c lc l ti f th w l m t
e e on o e a e o a u a on , or e ne e e en s

An pp r im t a c lc l ti ox b m d by
a em f t h di
a ff r u a on can e a e ea n s o e e

ent i l f rm l
a od tri tly p ki g th
u ae , m t b c id r d
an s c s ea n es e us e on s e e

se
p r t
a a ely f ry l ti ; th
or m p
e veti i m d th t t h
so u i on e as s u on s a e a e n

fi it ly m ll lt r ti d d d d dX
n e s a a b r pl c d with
e a on s ffi ) ,
c, uo , can e e a e su

ci t en r cy by th fi it m ll lt r ti A t A A A X
a cc u a e n e s a a e a on s c , c, va , ,
as

ex
p l i d
a ne b i § 4 3 a ove n .

A m pl th di ff r ti l f rm l
s e xa es d l p d h r f th
e e en a o u a e a re e ve o e e e or e

q dr tic d th
ua a bic l w f i r i t c
an e cu a s o a r es s an e .

R 8i g °

t h fir t f ( ) A wh r X h c t t n
I n e s c v c, v
2
c, , , e e , as a on s a n
1 20 6 P
, , °

m e an n u m ric l l ; f i t c e a 24 0 m / c 7x
v a ue 00 14 or ns an e, 0 se , , .

Th r g i c l l t d fr m th
e an e q ti
s a cu a e o e e ua on

sin 24>
2
v0
B (Z ) Z = 2c, d X .

X
,

9
By l g rithmic di ff r ti ti
o a e en a on of we h a ve

d v0 d s i n 2¢ dX dB
2 +
X
_
.

vO s n i 24> B
 45 ] L a ter a l d evi a ti on s f
o a s hel l 27 1

a nd B a lt r with
e s Z ,
and th r f r with e e o e c, an d X ig , no r n i g t he
a lt r ti
e a on of t he m e a n
. va u e l f ct r d a o a, an so

8B 8R
aCl
d C, +
i”
n
an d hr e e

88 8
8B 8_ Z
_ _ R 8R 8R 8Z 88
w
‘
7
“

t o, 52 ex a r 5

?
ti g g by B h
’
Den o n ,
we a ve

d gb d X B
’

-
2c, d dX + 2d X dc ,
X
°

B
' . .

ta n 2¢

To o bt ia n th e f r cti a on 2 in a c on v e n e n i t f rm o le t us e m pl y t h
o e
B
,

e q u ti
a on o f t he tr j ct ry
a e o

m
y a ta n 4
)
g B ( ) z , wh r e e z 2c, a v .

5
2 2
c os <

0131 9
or ta n 9 ta n d) 25cB a:
2

dx 200
2
c os
?
‘
P
an d at 9 — a) ,
as : X ,

th r f r
e e o e ta n (0 ta n 4 ) ( 2X B X B 2 ’
2c, d ) ,

ta n ( b ta n 0)
9 2X B XB
(
2
+ .

sin 2 )
tan 4 ) v0
4
1
<2X B + X B 2
2c, a ) —2 + X
fi
.

f rm
o th en t he ex
p r i e s s on is o bt i d a ne

B
’
1 tan (0 ta n c t
B 20 , d X t an d)

Su b tit ti g i
s u n n ( ) we
2 h a ve

d v0 2d ¢ dX ta n (5 ta n d ) dX t an a) t an ( 5
2 _
+
t an 2c!) X ta n 1
() X tan ‘
9
Cl X ta n (5 2d ¢ ta n w t a n gb d o,
X tan t
c t a n 2cl; ta n 5
< 0,

w hr e e d d) i s m eas u e r d i r di n a an s ; an d h c en e
]
d c, d t d8 dP
_ 2 i +
c, R . 8 P
 72 L t
a er a l d evi a ti on s of a s hell
[ C PL IX

S uppos e for e x a m pl e v0 bcm d b t g!

e d
o rmi e s vO vo, u ) an c, e a n c on

s ant t ; th lt r ti e a e a on in th r g X i c lc l t d fr m
e an e s a u a e o

dX 2 ta n ¢ d uo
X
“

ta n w v0

Or i f t h e a r i d en s ity 8 lt r by d 8 th
a e s ,
en

dX ta n a) t a n ( 15 d8
X ta n 0) 8

R °
8ig
W th t h
0

i e c u bl c
0

la w , f( )
o v 02
n

1 2 06 P
wh r e e for e xa m pl e

( 4)
M = 0 068 ,
°

b tw 5
for 50 d 6 0 0lm
v a u es
/ c d of v e een an se ,
an in
eq tiua on Z X wh r i H r i th m ,
e e ” ar
e
v0 c o s ( ) . e e a s e ea n

l f 9 ; f i t c cc rdi g t Heli i 23 = N/( c

va u e o s ec or ns an e, a o n o e, n , a se

so th t Z a I thi c Z d p d X d n s as e e en s on c, , ,
an v0 .

Eq tiua ( )
2 will
on w b f ll w no e as o o s :

2d ¢ dX 1 8R 1 8B 1 8B
2 l( g,
d uo
v0 t a n 24> X B 8X B ac, B av,
'

BZ
’
B B 8Z
'

B aZ
_ —d X --
l d CQ — -
l- d vo
B OX E OCg E av

( d X 0 s dc , . v0 X + d uo . c2 X )
’
B d c2
B X 02

Eq ua ti on ( )
3 i s th r f r r pl c d by
e e o e e a e

B
’
t —t t
an a an c
X
B
. voc ,
t d an )

t a n 24; X

ta n (0 ta n (5 ta n (5

B y lo g rithmic di ff r ti ti
a e en a on o f t he ex
p r i e s s on for a va c m
uu ,
i
v z .
,

AX A v0
g et 2
X
27 4 L a ter a l d evi a ti ons o f a s hel l [ OIL I X

wi t h A8 an d s o f r m (3 )
o or (6 )

1 40 m .

2 Wi th a fi eld gun ,
at r a n ges 1 0 0 , 1000 , 2000 , 4 000 , 8 000 m ,
a nd A v, = 1 5 I/
I I s ec ,

lt r ti r w ld b q dr ti l
.

th e a e a on of a n ge ou e ( )
a on the ua a c aw

AX : 5 5 , 5 4 , 9 9, 1 7 7 , 3 0 7 m r p t i ly es ec ve ,

b
( ) on th e cu bi lc aw

AX = 4, 4 9, 8 3 1 3 7 20 2 m ;
mr tly
, ,

or o e e xa c

9 1 1 23 1 6 6 m
= -
AX 4 5, 49 5 ,
°

, , .

An a lt r ti
e a on in < ) of A
1 ¢ =5 '
gav e ,
ac c o rdi g t th q dr ti
n o e ua a c la w ,
n X = 44 , 4 4 , 3 5 23 5 m
, , ,

or mr o e e xa c tly
3 6 22 5 m
-
AX: 4 3 , 43 5, , ,
.

3 . Wit h a fi ld h wit r
e o ze ,
at the r
a n ges 5 00 , 1 000 , 2000 , 4 000 , 5 000 m ,
w as

fo un d wh ,
en A v, = 1 2 m/ s ec , a n d v
0
= 29 5 m/ s ec .

( ) a A X = 3 8 , 8 6 , 1 7 6 , 3 24 , 3 8 3 m re s pec ti ly ve ,
on th e q dr ti
ua a c la w ,

( )
b AX= 3 2 , 7 8 , 1 6 3 , 28 3 , 3 19 m r es pec ti l y
ve , on th e cu bi c la w,
or mr o e e xac tly
~
A X = 3 9 , 8 3 , 1 6 2, 3 00 , 3 4 7 In .

A nd wh en

( ) a A X = 4 8 , 46, 4 0, 27 5 ,
19 m ,
on th e q d r ti
ua a c la w ,
or mr o e e xa c tly
6
( ) A X = 6 0, 4 6 , 3 8 5 ,
26 5 ,
18 m .

4 . Wi th rifl a e, a t t he ra n ge s 5 00 , 1 0 00 , 1 5 00 m ,
and wi t h v0 = 8 75 m/ sec ,

w as foun d th t t k i
a ,
a ng A v, = 25 ,

( ) a A X = 20 , 28 5 ,
3 95 m ,
on the q dr ti
ua a c l a w,
or mr o e exa c tly
b
( ) A X : 155 ,
1 40 ,
16 5 m ,
on t he cu bi c l aw,

or r p ti
e ea ng th e ca cu a l l ti on

A X = 25 5 , 22 5 , 28 0
' -
m .

S o t oo, t ki
a ng A qb= 3
’

( ) a AX 1 29, 6 5 , 26 , 1 5 m ,
on th e q dr ti
ua a c law,
or mr o e e xac tly
5
( ) aX = -
1 1 0 , 5 4 5 , 27 , 1 4 m .

T h es e e xa mpl es s h ow un c e t a n r i ty i th mpl ym t f h ri ti n e e o en o t e va a on

form l u ae .

C lt h N t
on s u th t e o e s on es e a n d th r ri ti f rm l mp d with th
o e va a on o u ae , c o a re e

r lt i pr ti
es u s n ac ce .

I I S im pl f rm l
. f p r ctic l m y w b c
e id r d A
o u ae or a a us e a no e on s e e .

tr j ct ry i pp d t b pl tt d by
a e o ri f p i t f gi
s su os e o e o e a se es o o n s or a ve n

va lu f d 8
e bt i d by th rr g m t d crib d i V l
o c, a n , o a ne e a an e en es e n o . I,
 45] L a ter a l d evi a ti ons o f a s hel l 27 5

§ 3 7, an d Vol . r bl m
I II, i t p r c d
18 4 fr m p. i t The p
t o e s o o ee o o n o

p i
o n t ,t r
s o asd c t orm l e l u e m l d ity
o a f th
no a va ue a, or a n or a ens o e

i f th
a r, or t r cti e c on s f r g t bl u on o a an e a e .

F thi p rp
or str j ct ry 1 i th fig r i t b lt r d i t
u os e a a e o n e u e s o e a e e n o

a no th r tr j ct ry 2 h i g t h
e a e o ,
av n e

sa m rigi 0 i i ti l l city
e o n , n a ve o v0 ,

an d th m i iti l t g t
e sa e n a an en .

W e ith r t rt w ith
can e e s a a

po ni t P t h tron j ct ry 1 ed a e o , an

m t pi tP
o ve o a th m e rtic l h i g th m = 0 A
o n I on e sa ve a ,
av n e sa e a ,

an d c lc l t t h c rr p di g P P = A y ;
a u a e e ol w ith c t t es on n , or e se o ns a n

y
= AP w
p r c d
e c an t c d p i t Po ee t f rth r di t c
o a s e on o n 2, a a u e s an e

A 1; P P t b c lc l t d ;
2 o fi lly w
e a m k u a e d y b th y or na e ca n a e so a n o va r

by P B A w d B P A y ,
an 3 .

I th l t c
n e rbitr ry um pti m u t b m d t th
as as e an a a as s on s e a e as o e

d ir cti e f PP on o It b m df3 . mpl th t t h t p fr m

c an e as s u e or e x a e a e s e o

P t P m y b t k
o 3 a r gi e l p f th gr d th t it
a en ov e a ven s o e o e o un , or a

p r c
o ee d l g s lia on f q l l city
a f
ne q l h i
o t l e ua . ve o v, or o e ua or z on a

ve ol city v 9 c os .

Th c lc l ti e af th u a m ll lt r ti on o f y f d
es e s
3 a a e a on s o a) , or ,
or o a: a n 1

m yb m d
a e ri a um p ti
e on va Th f mpl th tr j ct ry
o us a s s on s . us or e xa e e a e o

t hr gh P m y b t k
ou gi by th ppr pri t r ti l lg br ic
a e a en a s v en e a o a e a on a a e a

f cti
un f t h third d gr
on o e i t h m th d f Pit B e t; d
ee, a s n e e o o on - re s s a n an

th r th c rr p di g y t m f q ti w
e e e o es on n s s e o e ua on s as

g m
y a: ta n d)
2
( 1 K w) ,

4
2 2
v0 cos )

t an 9 t a n qt ( 2 3 K a) ,

4)

3 00 8 0
c os 4)

3 Kw %
2 ( 1 ) 1
11
c os
4 ) K
m piric l f ct r K i d t rmi d by th p iti
Th e e a f th a o s e e ne e os on o e

p i
o nt P th t i , w so
y w qS k w d fram t h p r cn di g , , e, a re no n : an o e e e n

it f ll w th t K i pr p rti l t th f ct r
o o s a d thi g i t th s o o on a o e a o 0, an s a a n o e

i d
a r ity ; th t
en s so a

AK A0 A8
K 0 8
°

1 8 —2
27 6 L t a er a l d evi a ti ons o f a s hel l [ OIL I X

I n the s e t p fr m P o to P 1 , wh en a is l ft
e un a lt r d th r
e e ,
e e i s the
a lt r ti
e a on o fK i t K n o dK

dy PPl

an d wh fi it m ll di ff r c
en n e s a e en es a re ass u m di t d e n s ea of the exa ct
d i ff r ti l w h
e en fr m ( 1 2)
a , e a ve o

( )
1 3

hi qT s e ua ti on , which K i t b c sid r d c lc l t d fr m
in s o e on e e as a u a e o

rc an s e ve f or ar d cti t th r m l i d ity
e u on o e no a a r en s .

B t it i u n vo ve s l th di ffic lty th t thi c lc l ti f K fr m ( my )

e u a s a u a on o o

m tb rp
us e e ea e t d m r r th pr i f A t d A (
: o e ov e 9) e ex e s s on s or an v c os

t
a re n o ry ve i t
c on ve n e n .

Th tp e s e fr m P t P m y l
o b t k
o 3t k p aH a so e a e n s o as o ee v c os

c t t ; th
on s an us ( )
1 0 h w th t
s K wor m i c ts t ; that e a ns ons a n so a

Ax AK Ac
a: K 0

More ove r it f ll w fr m ( 1 1 ) th t
o o s o a t is a sol i n ve s e r ly pr o o
p rti on a l to
K, so th t a

At AK
t K
Fr m o ( )
8 it f ll w by di ff r ti ti
o o s e en a on , k ee
p i g n Kw c on s a n t t , and

do
0

2azda:
g .

dy = ta n b
g . dx

d -- K v do
( l
1 )
2
g x .

tan Sb x _
+ 2
0 2110 2
008
2
4
)

an d s o f rm o

% —( v —2y )
g C
=
dy [ . b
ta n g .

Eq ua ti on ( )
9 ca n be tr t d ea e in a imil r m
s r a a nn e : an d so t he
foll ow m g s y s tm e of th e diff r e en c e e
q t
ua 1 on s 1 s o bt i d a ne

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
27 8 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s of a s hel l [ OI L I X

§ 4 6 . D e v i a t i on s of th e p r o j e c i l e d u e t o t s l op e o f th e ax l e o f

ti g f th i gh t f i fl
t h e w h ee l s , or to a c an n o e s o a r e .

S h ti g with
oo
p iti l nti d p iti gl faight os ve e e v a on a n a os ve an e o s ,

th h ll d i t t th id f th l w r wh l t th di p f th
e s e e v a es o e s e o e o e ee , or o e o e

sighti g f th rifl
n o e e .

T c lc l t t h
o m t f thi d i ti c id r t h w p
a u a e e a o un o s ev a on , ons e e ea on

fir t i th
s n ct p iti d th i t h di pl c d p iti
e e xa os on , a n en n e s a e os on .

fir t c
I n t he i t h fig r V0 i t h li
s f ight dir ct d
as e , a s n e u e, s e ne o s e e

at t h m rk Z ; S 0 t h
e i f th b r d VOS th gl f l
a e ax s o e o e, ) e an e o e e va

ti ppr im t ly l th gl f d p rt ur gl cti g th ff ct
on , a ox a e a so e an e o e a e, n e e n e e e

of j mp u .

I th n d c l t S 0 b th i f th b r i p c whil
e s e c on as e, e , e e ax s o e o e n s a e, e

th e li f ight V0 h pr r d i t dir cti

ne o s d ct as es e ve s e on , an so a s as an

i f r t ti i d ti g th gl t r d thr gh
ax s o o a on , en o n e an e u ne ou .

S pp u p l dr w r
p p
os e dic l r t t
a h li f
an e ight V0 a n e en u a o e ne o s

thr ugh th ight V Thi pl i h w i l ti i th fig r ;

o e s . s an e s s o n n e e va on n e u e

an d th p i t S f th
e i f th b r c m t S by th t ti
o n o e ax s o e o e o es o , e ro a on .

Th w p iti
e ne f th i f th b r i h w i l ti
os on o e ax s o e o e s s o n n e e va on

by A O i pl by S 0 Th w tr j ct ry li i th rtic l pl
, n an 2 . e ne a e o es n e ve a an e

thr gh S 0 with
ou w gl f l ti
2 , d i ia neq lt an e o e e va on an s n s e ua o

A V h i di id d by th di t c OS
or c os th t
,
v e e s an e ,
so a

sin ( b ,
“ i -
sin
4
) c os i ( )
1
OS
,

an d thi gi th w gl
s ves e ne an e o f e e va l ti i t rm f th
on rigi l n e s o e o na

Th l t r l d i ti
e d a e a ev a on ue to thi r t ti i h w i pl by
s o a on s s o n n an

the gl B w h r
an e ,
e e

S 2V AS, h
OV OV h
 47] L a ter a l d evi a ti ons o f a s he ll 27 9

a nd s o

8 sin i
ta n t an ( 8 .

At a r g X
an e , t he l t r l d i ti
a e a ev a on 2 is

X ta n 6 ,

an d so

X ta n sin i
2 , ( )
3

a nd m ll for s a l
v a ues of th e an gl es
4) an d i ( i n de gr ee s ) ,
we h a ve

a
ppr im t ly
ox a e

a s
3 28 0

Ex a mp l e d
) 4
°
X 1 8 00 m ,
i =

1 8 00 x 5

c rr ti f th dir cti
To fin d t h e o d h ight J D i d
ec on or e e on an e , .
i
on

su
pp t h r
os e s t ti t b m
e d o at b t t
onh li fo ight b u te a e, no a ou e ne o s ,

a b t th i f th b r
ou e ax s o e o e .

U d r c rt i
n e m pti e b t th
a n gl f d p rt r t h
ass u on s a ou e an e o e a u e e

i iti l t g t f th tr j ct ry r m i
n a an en o lt r d d l t h
e a e o e a ns un a e e an a so e

p iti
os f t hon o
p i t f im p ct et h rtic
o n l t rg
o t t t h r g X a on e ve a a e a e an e .

Th i t r cti
e n f t h pr l g ti
e se on f t h li
o f ight
e th o on a on o e ne o s on e c on

t y
ra r i di p l c d
s t h ts rg t a A e hi ft t ont h id f et h higha r e . s o e s e o e e

wh l i th t h r q i it c rr ti
ee s en e e u s e o ec on .

C c r i g t h di ff r t w y f limi ti g t h ff ct f th l p
on e n n e e en a s o e na n e e e o e s o e

o f t h pl t f rm f
e
g a t h o r d r h
o ld a c lt t h
un , m m ir f e ea e s ou on s u e e o o

Ritt r eEb rh rd (
v on N t ) e a s ee o e .

§ 4 7 . D efl e cti on d ue t o w i n d , i n a gun at res t or i n m oti on .

S o fa r it ha s b e en assu m d th t th i i t r t r l ti ly t
e a e a r s a es , e a ve o

t h e gun , an d t h e g un i s a t r t r l ti ly t th rf c f th E rth
es e a ve o e su a e o e a ,

an th t
d a th e r t ti
o a on o f t h E rth b t i t i i l ft t f
e a a ou s ax s s e ou o

a cc t ou n .

fir t tw
N ow t h e m pti will b lt r d d th g
s d o ass u on s e a e e : an e un a n

th i will b
e a r m d t b i m ti e assu e o e n o on .

I t h c m pil ti
n f er g t bl t h firi g m t
o lly ba on o a an e a e e n us us u a e

c rri d t i wi d ; whil th r lt f th rdi ry r g t bl

a e ou n a n e e es u s o e o na an e a e

r f r t r lly t c lm C q tly th m r m t m d f
e e na u a o a a . on s e ue n e e as u e en s a e or a

r g t bl m t fir t b c rr ct d
an e a e us s e o e e .
 80 L t l d i ti f h ll a er a [ O I L I x ev a on s o a s e

A d i c n lt r ti i dir ti
s n e a d r g
e a ri i c q on s n ec on a n an e a se n on s e ue n c e

o f t h wi d t h q
e nti i t t h t t f th d i ti
,
e ues on s as o e e x en o es e ev a on s .

Th c lc l ti e a b w rk d
u a t fr m t h
on s g rlpi t f
c an e o e ou o e en e a o n o

V i w d th ppli d t p rtic l r c
e , an en a ; b t th i d cti e om th d a u a as es u e n u ve e o

i h r pr f rr d
s e e d ppli d i t h
e e e q l t ri pr bl m
,
an a e n e se ue o va o us o e s .

B t th u m th d es e lw y ry c rt i e o s a re a a s ve un e a n .

Th m e r m t f t h wi d i t k
e as u e r en id r bl p ri d
o e n s a e n ov e a c on s e a e e o

o f tim r t h gr d b t
e, n e a f ct t h wi d bl w i
e ou n g t d : u as a a e n o s n us s , a n

th l city i ri bl Withi m ll i t r l f tim M r r th

e ve o s va a e n s a n e va s o e . o e ov e e

ve o l city f t h wi d t th h ight wh r th h ll i m i g i ft
o e n a e e e e e s e s ov n s o en

ve ry di ff r t fr m th t r th gr d ( f
e en o m ric l m pla n ea e o un or n u e a exa e s c on

su lt 1 1 1 i V l ) d g r l l w n o . cti g wi d l city
III an a en e a a c on n e n n ve o

with th h ight i t k w d e e t w ll b l id d ow
s no no n an c an n o e e a n .

F rth r th dir ti f th wi d t gr t h ight i t th m

u e ,
e ec on o e n a a ea e s no e sa e

as a t t h gr d d it i pr b bl th t t h wi d
e oun ,
an fr m b l w
s o a e a e n as s e e n o e o

w ill r t t i o a e l ckwi dir cti n a c o se e on .

Fi lly it i t i m p ibl th t li fti g f rc ri fr m h d

na s no os s e a a n o e a s es o a ea

wi d n ,
rti g ex e
pp rti g nf rc t h a r f
su c f lo g t d
n o e on e su a e o an e on a e

s h ll i r t ti
e n o a on .

O th n gr d t h f rm l m t b c id r d ly
es e o un s e o u ae us e on s e e on as a

so rt f ppr im ti ; d f r g t bl p rp
o a ox a on th firi g h an ld or an e a e u os es , e n s ou

b c rri d
e a t i ei c lm p ibl
ou n a r as a as os s e .

Oth rwi th e m tc se i t pr c d r i t c ry t wi d
e os on ve n e n o e u e s o ar ou n

m r m t by m
ea s u e en s f th i t t mmtr t
ean s o e n s a n an e ous an e o e e ,
a a

c i t h ight by
on v e n e n c i f pil t b ll
e ,
or a s u c es s on o o a oon s .

Th r lti g wi d l city i th t t t h
e es u n r g h ight which
n ve o s a a e ave a e e ,

i s ab t if f t h h ight f t h rt
ou , o e e o e ve ex .

I t wi ll b i t t i ll tr t th r l ti i ty f m ti by impl i
e c onv en e n o us a e e e a v o o on s e n

s t a n c es .

A r i lw y a r i g i fig 1 i pr di g l g th r i l B 0 fr m B t C with
a ca r a e n . s oc e e n a on e a s o o

un if rm l ity
o v e oc .

A m i m i g i i d th rri g an s ov n ns e e ca a e

d hi b l t l ity r t h gr d an s a s o u e ve oc o ve e oun

i p t d by A C m Th l ti s re i e s en e or a . e re a ve

l ity f t h m wi th r p t th v e oc o e an es ec to e

rri g i bt i d by impr i g him ca a e s o a ne es s n on

h r r d l i ty rri g
Fl g 1 . .

f th t e eve s e v e oc wa o e ca a e

by t r btr ti
ve c o su ac on .

Th i f B C i th
us t r f th l i ty f th rri g
s e v ec o t h gr d d
o e v e oc o e ca a e ov e r e ou n , an

A B th t r f t h l ity f th m wi th r p t t t h rri g th h
e v ec o o e v e oc o e an es ec o e ca a e, en t e

v ec ot r A C i th l ity f th m wi th r p t t h gr d
s e v e oc o e an es ec o t e ou n .

Ag i l t a n pp e i fi g 2 m
us s u t b w l ki g t
os e h d k nf hi p. a an o e a n on e ec o a s ,
28 2 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s o f a s h el l [ GIL I X

Th e di gra am of th e h ri
t l pr j cti f th m ti f th
o z on a o e on o e o on o e

h ll i i thi cs h w ry im ply
e s n s as e s o n ve s

i fig 5 wh r 0 D n i th b ci . e e a, s e a s ssa

Fi g 5 . ,
f th h ll ft r tim t d DE w t
o e s e a e a e ,
an
p

i th dri ft f th wi d
s r th e o e n o ve e

gr oun d ; OH v
. t he a ct l di pl c m t f th h ll wh r
ua s a e en o e s e ,
e e

a: a, t,

X X T .

t r th ti m t T t h q titi
If af e e e or , e ua n es v0 , a , and X a re

m r d th y
e as u e upp d t b r pl c d by
, e a re s os e o e e a e ¢ n a n , an d X
Th t h w i fig 4 it i id t th t
en oo, a s s o n n .
,
s ev en a

v, s i n
9b,
v, c os ( b , v0 c os
4
)

K? 2cowp b )
z
v, ( n c os (
,
wp ,

ta n
d)

an d a s o l
a wp t, Xr = X p .

In a h d wi d
ea n , wp m tb t k
us e a en as n e g ti
a ve .

L x
Fi g 6 . .

Th e g m tric l l ti
eo e a so u on is ca rri d e ou t , a s hw
s o n in fig . 6 ; for
cl r
ea n es s th t w tr j
e t ri o a ec o e s are dr w a n out o f s cl a e and

rdi rily th c rr cti i r q ir d i f rm wh r th i iti l

O na e o e on s e u e n a o e e e n a

l city
ve o d th gl f d p rt r I h gi
v, a n l
e an e o e a u e () a ve v e n va u e s .

Tr j ct ry 2 till r q ir
a e o t b m difi d t tr j ct ry 3 with t h
s e u es o e o e o a e o ,
e

i i ti l l u f
n a va d d es o v0 an ) .
 4 7] L a wr a l d evi a ti on s o f a s hell

i g fr m 2 t 3 with f ll wi g wi d
I n pa s s n t h i iti l
o o ,
a o o n n e n a

l city i i cr d t
ve o v, d t th
s m tim t h gl f
n ea s e o v, ,
an a e sa e e e an e o

d p rt r
e a d cr d t I
u e e ea s e o ( ) .

H r t h r g X i i cr
e e d by AX
e th t i d li g w ith
an e s n ea s e so a n ea n

th l f
e va u e s
d 0 0 A X f rth r
o c lc l ti
v, i,r q u i d f) ,
u e a u a on s e re or a

r d cti t c lm
e u on o a a .

Th l A X i bt i d ppr im t ly by F S i i i t h
e v a ue , s o a ne a ox a e . ac c n e

f ll wi g m
o o r S pp
n gl ct d i c m p i with 1
an n e : u os e ne e e n o a r s on ,

i g th t w i m ll c m p r d with ; th
s ee n a
,
s s a o a e v, en

V( 2v, w,p c os d 1 2
2
v, ) c os

v, , or A v, = + wp c os
d ) .

4
(
)
More ov e r ,
ta n d ) , ta n c; ] 1

0
ta n d ) tan 4 )

A v, i t)
,
c os A d)

A cc rdi g t
o n o
g4 5 ,
on t he q u dr tic
a a la w w e ,
h a ve

AX , 2 t an d ) 2 ta n 4 ) A v,
A qb +
X ,
ta n (0 t a n 24> t an a) v,

in which th gl f d c t m t b bt i d by m m th
(0 , e an e o es en ,
us e o a ne so e e od

o f ppr im ti
a ox a on .

I tr d ci g t h
n l fA
o d Ad d t ki g X
u nX e v a u es o v, a n ) , an a n

a AX , wp t a n 1
<)
we h av e
X v, tan (0 c os d )

T h c en e in tr j ct ry 3 r d c d
a e o e u e to a c lma ,
w ith i iti l n a l
va ue s v,

and ( )
I ,
an d th e r g GB X
an e or

( )
5
v, ta n ( 0 c os d ;

More “g en e a r lly , the c rdi t ( oo na es x,

y) of a n
y p i t
o n of t h e t ra

jec t or
y, as w ll t h
e as e tim f flight e o , can be m eas u e rd on a
ph t o o
28 4 L a ter a l d e vi a ti on s f
o a s h el l [ OI L I X

g ra m m e t ri c m th d i
e o n a fol l wi g wi d w
o n n
, ,
an d t he r d ucti
e on c rri d
a e

ou t .

B ut so fa r no c on v e n e n i t im pl s e fo rm l u a for p r ctic la a us e has

b eengi ve n .

S m thi g f t h ki d
o e b bt i d by r pl ci g th t
n o e n can e o a ne e a n e ra

j t
ec o r
y by c rr p di g p r b l f
a t h 3 dord r d t ki g
es f on n a a o a o e r o e ,
an a n or

tr j ct ry 2 i fig 6 t h f rm
a e o m d by Pit B
n .
t . e o ass u e on - re s s a n ,

2 ( v0 C OS 2 (0 0 COS

in which K b c id r d t t f th p i t ( y ) f
can e m ll on s e e c on s an or e o n cr or a s a

alt r ti f th tr j ct ry
e a on o e a e o .

Th m y b l ft
en lt r d d c lc l ti i m d f th
a: a e e un a e e , an a a u a on s a e o e

ch g A y with f ll wi g wi d w d t im lt
an e a i cr o o n n
p , ue o a s u a n e ou s n e as e

of t h i iti l l ity by A
e n da d cr A 4 i th
v e oc gl f v, v, ,
an a e ea s e ) n e an e o

d p rt r A cc rdi g t th b
e a u e . o n o e a ov e

A ( v, c o s

t w, t a n d
)
A ( an c
t) ” 0 c os cp

A 3; 33A
( t an 49 x 2
0 K w) A ( v, c os

m op t an d ) g .r;
s q a
3
'
K wp
_
+ +
v, c o s
gt ( v, c os ( v, c os

Ag ( 9
2 a: ta n t)
c .
( 7)
v, c os ( )
l
He r
h ld r f r t tr j ct ry 2 B t i c it i t
e as a nd
31 s ou e e o a e o . u s n e s no

us ual t m k p r g t bl fr m pr tic i
o a e tr g wi d
u a an e a e o ac e n a s on n ,

t h c rr cti
e ot b i tr d c d
e r l ti ly m ll ; d it will
on s o e n o u e a re e a ve s a an so

b e ffici t t t k
su d y fr m t h R g T bl p r ctic i t h
en o a e so a n o e an e a e a e n e

c lc l ti f Ay i q ti
a u a on o n e ua on

Th cc r cy f f rm l 7 ) m y b t t d by t ki g th p ci l
e a u a o o u a a e es e a n e s e a

c f th p i t f d c t
as e o th m
e l h ri
o n o es en on e u zz e o z on .

H r X y 0 th t ( 7 )
e e a :
,
:
,
so a 1n

w’p
Ay X ta n qt ;
v, c os ¢
an d thi s i s t he ve rtic l rdi ta o na e a t t h e po i t n 0 b tw e e en tr j c t ri
a e o es

2 an d 3 .

T h us
28 6 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s f
o a s hel l [ OH I X .

11 . We a p on a t r e s t on t h e gr oun d : Wi n d b l ow i n g h o ri z o n t a ll y

an d p erp en d i c ul a r l y t o th e p l an e of fi re .

It is m dil city di gr m f fig 7 th t th wi d i
as s u e n t he ve o a a o . a e n s

p p r
e en dic l r t th
p l u a f fi d
o bl w with el ci ty an efr m o re , a n o s ve o o

l ft t right l ki g d w th r g e o oo n o n e an e .

Th ct r f th i iti l l city e ve o o e n a ve o

b i g 0 0 d t h pl OGF th e n ,
an e an e e

p l f fi t h gl GO P i t h an e o re , e an e s e

gl f d p rt r an e o e a u e .

Th ct r f th wi d l city e ve o o e n ve o

w i H F p rp dic l r t OF , s , e en u a o .

C mp d with th r r d o o un v, e eve s e

wi d n —
l city w t h ct r GJ ; t h ct r m OJ i th
ve o f
8 or e ve o e ve o su s e re

d d i iti l
uc e l city JOH t h r d c d gl f d p rt r
n a ve o v, ,
e e u e an e o e a u e

Th rtic l pl OJ H m ki g
e ve a gl H OF 4 with th
an e ,
a n an an e or e

p l an e of fi O GF i t h p l
re i which t h,
m tis f t h h ll
e m u t ane n e o on o e s e s

b e su
pp d t t k p los e o a e ac e .

Ob i ly v o us

FG HJ , 0 0 + OJ 2 ” :
OJ 2
,

HF
. 5 1 .

OH
’
OF

1
2
v, wf ,
f
tan « »

v, s i n < )
t an qS,
1
/(
N vo
2
008
2
d) 10 8
2
)
th q ti
es e e ua on s s e v e r to d t rmi e e ne th e n i iti l l city a ve o v, a n d a n gl e of

d p rt r
e a u e an d t he r l ti e a on

tan i
« n

9
r
s e ves d t rmi t h rti l pl OHJ i which th m m t
to e e ne e ve ca an e ,
n e ove en

o f th h ll t k pl c
e s e a es a e .

I t h di pl c m
n t di gr m f fig 8 f th h ri t l pr j cti
e s a e en a a o . or e o z on a o e on

f t h m ti h ll th pl r tr ight li .

o e f th o ffi
on o
pp t h e s e , e an e o re a e a s as e s a ne

OK Th . tr ight li GM i dr w m ki g with OK t h gl p
.
e s a ne s a n a n e an e 1 .

T ki g t h a lu f n d qb l l t d fr m
e va w ll th
es o v, a n , ca cu a e o as e as e

b lli tic c ffi ci t
a s
pp t h
oeb ci f t
en h h ll ft r
0, s u t h os e e a s s s a x, o e s e a e e

tim t d th r g X OM i t h tim f flight T t b c lc l t d

e ,
an e an e m n e e o ,
o e a u a e .
 47] L a ter a l devi a ti on s f
o a s hell 28 7

A t x,
pp ct
su r w t os e t he ve o , ,
an d atX ct r w T ML
or 0 M t he ve o , or

t ob d r w p r ll l t t h wi d
e a n a a e o e n dir cti e d p rp dic l r t OK
on , a n e en u a o .

Th L i th ct l p iti
en s e a ua os on o f th h ll ft r th t i m T I
e s e a e e e . n

f ct OM i t h h ri
a t l m ti
s e o z on a o on with r p ct t t h wi d ML t h
es e o e n , e

d ri ft f th wi d
o r th gr e n o ve e o un d d OL i t h p th f th h ll
,
an s e a o e s e

r l ti ly t th gr d
e a ve o e o un .

Th r g i t h wi d i th
e an e n e n n e
pl an e o f fi re i s

wh c en e u
p i s bt i d fr m
o a ne o

The l t r l d i ti f t h h ll m
a e a ev a on o e s e ,
eas u e rd p e rp e nd ic l rly
u a to
t he p l a n e of fi re i s ,

or z = w, T

Fig 8 . .

hi tr tm t h ld id tly f
T s ea
y p i t
en f t h tr j ct yo s ev en or an o n o e a e or

T h c rdi t
e fooch p i t ft r tim t i
n a es o id wi d w b i g
su a o n a e a e n a s e n , e n

d t d by
en o e d y t h l t r l di pl c m t by Q
x an d th b ci
,
e a e a s a e en
“
,
an e a s s sa

a ft r ll w c f t h wi d by
e a o ; th
an e or e n x, en

x = x, c os xr ,
l =
§ w, t — x, s i n \ r
[ .

w,
i c I i bt i d fr m t d
S n e «f s o d i a ne o an r an s in r lity eary a ve
d v, c os )

s m ll gl it i ll w bl t r pl c by
a an e, s ad i o a e o e a e x, x, a n s n
q by tr
3b an .

Th i g r l th f rm l t b m pl y d f
us n en e a e o u a o e e o e or t h l t r l dri ft
e a e a

o f th h ll d t wi d p rp dic ul r t t h pl
e s e ue o n . e en a o e an e of fire i s ,

ws
§ = w 8 t _ w z = w , T —X
v, c os
q§
28 8 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s o f a s he ll [ OI L IX

Ex a mp l e . As a b ov e , l et m/ v, = 580 s ec , x = 6 6 00 m = 2o
,
t s ec ,

X 1 0 4 00 m T : 40 s ec l t th wi d b l
e r e n ow ac os s th e r a n ge wi th l i ty v e oc

m/
,

i ts :
+6 s ec .

He r e c os dr = 0 9 999
°

e q t i ( 1 7 ) h w th t
ua on s o s a

af e t rtm i e t _ 2o s e c , —6 x 20
580 c os 30

t r t m T= 40 —6 4 0
af e
58 0
i
30
1 16 m
e 8 ec , z x -
1 0 400
c os
x 6
.

R m k1 e A ar t t d lr d y th h ll m i th rti l pl Ol with
. s s a e a ea , e s e ov e s n e ve ca an e z,
’

v, a n d i f th r w r as wi d e e e e no n .

I f w i th gi I d b ll i t i
v e n v, ffi i t t
,
h rd
( ) , an i t d y t a s c c oe c en c, e c oo na es x , a n , are o

be l l t d t
ca c u a e y p i t f t h atr j t ryan ft r t i m f fli
o n gh t t h o h w e a ec o a e a e o t, e n , as s o n

in fig 9 th . i f l g t d h ll gl ti g t fi r t th t ti l d p
,
e ax s o a n e on a e s e ,
ne ec n a s e nu a on a an re

i
c es s on a l i ll ti r m i p r ll l t h pl
os c a on s , f fi 0K e a ns a a e o t e an e o re .

“
1“

Fi g 9 . .

Th e b lli ti
fi i t mpl y d f th
a s c c oe f c e n c, e o e or e m tio on of th e s h lle 0 111, th us

r q u r t b m wh t i r d
e i es o e so e a nc ea s e .

R m k 2 Th l t r l d i t i l b bt i d i t
'

e ar . e a e a ev a on ca n a s o e o a ne ,
by ta ki n g n o a cc o u n t

t h w i d pr
e r whi h t d t dri th h ll
n es s u e c en s o rti l pl f fi OK
ve e s e o ut o fth e ve ca an e o re ,

so th t i t d rib
a r f d bl u r t r
es c es a c u v e o ou r th gr d f whi h th h ri
e c va u e ove e oun ,
o c e o

t l pr j t i
z on a i th ur 0 L i fig 9
o ec on s e c ve n . .

I thi m ti p rp di l r t th pl
n s o on , e en cu a OK th h ll m
o br d i d
e an e ,
e s e ov es oa s e .

S pp
u 212 t b t h
os e l ibr d th l gi t di o e e ca e, a n l ti f th h ll t h
e on u na s ec on o e s e o av e a n

r
a ea 2RL or l m2 .

Le t th e c oo rdi t n a e of th e h ll p p di l r t th pl OK ft r tim b
s e er en cu a o e an e a e e t e

d t d by C
en o e ,
an d l et
Zf — n . Th l ity f th wi d r l ti ly t th h ll i s
e v e oc o e n e a ve o e s e

n . Th en th e w i d prn es s u e r i q lt s e ua o

2
0 1 22 ( 2R ) l ( w,
29 0 L a ter a l d evi a ti ons of a s he ll [ OI L I X

isth th rtic l pl i which th h ll m

en e ve with th i iti l
a an e n e s e ov e s e n a

lm t
e e d it m y b ll d c v i tly th r d cti pl
en s v, a n a e ca e on en e n e e u on an e .

Fr m fig 1 0 d i t pl h w i fig l 0 it i
o . t,
c th tan s an s o n n . a, s s e en a on e a

AD w sin a
A B = DC = w ta n d) _
, ,
OA
’
OB — w c os a
’

0A 2
v,
2
c os
2
( ,b 2v, w c os b
g c os a 10
2
, OD 2
or v,
2
0A 2
AD Q
.

Th e e q ua ti on s a r e th en

2v,w c os
8 ) c os a

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

w sin a

v, e c s ¢ —w c os a

an th
d q ti gi
es e e
I B ua on s v e v, , (: .

Fr m th i iti l l m t
o e d gb with t h b lli tic
n a ffici t
e e e n s v, a n , , e a s c oe en 0,

th c e rdi t
oo d y t
n a es
y tim t b
x, c lcanl t d w ll , a an e can e a u a e , as e as

th f th tim f flight T os e or e e o .

L y ff X, i t h li OA fr m a o n e ne 1 o

O t gl B with th i a an an e e x -a x s ,

d fr m t h d A dr w A J an o e en , a ,

q al t t h t f t h wi d w T e u o e se o e n .

Th t h di gr m f di
i F g 11
i
. .

en n e a a o s

p l m
a cefit i fig e1 1 r p r ti
n g t h h ri . t l p r j ti
,
f t h
e es en n e o z on a o ec on o e

m ti f th h ll 0 A r pr t th h ri t l m ti f th h ll
o on o e s e , , e e s en s e o z on a o on o e s e

r l ti ly t th i A J th m ti f th wi d r th gr d ;
e a ve o e a r, , e o on o e n ove e ou n so

th t OJ r pr t th p th f th h ll r th gr d
a e es e n s e a o e s e ov e e o un .

D r w t h p rp di c l r J K t t h
a e e i ; th OK r pr t
en u a o e x -a x s en e es e n s

th r e g d K J th wi d d fl cti p rp dic l r t th pl
an e an e f n e e on e en u a o e an e o

fi re OK .

Fr m fig
o . 1 1 w e ge t

z = w T si n a —X , sin B .

O bi v o us ly t oo for an
y o th r p i t
e o n ,
a fte r tim
a e t,

—x , si n B .
 47] L a ter a l d evi a ti on s f
o a s hell 29 1

IV . D rop p i n g a b om b o u t o f a n a e ro p l an e .

Th e r pl i pp d t b m i g h ri t lly with i f rm
ae o a ne s su os e o e ov n o z on a un o

l city
ve o r th gr d d t b t O t th m m t wh th
v, o ve e o un ,
an o e a a e o en en e

b mb i dr pp d t h ight Y
o s o e , a a e .

Th m m t f th b mb i ch th t it h h i t l
'

e ov e en o e o s su a as a or zo n a

l city
ve o v, .

Th f rm r m th de o b mpl y d t c lc l t th r g X
e e o s can e e o e o a u a e e an e ,

tim f flight T triki g l ity

e o , s n v e oc v,

an d gl f d c t w ; th q
an e o es en e ue s

tion f r l ti
o l city d t
e a ve ve o n ee no

co m i t c id r ti
e n o on s e a on .

I fig 1 2 pp B t b th
n . su os e o e e

p i
o n t t h gr
on d th e oun : en

Y
t B X an

P Ch rb . i r h c lc l t d
a on n e as a u a e

t bl
a f
es c m; d l f
or a va uu an a so or

i t ki g ph ri l b mb 1 5 cm
a r, a n s e ca o s,

i
n di m t r w ighi g 7 5 kg t h
a e e , Fi e n : e
g 12
c lc l ti i m d E l r
. .

a u a on th s a e on e u e

O tt m th d f
o e ri h ight fr m 25 0 m p t 20 0 0 m
o or v a ou s e s, o u o .

V . D rop p i n g a b om b f r om an a e r op l a n e ; W i n d b l o w i n g i n t h e

sa m e d i r e c t i on as th e m o t i o n of th e a e r o p l an e .

b f r th l city f th r pl i
As e o e, d f t h wi d w ;
e ve o o e ae o an e s v, a n o e n

and th l city f th
e pl e
ve o i c lm i d t d by o e a e ro an n a a s en o e v, , as

gi by t h r l ti
v en f t h pr p ll r ; th
e with f ll w i g wi d
e vo u on s o e o e e en a o o n n

The c lc l ti
a u a on o f r g X
the an e ,
an d tim e of flight T, with i iti l n a

ve o l city v, ,
an d a n an gl f d p rt ur
e o e a e is c rri d
a e out by m th d e o s

d es c rib d i e n 20 t o 4 3 .

Th r g e an e wi d i th
i n t he n s en

X X wT 2
( )6 , , .

Wh en th e mp ti i m d th t t h m m t i th h ri
as s u on s a e a e ov e en s n e o

z on ta l an d ve rtic l dir cti

a b c lc l t d i d p d tly
e d
on s c an e a u a e n e en en ,
an

1 9— 2
29 2 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s o f a s hel l [ C PL IX

wh en th e q u dra tic l a w
a of a i r r it c
es s a n e is e m pl y d th o e , en t he e qu a

ti on of m tio on i n th e h rio z on t l dir cti

a e on is
dv
dt

w ith wh t = 0 ; th
v v, en en th e h rio z on t l l city
a ve o v or at the

tim t i gi by
e s ven

vr
°

1 cv, t

An d s n i c e x, 0 wh en t= 0; th en a t tim e t

l og, ( 1 ov, t) .

Con s e q u e n tly th t t l r g X i gi
e o a an e s ve n by
X w T, l og ( 1 cv,

wh r e e

ibl th t
I t i s pos s
w d e a v, ,
an s o v, th t i t y th r
0; a s o sa , e ae o

p l d
ane t d c g i t t h
oe s n owi d a va n e a a ns e n ,
b ut m t b t ti ry t
s ee s o e s a on a o

an ob r r th gr d I ch c
s e ve on e oun . n su a as e, th r g i th wi d i e an e n e n s

X X :
,
—w T , +c , )

T hi s i s th e sa m e as fo rm l u a

VI . D r op p i n g a b om b o u t o f an a e r o p an e l wi h t si d e -w i n d
fr o m b eh i n d .

S uppos e t h e r pl
ae o an e b e t 0 t th m m t f r l
to a d a e o en o e eas e , an

m i g with
ov n v e oc l ity v, r t h gr d ; th wi d l ity th
ov e e oun e n v e oc on e

gr d b i g w d i t
oun e n an s dir ti m ki g
ec on gl with th dir cti
a n an an e a e e on

of t h tr cke a .

W c mp d e d w t
o bt i th
ou n
; t h l city
v, an o o a n v, en on e ve o

di gr m f fig 1 3 0 A i th ct r f th l city r l ti ly t th
a a o .
,
s e ve o o e ve o v, . e a ve o e

wi d A B th ct r f th w i d r t h gr d ; OB th ct r f
n , e ve o o e n o ve e ou n e ve o o

th l city f th r pl
e ve o r t h gr d Fr m fig 1 3 w h
o e ae o an e o v e e o un . o . e a ve

v,
2
2w v, c os a w ( )
29

( )
3 0
 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s o f a s he l l [ OI L I X

VI I . F i r i n g fr o m a n a e r o p l an e , t wi h no wind .

Th e r pl i t O t t h
ae o an e s Th m t
a i a e m m t f firi g
o en o n . e o l on s

h ri t l with l ity
o z on a v e oc 8 .

Th flyi g m hi
e i n t h ight Y b th gr d d m
ac ne s a a e ,
a ov e e o un , an ov es

l g th tr k OS
a on e i fig ac15 16 17 S pp s th i i ti l
,
as n s .
, , . u o e e n a

l city i k w fr m th ve o v, s no n o e

r g t bl ; d th gl 4 an e a e an e an e )

i d t rmi d fr m t h ighti g s e e ne o e s n

d th r g Th th an e an e . es e en ar e

th l f d d whi h r f r e va u e s o v, a n ) c e e

t g t r t o a un a es .

Th p l f fi OA F D i e an e o re , ,
n

fig 1 5 m k gl with t h . a es an an e a e

rti l pl thr gh th di ve ca an e ou e r ec

ti f m ti 0 0 on o o on , .

I fig 1 5 OF r pr t th n .
, e e s en s e

Fi
i iti
g 15
l l city f t h pr j ctil n a ve o v, o e o e e

r l ti ly t t h g ; F 0 i th
. .

e a ve o e un s e

l city f th g
ve o 3 o r t h gr d th t th r lt t 0 0 i th
e u n o ve e ou n , so a e es u an s e

i iti l l city f t h pr j ctil

n a ve o r t h gr d
v, o e o e e ov e e ou n .

Th l p f OF i t h gl f d p rt r
e s o e o b t r l ti ly t t h
s e an e o e a u e u e a ve o e

gr d t h i th gl f d p rt r i GOB
oun or e a r, e an Th c rr e o e a u e s or e o e

s
p d i
on
g nl city di gr m
ve oi dr w i fig 1 6 f t
a h h ri
a t l s a n n . or e o z on a

c mp t
o on e n s .

Fi g 16 . . Fi g 1 7 . .

B ut as it
m d th t th i i t r is as su e a e a r s a es t r l ti ly t th e a ve o e

gr d t h pr j ctil m
ou n ,
i it
e ct l pl o e e ov e s n s a ua an e f flight with t
o ou

b i g ff ct d by th wi d d i i fl
e n a e e d e n ,
an s n ue n c e on ly by i r i t c a r es s a n e,

acti g i th pl OB G
n n e an e .

B t t h m ti
u f th h ll r l ti ly t th
e o on o e s e ,
e a ve o e gr d t k pl c oun ,
a es a e

act lly i t h pl OB O ; d i f
ua n c ti e an e
’
an n o ac o un s t k f d i ti
a en o ev a on s
 4 7] L a ter a l d e vi a ti ons of a s hel l 29 5

d ue to r t ti
l ti g p iti f th i th tr j ct y i
o a on or t he s an n os on o e ax s , e a e or s a

p l d t
a n e c urv e , a n f d bl. r t r °

no on e o ou e c u va u e .

Th b lli tic c lc l ti n i th
e a st b pp li d t at h r d u ti
u a o s en o e a e o e e c on

p l O B G
an e m p l yi g t h i,iti l el d t o w ll t h
n e n a va ue s v, an c as e as e

b lli ti c ffi ci t ; th r g X d tim f flight T

a s c oe en 0 t b e an e , an e o , a re o e

c lc l t d
a u a e .

A t t h b lli ti c ffici t it m t b
s o e a lightly i cr d i c
s c oe en , us e s n e as e , s n e

th i f th pr j ctil i p r ll l t t h pl OA E
e ax s o e o e e s a a e o e ane .

Th l f d h
e s e va u e s w ll t h gl B b tw pl o v, a n t , , as e as e an e e ee n an e

of fi d r d cti
re a n
p l gi
e by t h
u f ll wi gon q ti i a n e , a re ve n e o o n e ua on s : n

fig 1 5 .

AF : BG ,
an d OB ” :
OA 2
20 A AB c os a AB Q
,

sin v0 s i n
4» t gt, b 2v, s
2
3
2 ? 2 2
v, v c os i c os c os
.
c , t q c os a 3 ,

AB sin a
'

0A AB c os a

J ( v, 2v, s 1
2
c os < ) c os a

v, s i n 4 )

d 2v, s )
2 2
f
2
v, c os ) c os c) c os a 8

s sin a

di pl c m t di gr m f fig 1 7 OJ OH d OS
I n the s a e en a a o .
, ,
an ar e

p r ll
a a l t 0 A O
e B d o0 0 r p cti ly ,
Th gl J OH i,
t h
an es e ve . e an e s e

an gl B c lc l t d fr m
e a OH i m d
u a e q lt r g X l o s a e e ua o an e , ca c u

l t d fr m gt 5
a e o v, , , , .

Th p rp dic l r HK i dr w t OJ ; nd HJ i p r ll l t OS
e e en u a s a n o a s a a e o .

OJ i t h r g bt i d i th pl
s e f fi
an with t y me o a ne n e an e o re ou an o ve

m t f th g
en o d it i th r g f th pr j ctil r l ti ly t
e u n , an so s e an e o e o e e e a ve o ,

th g e ; J H T
un i t h tr l f t h g r
8 t h gr
, d i tsh e a ve o e un o v e e oun n e

sam tim ; OH X i
e e q tly t h r g f th pr j ctil
or , s c on s e ue n e an e o e o e e

r l ti ly t th gr d
e a ve o e ou n .

Th l r l d i tie f th p r j ctil fr m t h pl
ate a ev a f fi on o e o e e o e ane o re

OA F D d t th ,
l city f th g i
ue o e ve o o e un , s

KH =
a nd the r g
an e

0K X , c os B .
296 L t a er a l d evi a ti on s of a s hel l [ OI L IX

Th e i cr
n eas e o f r g an e, d ue to t h e m ov e m t en of t h e gu n , i s th en

JK or 8 T, c os 01 .

Ta k e the c as e a c os a 0 ,
si n a 1 th en

M( v,
2

i fl c f th wi d t p by th r pl
Th e n u en e o m y l b e n ,
se u e ae o an e, a a so e

c id r d by r f rri g th m ti f th pr j til t r l ti ly t
on s e e e e n e o on o e o ec e, no e a ve o

t h gu b t t th gr
e n, d r which th i i t r t
u o e ou n ,
o ve e a r s a es .

Th r g X e d tim f flight T
an e th c lc l t d fr m
,
an d e o ,
a re en a u a e o v, a n

d OH i fig 1 8 i dr w
an t n gl B with t h rtic l pl
. s a n a an an e e ve a an e

thr gh 0 A m ki g OH X
ou ,
a n

Th H i th p i t f im p t
en t h gr
s d OJ X B i th
e o n o ac on e o un , , c os s e

r g d J H = X i B i th an e, an , s n s e

l t r l d i ti fr m t h pl a e a ev a on o e an e

f fi d t t h m ti f th o re ue o e o on o e

r pl ae o an e .

I f th r g i t b l e an e s o e ca cu

l t d fr m d 1 i iti l d t a e o v, a n <) a s n a a a,

rr ti f th wi d i t a co ec on or e n s no

m d S i c th l c lc l a e . n e e us ua a u a

F
ti i E t r l B lli tic
ig 18
on s n x e na a s s a re

m d mpti
. .

th f a e on e as s u on o a

ca lm it i b tt r t m pl y th t rtic l pl i th c l l ti f
,
s e e o e o a ve a an e n e a cu a on o

t h e m ti f t h pr j til w hi h r f r t t h m ti
o on o e i c lm do ec e, c e e s o e o on n a a ,
an

h r thi i th rtic l pl thr gh OH

(

e e s s e ve a an e ou .

VI I I . r
F i i n g fr o m a n a e o p an e : r l d i re cti on of r
fi r e p e p e n d i c ul a r
t o th e d i r e c ti o n o f m ti o on : th e w i n d b l o w i n g ac r os s th e
t
d i r e c i on
t ut t gl of m o i on a an a c e an e .

D t th i iti l l city f t h pr j ctil r f rr d t t h g

en o e e n a ve o o e o e e, e e e o e un

at r t d th
es gl f d p rt r by
,
an d 4 r p cti ly
e an e o e a u e v, a n ) es e ve .

A h w i fig 1 9 l t th pl
s s o f fi
n b th nrtic l pl .
,
e e an e o re e e ve a an e

thr gh 0 A A l g OS d p rp dic l r t 0 A i t h h ri t l
ou . on an e en u a o s e o z on a

m ti f th g d t th l ity by A C r l ti ly t th
o on o e un : en o e e v e oc s , e a ve o e
29 8 L a ter a l d evi a ti ons f
o a s hell [ OH I X .

T hr gh M dr w th ct r MN p r ll l t B C d q l t th t
ou a e ve o a a e o an e ua o e se

f t h wi d w T Th N r pr t th p i t f d c t Fr m 0
'

o e n , . en e e s en s e o n o es en . o

t N
o tr j ct ry f d bl r t r i h w
a a e o o ou e c u va u e s s o n .

D r w thr gh 0 a li p r ll l t 0 A d thr gh N li
ou a ne a a e o an ou a ne

p r
a all l t A Ce; th lio i t r t i p i t P ; d OP i t h es e nes n e s ec n a o n an s e

r g i t h pl
an e n ffi P N i t h d fl cti
e fr m t h pl
an e o ffi re : s e e e on o e an e o re

d ue t wi d o d tr l n an a ve .

It i id t th t th f r g i g m y b m d t pply t th c
s ev en a e o e o n a e a e o a o e as e

wh r th firi g i t y gl t t h dir ti f tr l
e e e n s a an an e o e ec on o ave .

Th r m rk m t ppl y t C I I wh r i q l d pp i t t w A B
ese e a s us a o as e ,
e e s, s e ua an
'

o os e o ,

i id wi th CB d A C i r
c o nc es ,
an s ze o .

I th tri
n lg OA B f fig 2 0 A i th h ri t l m p t
e an e I f o . 1, s e o z on a co on e n ,
v, c os ( ) ,
o

t h i i ti l
e n l ity f th pr j ti l r l ti ly t h m hi A B i th l ity
a v e oc o e o ec e e a ve o t e ac ne s e ve oc

Al C ) P/an e fi rc
'

a’

F i g 21 . . F i g 22 . .

of m hi l ti ly t h i th t i h l ity gi by th r l ti
th e ac n e re a ve o t e a r, a s, t e v e oc ve n e e vo u on s

of th pr p ll r ie lm th t 0 B i th h ri t l mp t
o e e n a ca ; ed
so f a s e o z on a co on e n ,
v, c o )“ o

th p r j ti l t h r gh th
e o ec ie ou e a r .

S i mi l rl y i fi g 22 OM i p
a ll l t OB d t h l l ti f h r g X
n . s a ra e o ,
an e ca c u a on o t e an e ,
.

i m d fr m
s a j
e d toh b ll i t
v, i ,
f
fi
( ) i t t
, whi
an h t h t i m f fli
e gh t T
a s c c oe c en ,
o c e e o ,
.

app l i M r
es r
. t h r g h M
o e ove
p r l l l M N i dr w t B Aou d m d q l t
a a a e s a n o an a e e ua o

T Th OP i t h r g d P N i th l t l d i ti d t wi d
‘
w , . en s e an e, an s e a e ra ev a on ue o n .

IX . A sh i p i s m ov i n g on a s t re a m . A fl y i n g m a h i n e i s m ovi n g c
i n th e t r l t
ai r , h avi n g a. d efin i t e ve l oc i y e a i v e l y t o th e s h i p .

Th wi d i bl w i ge l t f th t l f t h m h i
n s o n a s an o e ra v e o e ac ne .

Th fi r i g t k pl c i
e l t i g di ect i
n a es a e n a s an n r on .

Th c i t t d m r ly t h w h w with th
e ase s
pp r tl
s a e
y e e o s o o es e a a en

c m plic t d r l ti
o l iti
a e impl tr tm t i p ibl with
e a ve v e oc es a s e ea en s os s e

th h l p f t h
e l city d di pl m t di gr m A p r ctical ppl i
e o e ve o an s ac e en a a s . a a

c ti f th th ry i t t m pl t d h r
a on o e eo s no c on e a e e e .

I th l city di gr m OA B CD E f fig 23 l t th rtic l pl
n e ve o a a o .
, e e ve a an e

thr gh 0 A r pr t t h pl
ou f fi ; d l t 0 A r pr
e t th e s en e an e o re an e e es e n e

h ri t l c m p t f th i iti l l ity r l ti ly t th m chi ;

o z on a o on e n o e n a v e oc e a ve o e a ne
 4 7] L a ter a l devi a t i on s f
o a s he ll 29 9

A B the h rio z on a t l mp
t f th l city f th m chi thr gh co on e n o e ve o o e a ne ou

th i ; B C th h i
e a r t l c mp t f t h i r l ti ly t th hi p ;
e o r zon a o on e n o e a r e a ve o e s

DE th l city f th t m l ti ly t t h l d d CD th
e ve o o e s re a
'

re a ve o e an , an e

l city f th hi p r l ti v ly t th ri r
ve o o e s ,
e a e o e ve .

C q tly CE i th
on s e l ity f t h hi p r l ti ly t t h
ue n s e ve oc o e s e a ve o e

ea rth ; B D th l city f th i r th tr m ; B E th t f th i
e ve o o e a r ove e s ea a o e a r

F i g 23 . .

o ve r th l d ; A C th t f th m chi r l ti ly t th hip ; A D i
e an a o e a ne e a ve o e s s

th t r l ti t th tr m ; A E i th t r l ti t th l d ; OB i t h
a e a ve o e s ea s a e a ve o e an s e

h ori t l c m p t
z on a o gb f t h i
on e n iti l l city f t
v, c os h p r j ctil , o e n a ve o o e o e e

thr gh th i ; 0 0 th m r l ti t th hip OD r l ti t th
ou e a r e sa e e a ve o e s ,
e a ve o e

s tr m OE r l ti t t h l d
ea ,
e a ve o e an .

Th p l ei which t h m ti
an e n f t h pr j ctil pp r t
e t k o on o e o e e a ea s o a e

p l c i
a e t h s rtic l p l e thr
ve gh a an e ou

0B Gi . ve n d
v, c os v, an can

b e obt i d Th c with th i d f
a ne . en e e a o

th b ll i ti
e a ffi is t th r
c c oe g X c en e an e ,

an d tim f flight T e o c lc l t d ,
a re a u a e .

Th i th
en di pl c m t di
n e s a e en a

gr m fig 24 dr w OA A p r ll l
a , .
, a , 2 a a e

t 0A i
o fig 23 d m k OB X
n .
,
an a e , ,

an d th gl A OB A OB
e an e , , .

D r w thr gh B a
p r ll
ou l t B E , a a a e o 0

e q l t th
ua t
o f t h wi d w T
e se o
F
e n , , .
lg ' 24 ’

Th enth p i t E e i t h o n
p i t f im p ct
, f t h
s p r j ctile t h o n o a o e o e e on e

gr d D r w th p rp di l r E A n OA th OA i th r g
ou n . a e e en cu a , , o , ,
en l s e an e

on th p l e f fi r l
an e ti ly t
o t h gr re d A Ee a t h l t rve l o e o un , , e a e a

d i ti d t tr l d wi d
ev a on ue o ave an n .

O dr w thr gh B
r a
p r ll l t ouB C q l t w T , awh r w i
a a e o , e ua o , , , e e , s

th l city B C f th wi d r l ti t t h hi p ; th th p i t C
e ve o o e n e a ve o e s en e o n ,

i t h p i t f im p ct r l ti
s e o n o t th t m r t h p rp dic l r C A
a e a ve o e s ea e , e e en u a , 2

i th l t r l d i ti
s e a e a 0 A i th r g ev a t h pl
on , ffi r l ti
, s e an e on e an e o re , e a ve

t th
o t m r; d
e s ea e an s o on .
3 00 L a ter a l d evi a ti o ns o f a s hell [ CH I X .

§ 4 8 . D evi a i on t
r j ti l d u t t ti of f t h E th
th e p o ec e e o ro a on o e ar .

S pp u
p r j til
os e i firad rthw rd
o ec fr m p i t
e 0 t
s h e no a s o a o n on e

e q t r th g h
ua o : v l city t t h E t f b t t h
e un as a m mg i e o o e as o a ou e sa e a n

t d th i f try b ll t M 7 1 t t h b gi i g f i t tr j t ry
u e as e n an u e . a e e nn n o s a ec o .

A ft r c rt i
e amb r f e d t h pr j ctil trik p i t
a n nu e o s e c on s e o e e s es a o n

0 f rth r t t h N rth
1 u e o d thi p i t i m i g t t h E t with
e o ,
an s o n s ov n o e as a

s m ll r l city Th pr j ctil d
a e ve o . t th r m i i h m ridi
e o e e oe s n o en e a n n t e e an

thr gh 0 b t tr l t f th m ridi
ou , u d m r t th E t
a ve s ou o e e an an o e o e as .

O th n th r h d i f fi ri g fr m O i t h rth r h mi ph r
e o e an ,
n o , n e no e n e s e e

t th S
o e th th p r j ctil r m i i
ou ,
e q c f t h m ll r
o e e e a ns , n c on s e ue n e o e s a e

eas tw rd l city lw y b hi d th m ridi dr w thr gh O d

a ve o ,
a a s e n e e an a n ou ,, an

so it d i t t t h W t
e v a es o e es .

Th d i ti gi ri l t lt r ti i th r g h ight
es e ev a on s ve se a so o a e a on s n e an e, e

o f rt
ve d tim
e x, a n f flight e o .

A t th q s o tit ti d t rmi ti f th d i ti f t h p
e ua n a ve e e na on o e ev a on o e ro

j t
ec i l de t r t ti
ue f t h
o E t h o a l l t i f
on o tr m c i e ar ,
ca c u a on or e x e e as es n a

va c m gi uu l t r l d i ti f r l h dr d m tr
ve s a a e a d
ev a m on o s eve a un e e es a n so e

wh t l i t h r g i i it pp r fr m c lc l ti th t th
a es s h e an e: n a r, a ea s o a u a on a es e

d i ti
ev a f
on s ch m g it d th t th y m y b gl ct d i
a re o su a a n u e a e a e ne e e n

c mp ri with th r d i ti
o a s on ri i g i pr ctic
o e ev a on s a s n n a e .

A n ex
p rim t l d e t rmi ti f
en a ch d i ti de e t r t ti na on o su ev a on s , ue o o a on

o f t h E rt h i b
e a t by gr t di ffi lti ; d w ld t b w rth th
,
s es e ea cu es an ou no e o e

tr bl d p
ou e an ex en s e .

A
( ) Theor y f or a va c u um .

Ta k
i t f d p rt r f t h pr j ctil
e t h e po n th origi f e a u e o e o e e as e o n o a

sy t m f rdi t th i f i t h h ri t l t g t f th
s e o c oo n a es : e ax s o x s e o z on a an en o e

p r ll
a a l f l tit
e d o d p iti a t t h E t u
; t h i
e anf y i h ri t l os ve o e as e ax s o s o z on a

an d t g t t th m ridi p iti t th N rth ; th i f z i

a an en o e e an, os ve o e o e ax s o s

t h li e fr m t h c tr
ne f t h E rth
o d p iti e
p wenrd e o e a ,
an os ve u a s .

D t th l tit d f O by 7 d t h g l r l city f th
en o e e a u e o ,
an e an u a ve o o e

E rth 2
a 24
,
6 0 6 0 by
71 x x ,
n .

Th q ti e e f m ti ua f t h p r j ctil
on s o th o on o e o e e a re en

x = 2n s i n r ’

y .
y

2n c os «
y . x
'
—g ,

the d h d
as es en o ti g diff r ti ti
n e en a on with r es
p e ct t o t.
3 02 L t l d i ti f hel l [ H
a er a
O ev a o ns o a s . IX

F or a m ri l mpl t k i iti l l ity 8 20 m/

nu e ca e xa
gl f d e, a e n a v e oc v0 : s ec , an e o e

p t r
ar u e fi r i g t h N rt h i l t i t d = n T h to 0 b 8 20 e o n a u e
y en a = = c os

m d with t t ki g i t t h rt
,

c = 8 20 i s n di : an n a va c uu an ou a n n o a c c o un t e o a
7
ti f th E rt h th tim f flight t p i t f d t th m l h ri i
on o e a ,
e e o o a o n o es c en on e uzz e o z on s

1 1 6 13 s ec .

S b ti t t
u s hi m b r = 1 1 6
u e t d th s th r d t i
nu d e h t s ec , a n e o e a a n an we a ve

x = + 3 50 m t th right o e
, .

Th i thi
us th r i d i t i t t h E t d t r t t i L t r i t
n s ca s e e e s a ev a on o e as ,
ue o o a on a e

wi ll b h w th t thi d i ti i r d d t b t h lf wh h i fl
.

e s o n a s ev a on s e uc e o a ou on e - a ,
en t e n uen ce

of i r i t
a r i t k
es s an ce i t t s a en n o a c c ou n .

Th th rly d i ti i b dy f lli g fr ly
e s ou e b
ev a
p l i d on n a o ,
a n ee ,
can e ex a ne

g m tri lly i th f ll wi g m
eo e ca r C id r t h c with rt
n e o o n an n e : on s e e on e ve ex

a t th tr f th E rth M d h i g f b th p r ll l f l tit d
e c en e o e a , ,
an av n or as e e a a e o a u e

thr gh th rigi f m ti f th f lli g t ; c id r l th

ou e o n o o on o e a n s on e on s e a so e

t g t pl t th c
an en l g th g r ti g li M0
an e o e on e a on e en e a n ne .

S i c th n t i b i g rri d r d by t h E rth t th E t
e e s on e s e n ca e ou n e a o e as ,

it h t th b gi i g f i t f ll
as a e e t rly l city i th dir cti
nn n o s a an ea s e ve o n e e on

OT f t h t g t t t h p r ll l f l tit d ly f rc cti g
.

o e an en Th o e a a e o a u e . e on o e a n on

th t i th t f gr ity i t h dir ti f t h r di f th E rth

e s on e s a o av n e ec on o e a us o e a .

B th li o l i i t h t g t pln es f th c
e nd th wh l e an en an e o e on e , a n so e o e

m oti f th t m t t k pl c
on o e s thi t ge t pl
on e d th us a e a e on s an n an e , a n e

s t d crib i f t i thi pl
on e es es ry fl t llip with f c t
n ac n s a n e a ve a e se a o us a

th c e tr f t h E rth
en e o e a .

t th b id t w r i f lli g ith r t th
l

Th e s on e c a n en e sa o s e ve n a n ne e o e

s ou th th n or rth l g it r m i e no th rf ,
f th c so ; on as e a n s on e su ac e o e on e

th r h d it id t w r t th rth wh it
.

on th e o b e an ,
ca n e sa o s e ve o e no en

co m i id th
es ns d t t h s th wh
e it g i t t h p c
e c on e , a n o e ou en oe s n o e s a e

ou s t id e .

B t thi t g t p l
u i which t h
s an t f ll i cid with th
en an e, n e s on e a s , co n es e

c on e ly l g th li OM d th t pr c d ft r th
on a on e ne ,
an so e s on e o ee s a e e

st rt i t t h p
a n o t id th c e s d d i t t th S th
a c e ou s e e on e , a n so ev a es o e ou .

B
( ) Gen er a l c a s e, in a s
p a ce f ul l o
f ai r

r p rti f t h tr j ct ry
Th e p o e t b tr es t d fir t with t
o e a e o a re o e ea e s ou

t ki g i t cc t t h r t ti
a n n o f t h E rth i
a ou n th m r f e o a on o e a ,
n e ann e o

Ch p V I I I
a . i th gr phic l m th d f 3 1 f
,
or n
p c fill d e a a e o o ,
or a s a e e

with i a r .

Th c rdi e t f th tr j ct ry
oo th k w t y tim t ;
na es o e a e o a re en no n a an e

su pp th m
os e d t d by eE7 C ; wh firi g t t h
en o e E t 5 d t ,
7 , en n o e as e n o es

x i C phn I I I — V I I I é th rtic l h ight 7 th h ri t l dri ft f

a s .
,
’
e ve a e ,
7 e o z on a o

th pr j
e c t il d
o e t i t r t ti ; e
7 will b g ti
ue with right
o s o a on 7 e ne a ve a
 48 ] L a ter a l d evi a ti on s o f a s hell 303

h ddan e ri fli n g . T h en le t ( x,
y ,
z
) d eno e t t he c rdi t wh r t ti
oo na es en o a on

of th e Ea rth an d a ir r it c
es s an e a re tk a en i t cc t
n o a o un .

T h en , e v id tly en ,

= 2n s i n ry y
’
x .

y ( ),
t

z
”
: 2n c os y . x
'
+ C
"

( ),
t

an d s o, by i t gr ti n e a on ,

'
= 2n sin
x r
y y .
( )
1 4

—2n Sin r
y .
( 5)
1
’
2n c os '
y . x + g ( t) ( 6)
1

T h en i f we rt r
e u n t o th e c as e wh r e e t he Ea rth h as n o r t ti
o a on ,

an d n O ,
as i n t he assu m pti on o f Ch p a s . I II— VI I I ,
we h ave

C )

an d a sol E
'
, y
'

C
,

a nd the e qua ti on s
m ti f ( y ) d ( E 7 Zj) id tic l
of o on or x, ,
z an ,
7 ,
a re en a .

H r d y e e n an ‘
k w c t t , d g 7 with th ir d ri ti
« a re no n on s a n s an
‘
,
7 , e e va ve s

a re
pp d
su t b k w f r
os e m t h pr oi i l lce l ti f t
noh n o e ov s o n a ca u a on o e

p r bl mo wh t
e h E rth r t ti
en i l ft t f cc
e t a
’
s o a on s e ou o a oun .

S b tit t fr m ( 1 5 )
u s d ( 1 6) i
u e d w ho an n an e a ve

4n f ( ),
2
x x t

hr ' '
‘
f( ) 2 i ( ) 2 7 C( ) g ( t)
’

w e e t y 7 t t n s n 7 n c os .

T hi di ff r ti l q ti
s e en b l d by th m th d f th ri ti
a e ua on c a n e s o ve e e o o e va a on

of c t t ; by th m pl ym t f t h A bd k A b k wi t i
on s a n s or e e o en o e an - a ano z n

t g t
e it
ra or, b l d m ch ic lly
c an e s o ve e an a .

C q u tly
on s e i f d
en f cti , f tx d s w ll
ou n as a un on o ,
an x
'
as e .

A f r th r m ch ic l i t gr ti
u e e f ( 1 2)an d ( 1 3 ) will gi
a y d
n e a on o an ve an 3

as f cti un f t d on s t h p iti
o f th pr j ctil i k w
,
an so t e os on o e o e e s no n a

an
y tim d r t h i fl
e un c f gr
e ity i r i te c n d t h r t ti
ue n e o av , a r es s an e, an e o a on

of t h E rth e a .

I t gr ti n e f ( 1 7 ) gi a on o ve s

1
sin 2n t f ( )
t c os 2n t d t c os 2n t f ( )
t sin 2n t d t
971
,

and th u s we h a ve x
‘
‘
g Ax,
3 04 L a ter a l de vi a ti on s f
o a s hel l [ OI L I X

wh r e e

Ax 2n Si n 7 sm 2n t 7) s n i 2n t d t 2n s i n7 c os 2n t c os 2n t d t

sin si n 2n t d t
“
2n 2n t t 2n 2n t é c os 2n t d t
’
c os y ,
c os y c os

2n s i n 2n t 5 c os 2h t at 27: c os 2n t sin 2n t d t ;

y = 77 + A
y ,

Ag
/
—2n s i n v
y x dt ;

z C+ Az ,

A2 2n c os 7 dt ,

wh r e e th e l v a u e of x in I
( ) i s t o be su b tit t d
s u e .

Th e i t gr l
n e a s,

sin
5 , v, 47 0 0 8 2n t d t,

a re t o be l t d by th I t gr ph
e v a ua e e n e a .

No d fi it f cti f t h l w f i r i t c
e n e un db md on o e a o a r es s an e n ee e as s u e

hr e e in thi m th d which h b
s m pl y d by th th r i c
e o ,
as e en e o e e au o s n e

1 90 9 .

id t th t th p m
It is ev en ( I ) (aI I ) ( I I I ) h ld
e ex g d l re s s ns In , , o oo a so

i c m
n a va uu .

E mp l xa A h ll 30 5 m e
. l ibr w igh t 4 kg l gth 3 5 l ibr rad i
s e ,
c ca e, e 45 , en ca es , us

o f p i t 2 o n l ibr i fir d with i iti l l i ty 8 0 m/ t

ca es , s e
gl f d n a v e oc v, = 2 s ec a a n an e o e

p rt
a r 4 4
u et t h N t°
h i lo t i t d e b r
or m tr i h ,
i g hnt h gra d u e a o e c e on t e o un

7 6 0 mm t mp r t r f h i l 5 C r l ti h mi d i ty 5 0 fi l i fli g f °

,
e e a u e o t e a r 5 °

, e a ve - u na r n o

t h g e 25
un , l ibr ca es .

L i g t f
ea v n t th r t ti f h E rth th l l ti g i
ou o a c c oun e o a on o t e a ,
e ca c u a ons a ve : n a .

va c uu m r g 6 8 5 00 m h igh t f rt 1 6 00
,
an e i , i er g 3 3 900 m o ve ex 5 In n a r, an e ,

a b i f
sc ssa o rt 1 9400 m rdi t f rt 10 98 0 m
ve ex ,
o na e o ve ex .

I f th i fl f th E rt h r t ti i t b l l t d th i t h pr d i g ’
e n ue n c e o e a s o a on s o e ca c u a e ,
en n e ece n

no at ti d
on , 1
7 l l t d f ti f
an a re ca c u a e d i g t C h p VI I I 4 1 as un c ons o t ac c or n o a .
, ,

an d 5 in 56 : an d

= h v0 ta n A
q .

w h r A i th fi l
e e s e na a n g e ofl twi t s ,
l th e l gth
en of th e s h l l i libr
e d
n ca es , a n an

e mpi ri l f t r t k
ca ac o ,
a en a s 1 1 58 ; an d th it us w a s foun d by th I t gr p h th
e n e a at

7
] sin 2n t d t : 1 5 8 7 2, 7 c os
1 2n t d t = 1 8 24000 ,

g sin 2n t d t = 4 5 4 4 , c os 2n t d t 6 8 8 000 ,

5 c os 2n t d t = 8 0 7 20 , f s in 2n t d t = 226 4 .
3 06 L a ter a l d ev i a ti on s f
o a s hell [ OH . IX

I ns e rtth e s e v a ues o f x l ’

, y z
'
f r m (2 ) t
o 5 o 27 i
( ) ( )
n 22 t o a n d n eg e c l t th e t rm
e

a
” —2n s i n y .
—2n 0 0 8 7 8 in 5
a nd c o rr es pon di g r lt
n es u s i n th e o th r q t i
e e ua on s th by i en n te
gr t i a on

5 - 2n s i n y ( dt - 2n sin B dl,
'
c os ~
y

an d s o th r
t oo for t h e o e s .

Thi m th d f s l ti h b e d l t ly by N S b d ki d th pr bl m
o o so u on as ee n u s e a e . a u s ,
an e o e

r d d t fi it f rm l f whi h h h l l t d
e uc e o n e i t t bl
o u a e, or c e as c a c u a e c on v en e n a es .

I t m i gh t p ibly b bj t d t t h S t R b rt S b d ki m th d th t p f
os s e o ec e o e o e - a u s e o ,
a roo

i r q ir d
s e t wh th r t h
u e mi i f h t rm wi th i ll w bl i m
. as o e e e o s s on o t e e n
2
s a o a e n co

p ria wi t h t h t m i
s on e er n n .

B t h m th d imp l i
e ca us e th t 2 i y d 2 3/ y i B i mp ri
e e o es a nz s n an n c os s n n co a s on

wi th w ll 2 as
y i B d 2 e-
y B i m
as p r i w i t h d
nx C OS s n an n z c os c os n co a s on q
’

,
an

fi lly 2 i y d 2 g/ y B i mp ri wi th C m y b gl t d
na nx s n an n c os c os n co a s on ,
a e ne ec e .

Th m t h d f h e th r i fr fr m th ppr im ti
e o o t m tt r f
e au o s ee o es e a ox a on s ; as a a e o

f t th
ac mpl h th t h t m th d gi
e e xa l i r
e s bl gr m t
o ws a t e wo e o s ve res u ts n eas on a e a ee en ,

so th t i thi a th t bl
n f S b d ki m y b mp l y d
s ca s e e a es o a u s a e e o e .

49 . Th e l t
a e ra l d e fl e c i on t of t h e i n fan t ry

t w i th b y t fi d b u ll e a on e xe .

It b r d f l g tim th t i f h b y t fi d th right h d
w as o s e ve or a on e a t e a on e w as xe on e - an

s i d f th b rr l th b ll t
e o e a d fl t d t h l ft
e ,
e u e w as e ec e o t e e .

I th n ffi i l t t b k
e o f thc a ti d ighti f th l t t ry
e x - oo s o e s e ve n es an e es o e as ce n u

( S h
t ac ki N
a ro w s m W y g ,
d H t
eu h ) t hi r
ann , lt tr t d d fie i t an ,
en s c s es u w as ea e as a e n e

f t wi t h t
ac , y ou ry b i an ve o v o us c a us e .

It fi r t p p d th t t h g
w as s su r i d r ti pr r hi h w
os e a e as es e xe c s e a ea c ve es s u e , w c as

d ue t th b l d
o ef th b y a t b t thi e o ef d b i ffi i t Th
a on e : u s w as s oo n oun to e ns u c en . e

d fl ti di pp r i f th rifl i fir d l t w ll d i d i r ti p r ll l
e ec on sa ea s, e e s e c os e o a a an n a ec on a a e

to i t t h b y t h i g b r m d F r h r t h d i t i i m t im
,
e a on e av n ee n e ove . u t e e ev a on s so e es

g t
re a e r i f t,
h b y t i fi d
e r i gh
a t g l
on e t h b r s xe at an es o t e o e .

F rm rly b t 1
o e 18 y r
,
a g ou t h r i l 5 f hor r ifl d b y t ea s a o, e ec o o t e e an a on e w as
tr t d th m ti f rigi d y t m d
ea e as e o on o th r t i f t h g pr r
a s s e ue to e e ac on o e as e s s u e,

th r t ti
e o a b i g t h right i
on e n q o f h p i ti
t e f th tr f n c on se ue n c e o t e os on o e c en e o

g r i
av ty f t h w
o h l b d y e o e o .

A m th m t i l a
pl
e ti b d th m h i l pri i pl
a ca ex an a gi on as e on es e ec an ca nc es wa s ve n

by th th r i 1 8 8 e au d i
o 1 8 8 8 it
n w rk d t by F K tt r mpl yi g
5, an n w as o e ou . o e ,
e o n

t h p rie i pl f g l r m m t m
nc e o an u a o en u .

L t r th a e th r b m q i t d wi th f t whi h ld t b r i l d
e au o eca e ac ua n e ac s c c ou no e ec o n c e

wi th th lp t i
es e e x an a on s .

Th d i t i e t t h r i gh t w i th b y
ev a on t t h l ft d i
o e i t a on e on e e ,
an v c e vers a , s no

un i r l b t d p d t h d i g f rifl
ve s a ,
u e en s on e es n o e .

It p i
w as t d t by A Ch Mi lli Fi t g r ld th t i h A t i rifl
o n e ou . . n a re - z e a a n t e us r an e,

t h d i ti
e ev a m tim t th right d m tim t th l f Th m
on wa s so e es o e ,
an so e es o e e t . e sa e

d t b th with th G rm rifl M 8 8
.

w f
as ou n ,
o e e c as e e e an e . .
 4 9] L a t l d i ti f h ll er a 3 07 ev a on s o a s e

M r i f th r i l f th rifl M 7 1 p t d d i f th b y t
o reo ve e ec o o e e . w as re ve n e , an e a on e w as
fi d t t t h i gh t b b l w d i ti
xe no o e r t h l ft
,
ut ti ll b d lth gh
e o ,
a ev a on to e e w as s o s e rve ,
a ou

it w ast b po t d fr m
e ex t h d
ec ef t h p l t io t h t d i t i w
e s ec on l d b o e ex a na on s a ev a on ou e

a b t s en .

Th r l e i f
ea d i h l ti d f rm ti d t th i iti l tr
ca us e s o un n t e e as l c e o a on ue o e n a a n s ve rs a

v ibrati f t h b rr l
on s o lt V l III 1 4 d 1 8 3 Th ib ti f th
e a e ; c on s u o .
,
5 an . e v ra o ns o e

b r l f th rifl M 7 1 w i ti g t d by ph t gr phi m th d by K R K h
a re o e e . e re n ve s a e o o a c e o s . . oc

an d h t th r d th f ll wi g r lt w r bt i d
e au o ,
an e o o n es u s e e o a ne

J t ft r th pl i th b rr l b gi
us a e e ex tr os on ibr ti i h e a e e ns a a n s vers e v a on , n t e

f d m t l t
un a en a d it t
o ne Th m an l th t t t m s o ve r on e s p d . e uz z e en s ar s o o ve u an

d w o n,righ t d l ft d p f rm ll i pti ibr ti

an e ,
an so er o s e c v a on s .

A f s r th h ri t l i g t h m l m fir t t th l ft th
a r as c on c e n s e o z on a s w n ,
e uz z e o ves s o e e ,
en

b k thr gh th p i ti f q i l ibri m t th ri gh t d
ac ou e os on o Th b ll t
e u u o e ,
an so on . e u e

l e a ve st h b rr l whi l th m e a l i m wh t t t h righ t d th m m t
e e e uzz e s so e a o e ,
an e o en at

w hi h t h b ll t i
c e i r gi t r d
u e th
s s ue s
p r k p h t r
g p
s h eT hi b d i g f
s e e on e s a o o a . s en n o

th m e l thr w th b ll t m wh t t th right Thi h pp wh

uzz e o s e u e so e a o e . s a e ns en no

by ti fi d
a on e s xe

wh th b y t i fi d th ibr ti t r lly m wh t
.

B u t n ow en e a on e s xe ,
e v a on s a re n a u a so e a

l rb
s owe ,
th wi gi g m i gr t r d i t m igh t b pp d th t h
ec a us e e s n n as s s ea e ; an e su ose a t e

f r p rt f h b rr l i
o e a o ti ll b t t th l ft whi l th b ll t i l i g h m l
t e a e s s en o e e e e u e s ea v n t e uzz e

m tt r f f t th p h t gr p h h w b th th l wi g f h ibr ti
.

A s a a e o ac e o o a s o s o e s o n o t e v a ons

d t h d fl ti f th m l t th l ft t th t i t t A f th di ti
.

an e e ec on o e uz z e o e e a a n s an . s or e re c on

o f t h b ll t wh th r t ri gh t
e u e ,
l ft th
e e d rt i th h ri t l
o or e ,
e s ec on ove on e n es e o z on a

v ibr ti a ppon s r d t b
a h hi
ea e f f t r m bi od t e w i t ht t h fi
e r t c t h i rd
e ac o ,
co ne oo e s or

o ve rt Wi th t t h b y t h tim f ibr ti
on e . ou e a b t 0 0 0 16
on e t it
e e o v a on w as a ou s ee ;
w as wh t h b y et fi d Th b ll t thr w t th l f r
s ee en e a on was xe . e u e e o e e t, c o re

s p d
en i g t t h
n d f rm t
o i f t
e h b rr l
e o d t h p h a f th
on o ib t i e a e an e as e o e v ra on .

Th lp ti f th ff t i q ti
e ex an a on o b f d i h f t th t t h
e e ec n u es on can e oun n t e ac a e

l ti d f rm ti f th b rr l i th i iti l tr r l ibr ti i lt r d
e as c e o a on o e a e n e n a a n s ve s a v a on s s a e e

by th m f th b y t tt h d
e as s o e a on e a ac e .

By d r i g th m t f th p wd r d i g lw y h m rifl i t
ec e a s n e a o un o e o e ,
an us n a a s t e sa e e,

w as f d th t th b ll t ld b m d t l
o un a e u h b e c ou l t r ph f h e a e o e a ve t e ore a t a a e as e o t e

s e c on d h rm i c q tly with th b y t lw y tt h d i th m
a on c : on s e ue n ,
e a on e a a s a ac e n e sa e

wa y i t
,
f d
w asp ib l e t h
ou n d fl t i b
os s t h t t h r i g h to d t t h
av e l ft e ec on s o o e an o e e .

20 2
 CH A P T ER X

L a t e ra l d e vi a t i o n s d u e t o r ota ti o n o f th e s h e ll

50 . D e v i a i on s t o f s p h e r i c a l s h e ll s .

d i ti
Th e f thi
ev a t r with th ld typ f ph ric l
on s o s na u e e o e o s e a

s h ll w r irr g l r d w r pr d c d by th r t ti f th c
e e e e u a ,
an e e o u e e o a on o e a n n on

b ll
a s .

Th r t ti w r
es e o a d by t h f t th t m p l y r m i d
on s e e c a us e e ac a so e a e a ne

b tw th
e e en b ll d th w ll f th b r d t h b ll
e c a n n on a an e a o e o e, an e a re ~

b d d
oun r l ti m t th w ll f th b r ; b id thi th
e s eve a es a e a o e o e es e s e

es c pi g g
a n f rc d w y p t th
as es b ll fr m tim t tim
o e a d a as e a o e o e, an

thi fricti
s d t h b ll t r t t
on c a u s e e a o o a e .

With th bj ct f c tr lli g th r t ti f th b ll
e o e o t on o n e o a on o e a s o as o

gi ve d fi it c t t d i ti
a e n e cc tric b ll w r m
on s a n ev a on , e en c a n n on a s e e e

p l y
o d be t t h y
a r 1 8
ou3 0 e ea .

If h b ll w r pl c d i t h b r with th c tr f gr ity
s uc a a e e a e n e o e e en e o av

d w w rd f i t
o n a s, d fir d ff t h b ll r t t d
or ns t fir t
a nc e , t an e o ,
e a o a e ,
a s a

l st b t h ri t l a i with t h pp r id g i g f rw rd d
ea ,
a ou a o z on a x s, e u e s e o n o a an

th e d r id b ck w rd Thi h pp d b c
un e s e a th r lt t a . s a en e e a us e e es u an

p r r f
es s u e o t h g w dir ct d
e thr gh t h g
as esm tric l tr asf e e ou e eo e a c en e o

t h b ll a d thi w
e a ,
it t d b th c tr f gr ity
n s as s ua e a o ve e en e o av .

C hex/r

x = 29

T h c
d i ti f th c tr f gr ity f th b ll d w
en e a ev a on o e en e o av o e a o n

w rda h rt i g f th tr j ct ry d g r lly i cr
s, a s o en n i o e a e o ,
an en e a an n ea s e n

th gl f d c t f ll w d
e an t rlc q c
e o es en o o e as na u a on s e ue n e s .
3 10 L a ter a l d e vi a ti on s d ue to r o ta ti on o f the s h ell [ OIL X

a b o ve c e n tr e 1 2 to right
blw e o cen tr e 5 17 5 5 9 to l ft
e

to right 561 5

55 a bo v e c en tr e

55 blw e o c e n ret 1 3 3 to l ft
e

5 6 3 to ri gh t
4 0 9 to l ft
e

20 a b ove c e n tr e 1 1 5 to
‘
l ft
e

20 blw e o c en tr e 1 to l ft
e

70 a b ov e c e n tr e 4 1 to l ft
e

blw e o c en tr e 1 3 to lf
e t
1 wi t h t
ou

80 a b ove c e n tr e 14 3 to l ft
e

blw e o cen tr e 23 8 to ri gh t
to right 25 8 to right
a b ov e c en tr e 21 to ri ght
blw e o c en tr e 7 5 to righ t
3 06 to righ t
 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d ue to r o ta ti on of the s hel l

in f r t on 0 7 to l ft
e

1
1; 13 5 b hi d
e n 2 1 to l ft
e

5 13 5 a b ove c en tr e 10 7 6 to l ft
e

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e

1 35 to r i gh t

g
, to l ft
e

l l
:
9 to l ft
e

a b ove 1 5 9 to ri ght
blw e o 2 to efl t
to l ft
e 1 3 3 8 to l ft
e 1 0 to l fte

The th r
r w ight g f t h p d d m th pw rd thr t d th
ee fo c es , e o e s us en e ass , e u a us ,
an e

w i ght Q f th b ll l
e oid r d tr t d i th tr f gr i ty
e a a on e , c on s e e as c on c e n a e n e c en e o av ,

m i t i th q i l ibri m th gl
a n a n e e d B u u : e an es a an

a re m r d d th fr m th q ti f
ea s u e ,
an en o e e ua on o

mm t h
o en s we a ve

g r c os B Qx sin a,

fr m whi h th m g i t d f th
o c e tri ity
a n u e o x, e e c c en c ,

can b i f rr de n e e .

Th r t ti e l l i ty i d t rmi d i th r
o a on a v e oc s e e ne ,
e e

by l l t i fr m h g
ca c u a on d tm p h ri o t e as an a os e c
°

p r w i t
e s s ur es , orh m r rt i ty by m r o e ce a n ea s u e

m t en .

A r t p t
s c een h rt d i t
w as fr m
se u a a s o s a nc e o

t h mu l
e m rk pl d
zz e ; h h ll m d
a s ace on t e s e a e
 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d ue to r o ta ti on o f th e s h el l [ CI I -
. X

a r rd i i t p g thr gh th r
ec o n d
s th r t t i
ass a l p i ti f e ou e s c een , an so e o a on a os on o

t h b lle k w F
a was m pl i t f d th t wi th b ll f m l ibr
no n . or e x a e, w as oun a a s o 15 c ca e,

an d w i th h rg f 0 kg f p wd r th b ll t t h t t
a c a e o m ki g 5 o o e ,
e a a e s ar w as a n

tr d thi r p d t i i ti l ir mf r ti l l i ty f r t ti
u n s a s ec on s c o r es on s o an n a c cu e en a v e oc o o a on

o f m/ 5 q lt f th
s ec , e l i ty f tr l ti ua o
3 ,
1
o e v e oc o an s a on .

Th lp ti f th d i ti f h ll d t r t ti h b d b t d
e ex an a on o e ev a on o s e s, ue o o a on , as ee n e a e

by b ll i ti i a i h m i ddl
s f th
c ans i gh t th t ry p rtly b
s n ce th
t e e o e e een ce n u , a ec a u s e e

B rl i A d my p r p
e n d thi bj t f P i E y
ca e o os e s su ec or a r ze s sa .

Th m f h f ll wi g m y b m ti d R bi 7 2 th lt r
e na es o t e o o n a e en on e : o ns 1 4 ,
on e a e a

ti f h d i r t i f th i i t d t h r t t i E l r 1 7 4
on o t e ec on o th e a r res s a n c e ue o t e o a on : u e 5, on e

e ff t f h i rr g l r r
ec o di g f th b ll d f t h gyr pi ff t L mb d
t e e u a ou n n o e a ,
an o e osc o c e ec : o ar

i n1 78 3 d P i l t r R hd i 1 7 9 h
, an gh t f
o s s on th ff t i th a e : o e n 5, w o s ou or e e ec n e

dri i g f r f th f H tt 1 8 1 2 G d i 1 8 19 P i h 1 8 2 T
v n o ce o e us e : u on ,
as s en ,
a x a ns 2, er

q m 8 26 N m
ue 1 th tri f g l f r f h h ll th
,
eu ann , f th on e cen u a o ce o t e s e as e c a us e o e

d i ti Ti m m h 1 8 4 1 h rg d r tly th t th ev a on : er an s ,
w o a ue c o r ec a e

f t h d i ti m t l i t i d th h b c a us e o th e ev a on us e ou s e e e re , e ca us e e

dri ft i r d m r pi dly th th r g Did i nc ea s e o e ra an e an e . on

18 d Ott 1 8 3 m ry rl y t h ri gh t pl 41 an o 4 ca e ve n ea o t e ex a na

ti Ott r m rk d th t I f t l m t f f A on o e a e a
“
wo e e en s o s ur ac e
’

d B t k q i di t t fr m t h d i m t r lyi g i th
an a re a en , e u s an o e a e e n n e

d i ti f th m ti f fli gh t th l m t B whi h h i t re c on o e o on o ,
e e e en ,
c as s

l i ty i d by th r t ti d h
v e oc i m th n c re a s e e o a o n , c on en se s t e a r ore an

th l m t A hi h h i t l ity d imi i h d by th r t ti
e e e en ,
w c Ott h t as s ve oc n s e e o a on .
”
o as n o

as s u m d th t h l y r f i i t t wi th th rf f th b ll m t dh r
e a t e a e o a r, n c on a c e su a ce o e a ,
us a e e

to i t whi h w ld h gi th l ti f h
,
c ou f th ph ri l h ll
a ve ve n e so u on or t e c as e o e s e ca s e .

Th e m e th d o s of Po i s s on ( 1 8 3 9) an d Ma gn us ( 1 8 5 2) m t us n ow be
c on s id r d
e e .

i
S D Pop.r c d d i .
p r ly t h r tic l ms s onr ; h l o ee e n a u e eo e a an n e e ca

l t d th i fl
cu a e c f th r t ti f th E rth d pr d th t
e n ue n e o e o a on o e a ,
an ov e a

it did t ffic t pl i no gr t d i ti su e o ex a n so ea a ev a on .

N t h t k i t ex cc t t h di ff r c f i d ity r d
e oo n o a oun e e en es o a r en s ou n

th h ll whi h m y b pp d t b r t ti g b t h ri t l
e s e ,
c a e su os e o e o a n a ou a o z on a

i with th pp r id g i g f rw rd r l ti ly t th l w r
ax s, e u e s e o n o a e a ve o e o e

sid e .

Th i d ity i c q e a r i gr t r i t h fr t th en s i th n on s e uen c e s ea e n e on an n e

r r f th h ll ; d h c l d d th t th f i ti b tw th
ea o e s e an so e on c u e a e r c on e e en e

sh ll d t h i w ld b gr t r i fr t th b hi d Th b ll
e an e a r ou e ea e n on an e n . e a

will b rg d pw rd i c q c j t lik b ll r t ti g i th
e u e u a n on s e ue n e , us e a a o a n n e

sa m wyi e t ct with r gh hi i fr t d ki g t
a n c on a a ou c us on n on ,
an s ee n o

r ll pw rd
o th u c hi ( S imil
a r ff ct w ll k
on w with e us on . a e e s a re e no n
.

b wl billi rd b ll t ) Thi ff ct i ll d th P i
o s, a ff t a s, e c . s e e s ca e e o s s on e ec ,
or

c hi i g P i
us on nr g i d th t thi ff ct f t h t g ti l
. o s s on ec o n se a s e e o e an en a

i fricti
a r c ld t cc t f th m t f t h ct l d i ti
on ou no a o un or e a o un o e a ua ev a on ,
3 14 L a ter a l d evi a ti ons d u e to r ota ti on o f th e s hel l [ OIL X

a d fl cti
e e on of t he c tren e of gr ity av of
p h r d w w rd
the s e e o n a s, as

i f the w ight f t h b ll w r
e o e a e e in
c r ea s e d .

lt will th b f l l w Th e r es u en e as o o s

D fl cti d w w rd ( p w rd ) i f e e on o n a or u a

th p h r r t t b t h ri t l e s e e o a es a ou a o z on a

i d t r f rw rd b ( b k ax s an u ns o a a ov e or ac

w rd ) ; d d fl cti t th right ( a an e e on o e or

l ft ) i f th ph r r t t b t e e s e e o a es a ou a

ve r tic l i fr m t h l ft f rw rd ( b kw rd )
a ax s o e e o a or ac a .

L t ly th m tt r h b
a e d crib d i
e a di ff r t w y by
e as e en es e n a e en a

F W L ch t r E gl d H t k i t cc t th rf c f
. . an es e , n an . e a es n o a ou n e su a e o

i t bility which tr tch t th r r f th flyi g b dy b t it i

ns a s e es o e ea o e n o ,
u s

no t p ibl t t r i t f rth r d t il
os s e o en e n o u e e a s .

A q tit ti th ry f th d i ti f ph r
ua n a ve d r th
eo o e ev a on o a s e e un e e

i fl c f th dh ri g i ( M g
n ue n e o ff t ) w
e a tt m pt d l t r by
e n a r a n us e ec as a e e a e

Hé l i d le anby T it T it t rt d t h
a so l g d i ti f
a a s a e on e ana o ou s ev a on o a

md d i ti g f r pr p rti l t th
.

g l f t i b ll d
o or en n s a ,
an as s u e a ev a n o ce o o on a o e

p r d oct f t
u h l cityof tr l ti e ve o d f t h l ity f r t
o ans a on , v, an o e v e oc o o a

ti t h l tt r t b tr t d c t t Th d i ti g f c i
on , e a e o e ea e as on s an . e ev a n or e s

th pr p rti l t
en o l ; df
o on a r t ti b t h ri t l o v a on e an or a o a on a ou a o z on a

i fr m b f rw rd 9 m t b r pl c d by g
a x s, o a ov e o p i t d
a ,
us e e a e a v,
,
as o n e

ou t lr dy by D idi n
a ea o .

a )

lc l ti
Ca h w th t with thi rt f r t ti
u a on s o p th is a s so o o a on a a s

obt i d which t t h
a ne ,
d i c c p w rd A
a d it i t i m e en s s on a ve u a s . n s no

p iblos sth t t h ec r m y h a rt i t h e h p f h
u ve p a ave a ve ex n e s a e o a s ar

p i t dir
o n ct d p w rde e u a .

I c q c i di c i f th c
n on s e ue n e , f p h ri l h ll n a s u s s on o e as e o a s e ca s e

wh r t ti i t k i t cc t th fig r will r q ir t b
en o a on s a en n o a .
ou n , e u es e u e o e
 5 1] L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d ue to r o ta ti on o f the s hell 3 15

alt r d t m
e e o so e t t
e x en . F or fu rth r d t il e e a s an d th e li t r t r f e a u e o

th bj ct c
e su e ,
on s u lt th e Re po rt m d by G a e . W . W lk r i t h
a e n e

En cy c l op a edi a o
f Ma them a ti ca l S c i en ces Vol , . I v, 9, 2 G m
c,
“
d a es an

S po rt .
”

So
p rim tm w r med ex e en s e e a e t oo by Ta it on r t ti g w
o a n ood e n

b lla p d d by
s , s uswir en e es .

C l l L dwig c tr ct d i
o on e u on s u e n 1 8 53 m chi by m
a a n e, e an s of

which th i fl c f th r t ti e n ue n e o e o a on o f a s
ph r t h h
e e
p on e s a e of t he
tr j ct ry ld b d m tr t d
a e o c ou e e on s a e as i n t he fig r u e .

51 . D e vi a i on t o f r o t a t i n g e l o n ga t e d s he ll .
‘
R e s ul t s of

e x p e ri m en t .

Th e rt t bt i r ult by i cr
e ffo o oi th m a n f th es s an n ea s e n e as s o e

sh ll with t im lt
e oui cr i ath s libr l d p t t h
u a n e ous n ea s e n e ca e, e u o e

sy t m tic m pl ym t f l g t d h ll ; d thi l d g i t
s e a e o en o e on a e s e s an s e a a n o

th i tr d cti f h lic l gr
e n o u i th
on b r wh reby t h h ll
o e a o ov e s n e o e, e e s e

r c i d r t ti m r
e e ve a l r pid b t t h l g i
o a on , o e or es s a ,
a ou e on ax s , as a

m e an s o f ri g t bility f flight thr gh th i

en s u n s a o ou e a r .

E b f r th i tr d ti f fir rm with p r d rr w
ve n e o e e n o uc on o ea s, s e a s an a o s,

a r t ti b t th l g i w pr id d f th m r
o a on a ou e on ax s as ov e or e sa e e as on .

I th cn f r t ti g l g t d h ll d i ti
e as e o o a ri f d fi itn e on a e s e s, ev a on s a se o e n e

dir cti d t t h r t ti f t h h ll d th
e on , ue o e b th i th
o a on o e s e ,
an es e a re o n e

p l an e o f fi d p pr dic l r
re a n t it e en u a o .

Th l tt r e th m t im p rt
a e t will r c i cl r tt ti i
, as e os o an , e e ve os e a en on n

th q l
e se ue .

With right -h d d i fli g t h d i ti i g r lly t t h right an e r n ,

e ev a on s en e a o e ,

an d t t h l ft i
o l ft h d d i fli g f i n t
e e n i
e th I t li
- an e r n ,
as or s an c e n e a an

fi ld g
e un .

Th d i ti e i cr m r r pidly th th r g ; t h t
ev a on n ea s e s o e a an e an e e ra

j t
e c ory i q tly c r
s c on s e f d bl c rue nt r ; d with right
a u ve o ou e u va u e an

h d d i fli g t l t i th
an e r n t m j rity f c
,
a ea sth n e va s a o o a s es , e c ur v e .
ru n s

t t h right f t h pl
o e f fi d t h h ori
o e t l pr j cti ane o re an e zon a o e on , s e e n

fro m t h pl ffi e i i g rlc
ane o re , s n en e a on ve x .

Th l t r l d i ti
es e th y
a e a f c id r bl m g it d
ev a on s , a s e a re o on s e a e a n u e,

a re w ll k w i rtill ry w rk d
e no n c rr ct d by dj ti g
n a e o an a re o e e a us n

th ight
e s s .

A f ths b l t m g it d f t h l t r l d i ti f dir t
or e a so u e a n u e o e a e a ev a on or ec

fi re , with gl f d p rt r b tw 0 d
an an e o m m ric l e a u e e een
°
an so e nu e a

l
v a ue s a re h r gi which w r bt i d with th Fr ch g
e e ve n , e e o a ne e en un s .
3 16 L t ld i t du t
a er at ti f th h ll [ H
ev a i on s
O e o ro a on o ,

e s e . X

A c rdi g t Hé l i t h Fr
co n h 1 6 cm g w
o d libr e e en c un as us e ,
ca e

1 6 23 mm d fi l gl f twi t 6 w ight 3 0 4 kg l gth °

,
an na an e o s e , en

3 71 mm d mi gl f t h p i t f th gi y 4 1 °
,
an se -a n
Th e o e o n o e o ve f e

i iti l l city w 3 3 4 m /
n a ve o rr r i th v, gl f d p rt r
as s ec , e o n e an e o e a u e

j( m p)
u

I th f ll wi g t bl th r g i gi th gl f d “

n e o o n a e e an e s ve n , e an e o e

p rt
a r t h
u e l t r l d i t i d te t h r t ti
a e a f t h h ll d ev a on ue o e o a on o e s e ,
an

th mb r f r d
e nu e o o un s .

A n gl e of d e p ar t ure L a te ra d ev l i ti
a on
2 m e tre s

l t r l d i ti i cr
Th e a m r r pidly th t h r g d
e a ev a on n eas es o e a an e an e , an

th th t j ct ry i
us e c r f d bl c r t r ; thi i
’
ra e o s a u ve o ou e u va u e s s s e en

f rth r fr m t h f ll wi g t bl e f
u e o th l t r l d i ti gi by
e o o n a or e a e a ev a on ve n

th Fr h fi ld g M 1 8 97
e enc
libr 7 5 mm c t t gl f
e un . ca e
-
, on s a n an e o

ri fli g nm i m m g pr r 24 0 0 kg/ m w ight f t h
ax u as es s u e c
2
, e o e

shr p l a kg l gth f h ll 290 mm i iti l l ity = 5 29

ne , en o s e , n a v e oc v,

m/ j mp s ec , right h d d i fl i g
u - an e r n .

A n gl e of d e p a r t ure i
D r ft, r i gh t ,

rim t h h w th t d r gi c diti th l t r l dri ft

Ex p e en as s o n a , un e ve n on on s , e a e a

on th m l h ri i cr
e with t h c libr th fi l gl f twi t
uzz e - o z on n eas es e a e, e na an e o s ,

t h i iti l
e l ity f th h ll th gl f d p rt r d th bl t
n a v e oc o e s e ,
e an e o e a u e, a n e un

n es sf th p i t f th
o h ll A r g rd t h gl f d p rt r
e o n o e s e . s e a s e an e o e a u e

thi h ld ly withi c rt i limit which will b i tig t d i

s o s on n e a n s, e n ve s a e n

th q l I t d cr
e se h w r w h th w ight f th h ll i
ue . e eas e s , o eve , en e e o e s e s

i r d
n c eas e .
3 18 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d ue to r o ta ti on o f the s hell [ OH X .

p e ri m e n t s of 188 1, with tw o di ff r t w ight l gth

e en e s, en s, an d i iti
n al

ve o l citi es .

L a te r a l d e v a t o n i i
A n gl e of d ep a r ture
ih h
w t l e ft- a n d e d r i fl i n g

386 111 l e ft

We i gh t 1 4 kg,
L en gt h 3 92 m m ,
Il l /
860

L a tera l d e v a t i i L a te r a l d e v a t o n i i
h i h i
,

A n gl e of de p a r ture l e ft - a n d t w st l e ft- a n d t w s t

° '
80 4

Con s e q ue n tly with th

, ese tw o g un s , t he d i ti
ev a on c h g an es s ig n

b twe e en 70
°
an d
A t the m tim it w b r d th t with l ft h d twi t d
sa e e as o s e ve , a e - an s an

d ri ft t th right
o right h d twi t d dri ft t t h l ft th h ll
e ,
or - an s an o e e ,
e s e

s tr ck th gr d b fir t
u e ou n as e s .

With b ll t t h m ch g m t b pr t ; thi t k pl c
u e s e sa e an e us e e s en s a es a e

t 8 2 with th b ll t f t h Fr ch i f try A t thi l ti t h .

°
a e u e o e en n an s e e va on e

m im m dri ft t t h right m t b
ax u t bl d ch g i t th
o e us e un s a e an an e n o e

m im m dri ft t th l ft
ax u o e e .

I c q c f thi irr g l rity t h ch g will h w it l f

n on s e u en e o s e u a , e an e s o se

i
n q l dri ft t t h right d l ft t c rt i d fi it l ti
e ua s o e an e a a e a n e n e e e va on ,

an d t a gr t r l ti th l ft h d dri ft will b gi t p
a ea e e e va on e e - an
e n o re

p ond r t
e a e .

S h ti g oo rtic lly pw rd t h r g l r l t r l d i ti m t
n ve a u a , e e u a a e a ev a on us

va n si h g i I f t it i ly t h i fl c f th wi d d th
a a n . n ac , s on e n ue n e o e n an e

e rr r i th gl f d p rt r th t
o n e an
p r d c e d oi ti fr m e a u e a c an o u e a ev a on o

th e ve rtic l dir cti f m ti

a e on o o on .
 5 2] L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d ue to r ota ti on o f the s hell 3 19

id th h ll
B es es , e s e in su ch a c rmi as e e a ns for t he m t os
p a rt
p a a r ll l t it l f d
e o se , an so a rri ve s a g i with th b
a n e as e d o wn w rd a .

52 t . Wh a t
th fli gh t f l g t d i s th e n a ur e o f e o an e on a e

t ti g h l l ? ro a n s e

S m f th f t c c
o e i g th l at r l d i ti d t th
o e ac s on e rn n e e a ev a on s ue o e

r t ti
o a f th h ll d th p i i
on o f th p i t f d c t
e s e an e os t o n o e o n o es en on

th m e l h ri n h v lr d y b m ti d
uzz e o zo a e a ea een en on e .

B f r i tig ti g th l t r l d i ti th q ti
e o e n v es a i n es e a e a ev a on s , e ue s on a r s e s

as t wh t i t h r
o why a rdi ry rtill ry pr j ctil fir d
s e e a s on an o na a e o e e, e

fr mo rifl d g ta gl f l ti b tw 0 d
e un a lw y an an e o e e va on e e en
°
an a a s,

or n early lw y trik t h gr d with th p i t f r m t

a a s, s es e o un e o n o e os ?

Th h ll i lik e
p i si g t p
e I t might th
s b p ct d
e a s nn n o . us e ex e e

t h t th
a i f th h ll will r m i p r ll l t it l f ; d th t
e ax s o e s e e a n a a e o se an a

th h ll will trik t h gr d i
e s e l ti g p iti o
s th t the e ou n n a s an n os n, so a e

b will b t h fir t p rt t t ch th gr d
ase e e s a o ou e ou n .

Thr c ri cc rdi g t th d gr f t bility f th h ll

ee a s es a s e, a o n o e e ee o s a o e s e .

( ) a S ta bi li ty o f the s hel l too gr e a t .

thi c th i f th h ll pp r t r m i p r ll l t
In s as e e ax s o e s e a ea s o e a n a a e o

it l f r pr t d i fig
se , as e es en e n . a .

I f t h i iti l l city i m ll
e gh th p iti f t h i
n a ve o s s a e n ou , e os on o e ax s

o f th h ll i t h i
e s b f ll w d cl rly by t h
e n
y d t h
e a r can e o o e ea e e e , an e

sh ll trik t h gr d with p rt f th b
e s es e ou n a a o e as e .

B t thi p r ll li m f t h
u i i ly pp r t ; ct lly t h
s a a e s o e ax s s on a a en a ua e

p i t
o n f t h h ll
o fr m t h ge sm t p i t em wh t t,
t h
as s e en o e un , us o n so e a o e

right with right h d twi t d th i f th h ll m t m k

a -
an s ,
an e ax s o e s e us a e

a n an gl with t h h ri e lightly l th th d p rt r gl e o z on s es s an e e a u e an e .

thi c In s as e dri ft i gr t ; t h
th e s ea e r g i i g r l m wh t
an e s n en e a so e a

l th i
es s an n a rm l c
no O th a ase . n e oth r h d it m th t i
e an , s ee s a n

q c
c on s e ue n e o f t h fricti l dr g
e on a a o f th i g i t th h ll
e a r a a ns e s e

i thi rt
n s so o f flight t h r g i , e an e n ex tr m c
e e
p r t b as es can o ve o e

gr t th e a er an i n c m ; thi h
a v a uu s as b tt t d by Mi l l i
e en a es e na re
3 20 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d ue to r ota ti o n o f the s hell [ GEL x

an d . ch w ld b th c wh t h r t ti f t h
N S a bu d s ki . Su ou e e as e en e o a on o e

sh ll i t m m t f i rti b t th i f fig r i t gr t
e or s o en o ne a a ou e ax s o u e s oo ea ,

or i f t h l gth f t h e h ll h b ch
en t m ll i r l ti o e s e as e en os e n oo s a n e a on

t tho gl f th i fli g
e an e o e r n .

6
( ) S ta bi l i ty f
o the s he l l too s m a ll .

T hi t t
r t wh f i t c t h gl f twi t i t
s s a e is p es en en , or ns an e, e an e o s s oo

s m ll ath ,
l gth f th h ll h b m d t l rg
or e en o e s e as e en a e oo a e , or un

s ymm tric l l t r l h k ri fr m th c pi g g
e a a th h ll
e a s oc a s es o e es a n as es as e s e

l th m
e a ves l f th g e uzz e o e un .

Th i f t h h ll th m k i l t t ti l gyr ti
e ax s o e s e en a es v o en nu a on a a on s

a b t th c tr f gr ity
ou e h w i th fig r
en e o av ,
as s o n n e u e .

T hri ibl c ic l ibr ti

e e a re b t th i t t
v s e on a v a on s a ou e ns an a n e o us

t g t f th tr j ct ry
an en o i f th ce cl r d cri pti f
a e o as ax s o e on e : a os e es on o

th r lt will f l l w l t r
e es u s o o a e on .

I tr m c t h h ll pp r
n ex e e l rg di c wh b r d
as es e s e a ea s as a a e s , en o s e ve

fr m t h g
o ; t h re g i m ch t
un m ll t h rr re gr t
an e s u oo s a : e e o s a re ea .

A tr g whi i g i t b h rd
s on d th r
zz n p w r ful p risdi o e ea an e e a re o e e o c

im p l i t h flight thr gh th i
u s es n e ou e a r .

( )
0 S ta bi l i ty o
f the s he l l c orr ec t .

Th e s h ll fli
e es s o th t t h i c i id with th i t t
a e
-
ax s o nc es e n s a n a n e o us

t g t
an en t o t h e pa th f th c tr f gr ity Wh th i iti
o e en e o av . en e n al

l city f th h ll i m ll
ve o o gh e s e s s a e n ou ,
an d th e tr j ct ry i b r d a e o s o s e ve

fr m th
o id th p i t f th h ll i
e s e, e o n o e s e s s e en dir ct d p w rd f
e e u a as ar as

th rt f th tr j ct ry ; t th
e ve ex ,
o e a e o a e v er ex t th i f th h ll i e ax s o e s e s

h ri t l d th t h p i t f th
o z on a : an en e o n o e s h ll i k d w till fi lly
e s n s o n, na
 3 22 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d ue to r o ta ti on o f the s h el l [ OI L X

More o ve r
rr w -lik cti f r t ti g l g t d p
, t he a o e a on o a o a n e on a e ro

j t
eci l i m r ly
e
pp r t dst h t r f t
e eh m ti f t h a a en ,
an e na u e o e o on o e
‘

l g t d h ll i i r lity t id tic l with t h flight f

e on a e s e s n ea no en a e o an

rr w
a o .

A m tt r f f ct th i f t h h ll d
s a a t r m i
e ctlyo a e ax s o e s e oes n o e a n e xa

i n th t g t t th p th ; b t th p i t f t h h ll i f d
e an en o e a u e o n o e s e s oun

lt r t ly b
a e na e d b l w th t g t d a gl cti g ut ti
ov e an e o e an en ,
an ,
ne e n n a on ,

it i p rm s tly t th right f th rtic l pl thr gh th

e a n en o e o e ve a an e ou e

t g t Th d t il f th m m t f th h ll t b t k
an en . es e e a s o e ov e en o e s e a re o e a en

i t n id r ti l t r i 5 4 t
o c on s e a on a e on , n , e c .

53 . V a ri o u s e x p l an a ti on s o f th e l a t er a l d e v i a i on t or d r i ft of

a r ot a ti n g e l o n ga t e d s h e ll .

A pur ly q lit ti p l tie f t h ua a ve ex ana on o e rg lr l trl d i

e u a a e a ev a

ti l g t d pr j ctil fir d fr m
on o f a n e on a e o e e, e o a
g unrifl d with right e a

h d d twi t m y w b gi
an e s q ,
a no e ve n : a ua n tit ti tr tm t will
a ve ea en

f ll w i g5 6
o o n .

I m th i f th h ll w ld r t i i t rigi l dir cti

n a v a c uu e ax s o e s e ou e a n s o na e on

in
p psr id d it
ace, w r p ri ci p lov i d le t h i f e e a n a ax s an a so e ax s o

o rigi l r t ti i f t ti d t h ck w r ig r d Gr ity
na o a on , nu a on s ue o s o e e no e . av

a ct l ly i pr d ci g c r t r f t h p t h f t h
s so e n o tr f
u n a u va u e o e a o e c en e o

gr ity i t h pl
av f fi n d c t pr d
e d bl c r t r ;
an e o re , an an no o uc e a ou e u va u e

thi w ld h t b d t m th r f rc cti g t right gl

s ou a ve o e ue o so e o e o e, a n a an es

t th pl
o ffi
e an e o re .

A t th c tri f g l f rc f th h l l cti g
s o e
“
en d i ti g u a o e o e s e ,
a n as a ev a n

f rc m y rr
o e, p i i anh b e p r d
o n e ous o n on s a ve e en e x es s e .

A c t i f g l f rc ly b t k i t cc t wh
u oun
'

en r a o e ca n on e a en n o a en a

b dy r t ti g b ut
o o a i r t n th r b dy d
a o an ax s e ac s on ano e o , an c on

v e rs e l
y .

hi i t h c f i t c wh t h m t l cti b tw t w
T s s e as e , or ns an e, en e u ua a on e e en o

p rticl
a f t h m r t
es o ti g h ll i c id
e sa r d i e t h tr
o a tm t n s e s on s e e ,
as n e ea en

o f t h rigidity f t h b dy ;
e l wh th m m t f hr p l
o e o or e s e en e o ve en o s a ne

s h ll e p,
l i orh ll i cex id r d b r
os v eti g f t r
s t h e
p l i s on s e e , u s n a e e ex os on .

I n ani tr cti b k p bli h d i 1 8 94 it i t t d C r i g

ns u on oo u s e n s s a e :
“
on c e n n

th c e f t h dri ft t t h right di ff r t i w
a us e o e gi o It e , e en v e s a re ven . can

b p
e ex l i d f m p l
a ne f ll w , S i c t h
or e x a b ll t r t t fr m
e, as o o s : n e e u e o a es o

l ft t right
e o fr m b hi d th r t ti ,
s een i th l ft h d h l f
o e n , e o a on n e e - an a

a ct g i t th ttr cti
s a a ns f th E rth wh r
e a it w rk with
a on o e a e eas
‘
o s

gr ity i th right h d h l f
av n e - an a .
 53 ] L t l d i ti d u t t ti f th h ll
a e ra 8 23 ev a on s e o ro a on o e s e

w i g t t h right i th tr g r d th b ll t d i t
'

Th e s n o e s us s on e , an e u e ev a es

ou t f tho rtic l pl t th right d th i i cr

e ve th
a f rth r a ne o e ,
an s n eas e s e u e

t h b ll t fli
”
e u e es .

I f thi p l ti sh d y tr
ex th i it mill t
a na t h fly on a an u n ,
a s one , or e

wh l f m hi
ee o a circ l r w w ld j m p t f th ir
ac ne, or a u a sa ,
ou u ou o e

b ri g i f th c r w r r m d
ea n s, e ove s e e e ove .

Th r e e m tt r f f ct thr m i c
a re , a s t w rk
a d a e o a ,
ee a n a us e s a o ,
an

th will b c id r d p r t ly
es e e on s e e se a a e .

The a c ti on o the a i r a d her i n g to the s hel l

( ) a
f .

l g t d h ll t b fir d t
S uppos e an gl f d
e on a e s e o e e a an an e o an

th t th c tr f gr ity h r ch d t h ighb rh d f th
a e en e o av as ea e e ne ou oo o e

rt S Th r m c
ve ex . t w rk t lt r th dir cti i p c
e e s ee s no a us e a o o a e e e on n s a e

of th i f th r t ti g l g t d h ll d it m k
e ax s o egl o a n e on a e s e : an so a es an an e

f 5 0 with t h t g t t t h tr j t ry i t h fig r
°
o e an en o e a ec o ,
as n e u e .

I t d f thi it
ns b
ea m d th t th c tr f gr ity f
o s c an e ass u e a e en e o av o

th h ll i t r t i p c d th t th i tr m p t it with
e s e s a es n s a e, an a e a r s ea s as a

c rr p di g l city p r ll l t th t g t t th p th
o es on n ve o ,
a a e o e an en o e a .

hi tr m f i i h w i th figur by th c r B d D
T s s ea o a r s s o n n e e e u ve s an ,

with th tr m B th e sr id ead th tr m D th f on e n ea s e , an e s ea on e ar

s
.id f th r t ti g h ll
e o e o a n s e .

B t th i udditi th i dh ri g t th h ll will b whirl d

en , n a on , e a r a e n o e s e e e

r d by it Thi dh ri g i m
oun . r d th r id f th h ll
s a e n a r o ve s oun e n ea s e o e s e

i th dir cti
n e f th rr w A d h
e on c mp t f l ity
o e a o an so as a o on e n o v e oc

i thn m d ir cti
e sa t h c rr et B f th fi t m d i tr m
e on a s e u en o e rs -n a
e a r s ea .

O th f
n id f t h Sh ll th c tr ry th dh ri g i m i g
e ar s e o e e on e on a , e a e n a r, ov n

i t h dir cti
n e f th rr w 0 h
e c m p t which pp t h
on o e a o ,
as a o on e n o os e s e

i
a r str ami g g i t th h ll
e n a a ns e s e .

Th r ult t ff ct e th imil r t th d crib d lr dy

es an e e s a re en s a o os e es e a ea

21 —2
3 24 L t l d i ti ns d u t t ti f th h ll [OH
a er a ev a o e o ro a on o e s e . X

i § 5O f c
n b ll ; thi ff ct m y b d rib d d r th m
or an n on a s s e e a e es c e un e e na e

o f th Mg e ff ct a n us e e .
”

Th ff ct c
e e it i r r f ti
e th l ft f t h h ll d
on s s s n a a e ac on on e e o e s e ,
an

a d ti
c on en s at h right I on q c with t h right h d
on e . n c on s e u en e e - an

i fli g th r i c f pr r fr m right t l ft d '

r n e e s an e x es s o es s u e o o e , an so a

d i ti
ev a t t h l ft
on e n s u e s o e e .

A m tt r f f ct t h d i ti whi h ri i t th right
s a a e o a e ev a on c a s es s o e

an d t t noth l ft ; th t thi ff ct l c
o e et pl i t h so a s e e a on e an n o ex a n e

t l r lt Oth r i fl c m t b t w rk t lt r it
a c ua es u . e n ue n e s us e a o o a e .

I t m y b w ll t m t i th y br gh t f rw rd by A D h i 1 8 8 4
'

a e e o en on a e or ,
ou o a . a ne, n .

H m d th t thi dh ri g i r l i g with th h ll
e assu e a th m i
s a e n a r, e vo v n e s e ,
wa s e a n c a us e ,

b t th t t h r
u a lt t f h i r i t
e es u th i f th h ll b hi d th
an o t e a r es s a n c e c ut e ax s o e s e e n e

c en tr f gr i ty C q tly
e o av f pr . r i t d fr m ri ght l ft
on s e ue n a n e x ces s o es s u e e x s e o to e

b tw th
e ee n tr f g i ty d b f th h ll Th b i th r by dri
e c en e o ra v an ase o e s e . e as e s e e ve n

to th l ft e d th p i t f h
e ,
an h ll th ri gh t Th i r i t
e o n th t o t e s e to e . e a r es s a n ce e n ac s

a g i t h
a ns h ll t g i t
e s il l t d pr
e as th h ll th wh l
a a ns a sa s et as an ,
an e s s es e s e on e o e

t th ri gh t
o e .

Thi th ry s d pl ibl b t i t i
eo i i g i g th t t h p i t
s oun s a us e ; u s un c o n v n c n ,
s ee n a e o n

o f pp l i ti
a f th
ca l t t i r i t l i t lly i fr t f th tr
on o e res u an a r e s s a n ce es a c ua n on o e c en e

o fg i ty
ra v h i,
52 as s o wn n .

( b) The cus hi on i ng a cti on .

As su m e a g i th t th r i
a n a e e s an
pp
a r i bl ec a e an gl b tw e th e e en e

a x s ofi the s h ll d th t g t t
e an e an en o t h p th ; e a an d th t t h p i t f
a e o n o

t he s h ll i
e s a b th t g t i
o ve e an en ,
as n t h fig r e u e .

Assu m e fu rth r th t th h ll i r t ti g i fi d p iti

e a d e s e s o a n n a xe os on , a n

th at th e a r i is s tr mi g p t it b f r
ea n as ,
as e o e .

A c d on en s a ti i pr d d i t h i
on s t h frot f th h ll
uc e n e a r on e on o e s e ,

th t i a s on th e sid t w rd th t rg t ; d th r r id t w rd
e o a s e a e an on e ea s e, o a s
3 26 L t l d i ti d u t t ti n f th h ll [ OH x
a er a ev a on s e o ro a o o e s e .

Th i f the E rth d crib c mpl t c i

e ax s o a y r es es a o e e on e n ea s ,

with mi rtic l gl f 23 5 d gr ; d th p l
a se -v e a an th p i t
e o e e es an e o e , or e o n

wh er t h i f th E rth pr d c d m t th ky i i p
e e ax s o e a o u e ee s e s , s n er

p t
e ua l m ti d d crib
o circl
on , a n r d t h p l f
es t h cli p tic
es a e oun e o e o e e

as i t c tr s Thi i t h
en e . f th P r c s i f th Equi
s e c a us e o e e e s s on o e n ox e s .

Wh th id en
pp li
es ed t t h r t ti
e as g h l l c
a re ida r d e o e o a n s e ,
ons e e

as a
p i si g t p d
nn n it i m od b ,
f r an th t t h c tr s fas s u e ,
as e o e, a e en e o

gr ity f t h h ll i t r t d th t t h i tr m p t it with
av o e s e s a es ,
an a e a r s ea s as

r r d l city d r ct
e ve s e ve o th ,
h ll th f ll wi g f ct
an so ea s on e s e , e o o n a s re

p r t
e s en t h diti e c on on s .

Th p i t f e
pp rt
o n f t h t op i tsu b id r do b oi g t h e o s o e c on s e e as e n e

c en tr f gr ity f th h ll pp d fi d ; S 0 i th d ir cti
e o av o e s e , su os e xe s e e on

of t h m ti e f t h c tr
o on of gr ity f t h t g t t th p th ;
e en e o av or o e an en o e a

th th i tr m p t th h ll p r ll l t ( I S with i t
us e a r s ea s as tr f e s e a a e o , s c en e o

gr ity pp d fi d ; S B i h r th i f t h h ll m ki g t
av su os e xe s e e e ax s o e s e ,
a n a

th m m e t o gl OS B with th t g t S 0 f th p th Th
en an an e e an en o e a . e

sh ll i pp d t r t t b t i t i i th dir cti
e s su os e o o a e f th a ou s ax s n e e on o e

a rr w th t i with right h d twi t

o ,
a s fr m S
a - an s a s s een o .

Th w ight W c c tr t d t th c tr
e e ,
f gr ity A i t
on en a e a e en e o av ,
s o

b r pl c d by t h r
e e a e lt t i r i t c W ri i g fr m th i e es u an a r es s an e ,
a s n o e a r

str mi g p t ; th p i t f pplic ti i t A which i b tw

ea n as e o n o a a on s a , s e een

S t h c tr e f gr ity f t h
en e o h ll d B th p i t av o e s e an e o n .

Th p i t B f t h e h ll m t c q tly m
o n o t right
e s e gl us on s e uen o ve a an es

t t h pl
o e OS B d t t h right
an e ,
fr m S
an o e ,
as s e en o .

I f h we r th p i t f th o ve h ll m e t th right th i
o n o e s e ov es o e , e a r,

str mi g p t
ea n l g t d h ll f thas an l h p pr
e on a e mr s e o e us ua s a e, e s s es o e

ag i t th l ft id f th h ll th g i t th right Th i ct
a ns e e s e o e s e an a a ns e . e a r a s,

as ex
p l i d lr dy
a ne g i t t h a h ll
ea lik t h wi d
,
ga i t
a ns il e s e , e e n a a ns a sa

or b rd d pr oa ,
th an h ll th wh l t w rd t h right f th
es s es e s e on e o e o a s e o e

p l an e f fi o D ri ft i th re r by . gi t t h right withs right e e h d ven o e - an

twi t s .

Thi i t h p sl ti
s f t h e dri f
ex t f r t ti
an a g l g ton d p o e o a o a n e on a e ro

j t
ec i l Iet . ily b h w
can th t ea sf t h thr i
e scti o n a o e ee c a us e s n a on ,

( ) ( ) ( )
a , b t h gyr
, c c
p ic ,
ff rt e c d t h th r
os t w o i m g e o e x ee s e o e o n a

n i t ud e .

l g t d h ll i fir d t
An gl f b t 4 0 fr m g
e on a e s e s e a an an e o a ou
°
o a un

with r pid fi l twi t ; l t c id r it wh it i

a a r th rt na s e us on s e en s n ea e ve ex

S f t h tr j ct ry
o d it t d th t t h p i t f th h ll i
e a e o ,
an s ua e so a e o n o e s e s

som wh t b th t g t t th p th
e a a ov e e an en o e a .

Th cti ( ) f t h dh ri g i ( M g
e a ff ct ) w ld on a o e a e n
‘

a r a n us e e ou
 53 ] L t l d i ti a er a ev a ons d ue to r ota ti on o f the s hd l 3 27

a cc ou n t ly f on d i ft t or a r o th e l ft e . B ut d i ft i ct lly
as t he r s a ua

t o the right t h gyr c pic, e os o e ff ct ( )

e c is g t r th thi M g
re a e an s a n us

e ffe ct ( a ) .

Th e ( )a cti on th of t h hic i g
is g fr tr
f ct ( b) ea e t oo an e c us on n e e

( i
P ff ct ) t h
o s s on e e which cc t f
, e on ly th r
d i ft t t h
o e on e a o un s or a r o e

right Th tw .
(e ) d b
( ) ( M
o g ff
c a us e s t d P i a an ~
a n us e ec an o s s on

e ff ct )
e c rt i ly pr t with ph ri l r t ti g h ll B t i
a re e a n es en s e ca o a n s e s . u n

r lity r t ti g ph r
ea a o a h w i 5 0 i bj ct t t h ff t
n s e e, as s o n n ,
s su e o e e ec

o f th dh ri g i
e a d e t t th c
n hi ff ct thi l t ff t
a r, an no o e us on e e ,
as s as e ec

l w ld gi th wr g dir ti t th d i ft
a on e ou ve e on ec on o e r .

Th f ll wi g e o l i o th r f r dr w
n c on c us on s a r e e e o e a n

gyr c pi ff ct ( ) ff t ( ) f th dh ri g i
os o c e e c e ec a o .
e a e n a r,

ff ct ( ) f t h e dh ri g i c hi n ff ct ( b)
e a o e a e n a r us o e e ,

gyr c pi ff ct ( ) c hi ff ct ( b)
os o c e e c us on e e .

A t th tm t t h gyr c pi ff ct
e u os ly b d cr d e os o c e e c an on e e eas e or

i cr d lightly by th th r tw ff ct ; b t th chi f i fl
n ea s e s e o e o e e s u e e n ue n c e

i t h ge
s e
p i cti S CO c a on .

Oth r q ti r m i t b id r d ‘

e ue s on s e a n o e c on s e e .

I thn fir t pl c t h f ll wi g p i t m y b r i d i f t h
e s a e e o o n o n a e a se : e

c m p ri i t b m pl t b tw th cti f gr ity i p
o a s on s o e co e e, e e en e a on o av n ro

d i g pr c
uc n i i t h t p d t h h ll th p i t s h ld d crib
e e s s on n e o an e s e ,
e o n ou es e

a c mpl t ircl r d t h dir cti f th i r i t c d

o e e c e o un e e on o e a r es s an e, an so

a
ppr im t ly
ox d th t g t t th p th
a e r ou n e an en o e a .

R l ti ly t t h
e a r tic l pl th p i t f th h ll m t fir t
ve o e ve a an e e o n o e s e us s

m t th right d d w w rd th t t h l ft d g i pw rd
o ve o e an o n a , en o e e ,
an a a n u a .

I t might b p ct d th t e dri ft
ex w ld e lt er t ly t th
a a ou en s ue a e na e o e

right d l ft Wh t i t h r
an e . why th dri ft t th right d
a s e e a s on e o e oe s

no t ch g l t r i t d ri ft t th l ft
an e a e n o a o e e ?

Th di ffic lti w r
es e id r d by G M g 1 8 5 0 A P l w
u es e e c on s e e . a n us , ,
. aa z o ,

1 8 07 d E K mm r 1 8 7 5
, an . u e ,
.

A i ths c n f th gl f d p rt r b tw 0 d
e as es o e an e o e a u e e een
°
an

right h d dri ft l
- an ri with right h d twi t th y a on e a md s es - an s ,
e ass u e

a rbitr rily th t th c ic l m ti f th i f th h ll w
a a e on a o on o e ax s o e s e as so

s ol w th t t h i h d ly tim t m t th right d m
a e ax s a on e o ov e o e an so e

wh t d w w rd b f r t h h ll tr ck th gr d
a o n a ,
e o e e s e s u e oun .

B t thi u m pti d s t assu

pp ly i r lly Wh on th oe s no a un v e s a . en e

a
pp pr rio t f rm l a ef gyr poi m ti u ae o pp li d t thi os c o c o on a re a e o s c as e ,

so th t th m m t f i r i t
a e o r pl en th m m o t f gr ity
a r es s an c e e aces e o en o av ,

an d t h im p l e f pr j cti f th
u se h ll r pl c th gyr c pic
o o e on o e s e e a es e os o
 3 28 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d u e to r ota ti on o f th e s i wll [ OH x .

im p l t h r lt i th t t h tim f
u s e, e m pl t r l ti f p
es u s a e e o a co e e e vo u on o re

c i i gr t r th t h t t l tim f fl ight ly i t h c
e s s on s ea e f an e o a e o on n e as e o an

c i twi t ; i f t i
e x es s v e w ll d ig d g s mr m pl t n ac n a e - es ne un n u e ou s co e e

t r f pr
u ns o i m d d ri g t h t t l tim f fl ight
e c e s s on a r e a e u n e o a e o .

Th f m plus or e x a e

T mei o f a c om p l e t e Num b e r o f re v ol u t on s i
p r e c e s s o n a l rie v o l u t o n i p er s ec o n d

I n t he o ld h ea v y fi ld g e un

(a ) at t he b gi i g
e nn n of t he
0 7 s ee

( b) at th e end of th e t ra
je c t ory
I n a m o ta r r
I n t h e n fa n i try ifl r e

rr t l ti f th di ffic lty i f ll w
Th e co ec so u on o e u s as o o s .

Th c m p ri e b tw th m ti f r t ti g l g t d h ll
o a s on e e en e o on o a o a n e on a e s e

an d t h m ti e f ymm tric l t p m i g b t fi d pp rt
o on o a s e a o ov n a ou a xe su o

un d r t h i fl c f gr ity l
e e n i
ue n e ot ch th t t h im p l i av a on e , s no su a e u s ve

m m t m f th t p i r pl c d m r ly by th im p l r i d by
o en u o e o s e a e e e e u se e c e ve

th h ll d th m m t f gr ity by th t f t h i r i t
e s e ,
an e o en o av a o e a r es s a n ce .

Th id e f t bili i g ea l g t d h ll i flight thr gh th

o s a s n an e on a e s e n ou e

i by m
a r f r t ti i d ri d fr m th ld t pr tic l p
ea n s o a o a on s e ve o e o es ac a a

p li ti
ca f t h
on ogyr p p m p l ;
e m g l l t h
os c o ri ti cch i lr cr e a on a e va o us e n ca

c as es o f gyr c p ic m ti os
ppli d t
o t h bicy l m
o r il
on a s agyr e o e c e, on o a ,
o

co mp tass , th m m t f h ll i rt i ly th m t mpli
e c .
, e ov e en o a s e s ce a n e os co

ca et d F . whil i th rdi ry pi i g t p th f r f gr ity

or e n e o na s nn n o ,
e o ce o av

p r do ci ug t h m
n ti f p r i
e i t o t ion m g it
o d d e c e s s on s c on s an n a n u e an

dir cti i t h c
e on , f thn l g t d h ll th r i t
e as e o f th i
e e on a e s e e es s anc e o e a r

i s va ri bl i m g it d d i dir ti
a e n a d i p i t f pp li ti
n u e an n ec on , a n n o n o a ca on .

Th c eq i th t th
on s e i f th h ll d
ue n c e s t d rib
a e ax s o e s e oes n o esc e a

cir l r cu a d th p i t f th
c on e , a n h ll d t m e r di
o n o e s e oe s no ov e oun n a

c m pl t ircl b t t h i iti l t g t
o e e c e a ou
y th r p iti
e fnt h a an en or a n o e os on o e

t g t N gl cti g t ti t h p i t f th h ll d crib i
an en . e e n nu a on , e o n o e s e es es n

s
p ac e cycl id l c r
a d th
o i f t h h ll cy l id l c
a u ve , an e ax s o e s e a c o a on e ,

lyi g n th on right h d id f t h e rti l pl -

thr gh th
an s e o e ve ca an e ou e

t g t
an en .

Oth rwi e id r d r l ti ly t th t g t th p i t f th
s e, c on s e e e a ve o e an en , e o n o e

s h ll i f d lw y t t h right f t h t g t d lt r t ly
e s ou n a a s o e o e an en , an a e na e

a b d b l w
ove a n e o .
330 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d ue to r ota ti on o f th e s h el l [ OH X .

i f t h e t op a ppe a s t o r t t l kwi A m m y b pp d t t d i r o a e c oc se . an a e su os e o s an n

SB wi t h t
hi s fe e a t S d th h th r t t i t t h r i gh t i th d i r ti
an en e s ee s e o a on o e n e ec on

o f th e a rr w
o .

I f d fi it a y t m f rd i t i
e n e s ry s et r m y b mpl y d o c oo n a es s n ot n e c e s s a ,
a v ec o a e e o e

t o r pr t y q tity h
e es e n an l i ty l r ti ua nf r g l ,
s uc as a v e oc
,
a cce e a on , a o c e, an u ar

l i ty
v e oc
pl , d f th
a c ou d i t d i r ti i
e, a nh w by rr w so or ,
an s ec on s s o n an a o .

Th rr p di g q ti ty b d t d by tr k dr w r i t Th
e co es on n ua n can e en o e a s o e a n o ve us

mpl i fig p i t i m i g wi th ri bl l i ty L t h l i ty
.

for e xa e n . a, a o n s ov n a va a e v e oc . e t e v e oc

a t th ti m b r pr
e t d i m g i t d d d ir ti by 0 A i tim
e t e e es e n e n a n u e an ec on or )
,
at e

t + d by GB t +d Th AB d i or h t ri l h g f l i t y
v v . en or v s t e vec o a c an e o v e oc

( g m tri l
eo e t lg br i l ) D i i d d by d thi gi th
ca , no a el r ti i a ca . v e t s ve s e a cce e a on n

m g t d ddr t
a ni u e an d m
d
d
th f r i e c i on an
v

t
i s e o ce .

F rth r pp u t p h
e d fi i t p i ti f i t i S B d l t S B
su os e a o as a e n e os on o s ax s ; an e

d t th imp l i m g i t d d d ir t i A ft r th tim d pp th
en o e e u se n a n u e an ec on e e e t su os e e

th p i t i lt r ti f p i ti d fi it
.

ax s i b i to e SB T gi
n th i e os on ] . o ve s a e a on o os on a e n e

i mp l h g d J ( fi g b) i r q i r d Th hi f l i gy
u se c an e p i th ry i . s e u e . e c e aw n r o s co c eo s

i t d by Kl i d S m m rf ld i th f ll wi g
e n un c a e e n an i t f rm i l gy o e e n e o o n c on ve n e n o ,
n an a o

with N wt L f A l r ti e on s
’
Th p m aw t h t t h o h g f cce e a on :
“
e to o ve s so a e c an e o

l i ty f t h i m p l
v e oc o t r i m g i t d d d i r ti i q l t h
e u se vec o n a n u e an ec on s e ua o t e

m m t f th t r l f r b t th p i t f pp rt H r J i th
o en o e ex e n a o c es a ou e o n o su o .
”
e e a
’
s e

c h g f th i m
an e
p lo t r d i t er t f h g i
d
”
u se T hi i b ve c o ,
an s a e o c an e s
Q

t
. s s to e

e q t d t th m m t a M Th tr m ty B f h mp l
ua e o
dJ
e o en tr t
. e ex e i o t e i u s e v ec o is

ca ll d by F K tt r h twi t p i t Th —t{ i h l i ty f th twi t

e .
i
o e t e
“
s - o n . en
(

c t
s t e ve oc o e s

p i t d h l tt Th m m t f h t r l fr i q lt h “
o n ,
an t e aw s a es : e o en o t e ex e n a o ces s e ua o t e

v e ocl i ty f t h twi t p i t
o e s - o n .

I f th i m p l et r h t r d th r gh h gl d l i h tim d th
u s e ve c o as u ne ou t e an e xr n t e e t, e

r l f h twi t p i t i j d b d i i b l t m g i t d J C th
t a ve o t e s - o n s x ; an s n ce , n a so u e a n u e, r, en

dl M xr
'

dt Cr

T hi s i s the w ll k w e - no n fo m u r l whi h i a c s of th e m t fr q t
os e ue n us e in p r ti l
ac ca

gy r os c o p i c
p r b l m o e s .

N o w i f th e ax s i S B f th t p i di r ti f th rr w 1
o e o n fig . 0 i s m ov i ng i n t he ec on o e a o

ab t SB d i
ou ,
an
p i t i sS B br gh t i t th
t h t
ou i i b t h i
n o S 0 e os on I ,
e ro a t on s a ou t e ax s

p rpe d i lenr t S B B
cu a d r t t i i o h d i r t i f rr
I w,
3 ian r q i r d
a o a on n t e ec on o a o s e u e ;
th m m e t Md i mpl y d i th i i fi i t i m l r t ti d b th i f thi
o en t s e o e n s n n es a o a on x ; e ax s o s

m m t i S D p r ll l B B ]
o en s ,
a a e to .

Thi m m t ri wh th p i fr d h tr f gr i ty f th
'

s o en a s es en e to s s et e e, a n t e c en e o av o e

t p i
o t b s no th p i t f a
pp rt
o ve S b i A w h e r S A o n L t W b o t h su o ,
ut n ,
e e = a . e e e

w igh t f h t p th h m m t f h w i ght i M W Gr i ty dr w
e o t e o ; en t e o en o t e e s : a . av a s

th pe b tot t h a h r i t
oul l i S D p p r d i el r So B d p r
zon all l t B B ne ,
e en cu a to ,
an a a e o I

an d t b r r l ki g fr m D t S i t h d i r ti f t h h d f l k
o an o s e ve oo n o o ,
n e ec on o e an s o a c oc ,

as i rr w 2
n a o .
 53 ] L t l d i ti d u t t ti f th a er a ev a on s e o ro a on o e s hell 33 1

Th m m t f gr i ty m t t h
e b r pr
o t d by
en o av us en e e es e n e a ve c to r dr w fr m a n o

S t D o d it g r t pr i f h p fr m B t B
; an en e a e s a e ce s s o n o t e to o o , an d on to D ; a nd

th i f t h t p i g ri g t ti d rib h ri t l pl
e ax s o e o , no n nu a on , es c es a o zo n a an e .

Th p r i l g l r l i ty i th
e ec e s s o n a an u a v e oc s en

d d;
:
W
_
a

Ii i 07

wh r C i th m m t f i rti f th t p b t i
e e s e o en i f fig o h ne a o e o a ou ts ax s o ure ; r t e

an g l r
u a l ity f r t ti b t i t i W h w i gh t th di t b t
v e oc o o a on a ou s ax s ; t e e ,
a e s an c e e wee n
th p i t S
e o n d th tr f gr i ty A
an e cen e o av

Th f ll wi g th i th r l f fi d i g h d i r ti f m ti f h i
.

e o o n en s e u e or n n t e ec on o o on o t e ax s

o f t h t p wh
e oth i i
, fen t h i i ti l i mp l J
e ax s f h p i t b s s et re e : e n a u se o t e to s o e

dr w i th rr t dir ti fr m th p i f pp rt S l g th i S B
a n n e co ec ec on o e o nt o su o a on e ax s ,
as a

vec o t r ; d i p i t i t h i d wh r h d i r t i f r t t i i wi t h t h
an s os ve o t e s e e e t e ec on o o a on s e

h d f t h l k Th m i d f th m m t M f t h t l f
an s o e c oc . e sa e s on e or e o en o e e x e rn a orc es ,

pr d i g h p r
o uc n i t e ec e s s o n .

Th im gi
en m ll dd i tia l t r d J = M l dr w thr gh th d B
ne a s a a on a ve c o o t, a n ou e en , ,

o f t h i mp l
e t r i , d p r ll l t h t f t h t r i g m m t M
u s e ve c o an a a e o t e v e c or o e u n n o en .

Th l i e j i i g th
ne tr f r t ti S ith th d B f th ddi ti l
o n n e c en e o o a on w e en , o e a on a

v ec ot r gi th p i ti f th i f th p t th tim d
ve s e os on o e ax s o e to a e e t+ t.

Thi r l i t b
s u e
pp l i d i t h f ll wi g tr tm
s o e a t f t h p r bl m e n e o o n ea en o e o e .

L t th pl e f th p p r b t k
e an e o t h pl f fi Th e a e e a en as e a ne o re . e

s h ll i flyi g fr m right t l ft th c tr f gr ity S f th

e s n o o e , or e en e o av o e

s h ll m y b pp d t r t whil th i i tr mi g fr m l ft t
e a e su os e a es ,
e e a r s s ea n o e o

right g i t th h ll which i r t ti g b t i t l g i with

a a ns e s e , s o a n a ou s on ax s

an g l r l city
u a Th r
ve o lt t i r i t r i d
. t d by W e es u an a r es s an ce s en o e .

Th p i t f i t r
e o n ti f t h r lt t with t h i i t A
o n e s ec on o e es u an e ax s s a ,

n ea r th p i t f th h ll
e o n o e s e .

I c n q c f t h t bility f th h ll wi g t th r t ti
on s e ue n e o e s a o e s e o n o e o a on ,

th e ax si mk gl with t h t g t t th p th b t t h i
a es a n an e a e an en o e a , u e ax s

i s still it t d i t h pl
s ua e ffi n e an e o re .

Th ct l im p l J O i r pr t d by th ct r S B dr w
e a ua u se r s e es en e e ve o a n

fr m S t h c tr
o , f gr ity
e l g th i With right h d d
en e o av ,
a on e ax s .
- an e

r i fli g thin ct r i t b dr w b ckw rd b c
s ve o th
s h ll o e a n a a , e a us e e s e s een

fr m b hi d i t r i g lik t h h
o e n s d f cl ck u n n e e an s o a o .

Th m m t f t he o i r i t en i t di g t t r t h
o eh ll a r es s a n c e s en n o u n e s e

a b t h ri t l i S D dr w thr gh S t h c tr f gr ity
ou a o z on a ax s a n ou , e en e o av ,

an d i t h fig r thi
n e i i dr w f r w rd p rp dic l r t th
u e s ax s s a n o a s e en u a o e

p l an e o f t h p p r ; b e f
ar m De t h i r i t c t d
e c a us e , a s s e e n o ,
e a r es s an e en s

t t r th
o u n h ll i th cl ckwi dir cti
e s e n e o se e on .

A t r B B m t th b pp d t b dr w thr gh B
v ec o 1 us en e su os e o e a n ou ,

th e d p i t f t h im p l
en o n t r p r ll l t d i th e m
o e u se ve c o ,
a a e o an n sa e

dir cti e th
on m m t ct r M S D d f m g it d M d t ;
as e o en -v e o or ,
an o a n u e
3 32 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d ue to r ota ti on o f th e s hel l [ OH X .

an d th en S B l i s th e n ew
p os iti f t h im p l
on o e u s e ve ct r o an d c on

e q ue tly i
n of the ax s of th e sh ll ft r t h tim
e a e e e dt . Th e b ase of

th h ll m
e s f rw rd i
e q d th
o ve s o a n c on s e ue n c e , a n e
p i t
o n of th e s h ll ie s

t t h f rth r i d
o e f t h pl
u f t h fig r ;
e s e o e ane o e u e or s e e n f rm o the gu n

th p i t f t h
e h ll g t w rd th right f
o n o e s e oe s o a s e o t he p l a n e of fi re .

h ll t rt i c q c m ti f pr c i with t h
Th e s e s a s n on s e uen e a o on o e es s on e

M W
g l r l city 6 i t h dir ti f t h twi t
a
an u a ve o n e ec on o e s .

C ; r

Thi t t d lr dy m ti f th h ll t w rd th
s c a us e s , a s s a e a ea ,
a o on o e s e o a s e

right .

Th f rth r c e f t h m ti
u f th h ll b t th c tr f
e o u rs e o e o on o e s e a ou e en e o

gr ity S will b d crib d i 5 4

av e es e n .

g5 4 .
p r c
T h e m ov e m en
e i d u t t i f l g ttd s of e s s on a n n a on o a n e on a e

h ll i
s et ti R ct i l i
n ro a r m ti f th on tr f g i ty
. e n ea o on o e c en e o rav .

Th p l ti ef t h gyr
ex c p i m
an a m t on f r t ti g
o e os o c o ve en s o a o a n

el g t d pr j ctil will b gi with im pl c wh r th

on a e o e e l gy e n a s e as e , e e e ana o

w ith t h th ry f th mm pi i g t p d r gr ity i m t
e eo o e co on s nn n o un e av s os

ev id t en .

A . S hell fi re d ver ti c a l l y up w a r d or d ow nw a r d w i thout

l a ter a l i mp ul s e .

h ll i f th h p f l g t d fig r f r l ti with
Th e s e s o e s a e o a n e on a e u e o e vo u on ,

an i iti l g l r l city
n a b t than i d fir d
u a rti lly ve o r a ou e ax s, an e ve ca

u p w rd a th t t h c,
tr f
so gr ity
'

fi ta
pp r im ti m e en e o av as a rs a ox a on ov e s

i n rtic l li
a ve At th t rt pp t h l g i t m k
a ne . e s a su os e e on ax s o a e

a n an gl y with th rtic l
e «
o e ve a .
334 L t l d i ti d u t t ti f th h ll ( C H
a er a ev a on s e o ro a on o e s e . X

s m ll t l y ( OP ) d i t gr t t l 7 ( OP ) ;
a es va ue
-r l
o a rc O an s ea es v a ue 1 a re I or

th p i te f th o n h ll fl ct t c ti lly b tw
o etw ircl s e u ua e s on n ua e ee n o c es ,

id d on th th r whi h
on e s e, an on e o e , c a re

d crib d
es th rf c f t h ph r with c tr 0 d r di l rc
e on e su a e o e s e e en e an a a a s

y d
o an7 T hi m ti 1i c.ll d u t ti s o on s a e n a on .

S c dly t h e on P r l b t 0 ryi g p ri dic lly d

,
e a rc e v o ve s a ou ,
va n e o a , an

um
as s i ri th p iti OP OP OP
es n se Thi m ti
es e os on s ] , 2, s o on

i c ll d pr c
s a i
e e e s s on .

A t t ti th i t t
s o nu a gl f i cli ti y OS P
on , e n s a n a n e o us an e o n na on r or

b tw th i f th h ll d th rt ic l
e e en e ax s th OP o e s e an e ve a , or e a rc on

th rf c f t h ph r i gi
e su a e o t y tim by e s e e, s ve n a an e

dy r 2 Wa
A A l y 7 0
_ COS 7 2
S n
2 '
( CO8 7 0 c0 8 7

H r 0 d
e e t t h m m t f i ti f t h h ll b t i t l g
en o es e o en o n er a o e s e a ou s on

ax s i S P A th m m t b t y i thr gh S p rp dic l r
,
e o en a ou an ax s ou e en u a

to th l g i ; A i c q u tly pp d t b gr t r th C
e on ax s s on s e en su os e o e ea e an ,

as i ct lly th c with
s a ua l g t d h ll e as e a n e on a e s e .

Th y O
enP GP d , , 3 an

CW
i J ( + 1 20 ( )
2
2

Wa A
C OS C OS
' '

7 1 0 a a
2

As i r
0
'

th t r limiti g circl li
n c eas es , so e ou e n e es n ea e rr t o th e
i nne r circl d t rmi d by the i iti l c diti
e, e e f ne n a on on s o the sh ll ; e an d

the di ff r c b t w
e en e e e en «
y , an d y, is s m ll r a e an d a sol the a rc s of n u a t on t i
P OP I P Q , P 2P 3 P 4 ,
on thi s a c c ou n t
'

a is c ll d
a e the S t bility
a

F ct r a o .
 5 4] L t l d i ti d u t t ti f th h l l
a er a 335
ev a on s e o ro a on o e s e

Th i f th h ll will m tim i k d w t t h h ri t l
e ax s o e s e so e es s n o n o e o z on a

p l ane thr gh S ; d will

outh b q r t t h rti l
an
p t h i f en e s ua e o e ve ca a ,

Thi cc r wh l ys o u s en 0
'

s ec r
o .

Wh th t ti l ill ti
en e ry m ll
nu a th t t h
on a os c a on s a re ve s a so a e

high r p w r f y 7 m y b gl ct d t h m plitud
e o e s o r
l f th 0 a e ne e e , e a e e o e

nu at ti i ppr im t ly
on s a ox a e

1 2 Wa A s i n _
f
yo

5}

Th e t im e of a c m pl t
o e e a rc P 0P,P2 ,
or P 2P3 P4 , is th en

2vr A

Th e p l an e thr gh S P t h i f th h ll
ou , e ax s o e s e ,
an d t he ve rtic l S 0 a

t h en r l
e v o ve s a b t S 0 with th g l r l ity
ou e an u a v e oc

d xlr Cr ( c os f
yo c os 7 )
dl A sin
2
y
g l r l city i th
Th e an u a m tim
ve o r th t i wh th s us s o e es z e o, a s en e

p i t
o n f t h h ll
o rri t P
e s P P
e t
a h i r limiti
ve s a g circl 0, 2 4, on e n ne n e,

of r di a
y ; t h
us th
r r h
o d it
on i m im m
e ot t h p i te an ,
s a ax u a e o n s

P P3 P ,

The a ve a rg e an g l r l city
u a ve o of
pr c i e e s s on is

Wa
a) :

hi i cr
T s n ea s e s a s m m t W f th i r i t c i cr
t he o en a o e a r es s a n e n e as e s ,

an d t h im p l e u se C r b t th l g i d cr
a ou Th tim T i e on ax s e e a s es . e e n

which th p i t e o n o f th h ll d crib
e c m pl t circl b ut 0 i
s e es es a o e e e a o s

th en

27 0 7 “

Wa ( )
6

h ll i pi i g with right h d twi t ( p iti ) th t i

I f the s e s s nn n - an s r os ve ,
a s,

so th t b r r l ki g fr m S th c tr f gr ity f t h h ll
a an o s e ve , oo n o ,
e en e o av o e s e ,

t w rd th p i t
o a s it r t ti g cl ckwi
e o n ,d i f th
s ees i r i t c o a n o s e, a n e a r es s a n e

cu st th i i fr t f th c tr f g ity th pr c i t k
e ax s n on o e en e o ra v ,
e e es s on a es

p l c i
a t he m dir
n c t i th r
e sa t ti f
e t h h ll be t i t l gon a s e o a on o e s e a ou s on

arm s .

thi cIn s as e , wh t h p i t f th h ll with right -h d twi t

en e o n o e s e an s

i i cli d t
s n ne o th l ft f th pl
e e f t h fig r
o t th b gi i ge an e o e u e a e e nn n

of t h m ti e o on , a n d wh th i r i t cen ct i fr t f th c tr
e a r es s an e a s n on o e en e
336 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d u e to r ota ti on o f the s hell [ OH X .

of gr ity av i t f th h ll m
, t h e po fr m t h l ft f rw rdn d o e s e ov e s o e e o a s, an

th t th right b kw rd
en o e d t h i cli ti f th i t thac a s, an e n na on o e ax s o e

ve rti l lt r p ri di lly t t h m tim

ca a e s e o ca a e sa e e .

Th i r i t e a r ct th h ll gi t
es s anc e il t l t a s on e s e as a a ns a sa se as a n ,

an d th h ll m e slt r t ly t th right b ckw rd l ft d

e ov e s a e na e o e ,
a a s, e ,
an

d w w rd
o n a s .

Th m pti th t th c tr f gr ity f th h ll i m i g
e as su on a e en e o av o e s e s ov n

i thn rtic l i t h t b c id r d ly
e ve a fir t ppr im ti
s en o e on s e e on as a s a ox a on .

I n a d ppr im ti t h
s e c on tr f gr ity d crib c rt i
a ox a on e c en e o av es es a e a n

h li b t th rt i l thr gh th t rti g p i t
e x a ou e ve ca ,
ou e s a n - o n .

E mp l xa L t t h i i ti l e
. l i ty f t h tr f g i ty f h h ll i
e e n a v e oc o e c en e o ra v o t e s e n a

ve rti l d ir ti b
ca 4 2 m/ec th fion l gl f twi t = 3 t h h l f
e v0 = 4 se c ; e na an e o s A
°
e a

ca l ibr R = 0 0 4 m d th g l r l ity f r t ti f h h ll b t th
e
°

4 ,
an so e an u a v e oc o o a on o t e s e a ou e

l g i 1 00 )
on ax s

° ’
v0 ta n A 4 4 2 ta n 3 3 6
6 3 2 ra d /s e c
R W .

Le t t h e mm t
ti b t th l g i b
o en of i ner a a ou e on ax s e C 0 0006 5 kg m s e e ,
= - -
'
z

d th O = 0 4l th m m t f i rti b t r i thr gh t h ou ou t
'

an en r e o en o ne a a a c os s a x s e ce n re

f gr i ty A = 4 2O = 0 0 8 1 m W = 3 7 m kg th h t bil i ty f t r - t
' °

o av ,
a ,
a ; en e s a ac o

t h tim
e f i r i t f pr
e o i
a c cu o ec e s s on

0 7 '
s ec ;

th t i
a s 14 r l ti / d
e vo u o n s ec on .

Th e t im f t t i l
e o a nu a on a os c i ll a t i o n
’

is on the a b ove a s s u mpti on s

Z 17 A

co rr e s po n di ng t o 24 os c i ll ti
a on s p e r s ec o n d .

B . S hooti ng ve rti c a ll
y up w a r d or d own w a r d w i th i n i ti a l ,

l a ter a l i mp u ls e .

As i n cas e A ; bu t at th e b gi i g
e nn n of t he m ti o on an im p l u se is
gi ve n to th e a x s of i .
the s h lle .

i
ii th t t r t w gi
Cl r
=
ii ;
A t t o let i
-
i t th w, , and —
d
wt ; a s, a e s a ,
e ve

th i
e ax s g l r l city w b t h ri t l i thr gh S
an an u a ve o 8 a ou a o z on a ax s ou ,

as th gh th p i t P f th h ll r i d bl w tw rd i t h
ou e o n o e s e e c e ve a o ou a s n e

d ir cti e f th r di l
on o OP p rp di l r t th b d ry cir l
e a a a rc e en cu a o e ou n a c e .

P P P
0 2 d i 4
dditi l t t h i f th h ll r c i
an n a on e e ax s o e s e e e ve an

an g l r l ity w b t t h rtic l S O wh r by P i dri i

u a v e oc t a ou e ve a ,
e e s ve n n

t h dir cti
e f th t g t t th t circl
e on o e an en o a e .
338 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d ue to r o ta ti on o f the s h el l [ CH V X

with i d i i c m p ri
;, an with 1 ; d th
1 u0 u1
2
n o a s on an en t he s mll a nu a t
ti m y b r pl c d by t h ppr im t l gi
ons a e e a e e a ox a e va u e s ve n by K l i d e n an

S mm r f ld
o i r pl
e d by i t i iti l l 3
e : u
2
s e ace s n a va u e 24 , an d th i c en , s n e

u;
2
1
“1

2A w t \
Or

Deno ti g n t he gr t t m plit d
ea e s a u e of t ti
t he nu a on a re by d '

c, an

p u tti gny y i
= o e, d p
an di g f ex an n or s m ll l a v a ue s of e, th i c en s n e

u ? ul e; t h e
no 2
‘
a m plit d u e

A nu a t ti on will th en be co m pl t d i e e n t he tim e

T, L
t
-
27, A « on e
4 A M + A w tm i’
)
fi
,

a nd wh en y o an d wt a re n o t to o l rg thi
a e, s ca n be r pl c d by
e a e

L
ar a g/( C
r 2
r 4 A M) .

C . Con ti n ua ti on .

m r im p rt t
A o e i wh r t h o i f t h h ll t rt
an c as e s e e e ax s o e s e s a s

ve rtic lly with th i iti l dir cti S O c i cid t with th t f t h

a ,
e n a e on o n en a o e

m ti o onf t h c tr o f g ity ; b t wh r i d diti

e en e o l at r l
ra v u e e n a on a e a

i m p l se h
u ct d th as i f th h ll
a e on e ax s o e s e .

I thi h i f h h ll r c i h im l ’
n 7 ; ts cas e t 0
: t p u A
e ax s o
y e s e e e v es e se c
o

an d h as g l r l city 7 b t
an an u a i thr ugh t h c tr f
ve o 0
’
a ou an ax s o e en e o

gr ity p rp di l r t t h i f av ,
e en cu a o e ax s o

th h ll i c q c f t h ibr e s e ,
n on s e ue n e o e v a

ti f t h m l m e ff ct f on o e u zz e or so e e o

th p i g g T h p int f t h e es ca n as es . e o o e

h ll th d ri b l p s e en es c es oo s .

Th fig r dr w th t t h e u e IS a n so a e

m ti f t h p i t f th h ll o on o e o n o e s e 18 s e en

fr m b o a ove .

Th l p p lw y i c i e oo s as s a a s n s uc e s s on

thr gh t h pr l g ti f th i iti l ou e o on a on o e n a

t g t i f rr r f d p rt r an en ,
or no e o o e a u e or

j mp i pr t thr gh th p u s es e n ,
ou e ro

l g ti
on a f thon i f t h h er ;
o eth t th xi f th hel l i
ax S
'

o e e so a
:

e
'
a s
‘
o ‘ ‘
e s a s
 54] L a te r a l d e vi a t i o n s d ue to r ota t i on o f the s hell 33 9

al w y br ght b ck t t h
a s ou a o e ve rtic l p th a a of t he ce n t re of
gr ity by
av

r tr ci g l p
e a n a oo .

Th m im m d i ti e ax u ev a on b tw e een t he ax s i of t he s h lle a nd t he
ve rtic l i gi by a s ve n

2A M ( I
‘
A 2
ta n ?
[ C ’
r
l
c os
( 1)
At y gi antim t w h ve n e ,
en t he an gl e of d i ti i m ll d th
ev a on s s a an e

1
s ta bility i gr t th t i wh s ea ,
a s en
3 ;
ca n be ne gl ct d i c m p ri with 1
e e n o a s on ,

« c a n
1 Or 2M
—7 1 8 1n —
)
r
7 ~
7 8 1n t
T 1
§ A Cr
an d a s n i gl l e oo
p will b d crib d i e es e n t he tim e

27

A Cr

a nd thi s is i d
d t f t h r l ti m g it ud f th i i ti l imp l
n e
pe n en o e e a ve a n e o e n a u se .

Th f th e ax s i
h ll r l th b t th rtic l thr gh o e s e e vo ve s us a ou e ve a ou

th c etr f gr ity i t h dir cti

en e f t h r t ti
o l l c i ty av n e e on o e o a on a ve o r,

r c i d fr m th i fli g d with th
e e ve r g g l r l city
o e r n ,
an e a ve a e an u a ve o

d ’ lf Or
.

dt 2A

Re ma rk . I f the tr j t ry l i ry rly
a x s ofi t he s h lle at the e n d of the a ec o es ve n ea

i th t g t f t h p th
n e an d th
en h ll trik t rg t it wi l l i
o e a bl ,
an e s e s es a a e , rec e ve a ow a t

its f t d
ro n en .

I f thi bl i gi fr m b l w
s ow d pw rd wi t h ri gh t h d twi t h p i t
s ve n o e o an u a s, - an s ,
t e o n

o f th h ll r
e s pw erd d tsh wet t h r i h
ves
g t i f thub l w i fr m l ft t
a s an en o e ; e o s o e o

ri ght th p i t f th h ll w r t th ri ght d d w i f t h h ll i tr k
,
e o n o e s e s e ve s o e an o n ; e s e s s uc

a t t h fr t e d fr m bon d w w rd th p i t w r d w rd d t h
en o a ove o n a s, e o n s e ve s o wn a s an o t e

l ft fi lly i f th bl i fr m ri ght t l ft h p i t w r t th l f d
e : na
'

e ow s o o e ,
t e o n s e ves o e e t an

u p ward s .

A t th i mp t f th h ll
e h gr d th b l i m t
ac o wi ll b gi
e s e on t e ou n ,
e ow n os c a s es e ve n

fr m b l w
o d pw rd
e o d th an h ll w r t th ri ght
u a s ,
an so e s e s e ves o e .

I f th h ll p tr t i t b k f rt h h p w rf l t ti wi ll i
e s e en e a es n o a an o ea ,
t e o e u nu a on n

so m mpl t r r l f th p th f h h ll
e c as es c a u s e a c o e e e ve s a o e a o t e s e .

D . R ecti l i n ea r m oti on f
o the c en tr e o
f g r a vi t
y w i
,
th i n a c cu r a te

d i s tr i buti on o
f the m a s s o
f the s hel l .

Thi c will ri i th imm di t

s as e ighb rh d a se n e e a e ne ou oo of t he
m uz z l f th g
e o e un .

Whil th h l l i m i g p t h b r f th g th pr
e e s e s ov n u e o e o e un , e ess ure o f

22—2
3 40 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d ue to r o ta ti on o f the s h ell [ OH X .

t he '

g as e s r
p p d r
e t e d
on th r by t h
e a s, an e e e s h ll
e un d rge oe s an ac

c e l e ra ti on right p t t h m lu d o e u zz e , an e ven for a h rt di t

s o s an c e

be y on d .

i t m t th
A po n i t wh r t h h ll d rg
us en ex s ith r e e e s e un e oe s ne e an

a cc l r ti i th d i r cti f t h pr l g ti f th i f th
e e a on n e e on o e o on a on o e ax s o e

br o e , n or a r t rd ti ; d w
e ah re it a bon m d ppr i m t ly
an e ca n e as s u e a ox a e

th t a t r l f rc ct th h ll l i g gr ity t f c t
n o ex e na o e a s on e s e , ea v n av ou o ac o un ,

as th t d a t ff ct t h
oe s m ti f th h ll b t t h c tr f
no a e e o on o e s e a ou e ,
en e o

gr ity av .

Th rr p di g m ti f th i f t h h l l
e co es on n o bon o e
'

ax s o e s e ca n e c on

s i d rd i
e e di ff r t w y C6
’

n e eni g thi twa m d s . f p n c e rn n s, o o es '

o re re

s en at ti d t
on , P i t m y b m
ue o ti d whi h m y b ppli d
o nso ,
a e en on e c a e a e

t tho h lle s e .

Th m ti e f th h ll i d fi d thr gh i t m m t l llip id
o on o e s e s e ne ou s o en a e so .

1 1
L t thi b
e
p
s r l t lli
e ap id f r l
o a e eti with mi so o e vo u on , se -a x e s
/U /A x x
wh r C d t th m m t f i rti f th h ll b t i t l g
e e en o e s e o en o ne a o e s e a ou s on

i d A i th t b t r
a x s , an s i thr gh th
a a ou tr f gr ity
a c os s a x s ou e c en e o av ,

an d it i m d th t A C
s assu e a .

I f th h ll i ymm tric l th 0 i f th m m t l lli p id

e s e s s e a ,
e ax s o e o en a e so

c i cid with th i f th h ll
o n es e ax s o e s e .

B t i th c wh r th di t i b ti f m i t ymm tric l
'

u n e as e e e e s r u on o as s s no s e a

i r l ti
n e a t th i f fig r th tw
on o e ax s o mk gl wit h
u e, es e o a x es a e an an e

eac h th r o e .

A t t h i t t wh e th h ll i fr ft r l i g th m u l
ns an en e s e s ee a e ea v n e zz e ,

pp S B t b t h dir cti suf t h os e o e e e on o e

i t t f r t ti d w t
ns an a n e ou s a x1s o o a on , a n o

b t h m g it d f th r lt t e e a n u e o e es u an an

g l r l city u a ve o .

I th c wh r t h m f th h l l n e as e e e e as s o e s e

i di trib t d ymm t i lly b t th s s u e s e r ca a ou e

i f fig r d t h pri ci p l i 0 li ax s o u e, an e n a ax s es

l i t h dir cti S O th r lt t a so n e e on , e es u an .

g l r l city i th r lt t f an u a ve o ( 1) s e es u an o r,

th g l r l city c q ir d r d th e an u a ,
ve o a u e oun e

p ri ci p l i S O fr m t h i fl i g d f n a ax s o e r n ,
an o

th g l r l ity f th h ll d s, e an u a v e oc o e s e , ue

t m imp l f th ga th ibr
o so e u se o e s es or e v a

ti f th m l b ut xi thr ghon o e uz z e , a o an a s ou

S p rp dic ul ar t S C d t t h pl e en o ,
an o e an e
3 42 L a ter a l d evi a ti ons d ue to r ota ti on f t he s hell
o [ OIL X

i n t he fig r ; th i iti l p i ti u e f S B th i t t e u i
n a os on ,
o e ns a n a n eo s ax s,

m ti g th lli p id i B i l
ee n e e pp d t b k w
so n ,
s a so su os e o e no n .

Th t g t pl e f than llip id i dr w t B d c t th
en an e o e e so s a n a ,
an u s e

ve rtic l thr gh S i A
a ou n

S pp th u llip id r ll
os e th fi d pl E th li S B t
e e so o s on e xe an e ,
e ne o

th p i t f c
e t ct gi
o n t oy m m t t
on h i t a t i S B ;
ve s a an o en e n s a n a n eo u s a x s

an d f rth so o .

Fi mp l S pp
rs t ex ai q f h i r g l r d i trib ti
e . u f th
os e n c on s e ue n c e o t e re u a s u on o e

m as sth t h i f fig r f th h ll d
a t e t
ax s i id tl y with th
o u e o e s e oes no co nc e e x ac e

p ri i p l
nc i f th m m t l lli p i d whi h i
a ax s o ll ip i d f t ti with
e o en a e so ,
c s an e so o ro a on ,

thr pri i p l m m t C A A A 0 d pp th i f fig r S B t
ee nc a o en s , , ; > ; an su os e e ax s o u e o

mak lg f 1 wi th S 0 th pri i p l i f h m m t ] ll i p id
e an a n e o
°

,
e nc a ax s o t e o en a e so .

A m m
ssu l l i ty i th f rm r mpl f = 4 2 m/
e a uz z e v e oc fi l as n e o e e xa e o v 4 s ec , a na

ngl f twi t 3 h lf l ibr 0 0 4 4 m m m t f i rt i C = ODOOG5 (k g m '

°
a e o s a -ca e o en o ne a
'
-
,

); and -
2
s ec A 4 2C
'

I n th e p as s a ge of th e s h ll e up the br o e, th e i
a x s of fi gu re S B i s th e ax s i of

r t ti
o a q
on , f th
in f th gr
c on s e d
ue n c e o e c on s tr i t
a n o e oo v e s ; an

C su pp t h h
os ell i l i g th m le d
s t h e t i t h st ea v n e uzz e ; a n a as no

r i d t
ec e v e r g l r l i ty th r gh i mp l
a ra n s v e s e a n u a v e oc ou an u se .

Th SB i h d i r ti
en f pr l g t i f h
s t ei f th ec on o o on a on o t e ax s o e

b r whi h i pp ed t b t
,

o e, c s su os o e a t re s .

A t th m m t f r l e th pri i p l i S 0 f th m
o en o e eas e e nc a ax s o e o

m t l ell i p id m y b pp d t h h f rw rd d
en a so a e su os e o a ve t e o a en

d i t d t w rd th ri gh t d th
rec e o d t rmi th b
a s e ; an en we e e ne e su

se q t m ti f h h ll th
uen o m p ti t h t
on o t e s e ,
on e as s u on a n o ex

t r l f r i ti g
e na o ce s ac n .

Th gl e an d th g l
e r l i t y b t S B an e an u a ve oc a ou

i
s on t h pr i e mpti q l t e v ou s a s s u on e ua o

0 0 44

ta n t an a = 4 2 ta n '

d d, Cr
Th e lr
a n gu a v e l oc 1 ty r a b ut S 0o IS ( 1) cos a N 63 2
dt A co s

a n d th e n u mb r e d 2 =o f re v o u l ti on s pe r s eco n
15 1
1r
:

Th m i g e ES B wi t h t h
ov n mi rti l gl 1 th r ll th fi d
c on e I e se -v e ca an e
°
en o s on e xe

c on e B SB f whi h t h 2,i i d i r t d t th l ft h d i d of th i f th
o c e ax s s ec e o e e - an s e e ax s o . e

br o e .

Th i f fi g r S B nt th i st t
e ax s o i b th p i t B f h
u e IS o e n a n a n eo u s ax s , ut e o n o t e

s h ll d rib
e i
es c
p y l i d lyi h
es an e
g i r l B B c c o ,
n on t e c c e 2 .

Th p i t B t fi r t d
e o n rib ar t w rd t h ri gh t
a d th m t
s es c es an c o a s e ,
an en o ves o

t h l ft
e Th e gl b tw
. th i S A fi d m pa
e an e d th f fig
e ee n e ax s ,
xe s ce , a n e a x1s o ure

wi ll fl t t b tw 3 1 0 d 5
uc ua e e e en
° '
an
°

wTh i t t e i d rib
n s a n a n eous b t S A wi th th m i ti l ax s . es c es a c on e a ou e se -ve r ca
 55] L a ter a l d e vi a ti ons d ue to r o ta ti on o f the s hd l 3 43

a ng e l 3
°
r i l i S C d ib
an d ir l r
t h e p i n c pa a x b t th m s es c r es a c cu a co ne a ou e sa e

i f mi t i l l
ax s , o s e Th r ll i g
-v e r ca a n fi d i th h ll ll 24
ge 4
°
e o n c one xe n e s e , ro s

ti m dr d h
e s a s ec o n fi d i p o un t e c one xe n s ace .

R pi d a ibr ti f thi v t ft t k pl i r t ti g h ft d fly
a on s o s s or o en a e a ce n o a n s a s an

wh l wh th y
ee s, t t d tly
en e d i g t th b t h y
a re no c e n re e xa c ; a c c or n o e a ove e a re

pr t i h ll wh th m i
es e n n s e
p p rl y
s, d i t i b t d en e as s s n ot ro e s r u e .

S decon mp l S pp th
ex ah ll h t h pr p r d i t ib ti f m
e . u os e e s e as e o e s r u on o as s , s o

th t th i f fig r i id wi th th p i i p l i S C
a e ax s o u e c o nc es e r nc a ax s .

A t th t rt f h f m ti l t S O b th d ir ti f h pr l g ti
e s a o t e re e o on , e e e ec on o t e o on a on

o f th t ti ry i f th b r w ll th i f fig r d h p i i p l
e s a on a ax s o e o e , as e as e ax s o u e an t e r nc a

ax si b t pp th h ll t r i
; u su thi i
os e t g l r
e s l i ye b t o ec e v e a t s n s ta n an an u a v e oc t a ou

a n ax si thr gh th tr f gr i ty p rp d i l r t th i f t h h ll W
ou e cen e o av e en cu a o e ax s o e s e . e

d ir t d t rmi th m g it d d d i r ti f h bl w th t h m ti
es e o e e ne e a n u e an ec on o t e o , so a t e o on

o f t h p ri i p l
e i S O m y b h m i h f rm r mpl
nc a ax s a e t e sa e as n t e o e e xa e .

Th i f fi g r t h pri i p l i d rib i thi

e ax s o u e or ir l r e nc a ax s es c es n s ca s e a c cu a co n e

r d S A f mi rti l gl A S C= 7 1 0 i
o un o se -v e d i f thi i t h
ca an e =4 ° '
n 1 s ec
7
34 ; an s s e c a s e,

t h e gl b tw th i t t i SB d SCm t b lg B S C= 1 °
an e e e en e n s a n a n e ous a x s an us e an an e

at th b gi e i g f t h m ti
e nn n o e o on .

Th l i t y f t h i mp l
e ve oc o e u se

= r tan
s 6 3 2 ta n ll rad i a n s s ec / ;

a nd thi m t b th g l r l i ty f th imp l
s us e e an u a v e oc o e u se

a b t l i S S p rp d i l r t th i f th h ll
ou a ne I e en cu a o e ax s o e s e

thr gh S t h tr f gr i ty d d r h
ou mp
e c en e o av ,
an un e t e as s u

ti f ri gh t h d twi t t h imp l m t t w rd
on o - an s e u se us ac t o a s

t h f rt h r i d
e u f t h dr wi g S
e h g l r
s le o e a n . uc an an u a ve o

c i ty mi gh t ri gi t i th ibr ti f th m
o l na e h e v a on o e uz z e

u pw rd a s .

55 . M o ti on of P re c e s s i on a n d Nu t tia on o f a n e l o n ga te d r ot a ti n g

s he l l c t f g i ty
. C u rv i l i n e a r m o i on t of th e en re o r av .

It h b m d i t h pr c di g th t t h m ti f t h
as e en as s u e n e e e n a e o on o e

c tr f gr ity i r ctili
en e o r i rtic l fi av d ppr im t ly s e n ea ,
as n ve a re an a ox a e

f ry h rt p th i c r d fi ; th
or a v e s l tr j ct y m y w b
o ,
a n u ve re e u s ua a e or a no e

id r d w it h
c on s r d p th f th c tr f gr ity
e e a c u ve a o e en e o av .

I t i w l l k w th t t h m ti n f t h
s e h ll b r l di t
no n a e o o o e s e ca n e e s o ve n o

t h m ti n f tr
e l ti f th c tr f gr ity which pr d
o o o an s a on o e en e o av ,
oc e e s as

i f ll t h
a t r l f rc ct d thr gh it d i t r t ti f th
e ex e n a o es a e ou ,
an n o a o a on o e

s h ll b t th c tr f gr ity i f it w r p i t fi d i p c
e a ou e en e o av , as e e a o n xe n s a e .

Th t w m ti d p d t a d it i im p ibl t l thi
e o o on s a r e e en en ,
n s os s e o s o ve s

c m plic t d pr bl m with trict cc r y

o a e o e s a u ac .

Thi r l ti d p d c is t c id t th gr t r th
e a ve e en en e .
s a on e ev en : e ea e e

an gl b tw th i f t h h ll d t h t g t t t h p th th
e e een e ax s o e s e an e an en o e a ,
e

gr t r t h i r i t c g i t t h h ll ; th t th gr t r t h
ea e e a r es s an e a a ns e s e so a e ea e e
 3 44 L a ter a l d evi ati on s d ue to r o ta ti on o f the s hel l [ OH X
‘

r i t c ff r d by th l g r id t h m r t h tr j c t ry f th
es s an e o e e e on e s e, e o e e a e o o e

c tre f g ity i lt r d O th th r h d th gr t r th
en o ra v s a e e . n e o e an ,
e ea e e

c r t r f th tr j t ry th m r t h gl lt r b tw th
u va u e o e a ec o ,
e o e e an e a e s e een e

t g t t th p th t y p i t d th dir ti f th i iti l
an en o e a a an o n an e ec on o e n a

t g t ; th r f r t h gr t r m t b th mp lit d f th gyr t ry
an en e e o e e ea e us e e a u e o e a o

m ti o f th
on s o i f th h l l e ax s o e s e

Thi m t l d p d c f t h tw m m t it t
,

s u ua e en en e o e o ov e en s n e c es s a es a

p r d
oc e r f pp r
u e o im ti a ox a on .

Th m th d t b e m pl y d c i t i
e o o
pper ime t l t io e on s s s n an a ox a e so u on

o f th q ti
e e f tr ua l ti with t c id r ti f t h m ti f
on s o an s a on , ou on s e a on o e o on o

r t ti
o a d th
on , than rr p di g r lt en m pl y d i t h
e co es on n es u s a re e o e n e

e q ti ua f t h m ti
on s o f r t ti which th i t gr t d
e o on o o a on , a re en n e a e .

Th i t gr l e n bt i d e g i m pl y d th l l ti
a s, s o o a ne ,
a re a a n e o e in e ca cu a on

o f t h d i ti e f th
ev a h ll on s q c f th r t ti ; d
o e s e 1 n c on s e ue n e o es e o a on s an

w e mi th q ti
exa ne f tr l ti with i w t t ki g i t
e e ua on s o a ns a on a v e o a n n o

a c c o un t th d fi it t rm f c rr cti e e n e e s o o e on .

Thi i p r s d rs a m p l y d i oc e imil r m u e e r i A tr my o e n a s a an n e n s on o ,

i th
n l l ti f p rt rb ti
e ca cu a on o e u a on s .

I lyti l l ti t w y t m f c rd i t
n a n an a ca so u m pl y d
on , o s
'

s e s o oo n a e s a re e o e

f or thi p rp s u fi d i p with os e : rigi t th c tr f

on e xe n s ace, an o n a e en e o

th m e l f th g
uz z e o d th r m bl i p c b t fi d i t h
e un , a n ano e ova e n s a e, u xe n e

s h ll with rigi t t h
e , o tr f gr ity n a e cen e o av .

Th di ff r ti l qe ti e en f t h m ti a f tr e l ti f th c tr
ua on s o e o on o an s a on o e en e

f gr ity th bt i d d l E l r d i ff r ti l q ti ’
o av a re en o a ne f,
an a so u e s e en a e ua on s o

t h r t ti o f t h
e o a h ll b t t h
n o tr f gr ity d r th forc
e s e a ou e cen e o av , un e e es

ac ti g i th pr c di g c ; d th
n n e e e i t gr ti f th di ff r ti l
n a s es an e n an n e a on o e e en a

e q ti i tt m p t d
ua on s s a e e .

F p r
or a ly lyti l
u e l ti f t h an a
p b l m f t h caill t ry
so u on o e ro e
'

o e os c a o

m ti f th h ll i tig ti h b m d i p rti l r by
o on o e s e , n ves a on s a ve een a e, n a cu a

S t R b ert N S b d ki M d S p rr
o ,
. a d P Ch rb
u s ir , . e a e, an . a on n e .

Th th r t h gi
e au o lyti l l ti u d r rt i
oo as ve n an an a ca so u on n e ce a n

lim i ti g n m pti i t h Z i t h ift fi t M th m ti k d P hy i k

as s u on s n e e sc r r a e a un s ,

4 3 1 8 98 p p 1 3 3
, ,
d 1 69 . l i t h fir t d i t i f thi l m ;
an ,
as a s o n e s e on o
‘
s vo u e

th m pti
e as s u
p l i d ion s t h fir t
a rediti exT h p r bl m
a ne n e s e on . e o e as

t t d by N S b d ki d M d S p rr i
s a e . a u s id r d th r m r an . e a e s c on s e e e e o e

c r f lly i d t il
a e u n e a .

Th l tt r m l y t h pri i p l fir t
e e e d oby F sKl gyr
e nc e, s us e el n l n o
p a .

sco
pi w
c rk f t h o i tr d , cti o f t h m e
p l ri
n bl io t t h
u on o e co ex va a e n o e

tw odi ff r ti l qu ti e en d ft r i t gr ti
a e a f th on s , p r ti an ,
a e n e a on , o e se a a on

i t th r l nd im gi ry p rt
n o e ea a a na a s .
346? L a ter a l devi a ti ons d ue to r ota ti on o f the s hel l [C H .
'

r ll l ri dir ti f t h t g t c rr p di g t
.

S p a a e t o th e v a o us ec on s o e an en , o es on n o

t h e s e pa a e
“

r t tim i t r l A t
e n e va s .

Th i t cti f th li with t h ph m y b c ll d th '

e n e rs e on o es e n es e s ere a e a e e

ta n g t
en
p i t d d t d
o n s , ani fig by en o e , as n . a,

0 TI T2 T3 T4
; ; , , ,

The i t r cti
n e se on s of th e ax s i of t he s h ll with th
e e sp hr e e a re

c ll d t h
a e e s he ll p oi n ts , a n d d t e n o ed

by
O O , O 03 ,
A xi s o f s h el l a bo v e th e
“ ge m
rf c f th ph r Th e i nsi d e su a e o is S e e

m y r t h pl
A xi s i n t h e ta n gen t
f th d i a s e ve as e an e o e a

gr m i t h f ll wi g dr wi g :
.

a n e o o n a n

h thA xi s
p h
of s r i
el l
pp d
be l o w t h e t b l k d e s e e s su os e o e oo e
’

t f m S ; tr ct
ta n gen t .

d th a ro an e c on s u i on

m y b c rri d t pp i a e a e ou a rox

m t ly i f it w r fl t h t a e as e e a a s ee ,

n k f
A xi s
p p
Ol
r o ve th e
o a e .

Th m th d d p d e e o e en s on

th p r li m i
A xi s i n th e ta n gen t
ry m p ti th t e e na as s u on , a .

m ll tim i t r l A t th
.

f or a s a e- n e va e

p r c i f t h h ll b t i t e e s s on o e s e a ou s

c tr f gr ity S i i d p d t en e o av s n e en en

f t h m ti f S i t h tr j ct ry o e o on o n e a e o ,

a nd th t t h t w m ti
a which act u lly t k pl c t g th r m y
e o o on s , a a e a e o e e ,
a

b tr t d
e if
ea e f ll w d th
as th r
on e o o e e o e .

A t t h b gi i g f t h m ti th t g t p i t i t O; d
‘
e e nn n o e o on e an en o n s a an

a ft r t h e tim A t i t h hi ft d t T ft r 2At t T d
e e as s e o 1 , a e o 2, an so

on Th
.
p i t ese m d t b k
o n s a re a s s u w fr m p r limi ery l o e no n o a e na c a eu

l ti th at h b c rri d t ; f th l p f S O i
a on as e en a e fST iou or e s o e o s o I s

0 ft r t h tim A t
a e d
e Th p i t 0 T T
e ,
an s o ou th l i ry . . e o n s , 1 , 2. us e ve

ne arly i th p l n f fi e d i f an e fl t oh t f p p
re , r i m an a a s ee o a e s e

p l y
o d f t h
e dr orw i g“

th y lie
pp r a im n t ly ,
i ret ic l tr ight e a ox a e n a ve a s a

li th gh trictly p k i g th p i t T T T
n e, ou s s ea li
n littl t e o n s 1 , 2, 3 , e a e o

t h e right f th rtic l thr gh 0 ; b t thi i t h w i t h ou u

'

o e ve a s s no s o n n e

dr wi ng
a .

Th h ll p i t i l i iti lly t O i c t h h ll pr j t d
e s e o n s a so n a a ,
s n e e s e i s o ec e

fr m th b r dir t with
o e o e t tr i t d th i iti l im p l
ec ou c on s a n an e n a u s e ex

p i d
e r en c eby t h h ll fr m t h c
e
p i
s g e g d o t p r d “ e e
“

es a n as e s oe s no o uc

d i ti th t d b c i d r d
ev a on s a n ee e on s e e .
g ]
5 5 L a ter a l de vi a ti on s d ue to r ota ti on o f th e s hell 347

t r th l p f th tim A t d ft r t h t g t h t d
Af e e a se o e e , an a e e an en as urn e

fr m S O i t t h p iti
o S T th r i n o gl OS T b t w t h
e os on “ e e s an a n e , e ee n e

i f th h ll S O d th t g t t th p th S T b c
ax s o e s e th , an e an en o e a , ,
e a us e e

i r m i p r ll l t it l f i c q u c f th t bility im p rt d
ax s e a ns a a e o se n on s e en e o e s a a e

by th i fl i g Pr c ie rw t k p l c
n ; th
. i f t h he ll e s s on no a es a e e ax s o e s e

d crib i th tim A t m ll p r t S OO f circ l r c

es es n e b t e a s a a l o a u a one a ou

th t eg t S T th t i th p i t f th h ll d c ib r d T
an en D a s, e o n o e s e es r es o un l

a circ l r 0 0 with r di
u a T O TO b a re t h pr c 1i l a us I , l , e c a us e e e e s s on a

m ti m u t t k pl c r d t h d ir cti f th r lt t i
o on s a e a e oun e e on o e es u an a r re

i t d t hi i
s s a n c e , an
pp r im t ly p r ll l t t h t g st S T f
s at h ox a e a a e o e an en l o e

tr j ct ry
a e o .

A l W
Th gl OT O A l i gi by K t C i c rd xr a
th en e an e I l xr s ven n ac o
r

an c with th f d m t l q ti f gyr c pic th ry W( kg) i

e e un a en a e ua on o os o eo . s

th i r i t c
e a r th h ll ( m ) th di t c b t w c tr f
es s an e on e s e , a e s an e e een en e o

gr ity S d p i t f pplic ti f th i r i t c
av an o n th i o a a on o e a r es s an e on e ax s ,

as sum d m wh re r t h p i t f t h h ll 0 th m m t f
so e e e n ea e o n o e s e ,
e o en o

2 m
i rt i f th h ll b t i t i f l gth
ne a o e s
D
e a ou s ax s o en ,
7
7 0

ve ol city D ( m ) th l gth f t h pitch f i fli g ;

, e en o e o r n or 9

8 th fi l e gl f t w i t 2B ( ) th c libr
na an e o s ,
in e a e .

A ft r f rth r l m
e t f ti m At t h t g t p i t h r ch d
a u e e e en o e ,
e an en o n as ea e

T 2. Th gl b tw th i f t h h ll S 0 d t h t g t f
e an e e een e ax s o e s e 1 an e an en o

t h p th S T h
e a n w b c om OST ; d w th r f r d crib
2 as o e e I Q an e e e o e es e a

circ l r O 0 b ut T with r di T 0 f which t h c tr l gl

u a a rc 1 2 a o 2 a us 2 1 , o e en a an e

i gi
s b fr
ven d t h f rth r c
as tr cti pr c d
e o e i an e u e on s u on o ee s as n

fig r ( )u e a .

It i th th t i w ll d ig d c tr cti f t h g
s s e en en a n a e - es ne on s u on o e un

an d h ll t h s i f th h ll c ti lly m
e , e ax s or d th dir cti e s e on n ua ove s oun e e on

o f th t g t e t l
an tm i it en ighb rh d f i t c
,
or a ea s ov e s n s ne ou oo , as or ns an e

a t T ; furth r th t th p i t f t h
7 h ll li lt r t ly high r d
e ,
a e o n o e s e es a e na e e an

l w r th th t g t ; a d fi lly th t t h p i t f th h ll k p
o e an e an en n na ,
a e o n o e s e ee s

t th right f t h t
o e
g t o e an en .

Thi tr cti th u pl i i t h impl t m

s c on s u r t ly on s ex a ns n e s es ann e no on

th rr w lik fl ight f w ll c tr ct d h ell b t l th b

e a o - e d o a e -
on s u e s ,
u a so e o s e rv e

f t th t with right h
ac a d twi t dri ft t t h right ; th at i - an s , a e n s ue s o e s

as l g th gl f d p rt r d
on as t i cr
e ane b y d c rt i e o e a u e oe s n o n e as
:

e on
:
a e a n

i
a n oun t .

Th e
'

cycl id l o a c u ve r 0 01 02 of the p i t o o n
‘
f the s h lle i s th e
3 48 L t l d i ti d u t tati o f th h ll [O L
a er a ev a on s e o ro n o e s e I X

p r c
e i c r
e s s on it i l g
u ve : t t h e p r cs i
an a o circl d rib
ou s d o e es s on e es c e

b y t h h d of t p
.
e ea td a ly by th f rc f gr ity
o ,
ac e on on e o e o av .

A i s id t i ths ev r f th
en n tr cti f t h fi g r th
e c ou s e o e c on s u on o e u e, e

c h g f th cir l i t th cy l id h i t rigi i t h f ct
an e o e c e n o e c o as s o n n e a

th t th c tr f t h pr
a e en i ircl i t t r t th li
e o e e c e s s on c e s no a es on e ne

OTn T b t i m i g
3 u d m r s r t h dir cti f t h i
ov n : an o e o ve ,
e e on o e a r

r it p
es s a n c e, r d ci g t h p r o c u i n i lw y lt
e ri g e e s s on , s a a s a e n .

Th r 00 O
e c u ve l b c i d r d g r t d by t h
1 2 c an a s o e on s e e as ene a e e

m ti f ircl f ri bl r di Th
o on o a c e, o va tr f t h ircl m
a e a us . e c en e o e c e ov e s

fr m O with t h
o l city g ; l g
e ve oth tr ight li C
OT T a on0 d e s a ne I 2 e

no ti g th i t t
n e h ri t l mp f th t g t
n s a n a n e o us o z on a e o e an en .

A t th m tim th circl i t r i g with t h g l r l city

e sa e e e e s u n n e an u a ve o

if th
,
d cribi e g p i t
es t h n irc m f r c
o n t rti
on g i iti lly e c u e en e s a n n a

fr m O
o .

Th c tr cti
e on s b u rri d t d r ri
on c an e m pti
ca e ou un e va o us as s u on s ,

l I
an d mi d
e xa f ll w f th pr c i d t pr c d t r l
ne I as o o E f— s . e e e s s on
f
o ee s a a e a

ti l y r p id r t th cy l id l rc ve a a e, e c o a a s a re

m r d l g th nu t ti e o us , an so on as e nu a on ,

whi h i t b id r d l t r i m ll c s o e c on s e e a e ,
s s a ,

th h ight f t h cycl id l r e de s o e o a a cs , an

th r g m m t f th p i t
.

th enc e e a ve a e o ve en o e o n

t t h right l m ll o e ,
a re a s o s a .

Fr q tly th i f t h h ll p e uen e ax s o e s e a

p h ry l t t h t g t
r oa c f t h e s ve c os e o e an en o e

p th ; i ch c t h flight af t h h ll n su a s es e o e s e

i ry i mil r t th t f w ll s ve s a o a o a e -c on

tr t d rr w d th dri ft r m i s uc e a o , an e e a ns

m ll s a .

O th th r h d wh th pr c i n e o e an ,
en e e e s s on

i r l ti ly ry l w fig b th c
s e a ve ve s o , as i n .
,
e as e

ri wh r th p i t O O 0 c m can a se e e e o n s , , , 2 o e
i F g b
cl t g th r i c m p ri
. .

with t h
os e o e e n o a s on e

p mo t O s c,
q tly th p i t f t h on s e h llue n l g r k p e o n o e s e no on e ee s

cl t t h t g t
os e o e an en .

T o b r r l ki g t th tr j t ry fr m t h id
an o se ve ,
oo n a i e a ec o o e s e, as n

fig r ( b) t h e i f th h ll m t pp r t r m i p r ll l t
u e ,
ax s o e s e us a ea o e a n a a e o

it l f Th h ll c m t th gr d with t h b f rw rd ; th
se . e s e o es o e o un e as e
‘

o a s e

dri ft i gr t d m y i m
s ea ,
an ch g a g
n so e c a s es an e i n Si n .
3 50 L a ter a l d evi a ti ons d ue to r ota ti on o f the s hell [ OI L x

an fi lly t h t bi li ty f ct r ; l
d na on e
'

s th
a
g l f i fl i g tah o a s o on e
'
an e o r n , e

i iti l l ci ty th tw pri ci p l m m t f i rti

n a ve o , e o d th p iti
n a o en s o ne a, an e os on

of th c tr e f gr ity
en e o av .

Th t tie nu ap r b bly don sm p d l

a re t r by t h cti
o af t h a e a e e a on o e

i im m di t ly b hi d t h
a r e a e h ll e n e s e .

Fig r ( ) h w t h pr gr f th t u e 0 s o s e o ess o es e n u a

ti rdi ry t p d r
'

J t i th on s . us as n e o na o un e

gr ity t h pr c i circl f rm th c tr av ,
e e e s s on e o s e en e

f th t ti rc f t h h d f t h t p ; o e nu a on a s o e ea o e o

i th m w y th pr c i cycl id so n e sa e a , e e e s s on o

f rm th c tr f th t ti o f th p i t
s e en e o e nu a on s o e o n

f th h ll o e s e .

Th dir cti f r t ti f th t ti e e on o o a on o e nu a on

rc i th m th t f th c r
a s s f e sa e as a o e u ve o

i fl i g ; th t i with t h right h r d twi t it

n a s, e - an s ,

i fr m b t th right ; th s d w o d t a o ve o e en o n, an o
Fi g
t h l ft
'
e e .

It i p ibl f t h pr c i l rc t b m ll whil th rc
s os s e or e e e s s on a a s o e s a e e a s

of u t ti r l rg ; d th it i i f th p i t f th sh ll w r
n a on a e a e an en s as e o n o e e e e

d cribi g circl b t th i t t
es n a e a t g t Th t ti
ou e n s a n a n e o us an en . e nu a on

i ths i ibl t t h e y pr id d t h
en v s e o l city f th h ll i m ll ;
e e, ov e e ve o o e s e s s a

an d th as i i t i t
e a r i l t m ti by th
s se n o cill ti f
v o en o on es e os a on s o

t ti
nu a th u d f th
on , e so cill ti i fr qu tly h rd i p ri dic l
n o e s e os a on s s e en ea n e o a

vibr ti i t h i d t h r g i th r by dimi i h d
a on s n e a r, a n e an e s e e n s e .

Th p r e i i
ex t h f rm
e s s on sl f 5 4 f
n t h u t ti
e toh u ae o . or e n a on , e

st bility f ct r th p ri dic tim f

a a o ,
e t ti e do f rth will h ld e o a nu a on , a n so o , o

a
pp r im t ly
ox i t h c a e f c rn d tr j ect ry as e o a u ve a e o .

56 . C a l c ul a t i o n o f th e l a te r ld a ev i a ti on o r d ri ft of an
e l o n ga t e d p roj e cti l i e n ro a t ti on .

1 . Emp i r i c a l f or m u la .

b r ti
The o se va on s m d i Fr c n th fi l d i ti Z
a e n an e o e na ev a on of th e
sh ll t i t poi t
e a s n o f d c t th m
es l h ri
en h b on e uz z e o z on , a ve een em

p l y
o d by H
e é l i ~

; e i thn f ll wi g f rm l
e which i f
o o n o u a, s o a
p u e r ly
empiric l tur a na e :

Z = A vo s i n
2 2

A 551
( 21 0 ta n 3

A Sln '
y
P .
 56 ] L a te r a l d e v i a ti on s d ue to r ota ti on o f the s h el l 351

t
He e A c t t fr g i g d
y t m c ll
e no esd t h a ons an or a ve n u n -s s e , a e e

d i ti ev a l gi by ( 2) t h t ti i
on va u e, b f r with A t h v en e no a on s as e o e, e

fi d gl f twi t d 7 t h mi gl f t h c
xe an e o t th p i t fs , an e se -a n e o e on e a e o n o

th h ll e s e .

W H yd r i h gi f
; m pl t h f ll wi g m ric l l
e en e c ve s , o r e xa e, e o o n nu e a va ues

t A; f
o t rr t h wit r firi g 21 cm hr p l A = O0 1 6 6 t h
or a u e o ze n s a ne ,
°

,
e

s h ll b i g c m p r ti ly h rt f c id r bl twi t f th b ;
e e n o a a ve s o or a ons e a e s o e ore

f h y fi ld g A 0 0 03 0 with light twi t f c m p r ti ly

or a ea v e un , ,
s s or a o a a ve

gr t l gth f h ll
ea en o s e .

Thi Heli f rm l lth gh ry fr q tly m pl y d m t t

s e o u a, a ou ve e ue n e o e , us no

b c e id r d h ldi g i r lly but it m y b m pl y d f

on s e e as o n u n ve s a ,
a e e o e or

an gl f d p rtur p t
es o S h ti g rtic lly pw rd
e a e u o oo n ve a u a ,

a d ( 1 ) w ld gi m im m d i ti Z wh r th r tic ll y it
'

n ou ve a ax u ev a on , e eas eo e a

s h ld b r ou e ze o .

E Br tt pr p . f high i iti l l city

a ve t a t k th o os e s or n a ve o o a e e

f ct r A
a oli r fu cti f th r g as a n ea n on o e an e,

Z
( A + A 2 X ) v0 s i n ¢
:
2
,

a nd A1 A2 , a re to be d e t e rmi n e d fr o m d i ffe r en t l
va ue s of Z ,
o b r s e v ed

a t di ff r t r g e en an es .

2 . Theor eti c a l c a l c u l a ti on o f the l a ter al d evi a ti on , or d r if t by ,

a p pr ox i m a ti on:

I t has b ee n p o ni td e out a lr dy i ea n
§ 5 5 ,
th a t for a m e as u e o f r th e

r t r ti 35iii t k th t
( ( ,
d i f the ,
a o ma y b e a en an d a

'
9 c os 0 Cr
f v Wa
with th l
e no a
p i d b t ti
f r on e x a ne e o e .

Thi f f d
s ex
pr
t th i r g gl b tw
e s s on or eno es e a ve a e an e e een t he a xi s

f th
o h l l d th rtic l pl th gh t h t
e s e an e ve a ane
'

r ou e an

g ten l ,g t h a on f cycl id e a rc o a o .

Thi b pr s d f ll w th t g t p i t i t
c an e ove as o o s : e an en o n , as

w ll d t rt m m t f pr i t th p i t 0
as ca e ,
s a s a ov e en o e c e s s on a e o n ,

i
as th n fig r Th p i t th r ti b kw rd d
e ue . e o n en e re s ac a ,
an

r h T m t h tim
ea c es e e t .

Th p i t f t h h ll l i t t d t 0 t th t t
i

e o n o e s e a so w as s ua e a a e s ar ,

a d wi l l b f
n d ft r th ti m
e oun om p i t A a e e e t at s e o n .

t f gr i ty S i pp d t b b th
u

Th e c e n re o av s su os e o e a o ve e

l d r m t t t
'

p n af t he o i g w i h S T teh ag t f t h p h
a a d ,
e
’

an en o e a ,
n

S A th i f th h ll
e ax s o e s e .

Th lg b tw th rti l pl S OT d th imp l pl
e an e e ee n e ve ca an e , an e u se an e S A T (p l a ne
3 52 L a ter a l
"

d evi ati on s d ue to .
r ot ati on of the s hel l [ OI L X

t hr ough?th e t
th S T d i f h ll S A ) i t k t b 1 ft r
a n gen t of the pa an ax s o s e s a en
~

o e x; a e

tim e d th
t ; an lg A S T i d t d by e an e s eno e a .

I f h t g t t th p th m i t i d i
t e an d i ti m p
en o d th r i t e a a n a ne ts ev a on s ac e , a n e es s a n c e

o f th i t th
e a r h ll w r t nt i d ir ti
o e s d m g i t d th
e i f th e e c on s a n ec on an a n u e, e ax s o e

h ll m t d rib t t t t m r
,

s e us
mpl t b
es c t h g t t h
e p ha
_
co e e c on e a ou e an en o e a ,
or o e

t ly b
a c c u ra e t l i th r gh S p r ll l t th d ir ti f th i r i t
'
a ou
'

a ne ou a a e o e ec on o e a r es s a n c e ;
an d TA m t r l b t th fi d p i t T wi th th m
us e vo v e a g l r l i ty ou e xe o n ,
e ea n a n u a v e oc

Wa
Cr
and th e a lt r ti W i tim
e a on ( ; n e St i s g i ve n by

Ac t lly ua at th e sam t im e e th e e nd T of th e t a n ge n tm o ves dww di o n ar n

t he ti m d t e t o T1 , an d th lg e an e of s l o
pe 6 di mi i h by d dn s es ,
so th t m h figur
a t e e

If it i
m d g i th t th m ll tim l m t d th t o m m t
s as s u e a a n a i n e s a e e e en t e w ove en s

i d ep d t f h th r th poi t f h h ll f t h m p i ti f T
n en en o ea c o e , e n o t e s e or e sa e os on o

m fir t fr m A B d th T m d w t T
ove s s o to ,
an en o ve s o n o 1 .

Th gl TT B b tw
e an t h pl f i mp l
e d th rti l pl thr gh
I e ee n e ane o u s e an e ve ca a ne ou

h t ng nt f th p th i th r by h g d i t
t e a e o i h t im d
e d t a s e e c an e n o n t e e t: an a

the m tim th gl b tw t g t d i f th h ll h b c m
sa e e e an e e ee n an en an ax s o e s e as e o e

T B I +d a a

A pp l yi g th l t th tri lg TB T h
.

f i n e aw o s n es o e an e I we a ve

a + da sin
“
I NO f “
-

—ta n 4
'

d t = st “ ( b)
“

. a n
:
.

F urth r e ,
i f th e ve rti l ca is dr w f r m
a n o T on TI B , ol a and s n ce i
as in § l 7,

l
l
e
h
9
s
e
we h a ve da :
9 c os x,
}
c os
d
h

“
a E .
l im i t i na on of dt b twe ee n ( 6) an d ( ) 0 gi ve s , wh t en an a is
wri tt i pl en n a ce o f a ,

Cr c os
dy r c os 9

(d )
r i m t i i m d f m i g h t t he
Wh en th e a p p ox a on s a e o as s u n t a

r ti f f th t a
g l r l i ti m y b t k
o o h i g e wo an u a v e oc es a e a en as av n a

t t m l l g y l id l
c on s a n h q ti ( d ) ea n v a ue a on a c c o a a rc , t e e ua on

m a y be i t n e gr a e td l i r di ff r ti l q ti wi th p rt rb t i n t rm ;
as a n ea e en a e ua on a e u a o e

an d th en

1 1
dr z ta n a.
f é
3 54 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d ue to r ota ti on of the s he ll [ 0 11 X

a m e a n v a ue o f a l for sm ll d i ti i pr p rti l t th l gth f

a ev a on s o o on a o e en o

th e s h lle L or 2R l , wh r l d t th l gth f th h ll i
e e en o es e en o e s e n

=— ;
,

c libr
a es . At fir t s t th p i t f d cat 0 d e o n o es en , w an so

(1
) —0 is O a t fir t s , an d fi lly d th
na rithm tic m i an e a e ea n s

t w )
T h us the dri ft Z at t h e po i t
n of d es c e n t i gi s v en by .

v0 tan A
l

wh r e e ct r t b d t rmi d by p rim t lyi g b tw

7x i s a fa o o e e e ne ex e en ,
n e een

00 05 d fan m t g ; d t h t ti i b f r or os un s an e no a on s as e o e .

E mp l xaA m f g = 4 4 0 m/
e. l l ibr
ssu d f r e or a u n , v0 s ec , ca es ; an or a a n ge

of 1 000 m t k m ,
T 39 2
a d gl f i fii g = 3
e : 5
°
: s ec on s : an e o r n A
°

th us

Z = m o mt o c m) ( 3 za +
°
5
°
13 3 3 9 2

m to 3 4 .

T hi s is an m t th t
a o un a ,
as s t t d lr dy
a e a ea ,
m ay ea s i ly be e xc e e d d by th
e e

na u a trl s ca tt ri g f th h ll
e n o e s e s .

3 . rm ul b d
A fo m l r hy p th f th l t r l d i
a, as e on Si i a o es e s , or e a e a ev a

ti on dri ft h b w rk d t by P H pt 1 8 7 6 i w hich Z i
or as een o e ou . au , , n s

m d pr p rti
a e l t ( gt w ) T
o o on a o .

A c cordi g t Ch rb i r i high gl fi with l w i iti l

‘ ‘

n o a on n e ,
n an e re o n a

l city w h ld t k
ve o , e s ou a e

Z c t ¢T on s .
,

b t i f t h i iti l
u l city i gr t
e n a ve o s ea ,

Z c t ( t w) T ( )
1 0 on s . c .

P r c di g with imil r
o ee m pti
n E H milt 1 90 8 h s a as s u on s , . a on , ,
as

su gg t d th f rm l
es e e o u a

Z =c t (4 ) 4 on s . ) (0 s ec )

and E . Muz e a u
’

h as gi v en t h e fo rm l u a

Z = c on s t . X tan 4 f ( f)
) ,

wh re e

4 5
(3 5 21 1
f ( g) —
5 1

in w hich Ei s t h e a bbr i ti ev a on for

v0 s i n 24>
2

9 X
 56] L a ter a l d e vi a ti on s d ue to r o ta ti on o f the s hel l 3 55

Ta ki g i t cc t
n y l rg mb r f
n o a oun a ve r a e nu e o ex
pe rime t l r n a es u lt s,

P . Be rt g a id r th t t h f rm l which
na c on s e s a e o u a, su it t h c
s e as e t he
b t es ,
is
Z c on s t . X sin I
( ) .

B ut thi i d bt f l s s ou u .

I dd iti t th th r ti l l l ti gi b
n a on o e th r m y b i tr
eo e ca c a cu a ons ve n a o ve , a n o e a e n o

d d pr p
uc e ,
d l t ly by L h t r f rri i g t q ti ( ) i impl r
o os e a e anc es e ,
or a v n a e ua on 4 n a s e

wa y
Th ri gi l i mp l f h h ll t t d lr dy i rly id ti l with th
e o na u se o t e s e ,
as s a e a ea , s n ea en ca e

i m p l d t th r t t i b t t h i f fi g r i
u se ue o e o a q fi
on a
p d ou e ax s o u e, n c on s e ue n ce o ts s ee ;
an d b i
s o, a s a 3 w i t h ri gh t h
ove d twi t h imp l m t b p t d
n 5 ,
- an s t e u se us e re res e n e

by t r S B dr w fr m h tr f gr ity t w d h b l g th i
a ve c o a n o t e c en e o av o ar s t e a s e a on e ax s

o f th h ll
e s e .

Th i r i t e a r ti g l g t h i t t
es s a n c e, ac d i r t i f th t g t n a on e ns a n a n e o us ec on o e a n en ,

t d t t r th h ll b t d l i S D dr w p rp d i l r t th rti l
en s o u n e s e a ou a no e ne , a n e en cu a o e ve ca

lp thr gh th t g t t th l ft wi th g l r l i ty 53 B y h l w
ane ou e an en o e e , an u a ve oc . t e a s

o f gy r pi ti thi impl i t r i g m m t wi th i S V p rp d i l r
os c o c ac on , s es a u n n o en ,
ax s e en cu a

t SB
o d SD and dr w pw rd ,
an a n u a .

A t ll y t h
c ua h ll i t r d by thi m m t th t i t p i t r
e s e s u ne th s o en ,
so a s o n s we ves to e

ri ght t f th rti l pl th r gh t h t g t with i t b t th l ft

ou o e ve ca an e ou e an en , s as e o e e .

Th m g i t d f thi t r i g m m t i O —
g
0
e a n u e o
1
d ths t h r h
u n nd i t i K o en s r
7
an on e o e an s a,

wh r If d t th mp t f i r i t whi h ri i
e e e n o es e co qon e n o a r es s an c e c a s es n c on s e ue n c e

o f h t w r i g f th h ll b t S V d i p rp d i l r t th rti l pl
e s e v n o e s e a ou ,
an s e en cu a o e ve ca ane

thr gh th t g t thi t d t m th h ll h ri t lly th right

ou e an en ; s en s o ove e s e o z on a to e .

2
l
Th l r ti f th h ll th right b i g f—
e a cc e e a on o
l i d m t h
e s m f teh h ll
to e e n
e t
an e as s o e s e ,

d zz
K = m d? and s o

dd
dz ?
dt

w i th th e m i n us s ig b n, e c a us e 6 d r e c eas e s whi l i r e t n c ea s e s . He r e

c on s e q tly
uen
d z
z 0r 9 c os 6
dt z
ma v

T hi i q t is s e ua on (4 ) a nd Lan c h tres e s ugge s s t th t a a s h uld b d t rmi d

o e e e ne

ex per i m t ll y fr en a o m o b r ti
s e va on of t he dri ft z .

Th e n o es t at th e en d thi of s vo u l m m ti th th ry pr p d by
e en on e eo o os e

l i h whi h i mi gly f ry g r l t r
.

G . von G e c ,
c s s ee n o a ve en e a na u e .

4 . Fi lly th f rm l m y b q t d which w
na e o u a a e uo e ,
as su
gg es e t d by
May e vs ki V lli r f t h dri ft z t t h r g
- a e or e a e an e a:

1 P —E ( v )
—M ( v )
m W
o
l A ¢ ( )
1 4
fi
ar
p t an .
0 s ec
3

23 —2
3 56 L a ter a l d evi a ti on s d ue to r o ta ti on o f th e s hel l [ OI L x

in which p i t h r di f gyr ti f th h ll b t i t i i
. s e a us o a on o e s e a ou s ax s , n

h l f c libr P th w ight f th h ll i m tri t

a a es , e ] i e o e s e n e c on s , a , s a c on

t t b t 0 4 1 b t it i b t d t rm i d p rim t lly f th
s an ,
a ou , u s es e e ne ex e en a or e

gi y t m ; i ( ) 8 D ( ) D ( ) r f r t th y t m f l ti i
v en s s e vo , , ,
u, u ,
v0 e e o e s s e o so u on n

§ 4 1 ; M i gi b y L d ki
s old T bl w
ve n ll B ( ) d B ( ) an en s
’ ’
s a e , as e as u an v0 .

E mp l
xa 2R = 0 27 P = 0 18
e .
= 50 l g h f h ll = B = 0 8 R
‘
:
'

: v
0
5 z en t o s e 5 z p
°

dz =0 41
'
: A=4
°
. F or v=
. 1 000 , a nd z = 0 4 °

. F or l o,
’
x = 7 000

and z = 49 9
°

V A LU ES or T HE F U NCTI O NS M ( u) A ND B ( )u .

( La n d en s ki ol d s
’
Ta bl e .
)

1 05 NI ( )
u 1 05 M(a)
.
3 58 L t l d i ti d u t t ti f th h l l [OIL X
a er a ev a ons e o ro a on o e s e

A Thr wi g. w d di c fl t t o n a oo en s or a s on e .

Th gyr t ry m ti e f h ll
a o b h w ry cl rly with
o on o a s e can e s o n ve ea a

circ l r di c f w d b t 8 m i di m t r d g cm thick
u a s o oo , a ou c n a e e an -
,
or

w ith m th fl t t
a s ooby thr wi g th m c id r bl di t
a s on e , o n e a on s e a e s an c e

i n an o
p p c en s a e .

A l i thr wi g ch b di th di c i t b h ld b tw
s u s ua n o n su o es , e s s o e
‘
r

e e e en

t h th mb
e d middl fi g r
u and p rtly g i pp d by th f r fi g r e n e ,
an a r e e o e n e .

Th di c i h ld t right
e s gl t t h pl
s e f flight d ir d
a an es o e an e o es e ,

d i thr w mk gl f 3 0 with th h ri I
°
an s t o n s o as o a e an an e o e o z on . n

h rli g t h di c th f r fi g r r t t it l ckwi wh thr w

u n e s ,
e o e n e o a es c o se, en o n

by th right h d b t e i f r t ti dir ct d pw rd d
an ,
a ou an ax s o o a on e e u a an

b ckw rd Thi gi th i iti l p iti f t h im p l

a a . s ves ct r e n a os on o e u s e -ve o .

Th t m t t h fr t id
e a 1 r re s 1s an c e f t h di c d t d t ee s e on s e o e s ,
an en s o

t r it cl ckwi b t h ri t l i dr w t t h l ft f th
u n o se a ou a o z on a ax s, a n o e e o e

p l an e f p r j cti
o T h c w o e
g t t h p iti
on . i § 5 3 f t hen e e e e os on , as n , o e

n ex t ct r ; d th it
ve o b pr dict d h w t h d i c will t r
an en d
can e e e o e s u n an

t which id it will w r
o s e s e ve .

A ct lly i th uac f di c dri ft t th l ft will cc r i f

n e as e o a s ,
a o e e o u ,

thr w by t h righ t h d t th right i f thr w by th l ft ; d it i

o n e an ,
o e o n e e an s

ve ry pr cd i
on oun r g f 40 m e e ve n n a an e o .

B M d l m rt r with w d
. o e h ll o a oo en s e .

A w d b oo r then rri g as e which y s e ve s f f r as e ca a e , on an on e o ou

M m t ub m y b m t d Th
a n n es an n es
p r id d with
a c t e oun e . es e a r e ov e a as

i c i rti t r pr t th i fli g c tri c f r c i i g m ll

z n nse on o e e s en e r n ,
a on v an e or e e v n a s a

ch rg f bl ck p wd r p t 1 0 g d t h br ch i cl d by
a e o a o e , u o ,
an e ea s os e a

b y t j i t Tw f th t b h right h d twi t gl f
.

a on e o n o o e u es a ve a - an s an e o
.
,

r i fli g ( ) 4 3 4 0
n 3 3 c libr
a
°
b
( ) 1 7 3 9
'
1 0 c l ibr ; t h t w th r
a es ,
° '
a es e oo e s

h l ft h d twi t with t h m gl f i fii g ; libr 7 9 cm

'

a ve e - an s e sa e an es o r n ca e .

Th h ll e sm d f d b ch d
e s a re p r id d a with gr
e o re ee , an a re ov e oov e s

t c rr p
o o d with t h i fli g f th b r Th y
es on f ri l gth
e r n o e o e . e a re o va o us en s,

3 0 27 3 5 5 3 6 m ;,
f th
,
h ll i pr id d with
c on e o ilhl .
e s e s s ov e an ax a _ o e ,

in which b f ir a b fi d ( ith r f rw rd midw y

ar o on ca n e xe e e o a ,
a ,
or

b hi d ) th t it i p ibl t b r th i fl c f th p iti
e n ,
so a s os s e o o s e ve e n ue n e o e os on s

o f th ntr f gr ity
e ce e o av .

Th gl f l ti i m r d by q dr t Th firi g f
e an e o e eva on s ea s u e a ua an . e n o

t h p wd r ch rg i m d by
e o e f a e s a e a us e .

F c rryi g t th
or a
p rim n t p ou
p c f b t e ex e en s , an o en s a e o a ou

4 0 0 m tr i r q ir d ; it m st b
e es s e rly c lm p ibl
u e th u e a s n ea a as os s e, a s es e

light w d h ll oo i fl c d p w rf lly by wi d
en s e s a re n ue n e o e u n .
 5 7] L a te ra l de vi a ti on s d ue to r ota ti on o f the s hel l 3 59

r lt r f r m i ly t
The h ll
es u cm i l gth c libr
s e e a n o a s e n en , a e

7 9 cm ; l gth f t h yli dric l p r t 23 7 5 m w ight 0 93 0 kg ;

en o e c n a a c , e

m m t f i rti b ut th l g i 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 mkg ; b t t h
o en o ne a a o e on ax s s ee
”
a ou e

cr i thr gh th c tr f gr ity A 0 0 00 5 1 5 ; with ch rg

o ss a x s ou e en e o av a a e

f5 g m / c ; with 1 0 g ch rg 4 1 4 m/
'

o , v0 se a e , v0 s ec .

( ) T b with
a t h m ll r right h d twi t gl f i fli g 1 7
u e e s a e -
an s ,
an e o r n
°

5 g ch rg a e .

Th h ll fli lik e s rr w e
p t gl f
es d p rt r f e an a o , e ve n u o an an e o e a u e o

( t
L ki g t t h tr j ct ry fr m t h id th l g i i
oo n a e t a e o o e s e, e on ax s s s e en o

li ie th t g t t t h p th ; r g t
n e an en 1 0 7 m tim f o e a an e, a ,
e o

flight T 5 3 With gr d lly i cr i g gl f d p t r t h

s ec . a a ua n ea s n an e o e ar u e e

d ri ft t t h right gr w c ti
o e lly o s on n ua .

A ft r 4 t h dri ft ch
e g t th l ft d th h ll trik
) e an es o e e ,
an e s e s es

t h gr e d with t h b fir t
o un e as e s .

b
( ) T h m t u b ; ch rg 1 0
e sa g e e a e .

At 4 m im um r g X 3 21 m tim f flight T 9 3
) ax an e , e o : s ec ,

dri ft t right Z 3 9 m
o :
.

At 4 r g 18 3 m T=
) Z 61 m an e ,
s ec , : .

Ch g fr m right t l ft dri ft t
an e o gl qb lyi g b tw 7 7 o e a an an e n e ee n

an d At th h l l d c d with th b fir t ; c thi e s e es en s e as e s on e s

h pp d t i fl t tr j ct ry d th th p i t w dir ct d t
a en e oo n a a a e o ,
an en e o n as e e o

t h right
e .

D ri ft t t h l ft t o w 66 m d
e m tim r th r
e a as ,
an so e es a e

It c an be s een with an an th t th h ll h
gl e of light dri ft
80
°
a e s e as a s

t o th eright p t th u o e ve rt f th p th d th t th dri ft t t h
ex o e a , an a e o e

l ft b gi b y d th
e e ns e on e ve rt d r pidly i cr
ex a n a n ea s e s .

( ) T b with
0 t h u e e gr t r right h d twi t gl f i fli g
ea e - an s ,
an e o r n
°
43

Th e ax s i
h ll r m i pp r tly p r ll l t it l f f ll
of the s e e a ns a a en a a e o se or a

d p rt r gl ; d it m
e a u e an l b r ti i f th p i t f
es an s ee s on c os e o s e va on a s e o n o

th h ll w r littl t th right
e s e e e a e o e .

Ch g fr m right t l ft dri ft t b t 1
an e with h rg f
o o e a a ou (; a c a e o

5g w ll with 1 0 g
,
as e as .

R g 4 5 with 5 g ch rg i 5 5 m T
°

4 4 5
°
t I an e a ( ) ; t a e s ,
: s ec a )

an d 1 0 g h rg r g i 1 8 0 m T = c a e, an e s ,
s ec .

Th gl f i fli g i th t gr t f thi h ll
e an e o r n s us oo ea or s s e .
3 60 L t l d i ti d u t t ti f th h l l [ OI L
a er a ev a on s e o ro a on o e s e X

A l g r r g w on e m tim b r d th w ld b bt i d
an e as s o e es o s e ve an ou e o a ne

i n cu m ; th pp rti g i fl
a va u e f th
su i o th n rf c f n ue n c e o e a r on e su a e o

th h ll s m t b t h c
e s e ee s o e e aus e .

d
( ) Th m t b h
e sa ti g rtic
e lly
u u p w rd
e, s oo n ve a a .

Th h ll fli e s ry rly p r ll l t it l f
e es ve n ea
s rt f di b l a a e o se ,
as a o o a o o

t p o d,
an rri with tr g h mmi g i b ck g i i
so a ve s , a s on u n n o s e, a a a n n

a lm t rtic l p iti
os ve d trik
a t h gr
os d with th fl t b
on , a n s es e ou n e a as e .

( ) T b6 with t h u m ll
e r right h d t w i
e s t gl af i fl i
e
g 1 7 3 9 - an s ,
an e o r n
° "

s h ll f gr t r l gth 3 5 5 cm
e o ea e en ,
.

V ry pr e c d t ti l cill ti
on o un e nu a d ; th p i t f th
on a os a ons e n s ue e o n o e

s h ll pp r t d crib c m pl t circl r d th t g t t th
e a ea s o es e o e e es o un e an en o e

p th
a ; fr m t h
s een firi g p
o i t t h h ell l k likn gr t di
o n c e s e oo s e a ea s .

Th twi t i
e t s gh f thi l gth f h ll
s no e n ou or s en o s e .

I th nm pl ym t f t h t b wi th l ft h d twi t th r i
e e o en o e u es e - an s ,
e e s a

c rr p di g ch g f ig i dri ft dir cti f th cill ti

o es on n an e o s n n , e on o e os a on s ,

p r c i d
e e s s on a n t t i d f
nu a rth on , a n so o .
3 62 A cci d en ta l d evi a ti on of s hell s [ OI L X I

Th e Ma th em a ti ca l Th eor y o f P r oba bi li ty .

ll wi g pr p iti
Th e fo o h r bri fly t t d d it will b
n o os on s a re e e e s a e ,
an e

eas ily h w t h c cl i
s e en o dr w e on us on s a r e a n .

1 L t . ll th m th m tic l
e us c a b l t pr b bility f e a e a a or a so u e o a o an

e v en t th i f i th t t l mb r f c
, a : en n sd t i th e mb o a nu e o a s e s , an s e nu er

of c i which t h
a s es n t h pp w h 2 Th w
e e ve n a en s , e a ve a . us e see
n

th t i fr ti l th
a a s a ity ac t on
y r t t gr
es s t r th an u n , or a an a e no ea e an

un ity I t i q l t 1 i f t h
. s e t i c rt iua d q l t 0 i f th
o ,
e e ven s e a n , an e ua o ,
e

e ven t i im p ibl s os s e .

E mp l 1 I f t
xa di e thr w wh t i h pr b bil i ty th t th t l wi ll
. wo ce a re o n, a s t e o a a e o ta

b 7 ? Th
e mb r f p ibl e nu i 36 i e oh f th 6 i d f h
os s di
e ca s e s s ,
s n ce ea c o e s es o t e on e ce

m y b mbi d with y
a
‘
e co f th 6 i d
ne f th t h r t h r f r 3 6 Th
an one o e s es o e o e : e e o e n = . e

on ly i whi h
c a s es
g 7 n by m bi i g c6 dwe1 det2 4 d 3
a re3 d 4 co n n an : 5 an : an : an :

2 and5 l d 6 Th r : th 6 h
an . d 6 Th r f r
e e a re = us Th s uc c as e s , a n t= . e e o e a = 6
3 5 e

ch th t 7 i thr w i g i th
a n ce a s n ot 30 p ibl mbi ti i whi h
o n s ,
s nce ere a re os s e co na on s n c

th t t l i
e o a t 7 s no .

If t k th h
we f t h r wi g 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 l l 1 2
a e e c a n c es o fi d th o n , , , , , , , , , ,
we n at

r
,

th y r p t i l y fi
e a re
{
es ec
$ 5 ve
$ g ,
d 2
3 6 T ,
h f2
6 ,
4
3 5 , 3 6
5
, 6 , 3 6 ,
4
3 6 , 6 ,
2
3 6 , an 1
3 6 . ere o e

th r i gr t r h
e e s a f th r wi g 7 th
ea e f th r wi g
c an c e o y t h r m b r o n an o o n an o e nu e .

E mp l 2 A xa t i 20 b ll f whi h 7 whi t bl k d 8 d
e . n ur n c on a n s a s, o c a re e, 5 ac , an re .

Th h e c f dr wi g bl k b ll i
a n ce o b i ly = fa n a ac a s o v o us
§ 6
5

E mp l 3 A xa t i 7 whi t d 6 bl k b ll I f 5 b ll with
e . n u r n c on a n s e an ac a s . a s a re

dr w wh t i h h th t th r wi ll b whi t d t bl k ? Th mb
a n, a s t e c an c e a ee e e an wo ac e nu er

w r d t
1
f w y i whi h b ll b wi th dr w i
13

) (
13
o a s n c
(5
5
a h s
5 )ca n e a n s e e e n o es

Th r f r t r d 3 whi t b l l b wi th dr w i
( g)
( )
13
e e o e n
5
0 th h h 11 e o e an ,
e a s c an e a n n

w y d 2 bl k b ll
a s , an b tr t d i 2 w y h f whi h b m
ac
6
a s ca n e ex ac e n a s , ea c o c ca n e co

bi d wi th
ne y f t h m t h d f
an w i t h dr w oi g t h w hi
e t b ll e T h r fo r s o a n e e a s . e e o e

7 6

T hrfre e o e a

( )
13
5

2 pp. th t th r
Le t thr m
us s u t l l y cl i os e t a e e are ee u ua ex us v e e v e n s ,

d C t h ch c cc rri g i d fCi
’
fB i b
’
A B , ,
fA
an : e an e o s o u n s a, o s ,
an o s 6 .

Th t h ch en f th c rr c f y
e f th m i
an c e o b e o cu en e o an on e o e s a 0 .

E mp l 1 Wh t i
xa h h f t h r w i g i th r 2
e . 3 4 w i th
a di ?
s t e c ance o o n e e or or tw o ce

Th b l t pr b bi l i ti f y
e a so u e f th t o a lr dy k w es o an on e o e s e ev e n s a r e , as we a ea no ,

3 3 d
2
,
Th r f r t h
an h 3
3 5f th r
. i g y f th m i
e e o e e c an ce o ow n an on e o e s
 58 ] A mi de n ta l d ev i a ti on o f s he ll s 363

t k th
Ex a mp l e 2 f t rg t whi h i d i i d d i t i fi i
. Le t us a e e c as e o a a e , c s v e n o an n n te

nu mb f p r ll l rt i l tri p l t th h
er o a af hi tti g t h fi t t i p b dy
e ve ca s s : e e c a n ce o n e rs s r e ,

o f hi tti g t h d tri p b dy d
n Th th
e s ec o n h f hi ti g h s e 2,
an s o on . en e c a n ce o t n t e

t rg t i
a e dy = jdy wh r
s h l i mi t f t h i t gr l t df m 2 , e e t e s o e n e a ex e n ro

l ft t ri gh t Th ppl i ti f thi pr p i i wi ll b
e o . l t
e a Th ca on o s o os t on e s ee n a er . e e ve n ts

id r d t b m t ll y l i
a re c o n s e e th mpti th t h p j ti l
o e u ua e xc us ve , on e as s u on a t e ro e c e

d t b
oes n o k t pi i whi h rea th t rg t m i gh t b hi t i
o r l pl e c es , n c ca s e e a e e n s e ve a ac es

by th h ll e on e s e .

3 tk
. Le t rli dp d t us t A B Ca e d l t
s e ve a n e en en e ve n s , , , , an e

th ir r p cti ch c b b
e es e Th ve th ch th t th y
an es e a, , c, en e a nc e a e

will cc r im lt u ly i
o u s
p cifi d u q i q
aneo l t t h s ,
or n a s e e se ue n c e s e ua o e

p r d oct f th ir
u
p r t cho c th t i it
e i q l set t h p r d
a a e ct an es : a s, s e ua o e o u

B t i f th t d p d t th th pr b bility th t A
u e e ve n s a r e e en en ,
en e o a a

o cc r d th B d th C i b
u s , an th en m pti th t b i
,
an en s a c , on e ass u on a s

t h ch c f B cc rri g ft r A h h pp d d i t h ch c ’
e an e o s o u n ,
a e as a en e , an c s e an e

o f0 ccurri g ft r A d B h h pp d
’
s o n , a e an a ve a ene .

E mp l 1 Tw p r
xa P ed P th r w t. di b o t th m tim
e s on s , I an 2, o wo c e - o xe s a e sa e e .

Wh t i t h h a th t P thr w t t l f 2 d P t h m tim thr w

s e c ance a 1 o s a o a o ,
an 2 a t e sa e e o s

a t t l f 4 ? Th h th t P thr w 2 i
o a o Th
e c h t h t P th r w
ance a I o s s a = 1
3 6 . e c a n ce a 2 o s

4 i b § s Th r f r
= 3 h 3h . f h mbi d t i
e e o e =
§t w hi
e cl ance o t e co ne e ve n s s 1 x 3
3 3 3 6 1 5 ,
e

th h
e c th t t h i d
an c e t h pp i 453 a Th f r th dd g t h
s oes no a en s . ere o e e o s a a i ns t e

e v en t 43 1 t 1 a re o .

E mp l 2 A b y thi k t h t t h
xa e h . f b i g pr m t d t E t r i g
o n s a e c an c e o e n o o e a as e s ,

an d t h pr b bi l i ty f g tt i g
e bi y l t th m tim i fi Th th h
o a o e n a c c e a e sa e e s . en e c ance

o f b th o t h pp i g i l e ven s th mpti th t th t thi g

a en n i s
g , on e as s u on a e wo n s are n

dp d t f
e en enth r Thi o r wi ll l b r t i f h
on e a n o t e . s an s we a so e c o rec ,
t e e ve n s a re

m t lly d p d t pr i d d th b y tim t hi h
u ua e en en f g tti g t h bi y l
,
ov e e o es a es s c an c e o e n e c c e

at 15 ft r h h
,
ag t pr m ti
e e as o o o on .

E mp l 3 A m xa A i 35 y r e ld . d h i wi f B i 28 Wh t an , th ,
s ea s o , an s e, ,
s . a a re e

c h th t ft r 20 y r ( 1 ) b th
an ce s a l i ( 2) i d d ( 3 ) A i l i d
a e ea s o a re a ve, on e s ea ,
s a ve a n

B i d d (4) A i d d
s ea d B i
,
l i ( 5 ) b th d d d ( 6 ) t l t
s ea an f s a ve , o a re ea ,
an a eas on e o

th m i l i ? Th t bl f M rt l i ty t t th t t f
e s a ve e mla es o o a s a e a ou o a es ,

r h h g f 35 d
e ac t e a tt i h g f whi l t f
e o ,
an f m l a a n t e a e o 55 : e ou o e a es ,

r h h g f 28 nd ea c l i t 4 8 Th f h h
- t e a e o th t ,
a ve o . e re ore t e c an c e a

A i f 20 y r i
s ur v v es d f
or B i Thea s h h s an or s en t e c a n ce

of (l ) is a b= 0 5 6 z an d of i and (3 ) is (l
( )
2 s l of a
°

a nd of
(4 ) i s b ( 1 and of ( )
5 i s ( 1 —) ( 1 a a nd of ( 6 ) i s

1 (l —a ) ( 1 Th e s u m of t he c h a n c es of ( )
4 an d ( )
5 i s u n i ty ,

s i n c e on e of th es e c a s es m t ri us a se .

Ex a mp l e 4 . In a rti ll ry pr ti
e ac h rt r g bc e, d f l et th e c h a n ce of a s o an e e a , an o

a l r g b
on g an e e b: an d le t th h f wr g b r t i
e c b whi h M g
anc e o a on o s e va on e e, c an on

c on sid r t h e s o a ve th e v a ue l 0 l Th th pr b bi l i ty th t h rt r g i
°

. en e o a a a s o an e s

b r di h m th t i th r th r g i h rt d t ll y
,

o se ve s t e sa e as t h ch e an ce a e e e an e s s o an ac ua
3 64 A c ci d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s hells [ OH X I .

o b r d
s e ve a s s uc h or th t a the ra n ge is l on g a n d is r
e r on e ous ly r p t d e or e as bi e ng

s h rt thi
o : s is a c ua t lly a ( l —c ) c (1 a
) .

Ex a mp l e 5 . Le t t h e a n g e of l d p rt r
e a u e be su i t bl a e for a r
an
ge o f 4 000 m tr e es

l et t h e c h a n c e of a s h rt r
o an
ge be g ,
a n d of a l on
g r a n ge be i Wi th an

l ti m tr
.

e e va on for 4 1 00 e es , l e t th e c h a n c e of a be 4 , a n d of a be T h en th e
c h an c e of ge tti ng 4 000 and 4 1 00 + i s if x

59 . C on ti n u a i on t .

1 . P r oba bi l i ty o
f r ep ea te d exp er i m e n ts .

Tw o e ven t A
c id r d ( ch hit d mi )
s, an d B ,
a re t o be on s e e su as an ss ,

o f w hich r i f th ir b l t pr b biliti
on e m t us oc c u d b : e a so u e o a e s a re a a n ,

w h e + b 1
ave I f th a p rim t i r p t d thr
. tim t h e ex e en s e ea e ee es , e

f ll wi g
o o pn ibl ( ) A m
c a s e s a rey c r thr tim i cc
os s e . a a o cu ee es n su es

i t h pr b bility f thi i
s on : e b
( ) oA m y a cc r twic d B o s s a
3
. a o u e an on c e .

Th h e c f thi i b O th
an c e o t h r h d i f th rd r i imm t ri l
s s a
2
. n e o e an , e o e s a e a ,

w m et c id r th pr b bility f th q
us on s e A A B ; A B A;
e o a o e se ue n c e , , or , ,

or B A A th ,
h c f thi i 3 b ( ) A m y cc r c d B
,
: e c an e o s s a
2
. c a o u on e, a n

twic i f t h q c i imm t ri l t h ch
e: e se i 3 b (d) B m y
ue n e s a e a , e ance s a
2
. a

o cc r thr tim
u d A t
ee t ll t h h c f thi i b Th
es , an no a a : e c an e o s s
3
. es e

va ri p r i
o us e x t h t rm i t h i
e s s on s a r e
p f ( b ) M r e e s n e ex a n s on o a
3
. o e

ov er 1 b i th h c th t A cc r t l t c 3
s e c d1 ( b
an + 3 b e a o u s a eas on e : an
3
a
‘

i t h ch c th t A cc r
s e an t l t twi Th w h th f ll w
e a o u s a eas ce . us e a ve e o o

i g g
n r l l w If A d B
en e a tw a t . f which m t an a re o e ve n s , on e o us

h pp ( ch hit d mi ) d i f th ir ch c
a en su as d b th
an ss ,
an e an e s a re a a n ,
en

t h p r b bility th t i
e o tri l t h
a t A h pp m tim e d B a n 3 a s, e e ve n a ens s , an

h ppa m tim
en s 3 i y rd r i es n an o e s

3 !
a m
b s ‘
m
a
m
b s‘ m
.

m I(s m)

Ex a mp l e 1 r b bi l i ty f th r wi g d bl with
. Th e p o a o o n ou es tw o di ce is 8
3 3
=
3p
T h us th e pr b bi l i ty
o t h r wi g d b l
a of tly thr tim o n ou e s e xac ee es i n 6 00 th r o ws is

3 ! 5 97 !

t r h m y th w i t h h
Ex a mp l e 2 . f t h wi g d b l
Af e t l tow an ro s s e c an c e o ro n ou es a e as

on c e eq l t 5 ? ua (p d th rof r l g
§ 3 8 S t h t ft r 4 t h r w a
,
an e e o e s
o
_ _ . o a a e o s,

th h e c f th r w i g d bl
an c e o i l ittl m r th 3_ o n ou es s a e o e an .

E mp l 3 Th pr b bi l i ty f
xa e h t b i g h rt i d t d by
. e d f o a o a s o e n s o s en o e a , an o an

ove r i l = b d h t m d Th h
s -a f 3 h t
,
an d 2 5 ri y s o s a re a e . e c a n ce o s or an ov e ,
n an

o rd r i l o b Th pr b bi l ity f t l t 3
e ,
s a
g 2 i th t t l f
. 3
e 4 o a o a e as o v e rs s e o a or or or 5,
i n an
y rd r d oi 1 0 b +5 b +b
e ,
Th
an h f 2 sor t m t i th
s a
2 3
a
4 5
. e c an ce o o ve s a os ,
s e

sa m f 1 2 r d i + 5 b+ 0 b
e as or or o ve s , a n so s a
5
a
4
1 a
3 2
.
3 66 A c ci d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s hell s [ CH X I .

Mu ch
gr t r th th r h d i th ch c th t i 6 00 thr w
ea e on e o e an s e an e a n o s

ab t 1 0 0 d bl
ou thr w ( 8 0 t 1 20 tim f i t c )
ou e s a re o n o es or n s an e .

Th f ll wi g l w f B r ulli L p l c i
e o o n f l d with t h
a o e no - a a e s us e u , an e

h lp f S tirli g l w pr id
e o pp r im
n ti ’
w hich
s i f irly
a ov es an a ox a on , s a

acc r t i f i l rg
u a e s s a e .

Th p r b bility ie o a s
2
2 e ?
“

_ t,
e
7?
, 7

th t i a n 3 c a s es t h e e ve n t A h i g th b l ut pr b bility
,
av n e a so e o a a 1 b
,

h ppa en s fr mo

sa y to sa y d ( 2s a b) tim es ,

so th t a t he r tia o
p
gli b tw es e e en the limit s

ll wi g f rm f t h l w b
Th e fo o n d i im pl m ric l p
o o e a c an e us e n s e nu e a a

p lic ti a w m
on s : th t m li
e as s ub tw t h limit e y [ d ( 2 a b) l] es e e en e s sa sa ,

d th pr b bility will th b P “ 2
an e o a dt en e e .

F th or
p ci l e l s 7 e p a i
v a ue thi c n s as e

7 J ( 2 b) } sai c ll d t h
z
p r b bl
s d i tia e e o a e ev a on .

A g r li ti f thi l w gi by P i
en e a sa on r l t t th c
o s a , ve n o s s on , e a es o e as e

wh r t h ch c f th cc rr c f th
e e e an e t A ri fr m
or e o u en e o e e ve n va es o on e

c t th th r ; i th fir t c
as e o e o e i th a1c d d n e s a s e, a2 n e se on , an s o on .

D t th m ch c
en o e e ea n an e

an d fu rth re p u t b1
= 1 — a, , b2 = 1 —a 2, b= 1 — ; fi lly put
a na

a 1 b1 + a 2 b2 +

T h us in 3 e v e n ts th e p r b bility i
o a s

th t th
a e e ve n tAh a
pp en s b twe e en a s li b tw
es e e en

y/c
f
_
t h e 11 m 1 t s a .

V3
 5 9] A cci ok n ta l tk v i a ti on o f s he lls 36 7

T h c it f ll w
en i cr
e th t 1; ppr ch o o s , as 8 n eas es ,
a
77 1.
a oa es a .

I f th ch c e w ll b b an m d q u l th
es a ] ,
a2 , as e as ,, e, a re as s u e e a , en

If J( 2 b) i gr
a m t with t h B
,
r lli
n aL pl c l w ee en e e n ou - a a e a .

Ex a mp l e Wh a t r b bi l ity th t i
i s th e p o a a n 60 0 th r w w i t h 2 d i d bl
o s ce , ou es

r fr m 8 0 ti m r
.

o ccu o to 1 20 es ? He e b = g; s = 6 00 ,

y
= 1 59 ; °
h en c e F = O Q 7 i th pr b bi l i ty
°

s e o a .

s r ul e
’
4 . B a y cs .

k w f
I t is m pl th t milli b ll
no i
n, uor e x a d e, a a on a s a re n an rn , an

f th m whit do f th r c l u ;
e th t th
a re e, an o o e o o rs so a e

ch c f dr wi g whit i
an e o d f th r a r i b n 8 0 0 b ll
a e s a an o e e ve s e s a s

h b dr w d r pl c d Wh t i th ch c th t f th 8 0 0
a ve e en a n an e a e . a s e an e a o e

b ll fr m 3 1 0 t 3 3 0 f th m whit
a s o o o e a re e ?

W h lr dy d lt with pr bl m f thi ch r ct r b t
e a ve a ea ea a o e o s a a e , u a

d i ff r t q ti ri i f l l th t i k w i th t th r
e en ue s on a mil li s es a a s no n s a e e a re a on

b ll i th
a s f which c rt i
n mb r whit A ft r 8 0 0 dr wi g
e urn , o a e a n nu e a re e . e a n s,

3 20 whit d 4 8 0 th r c l ur With wh t d gr f cc r y
a re e an an o e o o . a e ee o a u ac

c an thi tri l d t rmi ppr im t ly t h k w r ti

s a e e f th ne a ox a e e un no n a o a o e

whit t th t t l mb r f b ll Wh t i f i t c th pr b bility
e o e o a nu e o a s ? a s or ns a n e e o a

th t th r ti
a e
d} d tarmi d fr m t h
o a8 0 0 t i tr u
1
7 as e e ne o e e v en s s e

withi 25 / ;
n
20
i 1
th r w rd wh t i t h pr b bility th t
or
°

o
or n o e o s, a s e o a a

th mb r f whit b l l i th
e nu e i gr t r tho d l e a s n e urn , s ea e an an es s

th an

I th c it i r quir d fr m t h b r d
n es e as es t t d d c s e e o e o s e ve e v en s o e u e

i r ly th
n ve s e k w c d t m k m
e un cl i b t no n a us e , an o a e so e c on us on a ou

a an d b.

He r e t h e ppr im t r l af B y i m p
oxl y d wh t h a e u e o a es s e o e : en e e ven t
A ha s an b l t pr b bility
a so u e d i m+ cc rr c o a a, an n s a o u en es , it
h a
pp en s m tim d f il tim th pr b bility i
es a n a s n es , e o a s

”
dt
‘

th t th a e un k w umb r li b tw th limit
no n n e a es e een e s

wh r y e e is som rbitr ry mb r
e a a nu e .

I n th e s
p ci l c
e f P th
a li b tw as e o en a es e e en

0 4769
3 68 A c ci d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s h ell s [ OH X I.

The gr t r t h
ea e e l
va u e of s , the cl r i os e s a t o th e r tia o
'

thi s is

the i n ve s on o r i f th e law of gr t ea nu mb r e s .

Ex a mp l e 1 . Ta k e th e urn pr b l m ( C
o e zu be r ) : hr e e s = 8 00 , m = 3 20 , n = 4 80 ;
2 x 3 20 x 48 0 1

Wi th r b bi l ity 0 8 5 1 i t b
the p m d th t th r ti bf th mb r f
o a can e as s u e a e a o e nu e o

whi t b ll i h
e a t th t t l
s mb r f b l l
n t b t k
e u rn
338 w i thi
o e o a nu e o a s , c an e a en as , n

2 5/
°
th t i t l i b tw £3 d fi th t th mb r f whi t b ll l i
,
or a es e ee n an ; or a e nu e o e a s es

b tw
o

e een d an

E mp l 2 H l f t h
xa h t w r l t gi i g r rd f hi t d mi
e . a e s ee s e e os , v n a ec o o an ss .

C ti g p th mb r pr r d 24 0 hi t w r f d d 1 20 mi
ou n n u e nu Ie s es e v e , s e e o un an s s es . t was
m t l i k ly th th t h mpl t l i t f 7 20 h t h d 48 0 hit d 2 0 m i
os e en a t e co e e s o s o s a s an 4 s se s .

H owf thi m pti

ar ca n b wr g ? H r 3 60 m = 240
s as s u = 1 20 on e on e e s z
, ,
n ,

so th t a

0 4 7 69

T h en c e mb r f hit i m t l ik ly t l i b tw 4 2
th e nu e o s s os e o e e ee n 4 and 5 18 .

Th e p a e s o p r fC b w ll th f S b d ki Eb rh rd
zu e r, as e as os e o a u s ,
e a ,
a n d von K oz a k
s h ld
ou be c o n s u lt d f th pr f f th L w gi b
e or e oo o e a ve n a o ve .

5 . The p r oba bi li ty o
f p re d i cti ons .

S uppos e m n cas e s for t h e e ve n tA h a ve b ee n o b r d which

s e ve ,

h ppa tim d f
en sil tim m es , an a s n es .

Th t h pr b bility th t i
en p q b q e o a a n su se ue n tc a s es t he e ven tA
h pp p tim
a d d
en s t c r q tim i e s , an oe s n o oc u es s

R ema rk 1 . Th e fo rm l f S tirl i g r f r
u a o n e e s t o th e a pp ox r im t a e ca c u a l l ti on for
hi gh nu mb r e s he as s u m th t es a

1 ” “
J ( 21rn )
'

n n e .

T hi s l y d f high m b r d
m ay be em p o e or nu e s , an e ve n as l ow as n = 10 .

R m k 2 Th d fi i t i t gr l
e ar mpl y d i
. e e n e n e a s e o e n th e th ry eo of P r b bi l ity w
o a

be f d i th T b l 1 4 d 1 5 V l
ou n n e a es an ,
o . Iv .
3 70 A c ci d en ta l d evi a ti on s hel l s
o f [ OH . XI

and 24 c m, 0 pos iti

ti b tw 24 d 28 m 0 p iti 1 g ti
ve , 1 n e ga ve ; e ee n an c os ve , ne a ve
d i ti t t l
,

ev a on o a 1 00 .

Th f t i th t t h
e ac s m ll r d i ti
a e s m r fr q t th th l rg
a e ev a on s a re o e e ue n an e a e .

Th m ff c t i pr d d i th pp r t h w i t h fig r
e sa e e e s o uc e n e a a a us s o n n e u e

t t h b tt m f t h p g wh r t h a e o o o e a e, e e e

flyi g h t r pl c ed by gr i f n s o a re e a a ns o

mill t l d h t d th c t t r e or ea s o , an e s a e

i gi ff ct d by mb r f m t l
n s e e e a nu e o e a

p i fr m which t h g i r b
ns do e ra n s e oun .

I f t h d i ti i l rg m e ev a on s n a a e nu

b f h t p l tt d f
er o cti s o s a re o e as a un on

f th c r m c t i f rm
o x, e u v e as s u es a er a n o .

Th q ti
e e ua f th c r on o w p r d
e by G u
u ve t as b 7 o ve a ss o e 7

an d b d d c d
c an e eth r tic l pri ci pl F th pr t it will
u e on eo e a n es . or e es e n

su ffic t
e
y th
o sa t t h f rm la h he w it
o l f t
u a b asry u sf l i o n se o e ve se u n

p r
a ctic e .
 6 0] A cci d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s hel ls 371

A t th e di t c fr m
s an e x o t he ve rtic l middl l i
a e ne M ; a na rrow
r s t ip
r

is dr w a n, o f it br dth
un ea .

r b bility f hitti g thi tri p i

The p o a ifoi th n s s s or n s e

t t l umb r f h t th
o a n e h t f ll t h t i p
o s o s, en n a e s o s a on e s r .

With i d fi it ly m ll br dth f th tri p d w ith P P t

,

an n e n e s a ea o e s ,
an a a

di t c fr m M t h mb r “
h rt - “
s an e x of bi t i d ; i, e nu e o s s nae
x
x n s o ,

d d t th mb r f h t which h d i ti
-"i x2
n ae x en o es t
e nu e o s o s a ve a ev a on x o

t h right
e l ft f th rtic l thr gh M
or e o e ve a ou .

I t i r q ir d
s e t t d t rm i th c t t
u e d h
n ex o e e ne e ons a n s a an .

A i fi it t rg t m us t lw y b hit th t i t h t t l
n n n e a e mb r a a s e a s, e o a nu e

o f h t f lli g
s o s ll t h
a tri p f th t rg t f br dth d fr m
n on a e s s o e a e o ea x, o

x =— t oo=+ i q lt
o x 00 s e ua o n , or

dx n,

an d i c
s n e

h 2
x2
h
d“) 3
h V 71

e
‘
hw
dx i s t h e p r b bility
o a of a d i ti
ev a on x ,
and

h
n
T
« a

i s the nu mb r tri p P P Q Q f i fi it h ight f whi ch t h

e of hit s on a s o n n e e o e

sid P P Q Q
es t di t
, c d d fr m M ; thi i t h
are a r f th
s an es c a n o s s e a ea o e

c r A B CD ( th
u ve t p g ) m lti pli d by t h umb r f h t
’
on e n ex a e ,
u e n e n e o s o s .

I f it i r quir d t hit t h p c P P Q Q
s e e t h t rg t f br dth il l
o e s a e on e a e ,
o ea

an d pl c d ymm tric lly with r p ct t M t h pr b bility f hitti g

a e s e a es e o , e o a o n

it g 1s by t h
i ve n r A B CD d i q l t e a ea
'
,
an s e ua o

:
he
dx ;

24 — 2
3 72 A cci den ta l d evi a ti on f
o s hel ls [ OH X I.

an d i c
s n e hx t, dx th en th e p r b bility i
o a s

ht
2 t2
dt hl
t( )
“

e ( .

Thi i t gr l m t b c lc l t d
s n e a us e a u a e as a fun cti on o f hl . S i c
n e

— fi
2
2
z
1 z +
3 h
"
’
2!

an d in c on s e q ue n c e of i ts un i f rm c
o on v e rg c en e

s
t
j r+
s
r t a
1 —t 2
+ + _ _
21 3 ! 3 2 15

th e p r b bility
o a of hitti g th tri p P P Q Q
n e s of br dth ea 2l

t =h l

MW
2 8
1
( hl ) 7
( 0
5
+ 1 .

2 5 .

as bl 1 4
i n Ta e .

Th c et t h i t h m r f t h pr ci i f h ti g with
on s a n s e ea s u e o e e s on o s oo n

th w e
p eam p l y d
on Th p r ci
e i f hitti g f
o c cer . e e s on o n , so ar as on e ns

th d i ti i t h dir cti f th
e ev a on s i i gi by th p
n e e on o e x ax s, s ven e ro

h bility f hitti g t h
a o thi tri p th t g thr gh M ; d thi
n e n s a oe s ou an s

p r b obility
a i s

h h
T”
M n MW
h h,
If thi fir t w p
s 1s d d f dx for t h e s ea on , a n x or th e c d
s e on t he
M M
,
n n

r ti f th m r of pr ci i f th t w w p
a o o e e a s u es e s on o e o ea on s i s h1 h, .

I pl cnf h th r c
a i t m r f pr ci i
e o o e on v e n e n ea s u e s o e s on a r e e m pl y d o e ,

w hich ily b t k ff th t rg t di gr m
c an e a s e a en o e a e a a .
3 74 A cci d en ta l d evi a ti on of s hel l s [ CH X I.

b
( ) Th e r g d i ti
av e a e ev a on E { L
U
n

Her e, in th d fi itie e n on of E ,
n E = s u n1 of the p r d uct o s of th e
d ev i ti
a on x an d th mb r e nu e of d i ti
ev a on s c rro es
pon di g tn o x, an d

dx n,

an d i c
s n e

4 ?”
x6 dx

1
h Vn
’

gi i g
v n an o th r d t rmi ti
e e e na on o f h .

A t t he sam tim l ti
e e a re a on is gi ven b twe een i t and E,
th t i a s

/_2
l 0 7 978 8 y
‘
.

4 77

( ) c r b bl
The p 5 0 / d i ti w
o a e , or
°

o
ev a on .

Thi i t h d i ti
s s f which th pr b bility i l ; i th r
e ev a on or e o a s or n o e

w rd 2 i th br d th f tri p f i d fi it h ight pl c d y m
o s, 711 s e ea o a s o n e n e e ,
a e s

m tric lly b t M which c t i h l f th h t

e a a ou ,
on a n s a e s o s .

Th fr m th pr c d i g w i t b d t r mi d fr m th r l ti
en o e e e n , s o e e e ne o e e a on

n uh —h w
e dx
MW
,
2 _w

t =w "
2 1
Mn 2

T hi i t gr l
s n e a is gi ven i n Vo l . I V, Ta bl e 14, an d d en o e t d by I
() ( );
t
a n d 6 ( w h) l
9
«
.

Th e Ta bl gie ve s

hw 0 4 7 6 93 6 3 p;

3
3 = 0 6 7 4 4 8 98 p
°

,
pp . .

Co ll cti g th r
e n e es u lt , w h
s e a ve

1 1 P
p
—0 4 7 6 93 6 3
EM
, ,
“ v2 w

an d th e p r b bl d i ti
o a e ev a on e rr r o is

w 0 6 7 4 4 8 98 p
°

. OS 4 5 S 4 7 6 E
°
§ ]
6 0 A cci de n ta l d evi a ti on o f s hel ls 3 75

t he m e an q u dra tic e rror i s

a

,u. 1 4 8 26 0 21 10 1 25 3 3 1 4 1 E ;
°

and t he m ea n a ve a rg e er o r ri s

E : 0 7 9 7 8 8 4 611 . l 1 8 29 3 7 2w
°

I n t h e Ge rm an A rmy m rr i tk t m
t he
“
ea n er o s a en o ea n t he
a ve a rg
rr r E ; e e o an d th m ed i ti i t th d bl ea n ev a on
”
s no e ou e of E ,

b t th d bl
u f e ou e o th p reb bl rr r w ; c
o r m u
a t b t k e e o a e s e a en to
no tic thi di ti cti
e s s n on .

R m k1 A e rdi g G th p r b bl rr r
ar . cc o n to a us s e o a e e o w ca n be d t rmi d wi th
e e ne

l r y i th f ll wi g m r th d i ti f f j
es s a c c u a c n e o o n an n e : e ev a on s 1 2 g d i : rd
}, a re arr a n e n o er

o f b l t m g it d
a so u e d t h m i ddl i t k
a nif i u e, a n e e on e s a en n s o dd th m,
or f e ea n o

th t e middl
wo if i d h i d t d by
e on e s n s e ven an
‘

e re w s en o e

Th f mpl i f th d i ti
us or e x a e, e ev a on s a re

- 2- - -
s | +o 9 | + o 4 | —o
-
2 |+ o- - -
3 | o 4 |+ o-
1 | - 1 s
|
o

and th y e a re a rr an
ge di n the o rd r e

- - - -
o l lo a | o a | o s,

T hi m th d
s e o is e mpl y d fr q tly i
o e e uen n th e c a s es wh r e e a r gh l
ou v a ue o f w
will r s e ve .

R ema rk 2 . Th e q tiues on m ay be as kd e as t o t he a cc u a c r y of the l

v a ue of
p,
or E, or wg .

Ga us s s a pp ox a e u es
’
r im t r l a re i
g v en h r d h ld
e e, a n o o nl y wh en n is l rg
a e ; th e
w rko o f Czu be r m a y b e c on s u lt d e for fu rth r d t il
e e a s .

is tr ue to withi n x 1 00 pe r ce n t
x 1 00

x 100

I t is ev id t th t th d t rmi ti
en a e e e na on of w or h, f r mpo . i s the m tos

S upp os e for mpl fr m th um f th

e xa e, o e s o e sq ii a res of th e d i ti
ev a on s th t F ha as

bee n ca c u a e l l t d = 3 0 m fr m = 1 0 h t th c o n s o s : en

32)
0 7 9
(
= 30 = - -
s 1i s o ( 1 t o 1 5 ) 3 oi 4 5 ;

r b b l l i mi t f
th e p o a e1 4 5 s o p are c m, whi l e th e p r b bil ity i th t i gr t r
o a s a p s ea e

th 25 5 d l th 3 4 5 m
an ,
an es s an c . It is n ea r e n ou gh th t y th t
en i b t o sa a p . s a ou

3 0 m wi t h r b b l rr r f 1
“
c , p 1
a 5 o a e e o o
3 76 A cci d en ta l d evi a ti o :

no f s hells [ OH X I
.

R ema rk 3 . Th e Ga us s r
c u ve 7)
7} 7
e
‘
h gx‘
h a s t w o p om t s o f m fl e x 1 on . Th e a h

s ci s sa e o f th e i n fl e xi on s gi
a re ven rm
f o 1
;
= 0, or 1 2h 2 2
x =0
,
x1 = _
hJ 2
T hr
e e

fo r e x1 : p and the b ia s c ss a of a
po n i t of i n fl e x i on i s t h e m q dr ti
ea n ua a c

d i ti th t i th r di f gy ti sh w f h lf th r
,

ev a onIt p b . t can e o n oo a
p. s e a us o ra on o a e a ea

an d f rth r t h t h m
u e d i ti E m i th b i
a t e ea n ev a on s e a sc ssa o f th t f
e ce n i a o

gr i
avt y f h l fot h r a e a ea .

h
R m k 4 I
e ar lp f th G . f ti n
T
m
a ce y th r gg o e a us s un c on 7
7
1T
e an o e su es

ti h b m d h
on s av e ee n
11 y
(1 a t Hé li
e, s uc d S i mp as 7
7
x
”
= a e c . e an s on

l d d ry l rg rr r d t k t tr ight l i A B A B ymm tri l t

e xc u e ve a e e o s , an oo wo s a n es
, ] ,
s e ca o

th e vert i l thr gh i ll h th t = i %
ca ou ,
s uc a n a x .

Th B B = 2b i th b r dt h f th
en 1 rti l tri p f t h t rg t ymm tri l
s e ea o e ve ca s o e a e ,
s e ca

t M ( l 2 2) whi h
o 1 ,
t i l l th h t c c on
_ a ns a e s o s .

The nu m br e of hi t s i n th e s tri p ( 1 1 ,
2 2) i s

( )
a
a x dx = n ,
0 5
an d th en c e

1 1
’ ”
b

T h en th efn umbe r of hit s i n the s tri p of th e t rg t (3 3

a e ,
4 4) s ymm tri l t e ca o M ,

of br dth 2l
ea ,
is

=n t i m th es e a re a A CD F EA = n
 3 78 A cci d en ta l d evi a ti on f s he ll s [
‘
o CH X I .

I n po i t n of fa ct , Mis k w i t d f it w t k th pr b bl
n ot no n: n s ea o , e a e e o a e

m ea n
p o ni t , 0 , t h e pos iti f which ( 6 7 ) i t h m
on o f th p i t 0 7 0 s e ean o e o n s .

of im p ct ( E (6 at Th r f r { i t h e c e e o e 1 s e
f l 2
.

, .
0

m
,
Ii
0

t hm t
o

f th
o

b m
0

d
o

a r1 e 1c ean o e v a rl ous a s s s a e, a n IS

c lc l t d i imil r m r I f w c id r a u a e n a s a ann e . e on s e

q l w ight t b di trib t d t th p i t f e ua e s o e s u e a e o n s o

im p ct th 0 i th ir c tr f gr ity A d 0 a , en s e en e o av . n

will b th m t pr b bl p i t f c tr l i m e e os o a e o n o en a

p ct i f
z,t h r
p p iti f l t q r b a , e o os on o ea s s ua e s c a n e

c id r d t b p rim t lly tr Thi

6: on s e e o e ex e en a ue . s can

b t t d f ll w If b r ti 5 $ e s a e as o o s . n o s e va on s , 1 , 2,

a rem d t d t rmi th l f c rt i m g it d th th m t
a e o e e ne e va ue o a e a n a n u e, en e os .

p r b bl
o v l i ch
a th t t h
e m f t h q
a ue , a , r f E 6 s su a e su o e s ua e s o a ] , a 2,

t
e c i mi im m S th t i thi c th b ci i th t l u f
.
, s a n u . o a n s as e , e a s s sa s a va e o a

f which
or

( a (a $
9
2
( a E) s
2

is a m i im m
n u . D ffe i r ti ti g en a n , w e ge t

an d r b bl rdi t i bt i d i th m w y
t he p o a e o na e s o a ne n e sa e a .

Th d i ti e f t h di ff r t b r ti
ev a on s fr m t h tr
o e lu e en o se va on s o e ue va e

a re c ll d t h tr d i ti
a e d w ill b d
e ue t d by f f f
ev a th on s a n e en o e l , 2, 3 , e

d i ti fr m th pr b bl l u th rithm tic m
ev a on s o e o c ll d
a e va e or e a e e a n ar e a e

th pp
e r t a
p r b bl
a en d i ti or d m y b od t d
a by e ev a on s , a n a e en o e

t
e c I t h pr
. n t c wh r ck i g t h b ci
e e s en as e, e en e on n ,
e a s s s ae , ar

t h di t e c f th ri p i t f im p ct fr m th rtic l thr ugh

s an es o e va ou s o n s o a o e ve a o

0 Th .
pp r t d
es e a i ti b
a enf d by p rim t
ev a wh r on s ca n e oun ex e en , e e as

t h tr e d i ti c ue tb ev a f d on s lly i b lli tic l w rk ,

ann o e so ou n : u s ua n a s a o

w e c q tly c c r d with t h pp r t d i ti
a re on s e ue n on W e ne e a a en ev a on s . e

h t d i m th d f d t rmi i g t h cc r cy f fi fr m t h
a ve o ev s e a e o o e e n n e a u a o re o e

l
v a ue s o f th pp r t d i ti
es e a a en ev a on s .

Th di ff r c b tw e t h tre en d pp r t d i ti
e e i p rh p
e en e ue a n a a en ev a on s s e a s

m r cl rly h w by th f ll wi g m pl A q r wi th id
o e ea s o n e o o n ex a e . s ua e , s es

exa ctly 1 6 cm l g i ry c r f lly dr w on d t h p l im t r i

,
s ve a e u a n, an e an e e .
s

p d
as s e r it t timo ve T h tr l eno f t h r i X es25 6 0
. e ue va ue e a ea s

sq cm t h di ff r: c f teh ri r
e en di g w r f
es o d t b f f e va ou s ea n s e e ou n o e l , g,

t ,
e c .d th anc r cy w gi by e a cu a as v en

/
o
s em
q Q
.
g ]
6 1 A cci d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s hell s 3 79

Th e arithm tic m f the ea n o .

e te n m rm t w f
eas u e en s as e
z s
q cm .

The di ff r c with r g rd
e e n es e a t o t he l tt r l X
a e v a ue , ” A, ,
e tc .
g a ve

EX 2
0 8 650 . I t is n ow a q ues ti on o f d t rmi i g t h m
e e n n e ean q uad ra tic
e rr ro ,
r m 27
a f ,
o
6
.

Ob i lyv ous

fl = §l —X y X1 = E E I
_
O)

e tc : th r f re e o e
—X
.

f ,

wh r e e
” 5 0
:

Th r f re e o e
7x,

By a ddi g q ti n e ua on s w e ge t

n (§ —X) 0 ,

an d t h r fr
e e o e

Th es e e qua ti on s c onn e ct j f f with M M } , } , ,, , ,

an d we h a ve 2x 0 ,

whil e i f i s n ea rly e q ua l t o e r o z .

th ry f rr r th f ll wi g pr p iti i ft
I n th e eo o e f l o s, e o o n o os on s o en us e u .

L t y b gi
e by th q ti y = f (
e ven wh r y i t e e ua on xl ,
x2 , x 3 , e e s no

c p bl f dir ct m ur m t whil
a a e o e b p
ea s i m e en , e xl ,
x 2 , x3 ,
ca n e ex er en

t lly b r d Th l u f y i th f d i dir ctly ( A c i

a o s e ve . e va e o s us oun n e . as e n

i t d t rmi ti tim flight r i iti l

,

p o n i t h s f t h e f e e f m t h na d on o e e o o e n a an

r id l ch rg
es ua c d er) L t th rr r i th d t rmi ti o
a e s on a on ens . e e e o s n e e e na n

of t b 1 d f d e cth . rr r i y i i dy
e :; x, , x, , e e o n s .

Th en

t ag = + l
a
as + dx ,

Th e m im m rr r
ax u e o ( m
’

) i n the l
va ue of y th en a ri s es w h en t he
380 A cci d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s hell s [ OH X I.

m im um rr r m m
ax ri i e o s, 1 , 2, a se n xl ,
x 2, an d w h en th rr res e
’

e o s

ll dd d t g th r thi i
a re a a bi e o e e : s s o v o us ly t h m t e os u n fa vou a r bl c e as e .

Th r f r e e o e

Gen er lly p ki g th rr r
a t ll i
s eadir ti nd m ,
e e o s a re n o a n on e ec on , a n so e

th r f r c t rb l c
e e o e th r Th t h cc r cy f t h
oun e a an e on e an o e . en e a u a o e

m rm t feas u e 5 i gi by t h m q dr tic rr r
en s o x ,
x3 , s ven e e an ua a e o s,

M T h r f r
, t h m q dr t ic rr r i y i gi bye e o e e ea n ua a e o n s ve n

( )
4

Th e sa m e is tr ue for t h e p r b bl
o a e a n d a ve a r g rr r i c
e e o s, s n e w p pd 2 ,

and E= u
,

l id i ty f q ti ( 4 )
Th e va o e ua on ca n be s h w fr m th
o n o e fo ll wi
o n g c on s i d r ti e a on s .

i d t rm i d fr m th m f all th e q r dy ; i s fou n d fr m th e s um
’
1
, s e e ne o e su o s ua es o f o

o f ll th
a q r fd d e s ua es o xl an s o on . B ut i f t h e e q tiua on for dy i s s q rd h
ua e ,
we a ve

a 2

i
s nce th e q ua n t i ti es
( B
dx 2
>
f
a a
f 8f
2
a £ dx l
g$2
—d x 2 , 2
8 171
dx 1 _
_
8x 3

ca n cel th r i f th mb r f b r ti i ffi i tly g t I f th
on e a n o e ,
e nu e o o s e va on s s su c en rea . e

e q ti f ( dy ) i wri tt
ua on t f
or ll b r ti d i f ll th
z
sq ti en ou or a o se va on s , a n a es e e ua on s

a re add d t g th r w g ( 4 ) th r lt A t ri t pr f f th f rm l ( ) i
e o e e ,
e et as e es u . s c oo o e o u a 4 s

gi v en by C ub z er i n h i s The ory o
f P roba bi l i ti e s , Le p z g, 1 90 3 , No 1 26 i i . .

I n t h e s pe ci l c
a as e in which y i s a li n ea r fu cti n on of x l ,
x2, x3 ,

we h a ve
y a l xl a , x2 a , xs T h en

if a , , e tc
as) ,

an d we th r f r h
e e o e ave

( )
? z
u ab u z
,

I f y i s th e a lg br ic
e a s u m of x l ,
x2, x3 , th en

a
( 6)
an d

Le t th tu s s uppos e a a va ri ty e of
p d i d
n t c u c teib t t en en a s es on r u e o

d fl ct th pr j ctil
e e e o e e: e .
g .
,
e rr r o of im ri ti i t h ibr ti f
a ,
va a on s n e v a on o

th b r m ll ch g
e o e, s a an es i n the ve o l city f th wi d Th th r lt t
o e n . en e es u an
3 82 A c ci d en ta l d evi a ti on f s hel l s
o
[ OH . XI

Con s e q uen tly

E E
’

n —l

lA so w wg
f
'

wh r e e wg
f
'
c rr
o es
pon d s to w, fort h e a
pp r t
a en

de fl cti
e on s .

r y f th l f
Th e a c c u ac o e v a ue s or
,u, E, and w is g i ven by th e
p r b
o ab l l i m i
e t s

h r t t d wi t h t p r f i rd wi th H l m m th d
.

Th y a nc e
’
e a re e e s a e ou oo , n acc o e e rt s e o s

Th p r b b l l imi t f
.

e o a e s or a re

n i s th e nu mb r e of ex e
p r im t en s :
p
= 0 ‘4 7 6 93 6 : for t h e l
v a ue of s ee Vol .

Ta bl e No 1 8 . : or a pp r i m t
ox l y f a e or v a ue s of n l gr t r t
ea e h an 1 0 t he l im i t s a re

EX‘
n —l
P r b b l l im i t
o a e s of E a re

1 71
°

2) n +sm
—l
(n

or a p p ox r im t l y f a e or r
l a ge l
v a ue s o f n ,

p r b
o b l l i
a m i t e s of wg
'
a re

Th e t rm whi h f ll w th ig i f m ltipl i d by 1 00 gi th pr b bl
e s, c o o e s n, u e ,
ve e o a e

r y pr d p r t g
ac c u a c , ex es s e as a e c en a e .

Th l f P d i a b bt i d fr m th r lt f b r ti g
e va u e s o S ,
an ; c n e o a ne o e es u s o o s e va on , e . .
,

fr m th
o l f$ $ b fr m t h fi r t p rt f g6 1 w h
e v a ues o 1, 2, as c a n e s e en o e s a o ,
e av e

whi h i J rd
c s o an s
’
fo rm l u a . Th e diff r e e n ces of th es e dir t b r ti
ec o s e va on s , d, are

di d i § 62
s c us s e n ,
an d

z o
z =
> z (d )
z
1
— se
( x,

whi h i W l li h
c s e sc
’
s fo rm l u a . m th d i r f r d
K oz ak s ’
e o s e e re to i n t h e t
n o es to 5 8 to
70 it d p d: e en s on the s o-ca ll d b r ti r i d
e o s e va on - es ues .
 6 2] A cc i d en ta l d evi a ti on f
o s hel l s 38 3

c i D i ff 62 . Su c es s v e er en c e s .

F th p rp or f b lli tic th r i
e u th r m ur f c u y
os e s o a s s, e e s an o e e as e o ac rac ,

w hich i ry mp t t O t rt fr m t h rigi l b r ti
s ve 1 or a n . ne s a s o e o na o s e va on s

f i t c wh it i q ti f t h d i ti f th pr j ctil
or ns a n e , en s a ues on o e ev a on o e o e es

t right
o d l ft t h di t can 5 E e f t h , p t p ei t f s an es 2, 2, o e se a ra e o n s o

i m p ct fr m th l ft dg
a f t h t rg t f rm th
o e t rti g p i t
e e e o e a e o e s a n o n s : or

wh it i c
en f d i ti s i r p ct f r g w
a as e o t t fr m t h ev a on n es e o an e, e s ar o e

ran g which es , b r d Th u t rti g fr m E E E w t k

a re o s e ve . s s a n o l , 2, 2, . e a e

t h e su —
cc i di ff r c 15 E d E 6 d t with t y
e s s ve e en es , , 2
:
l , 2 2
:
2, e c .
, ou an

re g d t th ir ig
ar d r ck
o th e r g l f th di ff r c
s ns , an e on e a ve a e va ue o es e e e n es ,

E( d )
th emb r f whi h i
nu Th e E o I f th b r ti c s 3 . us d e o se va o ns a re

t k a i th ir rm l rd r
en n w h e = — 1 no d w h a1 o e ,
e a ve s n ,
an e a ve n

i d p d t di ff r c fr m b r ti
n e en en If thi g i k w t
e en es o n o s e va on s . no n s no n as o

th rd r f th b r ti th t h y
e o e o ll e o d d (
s e va
1)
on s , en e a re a us e an s
n 11
,
2
Th th en r g d i ti E i c lcul t d fr m th qu ti
e a ve a e ev a on s a a e o e e a on

1 2 (d) Ed
V2 3 d2
2 (d)
T h r fr w
e e o e Ep V7: 0 5 97 8
3

rd r t pl i thi l t t rt w i th q ti
In o e o ex a n d pp t h ts,
y i e us s a e ua on an su os e a s

a li f ti f t t h r q t i t i
n ear un c on d o Th r f r y =
wo + o e ua n es , x 1 an x
2 . e e o e a 1x1 a 2x 2 .

L t th m
e q dr ti rr r f b
e ean d f
ua b a( O th r g rr r
c e o or x 1 e
p l a n or x 2 e
F2 . r e a ve a e e o

m y b E f d E f ) Th th m q d r ti rr r f y wi ll b ’
a e or x 1 a n or x 2 en e e an ua a c e o or e
1 2
.
p
r g rr r wi ll b E wher =
.

or th e a ve a e e 4- o E = E + E e e
’
2
a
2
2 2
61 2 111 2
2
01
‘ '
2
a1
2 2
a
2 2
, 1
1 [1 4 1 2 2

I t h pr t i t i q ti f fi d i g th d i ff r
2

N/
si E=
nc e p
7T
n e e s en cas e , s a ues on o n n e e e nce s

d =§l t l L t l l th p i t f i mp t b m
e c . e r d w i th q l r y
a e o n s o ac e ea s u e e ua ac c u a c

fr m t h l ft dg
o f th di
e e Th r f r E = E = E A d m t hi
e e o e =1 sc e e o e 1 2 . n s c a s e, a 1 ,

an d 1 Th
a2 r g di t . E ( 0
d th
e a ve a f r e s a nc e 1s
’ 2
8
0
an ere o e

S W
—
)
s

A cco rd i ng to He lm rt th e e a cc u ac r y i gi s ve n by th e fo ll wi o ng p r b b l l imi t
o a e s , vi z .

w hr e e n i s th e nu mb r e of o b r ti
s e va ons a n d p
= 0 4 7 69 °

.
384 A c ci d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s hel l s [ OH X I .

If t h t h pr b b l d i t i
n z .
10, en
( e h ll d 5 0 p
o a t )e ev a on , w, or t e s e -c a e er c en zon e

d fr m h m q dr ti d i ti fr m t h r g l fE
,

i f
s ou n o t e ea n ua a c ev a on , or o e a ve a e va u e o
p
fr m t h d i ff r b r ti t d gr
, ,

or o ie th e e n c es f n y hi h e o i s e va on s , o e ee s o a c c ur a c w c a re n

t h f ll wi g r p t i
e o o
p r p rti
n es i 0 1 9 0 1 70 0 1 6 3
ec ve Th o t h m th d
o on s , v z .
,
5 ; ; . us e e o

f d t rmi i g fr m i th m t r t th that fr m i d fi ll y th t
d) 2
o e e n n o s e os ac c u a e , en o na a
p .
an

fr m th o r g d i ti E
e ave a e ev a on .

Th .
d t g f c lc l ti g th c r y fr m th ucc i
e a va n a e o a u a n e a c u ac o e s e s s ve

d i ff r c e en li t es ly i th gr t r ct
es no on f th r lt n e ea e e xa n es s o e es u s, as

c m p r d with t h c lc l ti fr m th
o a e er g d i ti a u a d i th on o e a ve a e ev a on , a n n e

gr t r ea e with which th r lt
ea s e b bt i d Th m i p i t e es u s ca n e o a ne . e a n o n

i th t th r
s a f w r c e e i which it f il t gi
a re e e r lt F as es n a s o ve es u s . or

i t c it might h pp th t d ri g t h t t m ri bl di
ns an e, a en a u n e es s so e va a e s

t w rk c i g th m p i t f im p t t lt r i t -

t ur b i an c e s a o ,
a us n e e an o n o ac o a e s

p ositi on , ff cti g or c ti e ch
e g nf t h rithm
a tic m on n uou s an e o e a e e an .

Th t h t m p r t r might ri
us e e th b r b
e a u e m h t d th s e , or e o e eco e ea e ,
or e

ve o l city f th wi d might h g I o e ch c th m th d f
n c an e . n su a as e e e o o

ca lc l ti g fr m th rithm tic m w ld gi
u a n o e r lt
a d e ean ou ve no es u s, an

l th wh l ri f b r ti i t b b d d r c r
un e s s e o e se es o o s e va on s s o e a an on e ,
e ou s e

m t b h d t t h m th d f c i di ff r c V lli r h
us e a o e e o o s uc e s s ve e en es . a e as

p i
o n t d t
e th t t h ou lc l ti f t
a h p r b bl d
e i ti
ca fr m t h
u a on o e o a e ev a on o e

s ucc i diff r c i i d p d t f y ch g i p iti f th

e s s ve e en es s n e en en o an an e n os on o e

m p
ea n i t f im
o n
p ct R o Eb rh rd h gi a t h . g r l p r . f v on e a as ve n e en e a oo

o f thi f ct s a .

It i p ibl t d t rmi wh th r th r i y di t rbi g c

s os s e o e e ne e e e e s an s u n a us e

in ri f b r ti by th f ll wi g pr c
a se es o o s e va Th p r b blon s e o o n o es s . e o a e

e rr r i d t rmi d b th fr m th
o s e e r g d i ti
ne od by th m th d o e a ve a e ev a on a n e e o

o f cc su i di ff r c Th t w l
es s v e fw f
e en d by th m th d
es . e o va ue s o ,
ou n es e e o s,

2 d)
m t b ppr im at ly i gr m t th t i t h r ti f A t
us e a ox e n a ee en : a s, e a o o o
V2 s
2 ( x)
m tb rly q l t ity I f th l f thi r ti
us e n ea e ua o un . e v a ue o s a o

di ff r by m r th 20 p c t fr m ity i i f th l d
e s o e an er en o un , . e .
,
e va u e oe s

no t li b tw 0 8 d 1 2 th it i pr b bl th t th m p i t
e e e en an , en s o a e a e e an o n

o f im p ct ch g i t p iti
a d th t th r i m di t rbi g
an es s os on , a n a e e s so e s u n ca u s e

a t w rk o .

B y t h m th d f cc i di ff r e w c lc l t h fr m t h
e o o su es s v e e en c e s e a u a e o e

d i ti with r p ct t th rithm tic m

ev a on s B t i f th rithm ti es e o e a e ean . u e a e c

m i d t rmi d fr m f w b r ti th r i till c id r bl
ean s e e ne o a e o s e va on s , e e s s a on s e a e

lik lih d f rr r th q ti i t th pr b bl cc r cy f th
e oo o e o : e u es on s as o e o a e a u a o e

m l
e an v a u e .
 86 A c ci d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s hel ls [ CH X I
.
.

Th em l f m t b bt i d fr m h p r t m
sa e va u e o p. m t f us e o a ne o t e se a a e eas ure en s o t .

Th m f h 10
e r i
ea n o
p m t f dtt gie 0 000 29 7
ex d fr m
e en s w as oun o ve t=
°

5 ; an o

t h d i ff r
e f th i gl l l t d l
e e n c es o f f m th m
e s n l th l e c a cu a e va ues o t ro e ea n v a u e , e v a ue

o f p w as
. bt i d o a ne f th m r d tim whi h s ec or o e eas u e e t, c w as
a b t th ti m f fligh t f t h S b ll t r d i t
ou e e o f 25 m o e u e ov e a s a n ce o c .

2 A t i m d i ff r
. f b t 0 0 16
e- d m
e en c e o d r p t dly by th
a ou s ec on w as ea s u re e ea e e

B l gé p p r t
ou e n Th r d i g f th t i m m
a a a us ri g d w m d by r i r
. e ea n o e e- ea s u n ro as a e ve n e

an d m g i fyi g gl a n th t it ld b bt i d withi
n as s , s o mm a c ou e o a ne n .

Th gr t t p ibl rr r f r di g f th d i j ti m rk m t d t ‘

e ea e s os s e e o o ea n o e s un c on - a a oun e o

mm r p di g t tim di ff r
,
c o r es f i 0 0 000 3 4
on n I th m o a r e- e e n ce o s ee . n e eas u e

m t f th tim m rk th rr r f r di g migh t r h m im m f mm
en o e e- a e e o o ea n e ac a ax u o ,

co rr p di g t tim di ff r
es on n f 1 0 0 000 3 1
o a e- e e n ce o s ec .

Th th g t t p ibl rr r i th m r m t f th tim wi ll b r h d
us e r e a es os s e e o n e e as u e en o e e e ea c e

w h b th p rt f th rr r dd t g th r d th i t i
en o a s o e e o s a o e e ; an en s

0 0 00 0 3 1 0 0 0 006 5 s ec

whi l m q dr ti r r g 0 0 000 7
e the ea n ua a c e ro a ve 5 s ec .

3 Th r . l t di p r i i r g i h p l fi i
e es u ta n smbi ti f th
e s on n an e a n s ra ne re s a co na on o e

l git di l d i p r i b d
on u na th b r t s d f t h l gi t d i l d i p r i
e s on f
ue t o e u s an o e on u na s e s on c o

th p i t f i mp t Th if b r pr t 50 / °
e o n s o ac . en a, ,
0 e es e n o
z o n es ,

g 6 3 R c p i t ul t i f ul t . e a a on o res s .

If i gl b r tin s n c rri d t th rithm tic m

e o s e va f th
on s a r e a e ou , e a e ean o e

ob r ti i t k
s e va d t h d i ti
on s s f a ch i di id l b r ti
en , a n e ev a on o ea n v ua o s e va on

fr m thi m
o i l f d s e an s a so ou n .

D t th d i ti r g rdl
en o e es e f ig by M ev a 71 on s , e a es s o s n, , 3 ,

( ) T h a c ll d g e d i t
s o- ai w hich i c ll
e d th m
a ver a e ev a on , s a e e ea n

d i ti
ev a i t h G rm on A rmy i n e e an , s

7h K3
J (n n 1)
b
( ) Th e s o- a c ll d m e ea n
q ua d r a ti c d evi a ti on o f a s n i gl b r ti e o s e va on is

n 1

( ) c c wh r t h b
I n th er ti h b r c rd d i as e e e e o s e va on s a ve een e o e n

th ir c rr ct rd r th c i di ff r c
e o e writt d w : th r
o e , e s u c e s s ve e en es a r e en o n e e

a re 1 f th
n diff r c d t d i rd r by d d d
o es e e en es , en o e n o e 2, 2,

irr p cti f ig ; d t th ir rithm tic m by

es e ve o s n en o e e a e e an

dl + d 2 + d 2 + m

D
n 1

( d ) T h en the p r b bl
o a e or 50
°

/
o
d i ti w
ev a on of a s n i gl b r ti e o s e va on

is gi ven

m t ctly by
os w
ex a 0 6 7 4 5 u,
°

l ctly by
ess e x a w 0 5 9 7 8 D,
°

s till l cc ur t ly by w
es s a a e O 8 4 5S E
°

.
§ ]
6 3 A cci d e nta l d ev i ati on of s hells 33 7

( ) Th
e e
p r b bl o50 / a ( c ll d t h m
e or
°

o
z on e s 50 a e e ea n z on e i n t he
Ge rm
an A rmy ) is th d bl f w d i gi e ou e o ,
an s ve n

m t tly by os e x ac

l ctly by es s e x a 1 1 95 6 D 3 20
°

till l cc ur t ly by
s 1 6 90 6 E
es s a a e
°

(f ) Th pr b bl e rr r f th i thm ti m i
o a e e o o e ar e c ea n s

W
to

Vn

Ex a mp l e . Th e l i ty
ve o c v22 mwas eas ure d by a B o ul e n gé t
a ppara us ove r a

m r d di t
e as u e f 0
s a n ce o 5 c m fr m th m
o e uzzl e , for 1 0 s ht o s .

( )aA r g d
ve ai t i e ev a on

J%
22
t 23 m/ s ec = t o2 7 °

/
o

b
( ) Mea n q dr ti d i ti
ua a c ev a on

i 2 6 m/s ee _ + 3

(2 1)
T
(d) 50
°

/
o
d i ti
ev a on to

rm
f o p, w = 0 6745
°

x 26 m/ s ec .

D, w = o 5 978 x 15
°

E, w = o8 453
°
x as 19

25 — 2
 388 A cci d en ta l d evi a ti on of s h ell s [ OH X 1 .

( ) e 50
°

/
o
d i ti
ev a on

f rm o p , m/ s ec .

D, s 5O= 30
E, s 5o = 3 9
°

64 . C a l c u l a ti o
t h m ti m i t h n of th e a ri e c e an n e c as e

f g up d b ti o ro e o s e rv a on s .

S pp f um pl d fi it tim i t r l i m r d by r l
os e or e x a e a e n e e - n e va s ea s u e s e ve a

B l gé i tr m t A B C
ou e n f di ff r t
ns u c r ci ; 1 0 tim e
en s , , ,
o e en ac u a es s

by A 1 5 tim by B 9 tim by O
, d
es
pp t h m l
,
es
'
,
an su os e e e a n va ue s

obt i d by ch pp r t
a ne ea a a a u s a re x l ,
x2, x2,

Th it i id t fr m th pr c di g th t it i t p rmi ibl t
en s ev en o e e e n a s no e ss e o

t k th m t lik ly l f
a e e os bc eth cc r cyva ue o x as
x, x2

n
e a us e e a u a

of th i gl m e s n l i e t th m i c q c f
e a n v a ue s x , , x 2 , x 2 s no e sa e, n on s e ue n e o

d i ff r c
e en i th pp r t d
esl i n t h mb r
e a f p rim t a a us , a n a so n e nu e o ex e en s .

Th i di id u l rithm tic m
e n v m t b m ltipli d
a a e e an s x , , x2, x2 , us e u e

by c rt i f ct r p p p
e a n b f r b i g dd d d th di id d
a o s ,, 2, 2, e o e e n a e ,
an en v e

by t h m f th f ct r ; th t
e su o es e a o s so a

“3 10 1 ” 2 12
0 +
x ( )
1
p , 12
9

Th e m h l d f y b lli tic m r m t wh t r ch g
sa e o s or a n a s ea s u e en a eve , su as as

p r r ;
es s u el city m p i
ve ot f im p t t h
,
t rg t eand f rth ; o n o ac on e a e ,
an so o

an d th q ti ri e f d t rmi i g t h
u es on a l fp p p
s es o e e n n e va ue s o , , 2, 2,

( ) Th
a cc r cy f ch m
e a r m t b
u a i g m d t
o b t hea eas u e en e n as s u e o e e

sa m i ll gr p with m q dr tic rr r 1 f ch m r m t
e n a ou s, a e an ua a e o 1. or e a e as u e en ,

su
pp ly t h
os e on mb r f e nu
p rim t t b di ff
e r t
n , , n2 , n2 ,
; o ex e en s o e e en

fr m which t h m
o l e d t rm i d
e an v a u es x l ,
x 2 , x2 , a re e e ne .

Mr r pp ll th m r m t i d p d t f ch th r
o e ov e su os e a e eas u e en s n e en en o ea o e .

I thi c
n th m s f t h wh l i
as e e ea n x o e o e s

n 1 w1 + n 2 w2 +

T h r fr e e o e t h e fa ct r o s a re
.

p1 n, , p 2 n 2,

( b) S pp u p rim t os e t he nu mb r e of e x e en s n , ,
n2 , n2 , gr up m a
e ac h o

to b th e m b t th
e sa r ci
e , n1 71 2 u e ac c u a es to b di ff r t ;
e th t e en so a

u
, ,
i th m
s q dr tic rr r i t h fir t gr
e ean ua a e o n e s ou
p ,
u i th
, 2
c d d
n e s e on ,
an

s o on .
3 90 A cci d en ta l d evi a ti on of s he ll s [ OH x 1 .

Th en acco rd i n
g t o ( )
a Th e m ea n e ro r r
thi r] y th t T m2
P "I 7
of x 1 in s ca s e is c l ea of x 2 is so a or p, = °

Tp i Ta
’
n i
and th us

2 2

(‘
n n“
i 33 1 + x 2+
i 2
Fl F2

1 1 l
— x1 x2 40 3
2 2 2
P1 F2 P3
1 l 1
—5
z “ 2
pi 111 2 p3

whi h i
c s th e m pr i sa gi
e ex b es s on a s ven a ove .

S i n ce n d t
oe s n or h i t i id t th t th r l t h ld f = 1 d
occ u e re , s ev en a e es u o s or n , an

for th e cas e wh r e e x1 tm , l b t i d i id l
x 2, x3 ,
m rdare n o ea n v a u es ,
u n v ua ca s es , eas u e

wi th t h e va ri r i pr d by
o us a c c u ac es e x es s e pl , p2 , p g ,
Le t us im gi g i th b r ti
a ne a t b m d wi th m
a n rr r d
e o s e va on x 2 , o e a e ea n e o p 2 ,
an

wi th d th i r mbi d m t b f d h w by th br k t i ’
x3 a n e co ne ea n x o e ou n as s o n e ac e s n
” ,
3 ,

th q
e e ua ti L t thi m h th rr r d h f t r p
on . e s ean a ve e e o p .
’
an t e ac o
’
.

T h en th r e lt t m ies u an e an s

so th t a

1
— x2 + an d
'
=
2 2
x3 , p p g + p3 , or
P2 P3

2 2 3 2
11 3 P2

T hi gis ve s e q ti
ua on

Th e p r p i ti
o os on m ay be co mp r d wi th
a e

a n a n a og l yi M h i n ec an cs .

C Th q ti e e ua on

is s imi l r ti f m m t f
a to th e eq u a on o o en s or

th l l ti f th b i f th tr
e ca c u a on o e a s c s sa o e ce n e

f gr i ty S f th r p rt i l A B C wi th
’
o av o ee a c es , ,

a b i s c s s ae d w i gh t 3x 1 , x 2, x 3 ,
an e s 93

whi h m y b c tr t d i gl w ight
a e c on c e n a e as a s n e e

15 +11 +1 t t h 02tr f gr i t y S93 a e c en e o av .

E mp l Th m ti m l m t f
xa e . e sa e e -e e en o

a b t 0 0 16
ou d w m r d 0 ti m s ec on as eas u e 5 es

by i d i ff r t Chr gr ph
s x d th m e en on o a s an e e an
§ 6 5] A cc i d en tal d evi a ti on o f s he ll s 391

v al ue a n d th e m
q dr ti rr r ; wi th r ean ua a c e o 1 es pec tt o t he m ea n wr m
e e eas u ed r
in ea ch gr p I t fou d th t i h
. wa s o un a n t e

C d on r h r gr ph th m
ens e l f
c ono a ,
e e an v a ue o x, = 0 Ol 6 3 1 5 , p ,
°

S p rk h r
a r
g p h c on o a , x2 = O 0 16 4 80 ,
'

F2
T i g f rk h r
un n g p h o c o n o ra ,
x3

B l gé pp r t A
’
= 0 0 16 3 3 9, ’
ou e n a a a us x p .

B x
”
= 0 0 16 3 98 ,
y .
”
= O 00 0 0 5 7 ;
'

C x
’
= 0 0 16 5 7 5 , p .
= 0 0 0 0 14 3 .

A s th e th r ee B o ul e n gé a
ppa rt
ti lly d i ff t th y tr t d
a us a re n ot e s s e n a e re n
,
e are ea e

p i l
as a s n g e a p a a us , s o rt th t fi lly t h r lt t m i t b l l t d fr m
a na e es u an ea n s o e ca c u a e o

r r
fou g oup s on ly .

Th e m
ea n x 4 of x , x
’ "

,
x
’
d th anl f it th fir t t b l l t d
e v a ue o s F4 a re us s o e ca c u a e .

A c c or di ng t o th e a b ove

0 0 163 3 9 0 0 1 6 3 98 0 0 165 75

0 0 163 8 2 s ec
.

(0
1 1 1

W
= 0 0000 3 8 1
'

SQ C ‘
P 4
7
.
2 'fl
z1
P P

Th t l l t h r lt t m
en o ca c u a e wi th t e es u an ea n x t h e us e of x 4 = ‘
0 0 1 6 38 2, a nd

0 0 0 00 3 8 1 th m
= f th i gr p w ld be fo un d tr ti th e th
'

p 4 , e ea n o e s x ou s ou ,
ea ng r ee

B l gé
ou e n
p r t i tr m t b t th y
s as se a a e ns u en s ; u e a re to be tr t d ea e as a i l
s ng e

pp r t wi h 0 0000 3 8 1 J 3 O 0000 6 6
a a us , t = x =
'
a
'

p 4 s ec .

Th r lt t m i th r f r
e es u an ea n s e e o e

0 0 163 3 0 0 1 6 48 0 0 0 16 55 2 0 0 163 8 2
_
2
1 2 2 2
16 1 28 13 4 66
1 1

( s ee Vo l . I v,

65 . I n v e s ti ga t i on o f a s e r i e s o f o b s e rv a t i on s . A xes of

ty f t sy mm e r o a t a r ge d i a gr a m
- .

I d fi it ri f b lli tic b r ti t h d i ti X M
n a e n e se es o a s o s e va on s , e ev a on s ] , ,

M fr m th m
,
l m t b di id d i t gr p i rd r t
o e e a n va ue us e v e n o ou s, n o e o s ee

h w m y l i f i t c b tw
o an 0 d 2 cm b tw
e, or 2 d4 nsd an e, e e en an , e ee n an ,
an so

on ; d than w m t b c lc l t d ; th c w k w t h
e n ,u or , mb r us e a u a e en e e no e nu e

th t h ld l i i ch i t r l cc rdi g t th l w f Pr b bl Er r
a s ou e n ea n e va ,
a o n o e a o o a e ro s .

I f th t w rr r c r e i ffici t gr m t it
o e b i
o - u ves a re n su en a ee en ,
c an e n

f rr d th t
e e di t rb c i pr t
a no s u an e s es en .

U lly h w r t h mb r f p rim t i t m ll f thi

s ua o e ve e nu e o ex e en s s oo s a or s

p r c d
o er t b p ibl
u e ; i ch o c t h f ll wi g
e crit ri i
os s e n su a as e e o o n e on s

g r lly m pl y d
en e a e o e .
3 92 A oci d en ta l d evi a ti on f
o shel ls [ OH X I .

( )
a t r th mb r f th p rim t h b r c rd d i
Af e e nu e s o e ex e en s a ve e en e o e n

th e rd r i which th t t w r m d
o e n d th q c f th e es s e e a e, an e se ue n e o e

di ff r t d i ti h b d t rmi d t h mb r f p iti
e en ev a on s as d e en e e ne , e nu e o os ve a n

ne g ti d i ti
a ve h ld pr ev arly q l w ll th mb r
on s s ou ov e n e a e ua ,
as e as e nu e

of q se c f ch g f ig
u en e s o d an e o s n, or an

b
( ) I t i m r im p rt t th t t h c
s l ul ti
o e f t h p b b l rror an a e a c a on o e
z
ro a e e o

w fr m th m
o q dr ti erg E d ean di ff r c d
ua a c ,a , a v e a e ,
an s uc c e s s 1 ve e en es

sh ld gi b t t h m l fr m th q ti
ou ve a ou e sa e v a ue o e e ua on s

is : 0 6 74 5 0 8 4 58
2 M!
n 1)

thi i t th c
If s d i f t h t w l t d t rmi ti
s no e a s e, a n fw e o as e e na on s o a re

so r l t d th t th ir r ti di ff r fr m 1 by m r th 20 th
e a e a e a o e s o o e an e s us

p i i
c on a ri th t di t
s es rbi g c i
a
p r a t s u n a us e s e s en .

A t t d lr dy w h ld b d t rmi d i thi c fr m t h
s s a e a ea , s ou e e e ne n s as e o e

Ei d l
su cc i diff r c by w 0 6 97 8
e s s ve e en l it i pr f rr d t
es ,
s
un e s s s e e e o

r j ct th wh l ri f b r ti
e e e o e se es o o se va on s .

( )0 Th q ti i e f p rtic l
u esr im p rton c t
s wh
o th r a u a o an e as o e e an

ob r ti with
s e va on m ric l l f 7 a f tr rdi ry m t
nu e a va ue o x o ex ao na a oun

sh ld b r j ct d
ou e e e e .

G l w
a us s s ly cl d d i ti
’
a on f i fi it ex m u t d it i
u es ev a on s o n n e a o n ,
an s

th r f r t b p t d th t i pr ctic c rt i rbitr ry limit ti

e e o e o e ex ec e a n a e e a n a a a on s

w ill b n c e ry M y m bj ct t y y t m which ll w
e es s a . an en o e o an s s e a o s an

ob r ti t b r j t d f
s e va on o y ue A iry B
e ec e l d F y t kor a n ca se .
,
es s e ,
an a e oo

thi i w Oth r ll w th cl i f r di g i f th r w
s v e . e s a o
y e ex us on o a ea n e e as an

thi g pici i c
n s us cti with th circ m t
ou s n on n e d r whi h on e u s an c es un e c

th e b r ti w t k
o s e va B t ion c cti with firi g t t it
as a en . u n on n e on n es s ,

s ee m c ry t r r th right t cl d y fig r which
s n e es s a o e s e ve e o ex u e an u e

d i t fr m t h m by
e v a es o c i m t e ea n an e x e s s ve a o un .
’

M y r l h
an b pr p d ; i p rtic l r by B rtr d B
u es av e e en o os e n a u a e an , .

Pi r ( with T bl b y G ld d C h t )
e ce a es ou an a uv e n e ,

by Ch t hi m l f S t V ll i H yd a uv e n e se , on e , a er, e en

r i h dM li e c ,
an a z z uo .

Th r l f Ch t r f r t th l e u e o a uv e n e e e s o e ca c u

l ti f th m im m d i ti M f ri a on o e ax u ev a on o a se es

f b r ti S pp w t b th p '

o o s e va on s . u os e o e e ro

b bl rr r 2w t h 5 0 i M th
a e e o or
'

e z on e , e

gr t t rr r cc rri g 2M th tr m ea e s e o o u n ,
or e ex e e
3 94 A cci d en ta l d evi a ti on f
o s h el l s [ OH X I .

i rc
B P. th r tic l c id r ti
e e , on rri
th e tr l b i as s of eo e a on s e a on s , a ve s a u es

ve ry imil r
t th
s f Ch a t but th y di ff r t wh th
o os e o a uv en e ,
e e as o e er

1 ,
2 3
or tr m d i ti
,
or , t b cl d d
ex e e ev a on s a re o e ex u e .

Th th r tic l di c e i f Steo e l d t th c cl i th t
a s u s s on s o on e ea o e on us on a

diff r t r l m u t h ld c rdi g t th t r f th b r ti
e en u es s o ,
a co n o e na u e o e o s e va on s

an d th b r r i q ti e o s e ve n ue s on .

H yd r ich tr te h t r j ct d wh i t d i ti i gr t
en e ea s a s o as e e e en s ev a on s ea e r

th w ld b p ct d c i 2 ( 1 ) h t ; th
an ou e ex diti i th
e e on e n n s o s e c on on s en

2 (n —1 ) 1 —«t 4
( )

di ff r t r l
Th e c ll ct d t g th r i th f ll wi g A
e en u e s a re o e e o e e n e o o n . n

ob r ti i r j ct d wh t h d i ti fr m th rithm tic m
s e va on s e e e en e ev a on o e a e e an

i gr t r th
s tim th pr b bl rr r w wh r w = h l f th
ea e an 1c es e o a e e o , e e a e

50 z on e .

T h
fig r di ff r ry m t ri lly
ese u es e ve a e a .

Th mb r f Ch e nu t pp r t th e s o a uv en e a ea o e au th r t b th b t
o o e e es ,

b t it w ld b b tt r t t t t h fig r
u ou by e e e o es e u es c m p ri g th r lt
o a n e es u s

obt i d fr ma ne ri ty f b lli tic l t t I

o a va e o a s a es s . n thi w y it w ld b
s a ou e

p ibl t
os srri t e m rt f
o a fi l j dgm ve a so e so o na u en t S l 66
. ee a s o .

N m i l ump l M r m t f th l i ty
er ca ex a e . eas u e en o e ve oc o f g at 40 m fr
un , am t h o e

m l Tw l b r ti w r m d
uz z e . e ve o s e va on s e e a e .

M q dr ti rr r f i gl m
ea n ua m ta c e o o a s n e e a s u re en

to

a b t ou m/ s e c , or 0 29
°

/
o
of v .
§ ]
6 5 A cci d e n ta l d evi a ti on o f s hell s 3 95

Mea n q dr ti rr r
ua a c e o of t he r lt
es u ,
i . e .
,
of th e m ea n v,

1 26
0 3 6 m /s ec —O 0 8 1
P‘
M /
o
of i .

J J
o
n l2

A ve r g rr r
a e e o of a s n g e i l m eas u e rm t en

2 10 3

|
I
- 2 'd
1 27 6 ; 0 5 97 8
8

So th t a ,

as d ri d fr m
e ve o p,

E,

2 |d |
s s

The r ti f th l t tw d t rmi ti Mfr m E 0—7 i ry rly 1

a o o e as o e e na on s ,
20 o
9 79
-
5
s ve n ea ,

an d i b tw s 08e d 12eend t h r f r th r i
an f m i g th t y
an e e o e e e s n o ca u s e or as s u n a an

di t rbi g
s u i
n t w rk
c a us e s a o .

Mr o eover th r fi q f ig
e e a re d 6 h g i th
ve s e l fkue n c es o s n , an c an es n e v a ues o .

O n h t th r h d t h r
e o e 8 p i ti
an l f A g i t 4 g ti
e e a re d os ve v a ues o a a ns ne a ve , a n

5 p i ti i i mm d i t i 1 0 + O3 +04 +02 Thi i s ar s es

'
os ve n e a e s u c c es s on , , , ,

be c a us e th fi r t m r m t 4 3 9 1 w r th m ll mp r d wi th th r t
e s ea s u e en as a er s a co a e e es .

A thi
s fts o r m y i th h bit f mitti g thi fir t m
en oc c u s , an a re m t
n e a o o n s s eas ure en on

p r i i p
nc l B t the q. t i r
u i w h t
e h r 4 3 9 1
ues i t b r
on aj t d t S
s esi e e s o e e ec e or n o . n ce

n = 12 = 0 8 5 f m th d t rm i ti
,
w
°

, ro f fr m e d thi e eht di gna on o in o u

, ,
a n s s o a c co r n to
Ch t h ld b r j t d b
a uv e n e s ou e e ec e ; e c a us e

x or
3 96 A cci d en ta l d e vi a ti on o f s hel l s [ OH X I .

A cco rd i ng to P i r thi h t i
e ce s s o s to b e rj td i
e ec e ,
s n ce

A cco rd i ng t o Va lli r
e ,
th e s h tio s n ot to be e xc u l dd i e ,
s n ce

2 8 is
‘
n ot > 4 00 x

A cco rdi ng to He yd r i h thi h t i j t

en e c s s o s us exc u ldd i e ,
s nce

28 33 7 x

A cco rdi ng to Ma zz uo li ,
th e s h t h ld b r j t d
o s ou e e ec e ,
s i n ce

On ge n e a g ou n r l r d th h t i q ti h ld b i ly b j t d
s, e s o n ue s on s ou o v o us e re ec e .

Th e c a c u a on s s l l ti h ld th b r p t d d b d h th r 1 1 m
ou en e e ea e ,
an as e on t e o e ea s u e r
m t en s .

Re ma rkmpl y th q ti .
—I H Ro . b t i th h ne e o s e e ua on n \/ o a n e

50 fr m th t t l d i p
z on e i 2M B y mbi ti f th ry d p i
o e o a s e rs o n . a co na on o eo an ex er

m t h bt i th r lt I 5 1 0 1 5 20 25 3 0 4 0 50 h t th r ti f th
en e o a ns e es u : n , , , , , , ,
s o s e a o o e

t t l d i p r i t th 5 0
o a s r p ti l y
e s on 2 90 3 0 2
o e zon e w as es ec ve , ,

3 20 .

th r m th d h b i ti g t d by H R h
Ano e e o as een n ves a e . o ne ; he o bt i a ns th e 5 0 z on e

by l d i g h l
exc u t h lf f h h t Thi
n t e es s a c c ur a e a o t e s o s . s h as b ee n e mpl y d l by
o e a so

A B g d ff
. v d th r
. ur s or an o e s .

t t rm66 . Th e ax es of th e a r ge -d i ag a .

Wh th di trib ti f rr r w ith r p ct t th m l i '

en e s u on o e o s es e o e e an va ue s

tr t d i m r th
ea e dim i
n f
o e i t c i th gr pi g
an on e e n s on , as or ns an e n e ou n

o f t h hit i t h p le f srtic l t rg t b t th m p i t f
n e an e o a ve a a e a ou e ean o n o

imp ct i t h di trib ti f t h b r t i p c w ith r p t t

a , or n e s u on o e u s s n s a e es ec o

th m e
p i t f b eanr t t h q tio n m t b c o id r d wh th r t
u s h , e ue s on us e on s e e e e e

c f d i ti
a us e s o i r l ti t th c
ev a rd i t on i dp d t
n e a on o e oo n a e a x e s a re n e en en

o f th r
on e a n o t e or n o .

F th k f im plicity t h pr c di g tr tm t w c ct d
or e sa e o s e e e n ea en as on n e e

with th di trib ti f th hit e s rtic l t rg t d m r r

u on o e s on a ve a a e ,
an o e ov e

th d i ti
e l g th h ri t l i 0 w r th ly
ev a on s a on th t e o z on a ax s x e e e on on e s a

w r c id r d
e e on s e e .

I imil r m r th d i ti m y b c id r d i th
n a s a an n e e ev a on s a e on s e e ,
n e

d ir cti ef th rtic l i
on o e ve a ax s .

S pp th du i ti i th dir cti t b d t d by
os e e ev a on s n e x e on o e en o e xl ,
x2 ,

x3 ,
d i th y dir cti
an by y y y n th m
e nq dr tic rr r i e on , 2, 3 , e ea ua a e o n

d i t h y dir cti i M an n e e on s

B t th um p ti
u h r i th t th rr r i t h dir cti
e ass f th on e e s a e e o s n e e on s o e
3 98 A cc i d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s hel ls [ OH X I .

Wh e n t h e u, v a x e s a re th e a x e s of s ymm try 2 e , s 0 ; the va ue l

of 0 d t rmi d fr m thi c diti
e e ne o s on on is d t d byen o e a, s o th t a

0 = —4} ( A t an 2a
A B

t r t h c rdi t y t m h b t r d thr gh th gl
Af e e oo na e s s e as e en u ne ou e an e a,

all d i t i r f r d t th w ( )
ev a on s a re e er e o e ne a , v a xe s .

B t it i t u c ry t r p t th c lc l ti wh i t i ly
s no n e es s a o e ea e a u a on s en s on

r q ir d t bt i th m q d r tic rr r
e u e o o d a wi th
a n
p t t e e an ua a e o s ,u. an
’ ”
'

re s ec o

th w e ne ; b c a x es e a us e

2 = x2 0 0 8 2 a + z s i n 2 a + sin 2a ,
n
y x
y
v = x s i n a + y c os a
z2 2 z 2 — x s i n 2a ;
y
2u2 =
A c os a + B s i n a + O s n 2a ,
2 2
i
2v 2 =A si n
2
a +B c os
fi
a O i s n 2a ,

so th t i c a s n e a
,
'
an d u
,
. th ir e l
va ues a re ob

t i d imm di t ly fr
a ne e a e om th os e of A, B , C ,
a .

Th l fp e va ue s o
f
an d u
,
,
”
a re n ow a m im m ax u or mi im m n u ,
a rl e a

ti q lly f l f
on e ua us e u or th e d t rmi ti f t 2
e e na on o an a .

R ecap i tul a ti on . Con s id r t h d i ti with r p ct t h ri

e e ev a on s es e o o z on tl a

and ve rtic l a a xes , dr a wn thr gh th p i t f m imp ct d

ou e o n o ea n a , an ca l c u

lt a e 2x 2
A By ,
?
B Ewy ,
C .

di ti ctly di r t fr m r thi h w th t th
If C is '
s n ffe en o z e o, s s o s a e a x e s of

s ymm try i cli d t th h ri t l t

e a re gl gi by n ne o e o z on a a an an e ve n

20
t an 2a
A —B '

The m q dr tic d i ti
ean ua a ev a on s , ,u
'
and p . with r es
p e ct t o t he tr ue

a x es ar e c lc l t d fr m
a u a e o

( n

( n sin
2
a +B c os
z
a —C s in 2a .

r t r ti f rifl 6 mm l ibr t r g f 1 00 m
Ex a mp l es . Ta ge p ac ce o a e, ca e, a a an e o 5 .

Th 20 hi t w r m
e r d fr m th rti l l ft h d dg f th t g t t
s e e ea s u e o e ve ca e - an e e o e ar e o

th ri gh t
e d fr m th h ri t l l w r dg pw d
an M p i to f e o z on a o e e e u ar ea n o n o

imp t £ Th d i ti with r p t t thi w r d t d by t righ t d

ac , 0 110 . e ev a on s es ec o s e e en o e ; x, an

l ft d t y p d d w
e ,
an : , u an o n .

645 6 58 6 22 6 27 5 92 6 96 5 72 6 15 5 96 73 3 662

q
= 21 8 26 5 27 4 28 1 293 3 04 3 09 3 16 3 52 352 3 74 3 71
565 730 654 6 26 60 4 6 72 7 26 cm ; m ean cm .

= 3 75 459 5 26 541 5 73 58 3 63 6 6 65 c m ; m e an = 40 3 7 5 °

c m.
q q 0
 6 7] A cci d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s hel ls 399

T h en c e , i n th e h rio z on t l d i r ti
a ec on i n th e ve r ti l di r ti
ca ec on

2x 2 = 6 3 96 9 z 2y 2 -3 5 20 3 4
r
a ve a ge d i tiev a on

E1 = 4 7 2 c m '

p r b b
o a l d i t i e ev a on

w1 = 3 9 cm

m ea nq dr ti d i ti
ua a c ev a on

M = 5 8 m 1 c = 1 3 6 cm
p 2

p r b bl
o rr r
a e e o

101 : 40 cm 40 2 92 c m

p r b b
o a l rr r e e o of th e m ea n

Wl = 9 c m W2= 21 Cm
S xy 6 0 8 20 ,

20 2 x 6 0 8 20 °
ta n 2a : 11
A B 6 3 96 9 3 5 20 3 4

F or t h e s ymm tri l e ca ax s , e (n ,
v )
2= 2=
3 64 3 5 4
2u 5 165 5 2v

m ea n q dr ti rr r 5 2 m
ua a c e o c p
"
: 13 8 c m
p r ob b
a l rr r
e e =35 m o w
’
c is
”
: 93 cm

I n a dd iti f 1 00 h t fr mon or mm rifl t s o s o a e a a ve rt i l t rg t

ca a e a t a ra n ge

f 25 0 m i t w d th t + 7 °
o ,
f as oun a a

B r r d i tig t d 1 00 0 rifl h t d f d May evs ki rm

f
°
e t an n ve s a e e s o s , an o un a 19 o

a se ri f 4 4 h t fr m 1 0 5 m g f d = + 0
es o s o s o a c un , ou n a
°

N l w c o a cti g th di t c f th t
s, on n e n e s an e o e a rg t with th p iti
e e os on

o f th e a x esf ymm try o k w i pit

s e , ar e no n, n s e of th f ct th t it h
e a a as

b ee n s o m tim t t d th t th tw thi g
e es s a e a e o n s a re i t rd p d t B
n e e en en . ut

an i tig ti f th m tt r might l d t
n ve s a on o e a e ea o so m f l
e us e u lt re s u s .

67 Th p b b i l i ty f h i t t i g
. e ro a o n a gi v e n ar e a .

L t e upp us s y t m f r ct g ul r c
os e a s s e o e an a oo r di t n a es t o be dr w a n

on th t rg t th rigi b i g th
e a e ,
e o n e n e

m ea n p i t fo nim p ct d o l t t h a ,
an e e

a xes b rr g d ymm tric lly with

e a an e s e a

r p ct t th t rg t di gr m
es e o e a e - a a ,
as ex

p l i
a ne d i 6 6 n .

Th m e q d r t ic rr r i th
ean ua a e o s n e

d ir cti e f th
on o f d fr m
e a x e s a re oun o

th cen e w e fin d t h e p r b bl rr r o a e e o s,

w, and an d th e width f th 5 0 s o e
4 00 A cc i d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s h el l s [ OH X I.

z on e s gi v en by 81 :
ch c f hitti g th
22
01 ,
an d 82 : 210 2 . Th e an e o n e

p i t
o nP i t h m th
s t f hitti
e sag i d fi it
e as ly m ll r ct gl a o n an n e n e s a e an e,

d dy
x, t P ,Thi i a t r lly i fi i t i m lly m ll it m y b
. s s na u a n n es a s a : a e c on

sid d e ret h pr d ct f t w p r b biliti

as e o whichu ( )
1 t h ho o o a es , a re e c an c e

of hitti g rtic l trip t P f width d

n a ve a d ( 2) t h ch c
s f a o x , an e an e o

hitti g h ri t l tri p t P f width dy Th ch c

n a o z on a s a ,
o . es e an es a re

r p cti ly
es e ve

h1 h1 2x 2 2
dx an d e 1! dy
MT
.
,

1 1
N OW
M 2 M 2

T h en n s ht o s, th e nu mb r f lli g
e a n on th e e e l m t ry r ct glen a e an e

f
h ? “ w ere da d
n
y .

r ct g l r t rg t A B CD i t k
S uppos e n ow a e an u a a e s a en ,

c tr br dth 2l h ight 2l I t gr ti g r thi

en e, ea e , . n e a n o ve s

numb r f hit t h r ct
e g ul r t rg t i
o s on e e an a a e s

n h1 h2 4 h 2 2+ h 2
1 x 2 y fldx d
6 y

— x 4 2
? ‘ h Z
1) P( 2)
2
dy g( h l
h 2
e , x
d d: 3
12
n b 1 2

04 76 9 7M
?

an d 1 » 1 s
1 gi v en i n Vo l . I V, Ta bl e 15 .

Ne x t su
pp os e a s tri p A A B B 1S tk a e n , e x te n di g i n n d efi n i te ly Iup

21 _ a
,

an d dw o n , an d c on t a n n i i g the o rigi n di t c L L fr
0, at s an es I , 2 om th e
s id e s of th e s tri p ; an d s u
pp os e t he p r b bl l
o t ral rr
a r t b e a e e o o e w .
402 A c ci d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s he l ls [ OH X I .

wh r 2l i th br dth f th tri p d th t f th 5 0 /
e e s e ea ; o e s , an 8 50 a o e
°

o
zon e

i
c lt T bl 1 4 1 5 V l V f gt d
on s u a g
es i c ll d t h pr b bility
, ,
o . I or an s a e e o a
3 50

f ct r
a d 1 0 0 0 i th p r
o ,
an t g f hit s e e cen a e o s .

b
( ) Th p r b bility f hitti g
e r ct gl f
o which 0 i t
a h tr i o n a e an e, o s e c en e, s

2l , , 2l2 a re t h e l gth
en s of the s id es of the r ct gl t k
e an e, a en
p a a r ll l d e an

r
p p e dic l
en r t t h p l f fi
u a d f t h o 5 0 / e an e o re
’

8 1 , an 82 o e
°

o
z on e s
p r ll l
a a e

t tho id f th r t gl
e s es o e e c an e .

( ) Th cp r b bility f hitti
e g i fi it tri
o
p with
a
p r ll l id o n an n n e s a a e s es ,

wh r 0 he e ymm tric l p iti withi t h tri p t di t c

a s a n un s e a os on n e s , a s a n es

Z
I d Z fr m th
an 2 id i o e s es , s

1
2
( 1 1 1)

d
( ) Th e
p r b bility
o a of hitti g n the s trip ou s t id e 0 ,
is with the
sa m e no a t ti on

1
I
( )V

( ) e liG i ven a n e on t he t rg t dr w bli q ly t

a e ,
a n o ue o the p l a n e of fi re ,

a t adi t c l fr m
s an e o 0 ; t he p r b bility
o th t hitali a a es on t he sa m id e s e

o f t h li e 0 i ne as s

I I
— V
2
4 .

2 ( )
t bl f th f cti i gi by S b d ki d
A a e or es e un on s s ve n a u s an v . E b rh rd ;
e a

t h c lc l ti
e a l b m d fr m T bl 1 5 V l V
u a on c a n a s o e a e o a e ,
o . I .

(f ) S l t h pr b bility th t t h
o a so hit i t h id e o a a e s on e s e of the li ne

a w y fr m 0 i
a o s

1 1
2 2 ?
Th e q u titi ean s l Z, l ,
, , ,
m t l l b pr d i th m it
us a e ex es s e n e sa e un .

tri p th
Ex a mp l e 1 . A s on e t rg t tr t h i th dir ti f fi f br dth
a e s e c es n e ec on o re , o ea

2l 6 m t h br dth f 5 0
== ; e ea o i
z on e m Th g i im d t th mi ddl
s s 5O = 4 . e un s a e a e e

l i f thi trip Wh t i th
ne o s s . a s e p r t g f hi t th tri p ?
e c en a e o s on e s

( ) F r m Tab l 1 4 i V l o a e n o . I v,

E ? 6
8 50 4

so th t fr m ( I )
a o th e p o a r b bi l ity r q ir d i e u e s

( ) 1( 0 4 7 6 9 x

h rfr hi t
.

/
°
T e e o e o
a re s .
§ 7]
6 A cci d e n ta l d evi a ti on o f s he d s 40 3

b
( ) F r m T bl
o a e 1 5 , Vo l I v, .

d z a nd th us a re hit s .

Ex a mp l e 2 . A h ri t l tri p th t g t i dr w bli q u ly t t h pl
o zo n a s on e ar e s a n o e o e an e

of fire ; t h e gun i s fir d t th h ri t l middl li f th tri p Gi th t th

e a e o zo n a e ne o e s . ve n a e

br dth ea 2l o f t h e s t ip i
r thi rd f th 25 r r l ul t th p r t g f
s on e - o e er o , ca c a e e e ce n a e o

hi t th tri p
s on e s .

C id r th r tri p with t h
ons e a no e s e sa m m iddl li b t f br dth 2l
e e ne u o ea g s . On thi s

stri p th pr b bil ity f hi tti g i

e o a o n s th rd i g t ( I )
en acco n o a

E li
d £
( ) fr m T b l 1 5
a 23
q 8 , an
8 50
o a e .

50

On t he o th r h d 2l
e an 25
= 3 x 2l , so th t 0 4 7 2 a 2l x ,
or

2l 0 472
8 50 3

and f r o m Ta bl e 15, xx i h en ce of bi t s a re to be ex
pe c e td .

Ex a mp l e 3 . Th e h i gh t f e o a s tri p t di g ri gh t d l ft i t b
,
ex en d n an e ,
s o e so a

j t d th t wh
us e a en a rifl i fi r d e s e a t t h m i ddl l i
e f th tri p 4 1 f h hit
e ne o e s ,
o t e s

strik th trip th 5 0 /
e e s ,
e
°

o
zon e for h i gh t b i g 3 m
e e n 5 .

L t t h h i gh t b 2l t h fr m T b l 1 5
1 2l

2l = 2 8
e

m
e

.
e e en
t
<> § 5
d —
3
— d
an
5
o a e : an

Ex a mp l e 4 . A tri p t di g i d fi i t ly righ t d l ft h h igh t f 1 9 m

s ex en n n e n e an e as a e o .

Th e 5 0 zon e f or h i gh t i m Th m p i t f imp t i
e s h pp r . e ea n o n o ac s on t e u e

b o un d ry l i a ne o f th tri p T l l t th p r t g f hit th tri p

e s . o ca cu a e e e ce n a e o s on e s .

I f rm l
n o u ae ( I I I ) ( ) I V or l = 0 l 1 9 t h t h p,
r t g f hi t i 1 , g
:
; en e e cen a e o s s

1 00 x L ?
g) 50 4 ( 0 8)
1 50 x 0 5 3 3 7 = 27

Firi g wi th fi d l ti i 10 h t 7 w r b r d
Ex a mp l e 5 . n a xe e e va on , n s o s e e o s e ve on t he
n ea r i d f prigh tm d d
s e o q tly w r r d d h rt Th
an u o un ,
an c on s e ue n e e e c or e as s o . e 50
°

/
l gth 20 m C l l t t h p r b bl d i t f th m t
o

en w gi z on e as ve n a s . a cu a e e o a e s an ce o e ea n poi n
of i mp t fr m t h m d d th m t f rr ti r q ir d
ac o e o un ,
an e a o un o co ec on e u e .

D t th d i t f th m
en o e
p i t fr m teh m d by Z T hi i i
s an c e o
g e ea n o n o e ou n . s s ve n by
f rm l ( V) fr m t h
o q u ti
u a o e e a on

7
r m l l
(55> (m)
1 1 2
T0 1 d T b
1, 1 z 0 4, and 0 778, f o a e 5,

l=7 8 m C °

q tly th m p i t f imp t i b t 7 8 m thi id f

. on s e uen e ea n o n o ac s a ou on s s e o

th m e d ; d thi i t th m tim h m t pr b bl rr ti
o un an s s a e sa e e t e os o a e co ec on .

T d t rm i o t h pr b bl l i m i t
e e f t hi r lt f l h m t pr b bl l
ne e o a e s o s es u or ,
t e os o a e v a ue

b i g 78 8 m h r l f B y i 59 m y b
e n ,
or d d t hi i t i t b
,
t e u e o a es n a e us e ; an on s s o e

m d th t i t i
as s u e h a th t th r ti f h h rt t th mb r f
s a n e ve n c an c e a e a o o t e s o s o e nu e o

all h h t wi ll l i b tw th l imit
t e s o s e e ee n e s

7 2 x 7 ( 10 —7 )
i o 4769 3
0 7 t 0 0974 ,
i o 10

th t i b tw
a s e e en and 0 6 0 26 .

26 2
404 A cci d en ta l d evi a ti o n f
o s hells [ CH X I .

Th e p r b b l l i mi t
o a e s of ll an d Z2 a re c a c u a te l l d fr m l fr m th q ti o o e e ua on s

2l
f)
2l 1

a nd th en
2 4
( ) -—
0
0 7 97 4 , - —
(
0 60 26 ,

251
1 23 , 3 m;
20

3
2
2
l 2= 3 8 m ; °

th e s e a re r b bl l imit f th d t rmi ti f l
th e p o a e s or e e e na on o .

Th p r b b l e rr ti i th 8 i 4 m i r d mb r d $4 m i th
o a e co ec on s en ce ,
n o un nu e s ; an s e

p b bl
ro a rr r f th tri l
e e o o e a .

E mp l 6 C l l ti
xa e w i th p r i
. d ti m f
a cu a on s e c us s on a n e uz e s .

( ) L a
pp th t p rc i f
e t us s u d wi th gi t rg t th
os e a e us s o n uzes a re u s e a v en a e ,
e

c h rg d th gl f l ti b i g k pt
a e an e an t t Th th fi l p rt i
e o e e va on e n e con s a n . en e na o on s

o f t h tr j t i
e m y b
a e c or es id r d t b mb r f p r ll l l i i l i d t
a e c on s e e o e a nu e o a a e n es ,
nc ne o

t h h ri
e o tl t lg wh r i th t gl f d t O f th
z on a a a n an e a) , e e a) s e acu e an e o es c e n . ne o es e

i t lly th m tr j t ry f th gr p A i 6 3 th d i ti fr m th
s a c ua e ea n a ec o o e ou . s n ,
e ev a on s o e

m tr j t ry l d bm b l l t d fr m th h ri t l t rg t di g m
ean a ec o , 50 a n ,
can e ca cu a e o e o z on a a e - a ra

f orl l gr d th m l h ri H r l i th 5 0 p
eve oun on e t f l gth
uzz e -
o z on . e e a, s e er c e n zon e or en ,

an d i m s r d th h ri t l l i i th pl f fi whi l b i t h 0 p
e as u e on e o z on a ne n e a ne o re , e 50 s e 5 er

c en t f br dth d i m r d
z on e or ea h h ri ,
t l l i t righ t gl t
an s ea s u e on t e o z on a ne a an es o

t h pl
e f fi
an e oI wi ll b th t b h h m l f l l d f
re . t e s e en a 50 as t e sa e va ue or e ve an or

ri i g gr d whi l l h b i ly ri bl l d p di g th gl f
s n oun ,
e 5o as o v o us a va a e va ue , e en n on e an e o

lp O
s o e . ti l t g t i f hm i h 0 p
n a v er ca t f
ar e h igh t 1 l t,
s t e 5 er cen z on e or e ,
150 = 50 a n a) .

F or a h ri t l t rg t whi h i
o z on a hi gh r l w r l l th th m l h ri
a e ,
c s at a e or o e eve an e uzz e - o z on ,

gr p hi l m th d
a ca b mpl y d t bt i th l f l b t h p i
e o s c an e e o e o o a n e va ue o a) ,
u t e ex er

m t l m th d i b tt r
en a e o s e e .

( ) Wi th ti m f
b th m t f thi g t k pl Thi i th fir t
e - uz e s , e sa e s or o n a es ac e . s s e s

r e a s on hy h l l d
w s lw y b r t h m p i t
e s o n ot a th gh th f a s u st a t e sa e o n ,
e ve n ou e uz e

se tti g d ll h th r d iti
n an a t th m B i d th diff r i h
e o e c on o n s a re e sa e . es es e e e n ce n t e

tr j t i th i bi li ty f th ti f h tim f i
a e c or e s , e va r a d t ib ti g
o e ac on o t e e - uz es s a s e c on c on r u n

c a us e : thi i d t ri s s id bl di ff r
ue o i th
va i f rmi ty f th
ou s un a vo a e e e n c es n e un o o e

co m p i ti os f th f on Th p i t i
o f t h p i t f b r t d p d p rtl y
e uz es . e os on o e o n o u s e en s a on

t h i d i i d l tr j t ry
e n v ua d p r ly th r t a ec o f ti f th tim f Th an a t on e a e o ac on o e e - uz e . e

r es u lt i th t t h 5 0 p
s a t br dth e th m f pr i f
e r c en ea -z on e s a re e sa e as or e c u s s on uze s ,

an d h y t d b f rth r id r d
e n ee n ot e u e c on s e e .

Th 0 p e t h ight
5 er ce n d l gt h r f rr d t
e rti l
-z on e s a n en -z o n e s a re e e e o a ve ca

t i i g th
c on a n n e

d oes n ot h ld I thi o h . l f1 d n s c as e t e v a ue s o 7 50 a n

th th y w ld b i th
an e ou f i mpl tr j t e n e cas e o s e a ec

l l t d i d p d tly f
ca cu a e ,
n e th r fr m t
en en o on e a n o e , o

by p rim t L t
ex e pp
en h t b k w
. e i h
us s u0 p t os e 50 o e no n, . e .
,
t e 5 er c e n

o f th p i t f b r t t h
e o n f
o g i m u s h i g h t f: b t H ent h or a ven ea n e o urs , ,
e

i t) c a nb l l t d fr m f rm l ( V) d i gi by th q ti
e ca cu a e o o u a ,
an s ve n e e ua on
406 A cc i d en ta l d evi a ti on of s h el ls [ OH X I .

Th e p r b bi l ity f hi tti
o a o ng the t rg t ( 7 C
a e 0
”
at 7 50 mi s

Th e p r b bi li ty f hitti
o a o ng t he t rg t M M
a e O
’
at 8 25 mi s

a n d s o on .

T h us for t h e r
a n ges

6 5 0 6 25 16 00

th e se ri es of th e p e r t c e n a e of
g hi t s is as fol lw
o s

- - - -
3 44 12 9 5 4 ] 1 | 40 0 i 3 8 2 3 0 5 s I24 ] 0 9 | o 1
' °

I f th e p e r tg i t t c en a f ti f e s se ou as a un c on o th e r a n ge , we o bt i a n a cu ve, r
co rr es
p on di g t th i gh ti g f 8 00 m
n o e s n or .

A s for ti ll ry th pr b bi li ty th t h t l i
ar e ,
e o a a a s o es on th e sa m id e s e as 0 w as
1 1 LI
gi ve n a s

t by g th k w r g f th t rg t fr m th g
De n o e , gi i th
e un no n an e o e a e o e u n as v en n e

r g t bl th r g t whi h t h firi g i t b rri d t Th di t

an e a e, a e an e a c e n s o e ca e ou . es e s an ce s a s

w ll th d i t L f th m p i t f imp t 0 fr m th t rg t t b
e as e s an ce o e ea n o n o ac o e a e a re o e

m r d i p iti di r ti w y fr m h g
eas u e n a os ve ec on a a o t e un .

Si p r b bi l i ty f h rt h t i gi
L d 1 h =
n ce
y) + y) a 1 an x, t e o a o a s o s o s v en
:

—
,

f
by
( )
a
in a l l ca s e s
0)

Pu
7
tti g f gn m ;
r d i th m i t i th
0

1)
, a,
w a re a ll eas u e n e sa e un ,
v z .
,
e

m tr é + § d ( — ) E ( - ) i th pr b bil i ty f h rt h t d
e e, z v
. a ,
or x a ,
s e o a o a s o s o ; an c on

seq tly E ( ) 1 —E ( — ) f l g h t A t bl f th f ti F
u en a - x or v
. a o a on s o . a e o e un c on

i gi
s i th w rk
v en f S b d ki
n d Eb rh rd
e w ll f K ak
o s o a u s an v . e a ,
as e as o oz . .

Wh m+ h t h b fir d t h pr b bi l i ty th t i th h t m
en s = n s o s av e ee n e ,
e o a a n e 3 s o s,

h rt d l g i gi by
a re s o an n on ,
s ven

[ F (x [ F (a x )?
m t pr b b l d i t
Th e f th t rg t
os d i g t t h r g t b l i th t
o a e s a nce o e a e ,
ac c or n o e an e a e, s a

f whi h thi pr i i m im m d
or c s i t b
ex l l t d fr me s s on s a ax u ; an so so s o e ca c u a e o

m
E( — ) x i th pr i
a m pl 5 as n e ev ou s e x a e
z
.

M r g r ll y l t
o e m h t b fir d wi th d i ff r t l ti
en e a l t h te s = n s o s e e e en e eva on s ; e s or

d l g h t t r g
,

s ht b b r d t h r g
o s e o s e ve a b b t e an es a l ,
a2 , am ,
an on s o s a an es l , z,

b i n ,
d fi it rd r Th k w r g i th bt i d rd i g t M g
n a e n e o e . e un no n an e a: s en o a ne a cco n o an on

by th f ll wi g pr d r Th pr b bi l i ty f thi
e o o n ti oc e u e .
’

e o a o s e ve n s

q
= F (.v —d l ) E ( x —a )
z
E (x — m) E ( b -
a l a )
‘
E ( bz —x ) E ( bn

By l g rithmi di ff r ti ti
o a d q ti g t r c e en a on a n e ua n o ze o, th e c on d i ti on of a m i ax

mu m i b t i d d th
s o t h m t pr b b l r g
a ne ,
an enc e e os o a e an e x .
 68 ] A cci d en ta l ( a vi a ti on f
o s hell s 40 7

The c on di ti wi ll b
on e

j( v
.
f( —a m )
x —f ( b,
—x ) ( b)

wh r f (y ) d t g whi h i f d i h t bl f S b d ki d K ak
e e e n o es c s oun n t e a es o a u s an oz .

Thi q ti ( 6) i t b l d by t i l
s e ua on s o e s o ve r a .

F mpl i h ti g wi th g h f ll wi g b r ti w r m d
or e x a e n s oo n a un t e o o n o se va o ns e e a e , as

g i by S
ve n b d k i d Eb r h a d A t
u s l t i f 0 mm
ant h i gh t r
v . e ar . a n e e va on o 5 on e s , co re

s
p d ien
g t t h r n
g A o b t i e d w i t h mm
an A e w i
I t h ,
a was o a ne ; 51 at 2,

5 2 mm t A ( al g h t i d
3, ot d by h t by 1 mm h igh t a on s o s en e s or on t e s

alt r th r g b t 26 m d h pr b bl rr r i r g w = 9 4 m R q i r d
e s e an e a ou ,
an t e o a e e o n an e
'

. e u e

th m t pr b bl r g
e os f t h t rg t o a e an e o e a e .

C d i ti (6) l d h r
on on ea s e e to

f( x —A 2) - f ( A 2 —C) —2f ( A3 ~
( c)
To s o ve l thi q ti s e ua on , x = A 2 is fir t tri d
s e and th e n t he l f h d id
e t - an s e of ( ) c is

o f A
( z
Th e r g d i ff r A A rr
an e e en c e 2 I co es p o n d s to th e di ff r e en c e of 51 50 mm ; but
i
s nce 1 mm th i gh t lt r th r
on e s a e s e a n ge 26 m ,

A g —A l ( 5 1 5 0 ) 26 m = 2 7 7 °

16 .

So l A a so 3 th a nd us — (0 )
f is o bt i d
a ne

F r m th t b l l ft h d i d th
.

o e a e, the e - an s e is us

Ol l '
—2 x —2 x O l l '
= + 1 O7 , '

whi h i p i ti
c s os ve .

C l l ti g g i
a cu a th r g rr p di g h l ti
n a a n v asmm th
. e an e co es on n to t e e e va on ,
e

l ft h d i d w rk t
e - an s d fi ll y
e f o 1 2 mm C q tly
s ou an na or 5 . o ns e ue n

h m t pr b b l l ti f th g i b tw 5 1 d 1 2 mm d r r '

t e os o a e e eva on or e ra n e s e ee n an 5 ,
an n ea e

t o 12 5
Thi m th d f M g fir t mpl y d i G rm y by H R h h b
.

s e o o an on , s e o e n e an . o ne, as ee n

t d d by him t h
e x en e wh r i ht i r l th di t
to f the c as e e e n on e s o or n s e ve a e s a n ce o e

p i
o nt f i m p t fr
o m t h t rg t i t b mac r d o e a e s o e ea s u e .

C r i g thi d th r d t i l
on ce n n Ri tt r Eb rh d G rm s an tr l ti o e e a s , s ee e v . e ar
’
s e an ans a on

f N S b d ki w rk i whi h h q ti tr t d th r ti l ly
’
o . a u s s o ,
n c t e ue s o n s a re ea e eo e ca .

l t f h i tt i g gi68 . i ul P rob a b i i y o n a v en c r c a r a r ea .

S pp circl f r di R t b d ri b d
u os e a rtic l t rg t ; e o a us o e es c e on a v e a a e

th g ei fir d t t hun c tr 0 ths t 0 i t h tr
e f m a e en e so a s e cen e o e an

im p ct ; d th a i t h pl f t h t rg t
an m dt b
e z on es n e an e o e a e a re as s u e o e

th m i ll dir cti
e sa b t0
e n a e on s a ou .

Ab t p i t P l tou m ll ct r d
a f b d r w with
o n c t l e a s a se o e a n en ra

an gl d d d b d d by thi ri g f i r r di
e ) ,
an d tr
o un e a n n o nn e a us r a n ou e

r + dn
40 8 A cci d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s hell s [ OH XI .

On Ga us s
’
s La w t h e p r b bility f hitti g df i
o a o n s a e
2 ‘
b md
f , wh r e e

a an d b a re t w o c on s a n s , t t t b d t rmi d l t r o e e e ne a e ,
an d df r d gbd r .

n 2 13

Int gr t with r p ct t d fr m 0 t 2 ; th
e a e t es e o ) o o 7 en ou of n s ht o s,

2n 7 r a 2
d will f ll t h thi ri g
b2 " 2
"

e r r a on e n n .

Th th usmb r f hit i t h c mpl t circl f r di

e nu e o s n e o e e e o a us R is

bm
2n rra dr mx ( 1 bg R fi
) ( )
1
‘
2
t
‘

e r e
'
.

Th e c
t t i th d t rmi d fr m th c diti th t t h
on s a n a s en e e ne o e on on a e

r f i fi it c i r l i c rt i t b tr k d th t =
a ea o an n n e c e s e a n o e s uc ,
an en n,

b
for r = ; thi gi oo s ve s a '

/W x

Th c t t b d t rmi th m r f r di l d i ti
e on s a n e e nes e e as u e or a a ev a on s ,

r ck d fr m 0
e on e o .

Of th r di l rr r d t th m q dr tic rr r by y th
es e a a e o s, en o e e e an ua a e o r, e

r g rr r by E th pr b bl 5 0 / rr r ( h l f th 5 0
a ve a e e o , , ) e o a e or
°

o
e o a e z on e

by R
tc , or
.
50 .

Th r l ti e b tw th e a rr r
on s di ff r t fr m th gi
e een ese e o s a re e en o os e ve n

p r i ly
e v o uswith r p ct t p r ll l d i ti es e o a a e ev a on s .

( ) Ma q dr ti r di
ea nl rr r n ua a c a a e o

D ti g th i gl r di l rr r f th h t by
en o n e s n e a a e o s o e s o s el , 6 2, 6 3 ,

a c rdi g t th d fi iti
co n o e e n on ,

h r fr u
T e e o e ( tim n , r
2
es t he nu mb r e of hit m d s a e on

t h thi ri g b tw
e n r dii ndn e een a r a r d r) 2 (
2
T t he
su m b i g t k e nr th wh l pl a e n ov e e o e an e ; so th t a

6 2
W e dr
n ,u , .
2
277 7 ;
/
410 A cci d en ta l d evi a ti on f
o s hell s [ CH X I .

and
p u tti g b
n r t, w e ge t

E, 27 m 2 ”
t dt
2
27 m
‘
2
e

or, s n e i c a

1 \/7 T 0 8 8 62
b 2 b

T h r fr
e e o e

t n ( 1 6

Con s e q ue n tly w h e a ve

1 1 «h r v<l os 2) .

E, Rm
’
a
, r 2 wr or

an d w, or R 50 0 8 3 25 5 u r
‘

,
0 93 9 5 7 for t h e
113
,
r di l rr r b t 0
a a e o s a ou

c m p r d with th pr i
o a e e e v ou s w 0 6 7 455 71 . O8 4 5 S E f p r ll l d i
‘
, or a a e ev a

ti on s .

R ecap i tul a-ti on . rc t g

The pe en a e of hit s in s h ti g t circ l
oo n a a u ar

t rg t
a e of r di
a us R with c tr t 0 en e a , the m e an
p i
o nt f im p ct io a ,
s

E R3 1 n

1 00 ( 1 W 1 00 [1
W
e ) ( 0 1 00 ( 1 e ) .

’
R

A t bl
a e for 1 00 ( 1 as a fun c ti on o f R : H50 i s as fo ll w o s

N um eri ca l ex a m
p l e . A p itl
s o is fir d e ac cu a e r t ly ri g t rg t th 0
at a n a e ; e 5

c ir lc e h ad di m t r f 0 5 m
a a e e o .

Th e ri g w r mb r d 1
n s e e nu e e 2, 1 1 , 1 0 , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 an d w r m rk d
e e by ir a e ou t c c

of r dii 5
a ,
1 0 , 1 5 , 20 , 25 , 3 0 , 3 5 cm .
g 9]
6 A cc i d en ta l d evi a t i on o f s hell s 411

I n 1 0 00 s h t i t i r q i r d t d t rmi
o s s e u e o e e ne the nu mb r f hi t
e o s to be e xpec e tdi n

h ri n
g
.

He re 2E50 = 50 c m, R m= 25 cm .

C ir c ul a r r a ea up to ri ng 1 2, pe rce n a ge t

So th t i
a n th e r
a ea of the ri n
g

Num b er 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
105 —27 221 —1 0 5 3 58 —221 5 00 3 58 63 1 —5 00 743 63 1
78 1 16 13 7 142 13 1 1 12

T hu s 25 7 s ht
o s fe ll t id
ou s e th e ou e t rm t ri os ng .

69 . P r ob ab i l i y t of hi tti ng a gi v e n el l i p ti c al t a r ge t .

1 . El l i p ti ca l Ta rget .

c rdi t
Th e tkoo th f ym m try f t h
na e a x es a re a en as e a xes o s e o e

t rg t di gr m
a e - a a .

Th m q dr tic rr r i th dir cti

e ea n d t d by
ua a e o s n es e e on s are eno e

an d Th
a2
,
th r i
. i fi it ri f imil r lli p f which
us e e s an n n e se es o s a e s es , or

th ymm tric l
e a x e s a re s e a .

A m g th llipon l ct CD CJ ) with mi es e OC = Me s es se e
'
l se -a x e s L

0 D Ap ;
: d th q ti i t d t rmi th p rc t g f hit
2 an e ue s on s o e e ne e e en a e o s on

thi llip
s e se .

F thi p rp t h gi
or lli p tic l r i di id d p i t
s u os e e ve n e a a ea s v e u n o

l m t f r df d th mb r f hit
e e en s o thi r df i l
a ea ,
an e nu e o s on s a ea s ca c u

l t d d th
a e ,
an i t gr ti gi t h mb r th gi en a n lli p
n e a on ve s e nu e on e ve n e se

m tc
Th e i t w y i t t k t h l m t f r df i th
os on ve n e n a s o a e e e e en o a ea n e

f rm f
o ry thi lliptic ri g A B A B cl d by llip imil r
o a ve n e n I I ,
en os e e s es s a

t th b
o d ry llip
e Th ounit b h w th t r d ch
a e se . en c an e s o n a o un su an

llip th pr b bility f bit i c t t

'

e se e o a o a s on s an .

Th pr b bility f hitti g
e l m t d dy r d p i t P i
o a o n an e e en x o un a o n ,
s

f
oun dt b o e

1 —
dy W h r
11 -h g
h 1 2 x2 ?‘
d e h d h ag e s y
, e e ] an 2
4 12 A cc i d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s he ll s [ CH . XI

an d so it i q l t
s e ua o
2 2
1 x
1 M1
2 2
6
F2
dx d y
27 7 m” ?
.

i t P ( y ) d with it th l m t d dy m
I f t h e po n x r d
,
an e e e en x ,
ov e s ou n

th p le th t
a n e,P r m i sot h lli p A
a B A B w ith mi e a ns on e e se l l , se
2 ? 2 2

a x es ep d ” th
l an
y
e1 2
y dent h P
33
,
or
x
6
2
,
an e ro
( M)
2 2
M
2
1 6 41

b bi li ty r m i
a c t tbe i c
a ns t t r d th lli p ; d
on s a n ,
e c a us e 6 s on s a n ou n e e se an

6, u j
, l ,
gi u.2 a r e ven .

I t gr ti g r
n e d h ri g A B A B t h pr b bility f hitti g
a n oun t e n I I , e o a o n

thi thi ri g f r d] , i th q l t
s n n ,
o a ea s en e ua o

Th e l
v a ue of df i s foun d as ll w fo o s . Th e i nn e r lli p e s e of th e ri g n

ha s se mi -a x es a n d ey e, an d th r e a ea

f :
ey 1 . ea 2
,
. 7r

T h r fr
e e o e

df = 27 r,u1 /t 2 6 d e . .

T h c
en e the p r b bility
o a of hitti g t h thi ri g i
n e n n s

l —i f" if ‘
g
2777 1 1 n de de
‘

e e e e ,
277 /Mll
,
e

th t i
a s, in n s ht o s, th e nu mb r f lli g e a n on the ri g i n s ne
‘
i 6
2
4 14 A cc i d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s hel l s [ OH X I .

In thi s lliptic t rg t
w ay e a e s m a y be tr ct d f
c on gi ri fl
s u e or a ve n e

an d for an
y r g f
an which t h e, o e se
p r t ri g c rr p d t t h ct l
a a e n s o es on o e a ua

h ight
e an d br dth rr r with
ea e o s, a n a ea r t it y d fi it p rc t g
o su an e n e e en a e

of hit s .

2 . A ta rget w i th an
y a r bi tr a r
y boun d i n
g li ne .

r b bility f hitti g t rg t w gi
Th e p o a o n a a e as ve n in § 67 by th e
f ll wi g d bl i t gr l
o o n t d d r th b ou e n e a ,
e x en e o ve e o un d ry li
a ne of the
t rg t
a e

i r)
e
r k
i s dx d y .

As hw i s 6 7 — 6 9 thi d
o n bl i t gr l
n b w rk d t, s ou e n e a ca n e o e ou ,

no t ly f r ct gl b t l f cir l r d llip tic l b d ri

on or e an es , u a so or cu a an e a oun a es ,

p r id
ov d t h em p i t f eim p ct liea n t t h c tr o n f t h ircl
o a es a e en e o e c e or

e lli p se .

B t l t u w epp usth t t h no b di g li
su f t h t rg
os et i a e oun n ne o e a e s

wh lly irr g l r i th
o e u a with th rdi ry t rg t f th b ttl
,
as s e c as e e o na a e s o e a e

fi ld I
e . h circ m t c it i im p ibl t
n s uc u l t t h d bl
s an es s os s e o e va u a e e ou e

i t gr l i fi it f rm Th
n e a n n l m th d f ppr im ti i t
e o . e u s ua e o o a ox a on s o

su
pp th t
os e t h m p a i t f im p te c i cid with
ean t h c tr
o n f o ac o n es e en e o

gr ity d t h t rg t i th r pl d by cir l
av ,
an e a e r ct gl fs en e ac e a c e or e an e o

e q l r d crib d b t t h c tr f gr ity
ua a ea , es e a ou e en e o av .

R th h o l t ly d rib d g r l m th d f d li g w ith c
e as a e es c e a en e a e o or ea n as e s

o f thi ki d it i p rtly gr phic l

s n : d p rtly m ch ic l I t d l
s a a a an a e an a . ea s

with t rg t b d d by y ki d f c r with y k w rr r
a a e oun e an n o u ve , an no n e o s

o f d i ti
ev a with y p iti f th
on , or with yan m ptios on o e a x e s , or an as s u on

as t t h p iti
o f th m
e os p i t f im
on o
p t H i bl e t fi d t h
ea n o n o ac . e s a e o n e

p erc t g
en a f hit t h
e o t rg t with ffici
s on t c r cy e a e su en ac u a .

F thi p rp
or th r ri bl
s u i tr d c d i t d f h
os e , o e d
va a e s a re n o u e n s ea o l x an

d bl i t gr l b c m d d y Th R th
2
d h )
’

1 y
22 ,
ant e ou e n e a e o es + 31 x . en o e s

g r l pr c d r i t
en e a o e l t t h d b bl i t gr l fff ( y ) d dy
u e s o e v a ua e e u e n e a x, x

ov e r g i b di g li with th i d f t h pl im t r
a ven oun n ne e a o e an e e .

Th p r e i b ri fly f ll w
oc es s A pl s f th e f g f ( y ) i m d by
as o o s . an o e s ur a c e x, s a e

m f
ea n s o t r l i f ti l g whi h
c on ou n es o t t H dr w s ec h b d
o n , a on c z = c on s a n . e a s t e o un

i g li
n f t h i t gr l
ne o d d t rm i
e n ewi t h h p l i m t r f
a ,
an ffi i t e e n es t e an e e ,
or a .
su c en

nu mb r f t t l f g th ti f th yli d r r t d th b d
e o c on s an v a ue s o ,
e s ec on s o e c n e e ec e on e oun

i g li Th ti p l tt d rdi t r p di g t g i “
n ne . es e s ec on s are o e as o n a e s , c or e s on n o ,
n a n ew

d i gr m d r i
a a ,
an tr t d i hi y H d t rmi by th pl i
a c u ve s c on s uc e n t s wa . e e e nes e an

m t r th
e e r b d d by thi r th t
e a ea ou n tr m rdi t
e d th is c u ve , e w o ex e e o n a es , a n e ax s

of a b i s c s sae .
 70 ] A c cid en ta l d e vi a ti on of s hel l s 4 15

R . Ro th
m pl y d thi pr d r f m y m pl f
e has e o e s oc e u e or an e xa es , or

i t c
ns a n i f t y br t pl t f 1 28 3 m
e on an f c ; th r h
n an r e as - a e o c
‘
2
s ur a e e e e

f ound th pr b bility f hitt i g w 0 6 6 2 whil th

e o a m pti f o n as , e e as s u on o a

c i rc l r t rg t f q l r g t h l 0 7 5 4
u a a e o e ua a ea a ve e v a ue .

R th l im tric m th d l b t d d t rg t
’

p o e s an t i e e o c an a so e ex en e o a a e n

t hr dim i
ee e n s on s .

Fi lly h h h w h w t bt i t h p i t f m im p t d
na e as s o n o o o a n e o n o ean ac , an

h w t h t rg t m t b pl c d
o e a t bt i t h gr t t pr b bility
e us e a e s o as o o a n e ea es o a .

F rth r d t il c t b gi h r
u e e a s a n no e ve n e e .

70 . l c ti
App i a on o f G au s s s
’
m eth o d of L eas t S q u ar e s .

1 . Th e m tt r m
a e a
y b t es be ill tr t d by m
us a e ea n s of a s im pl e

e xa m pl e .

S uppos e at th e r g an es X 1 , 2, 3 4 5 6 , , ,
km th tim , e es o f flight
a re T se c d on s .

A r l ti
e a on b tw e e en X an d T is r q ir d
e u e , an d let u s s up os e
p th t
a

=
T AX + BX 2
.

F or th e d t rmi ti
e e na on of A and B ,
th r e e a re six e q ua ti on s ,

na m ly e ,

27 = 1 A 6 2 = 2A 2B , 2
10 3 = 3A 3 B
2
°

.
,

1 52 4A 4 13 an d s o on
2
.
,

Con sid ri g ly th fir t t w q tie n on e s o e ua on s , w e fin d A 23 ,

B 04
so th t th r l ti i
a e e a on s

-
T 23X 0 4X' 2
.

T h th l
en e va ue s o f T are a s fo ll w o s

m rd eas u e ,
T 62 10 3 152

c lc l t d
a u a e ,
T 62 10 5 156 21 5 28 2 ,

rr r
e o s,
f = _t 0 -
i 0 j: 0 2 0 1 2l,
°

Bf “
0 2 2
04 2
0 1 2

It is r q ir d
m tc i t w y f i g ll th
e u e t o fin d t h e os on v en e n a o us n a e

ob r ti s e va f di trib ti g t h rr r
on s r th wh l ri Thi
. or o s u n e e o s ov e e o e se es . s

c i t i th m th d f L t S q r Th c ffici t A B m t
on s s s n e e o o ea s ua e s . e oe en s , , us

b d t rmi d th t th m f th q r f th rr r i m d
e so e e ne a e su o e s ua e s o e e o s s a e as

sm ll p ibl Th pr c d r i
a as l g t th gr phic l m th d
os s e . e o e u e s an a o ou s o e a a e o

of dr wi g a m th c r thr gh ri f b r d p i t
n a s oo u ve ou a se es o o s e ve o n s .

Th rr r th
e di ff r c b tw t h c lc l t d d th
e o s ar e e e en es e e en e a u a e an e
4 16 A c ci d en tal d evi a ti on of s hell s [ OH X I .

m e as u r d tim
e es of flight ; so th t a th e s um of th e s q u res
a of the
e rr r
o s is
—2
If thi s i s t o be a mi im m n u ,
we h a ve by p rti l di ff r ti ti
a a e en a on

( A + B

( A + B + 4B

an d

A (l + 4 + 9 +8 27 2 x 62

QI A 441 3 441A 227 5 B = 1 9 8 9 2 ,

A 18 1388, B 0 5 227 6

T= 1 8 13 8 8X 0 5 227 6 X 2
( )
2
° °

ti ( 2) gi th r l ti b tw T d X f g r l p
Eq ua on ve s e e a on e e en an or en e a ur

p d d c d
os e s , a s fr m t h i be r ti u e o e s x o s e va on s .

A t th m s rr r f y i di id l d t rmi ti f th tim f
o e ea n e o o an n v ua e e na on o e e o

flight th f ll wi g i th pr c d r t m pl y C lc l t fr m ( 2)
,
e o o n s e o e u e o e o : a u a e o

t h tim
e f flight f Xes l 2 3
o th t th b r d tim f or , , ,
en o e o s e ve es o

flight - - -
27 62 10 3 15 2 21 4 30 3

c rr
o es
p on d th c lc l t d tim
e a u a e es ,

23 3 6 6 4 1 0 1 4648 1 5 6 1 96 8 22 1 3 8 4 0 20 7 0 26 4 ,

so th e e rr r o s a re

0 3 633 6 0 4 8 1 20 0 153 52 0 4 1 96 8 0 7 3 8 40 0 5 97 3 6 ,

an d th e s q u res a of th e e rr r o s a re

0 1 3 20 3 0 23 1 5 6 0 0 23 5 7 0 1 7613 0 5 4 5 23 0 3 5 68 5 .

T h us whi h i m ll r th f y th r l
2f 2
1 4 65 3 7 f ,
c s s a e an or a n o e va ue s o

A d B ; f i t c t h d t rmi ti
an or fr m ( 1 ) g
n s an 2f e e e e na on o a ve
2

F rth r t h m q dr ti rr r
u e , e wh r i thean ua a c e o u,
,
e e n s e

nu mb r f b r ti
e d m i th
o o mb r f c ffi ci t t b d t r
s e va on s a n s e nu e o oe en s o e e e

mi d ne th t h r so 0 605a d thi rr r a d l
e e ,u. ,
an s e o ,
an a so

t h pr b bl
e rr r h th r by b r d c d t m i im m
o a e e o i t) ,
a ve e e e en e u e o a n u , on

th m pti f f cti f t h f rm
e assu on o a un on o e o

AX + BX 2
.
 18 A cci d en ta l d evi a ti on of s hel ls
[ OH X I .

Co n s e q u e n tly th e va u e s o f l A and B a re

-
A A a 23 0 48 62 1 8 13 8,

B
”

B s 04 0 1 228 0 5 228 ,

T : 1 8 1X
°

0 5 2X 2
,
as b fre o e .

Th e cc r cy a u a of thi pr c d r s o e u e can be sh w with t th

o n ou e us e

Ta yl r th r m
o
’
s eo e ,
f ll w
as o o s

S uppos e t h e a
pp r im t l
ox a e va u e s , A an d B , t ob e foun d ,
an d

T ; AX + B X 2
,
=
T AX + BX 2
.

T —T = ( A

3 . m th d d crib d i 2 m t b ppli d wh q ti
Th e e o es e n us e a e en e ua on s

a re tr t d which c t b l d by
ea e
pp r im ti p r an n o e s o ve an a ox a on oc e s s .

S pp u f m pl it i r q ir d t bt i r l ti b tw
os e , or e x a e, s e u e o o a n a e a on e e en

y an d i t h f rm
x n e o

= A xB + C
y .

S uppos e t h e va u e s l y y t c rr p d t 1 , 2, o o es on o t h e va u e s l x2 ,

T h en A B , ,
C a re d t r mi d fr m th c diti
e e ne o e on on

A
( lx
B
C A
( ,x
B
C y ? )
2
a mi im m ; n u

an d s o we h a ve t he thr ee e q u ti o a ns

B B
xl
( A a1
°
C y , ) x2
3
A
( ,x
B
C y) . 0 ,

3 B 3
x1 l og x 1 ( A x l C y ) 1 + x2 l og x 2 ( A x 2 B
C y z)

A xl B
+ C —y 1 + A n + C 0 .

B ut th es e e q u ti
ly b l d ppr im t ly ; d pp i
a on s c an on e s o ve a ox a e an a ro x

m t l A B m t fir t b d t rmi d
a e va ue s , , ,
us s e e e ne .

Thi b d i
s c anh f ll wi g m r Th b r d l
e on e n t e o o n ann e . e o s e ve v a ues , x 1 ,
x 2,

r p d i g t th b r d l
c or es on n
y pol tt d ed i g m od s e ve v a ue s g, a re o e on a a ra ,
an a

r i dr w thr gh th p i t Th l p f th t g t t thi
c u ve s a n ou i e o n s . e s o e o e an en o s c urv e s

m r d t h fir t p i t d l t p b h t g t f th gl m d wi th
ea s u e a t e s tw o o n s , an e e t e an en o e an e a e

dv
th i f Th d p = A B
e ax s o x d if p
. d p en th l f p t th x
x
B
an l an
2
a re e va ues o a e

fi r t t p i t th
s wo h p AB
o n s 0 11 d p = As e c ur ve , we a ve 1
= xl
B - 1
,
an 2
B -1
.

Th q ti gi th l
es e e f A ua d B ; C i f
on s d fr m ve e va u es o an s oun o

th e q ti y = A + C Thi gi
e ua on t h fir t ppr
1 im ti xl
B
. s ves us e s a ox a on s ,
 § ]
7 0 A cci d en ta l d e vi a ti o n o f s hells 4 19

i g th l r im ti r
“

A B , ,
0 : us n e s e va ue s , we g et an a
pp ox a on for y f om t he
e q u ti oa n
y Ax ”
0 .

F th r ur e a
ppr im tiox a on s , a ,
B ,
.
Y a re
‘
th en i trn c
od u ed , s o th t a

th r f re e o e

04> 65
3h ”

54> x 3 96
x A x lo g
8B

T h r fr
e e o e

He r ly th fir t p w r
e on e s o e s of a , B ,
and «
7 o cc r ;
u so th y e

cu a e l t d by m th d e o

Thi th r f r gi s, e e o e, v e s us fu rth r e a
pp r im ti ox a ons , V i z

A + a, B -l- B C + y ,
f

in so m c it m y b c ry t c ti t h pr c f pp i
e as es a . e n e es s a o on n ue e o es s o a ro x

m ti t f rth r t g
a on o a u e s a e .

4 Th b t m th d f
. e
p di
es g mm itie t h r
p p r
o ti o ex en n a un on on e e a a on

o f r g t bl m t
a an e w b c a id r d
e us no e on s e e .

Wi th g f h y libr h q ti i imp rt t h i g r g rd h
un s o e av ca e, t e ue s on s o an ,
av n e a to t e

a va i l bl mm i ti S pp i t i r q ir d t pr p r r g t bl d m r
a e a un on . u os e s e u e o e a e a an e a e, an o e

p rt
a i l rl y t
cu a rt i t h gl f d
o as ce
p rt r f r l
a nr g T h m t e an e o e a u e or s e v e a an es . en we us

c ons ider h h i t w ld b b tt r t fi f w h ll t l rg mb r f g
w et er ou e e e o re a e s e s a a a e nu e o ra n es ,

or a l rg mb r f h ll t f r g V lli r pr f th l tt r pl f
a e nu e o s e s a a ew an es . a e e e rs e a e an o

firi g n mb r f h ll t f r g O h th ry f pr b bi l iti h
a nu e o s e s a a ew an es . n t e eo o o a es ,
e

arri t th f ll wi g l i f g f m di m l ibr
ve s a e o o n c o n c u s on s or un s o e u ca e .

If l th 1 6 r d
es s i l bl h r mm d fi ri g t i gl r g
an oun s a re a va a e, e ec o en s n a a s n e an e,

t ki g m
a n m t f t h i i t i l l i ty
eas ur e en s d f th rr r i th gl f
o e n a v e oc ,
v0 ,
an o e e o n e an e o

d p rt r
e a u e .

I f b tw 16 e d 24 reend i l b l h r mm d fi ri g t r g
an ou n s a re a v a a e, e eco en s n at wo a n es ,

w i th th m m rm t bfr
e sa e ea s u e en s as e o e .

I f b tw 24 e d 40 r d
ee n i l bl th thr r g h ld b h
an ou n s a re a va a e, en ee an es s ou e c os e n ,

wi th m r m t b f r ea s u e en s a s e o e

Wi th h y l ibr t h mb r f r d b d d by b t 3 3 p
.

ea v ca es , e nu e o o un s can e e c reas e a ou er

27 — 2
4 0 A cc i d en ta l d evi a ti on o f s hel l s [ CH x 1
.

Th e lr g
u s e fu an es x , a t hi h t h pr ti h ld b rri d t
w c e ac ce s ou e ca e ou a re gi ve n in
f ll wi g t b l whi h W d t th l g t g th t m it
,

the in
’

o o n a e, c en o es e on es ra n e a co es n o

c on s i d r ti
e a on .

R an ge x t o be c h os e n

0 9 28 W
0 6 79 W 0 96 0 W
0 48 75 W 0 7 90 W 0 97 5 W
0 3 59 W 0 6 22 W 0 8 49 W 0 98 1 W

hi h ld wh
T s o s en th e i i ti l l i ty
n a v e oc v0 is k n w w i th
o n th e sa m e ac c u a c r y as

th t t whi h h
a o c ea c ra n ge x can be m ea s u e rd .

On th e o th r h d
e an ,
i f th e ac c ur a c y of t he v0 m eas u e r m t i hi gh r th th
en s e an at

of th e r a n ge

Ra n ge x t o be c h os en

0 996 W

In so m e ca s es th e s u pp ly f mm i ti m y b
o a un on a e s uc h th at th e m ea s u e rm t en

of v0 dp d e en s on a m ea s u e r m t t th h t r g
en a e s ir an e, a
“
. In thi s ca s e th e t bl i
a e s

as f ll w
o o s :

R a n ge x to be c h os en

0 l 05 7 x
'
+ 0 8 94 W
0 3 97 x
’
+ 0 60 3 W 0 0 48 x
’
+ 0 95 2 W
0 58 5 x
’
+ 0 415 W 0 27 0 x
’
+ 0 73 0 W 0 00 4 x
’
+ 0 99 6 W

T h es e r l h ld w ll f
u es o as e or a n y b lli ti
a s c fun c ti on .
 CH A P T ER XI I

0 11 th e e ffe c t s p r o d u c e d by th e e x pl o s i bn of s h e l l s

5 7 1 . Th e p e n e t ti ra on o f b ul lt e s an d un ex p l od ed s h el l s in t o

ri gi d b o d i e s t f t h d p th f p
. C a l c ul a i on tr ti o e e o en e a on .

Th p e g f h ll thr gh t h i t d t cc l r t th i
as s a e o a s e ou e a r en s o a e e a e e a r

p rticl
a which es , it t i m ti n thi se sc w n d ddi o i toh : s a us es a ves a n e es n e

a tm ph r W os e e f c d
. ti
ave s l f rm d wh t h p
o on en s a on a re a so o e en e ro

j t
ec i l p e t r t en e fl id a es lid b dy
a b t th u w org r lly
so o ,
u es e a v es en e a

p r c e ed t h e h ll b
e ll t
s ei c th iror p d i high
u eT h ,
t h
s n e e s ee s . us e

ve ol city f d i i i b t 3 40 m / c i w d b t 1 4 40 m/
o s oun n a r s a ou se ,
n oo a ou s ec,

an d i t l 5 00 0 m / c Th ff ct f th w
n s ee se .i bl ck f t e e e o es e a ve s n a o o s on e

or m t l i m tim
e a s so i t h f ct th t m ll pi c
e es s een br k ff n e a a s a e es ea o on

th e o
pp it id os t th t
e s which e t h
o h ll im p ia g on e s e n es .

Th ff ct f c h i
e e e m t l b
o o rc m Th pr j ctil
e s on us a so e o ve o e . e o e e

l os es e n ergy wi g t tw c o n i t h fir t pl o it cc l r t th
o a us e s : n e s ace, a e e a es e

p rticl
a f t h
es o b dy with which
e ito c m i c t ct d t h m t o es n on a ,
an e a ou n

o f thi cc l r ti d p d
s a e e a thon with which t h p rticl
e en s on e e as e e a e s ca n

b displ c d
e a d i the c d pl c w rk i d
: an n g i t t h f rc
e s e on a e, o s on e a a ns e o es

o f c h i o L t W b th r i t c
e s on . e
pp d t
e t h m ti
e f t h
es s an e o os e o e o on o e

s h ll by th b d y d l t th h ll b m i g with l city
e e o ,
an e e d s e e ov n ve o v an

h ave cr a cti R os s -s e Th E l r
on
pp
2
th
7r t. W w R en u e su os e s a :
a
fi
z

P c l t
on e e m th t W as s u es d Be l
a
pp
: th t an sa su os e s a

W= R ( 71
-
b ) 2
O th
av th r h d T L i Ci it
v
2
. n m th t
e o e an . ev - v a as s u es a

( 1 + k ) H r d t t h v0 l ity
. t t h e e 00 en o e s e v e oc a e

m m t f im p ct
o en o d b a t t which d p d
,
a an th a re c on s a n s , e en on e

t r f th b dy i t which t h pr j ctil p tr t
na u e o e o n o d ki e o e e en e a es, an s an

e mpiric l t t
a c on s an .

T ki g P c l t f r m l t h c lc l ti b m d f ll w
’
a n on e e s o u a, e a u a on s ca n e a e as o o s .

Th p r j til p
e o ec tr t e r h rt di t c i t th b d y thi
en e a es ov e a s o s an e n o e o : s

s h rt p th
o b c
a id r d
c an e tr ight li on s i g th t th ff t
e e as a s a n e, s ee n a e e ec s

o f gr ity m y b av gl ct d Th r i t c which i q l t
a e ne e e . e e s s an e, s e ua o

7r R i ( + W) i th
2
a th , ly f rc t b c id r d d i i
s en e on o e o e on s e e ,
an s a

c oe ffi ci t d p di gen th
e h p f th h ll h d L t th p j
en n on e s a e o e s e - ea . e e ro e c

til p tr t i t th b dy thr gh di t
e en e a e n o e i o tim t r k d ou a s an c e x n a e , ec on e
[5 ]
7 1 The fi ec ts
e p r od uc ed by the exp l os i on of s hel l s 4 23

fr m th i t t f im p ct I t i i ti l l city t
o e ns an o a . s n a ve o a t he mmo e nt of

im p ct m y b pp d t h b
a a d t the su os e o a ve e en v0 , a n a e e n d of th e tim e

t it i L t
s v b th m
. f t h pr j ctil
e Th
g e e as s o e o e e . en we h a ve

Pd v P v dv
” R“ ( a W)
9 d i 9 dx

In t gr ti g w h
e a n e a ve

P
10 g
27 09 12 1: 2

i c wh
s n e en t 0 ,
x 0, an d v v, , an d
P t an
"

lv ta n
"
I
v
0
WR i g N/db z

b dy f thi kn f m tr i p tr t d by pr j ctil
If a o ,
o a c es s o x e es , s ene a e a o e e,

th q ti ( 1 ) gi th l ity whi h th pr j til h t th

en e ua on ves e v e oc c e o ec e as a e

m m t f c pe fr m th b dy d q ti ( 2) gi th tim
o en o es a o e o , an e ua on ve s e e

t k
a t en ff ct th p
o tr ti
e If h we r t h b d y i t thi k
e en e a on .
, o eve , e o s oo c

f m pl t p tr ti th pr j ctil will
or c o e e t lly c m t r t
en e a on , e o e e e ve n ua o e o es

withi t h b dy i whi h c
n e 0 Th o t h t t l d pth f p
,
n c as e 0 : . en e o a e o e ne

t ti
ra will b
on e

an d the t t l tim
o a e of p en e trati on is

P
4
12 9 2 val;
,

2
7

Th e va ue l
di c d l t r A cc rdi g t th t t
of i will be s us s e a e . o n o e es s

c rri d t by D idi M ri Fi b rt
a e ou i 1 8 39 — 1 8 4 0 t h c ffici
on - t o n- e e n , e oe en s

a an d bh t h f ll wi g
a ve l i e o o n v a ue s , v z .
,

F l im t
or es on e 1 a

S tr g m on ry as on a =

Ord i ry m na y a s on r 1 a 5 .

B ri kw rkc o a =

S an d an d g r l
av e

a =
4 24 The e j ec ts p r od u c ed by the exp l os i on o f s hell s [ CH XI I .

Loos e ea rth r d with gr

: c o ve e as s

Loos e ea rth h lf l y h l f d
a c a ,
a s an

Da mp l y c a

Oak, b h ee c ,
as h a =

a =

P i ne and bir h c a =

a =

V lli er i n 1 9 1 3 c m e
a a to th e c l i
on c us on th t f rth w d d
a or e a ,
oo ,
an

b
a
l 6

m a s on ry th l f ,
e va u e o i s 50 ,
an d th e l f bi i d t rmi d
v a ue o s e e ne

rim t lly th t u a ti ( )
3 bcm e es

qp
ex
p e en a ,
so a e
q o

X (5 )

wh r 7 d p d
e e xth t r f th b dy i t which
e en s on e na u e o e o n o t he p r j til
o ec e

p tr t
en e d m t l
a es , a nb f d by p rim t us a so e o un ex e en .

Petry i 1 9 1 0 gi t h f ll wi g f rm l
n i ve s e o o n o u a, v z .
,

P V 0 0)
4R 2 ( )
6

wh r X i t h d pth f p tr ti i m tr P i th w ight f th
e e s e e o en e a on n e es , s e e o e

p r j ctil
o e i kil gr mm d 2
eB i t h
n c libr i tim
o tr H
a r es , a n s e a e n cen e es . e e

it i th s ly c ffici t whi h d p d
e on th t r f th b dy
oe en c e en s on e na u e o e o .

It s l f c n r t m ry i
va ue f
or g d t m ry i
o c e e as on s or oo s on e a s on ,
s

f g d bri k w rk
or f dy rth
oo f p l cgh d o ,
or s a n ea , or ou e

ea rth f,
cl y il f i f tior f t h l city
a f so , s a un c on o e ve o o

i mp ct d i t l i gi i th f ll wi g t bl
a ,
an s v a ue s ve n n e o o n a e .

r j ctil m y f c r gl c
Th e p o e e a , o ou s e , an e off th e su rf c a e of t he b dy o

Petry thi k th t thi h pp with thn s a s a en s e su rf c a e of t he ea rth i f t he

4 26 The j ec ts
e p r o d uced by the exp l os i on f
o s hell s [ OH x 1 1.

t f p t ti f pr j ti l 72 . D ep h o en e ra on o a o ec e .

1 Th f rm l f L i Ci it w
. gg t d by th f ct th t with
e o u a o ev - v a as s u es e e a a

th m d r ri fl t h gr t st d pth f p tr ti t k pl
e o e n e t e ea e e o en e a on a es ac e a a .

id r bl di t
c on s fr m t h m
e a l F i t e t h f ll wi g
s an c e o e uzz e . or n s an ce, e o o n

t bl w dr w p i 1 90 0 f th Fr ch b ll t
a e as a n u n or e en u e .

Th e fa ct i
lly pl i d by th pp d m pr i f t h
s u s ua ex a ne e su os e co e s s on o e

b ll t I f t h l ity f th b ll t i ry gr t th c m pr i
u e . e ve oc o e u e s ve ea ,
e o es s on

c a us e sth ti l r f th b ll t t b c id r bly i r d
e s ec on a a ea o e u e o e on s e a n c eas e

Th ff ct f t h
e e h g f
e o i m r im p rt t the c anth t d t e o s o e o an an a ue o

a b ;i c u q c th r i t
z
n i
on s e ry c id r bly i cr d
ue n e e es s a nce s ve on s e a n e as e

wi th t h r lt th t t h d pth f p tr ti m y b gr t r t
e es u a e e o en e a on a e ea e a a

l w r l ity I rd r t ll w f thi w ght t m lti ply s

.

o e v e oc . n o e o a o or s, e ou o u

by 1 + l wh r h i d t rmi d by p rim t Of r thi

cvo , e e s e e ne ex e en . c ou s e , s

thr w o light t h tr
s no t r f t h r i t c i t r l ti t
on e ue n a u e o e es s an e or s e a on o

th th r ri bl Th m t th t b id i th t th f rm l
e o e va a es . e os a c an e sa s a es e o u ae

p r id
ov m th d e f m th
a m tic lly
e mi oi g c rt
o i limit d a e a a e xa n n a e a n e

nu mb r f e o c a s es .

S m p rt f t h
o e rgy f th b ll i d bt dl y p d d i i t m
a o e ene o e u et s un ou e ex en e n s co

p r i d
e s s on d f m t i an V r i p r i m t
e or w r m d a i h
on .t h a ou s ex e en s e e a e n t e au or s
’

l b r t ry d i th t ti g t ti
a o a o an H l n n r B rl i h r lt
e es n s a on at a e s ee, n ea e n : t e es u s a re

s h w i h pp d d t bl th di ry S b ll t b i g fi r d i t b hw d
o n n t e a en e a e, e or na - u e e n e n o e ec oo

an d d Th t bl i l d th l ity f i m p t h r g
s an . e a e nc u th d es e v e oc o ac ,
t e an es at e en

whi h th fi l l iti with

c e r m l h rg
na v e oc q l t h l iti
es a no a c a e a re e ua o t e v e oc es

i mp t t h d p th f p tr ti
ac ,
e d em k t h t f d f rm ti
s o en e a on , a n re ar s on e n a ur e o e o a on

t h pr j ti l
e Th l w r
o ec l iti w p d d by der i g h h rg
e . e o e v e oc es e re ro uc e c e as n t e c a e .

2 N W i h pr p
. . t h f ll wi g i dir t m th d f d t
v on u c o os e s e o o n n ec e o o e e
 7 2] The efi ects p r odu ced by the e xp los i o n o f s he lls 4 27

Fi i g i
r n n to s a n d Fi i r ng i n to be ec h

Na ture of de form a t i on Na ture of d e fo rm a t i on

of pro j ti l
ec e of p ro j ti l
ec e

10 5 No d efor m a ti o n zt h e s u r No df e orm a ti on
fac e s l igh tly r gh d ou en e

D i tt o Bu ll t mpr d
e co es s e : sec

i b m
t on l w i th
ec o es o va

th l i i di
,

e g on ax s n rc e
ti f fib on o res

D i tt o D i tt b t m r m rk d
o, u o e a e
d f rm ti e o a on

Bu ll t mpr
e co es s e d D i tt b gr t r
o, ut ea e

d f rm i e o a t on

A porti f th l d i
on o e ea s D i tt o

r d
p es s e h b k
o ut a t t e ac

Th t i d m pl t l y
e ou s e co e e D i tt o

br k o en

D i tt b t m
o, u o re d b gi
Le a b e ns to e
m rk d l ya e t dd h b k
e x ru e at t e ac

Dit hp
t o, s a e n ot M rk d d f rm ti
a e e o a on
i b l E t r l rf br k
.

re c o
g n za e x e na s u a ce o en

h l d p rti ll y
t e ea a a

tr d d ex u e

r t fr gm t
S ep a a e a e n s of D i tt b ll t b to : u e en

h b ll t
t e u e ti p ij rd un n u e

B ll t b r k
u e i t o en n o M i m m d f rm ti
ax u e o a on
m ll fr gm t Th p rt ti ll h r
.

s a a en s e a s s co e e

Ti p lm t ij d
.

a os u n n ure

Ma x i m m d p th
u e of
pe ne tr a

ti on , 70 7 cm . Ra n ge , 1 5 3 m .

be t h e gr t t f th d pth I t i th
e a es o es e m d th t ft r p
e s . s en as s u e a a e ene

t ra t i n
g thr ghou d p thaf X —eX t h b ll t
o till h t h l ity e u e s as e v e oc vo ,
’

ft r p tr ti g thr gh X — X it h l city I thi

”
an d a e en e a n ou a s a ve o v0 . n s
4 28 Th e e fi ec ts p r o d u c e d by the exp l osi o n o f s he ll s [ OH X I I .

w a y the v e oc l ity i bt i d v s o a ne as a fun c ti on o f t he di t c thr gh

s an e ou

whi h t h c e b ll t h tr ll d
u e as a ve e ,
a nd th r f r
e e o e

P P u du
d u
'

g d t 9 d x

T hi s m th t th r t f tr l i i d p d t f th d f rm
assu es a e a e o a ve s n e en en
z

o e e o

ati on lr dy pr d d Thi hy p th i i t g r lly tr

a ea o uc e . t s o es s s no en e a ue , a s i

i i mp
s i bl t pp th t th m pr i f th b ll t d t he
os s e o su os e a e co es s on o e u e ,
an

l t r l fri ti f th m t ri l thr gh whi h it i p i g pr d c

a e a c on o e a e a ou c
.
s ass n ,
o u e

no e ff ct e .

3 A . mi g th t h ll h l i f th t r f urf c f
ss u n a a s e -
o e s o e na u e o a s a e o

r l ti P c l t d
e vo u on , r d t d t rmi i t h p i th f ll w
on e e en e a vo u e o e e ne s s a e n e o o

i g m
n r H pp d th t t h l m f th m t ri l c t d
ann e . e su os e a e vo u e o e a e a e x a va e

by th p tr ti f th h ll w pr p rti l t th l
e en e a on o f i e si e as o o on a o - e os s o v s v va ;
°

Th r f r d i r rti l
g ) wh r i t h rdi
2 2
e e o e
y p p t 7r x s y o o on a o -
v ,
e e s e o
0 g
na et f t h c t d r c r p di g t
o e e x a va e th di t c f c u ve , or e s on n o x, e s an e o

tr ti h r r
g — h r l ti '

p en e Ta f on . 7 y d T hi
e e o e
g i t \7 r
2
x . s ve s e e a on

b twe een x ,
y d ; d t h f
, ( 1
an ) i 7 1 gi v an th t b t w e us e o n ve s u s a e e en

and y Th w h t h q ti f t h c t ur li f th c r
. us e ave e e ua on or e on o - ne o e u ve

o f ti
e x c a va B t th r lt bt i d by thi m th d
on . u e t i es u s, o a ne s e o ,
a re n o n

a gr m t with th f ct
ee en f d by p rim t Thi i e a ts, as o un ex e en . s s no

su rpri i g i g th t t h pr
s n s ee n f p tr ti i c m plic t d
a e oc e s s o en e a on s a o a e

p h m
en o T h p rti
e n on l f t h . m t ri l e by a m c es o e a e a a re no e an s so

a rr g d t b dir ctly cr t h p th f th pr j ctil

an e as o e e c rt i a os s e a o e o e e : a e a n

p rti
o f t
on oh i i i d t r m
e v s v va t h f rc f h i
s us e d o o ve c o e e o es o co e s on , a n

t h p rce t g which i
e en a
pp li d i e, ry ri bl s so a e , s ve va a e .

4 Th r . m y mpiri l d th r tic l f rm l f d t r
e e a re an e ca an eo e a o u ae or e e

mi i g th thick f rm r pl t which b p tr t d d r
.

n n e n es s o a ou a e, can e en e a e un e

gi ve n diti c on G R c q t on s l th 3 6 h f rm l
. . on a uo es n o es s an s uc o u ae .

F or
p r t r
p p
es e n it m y b ffi iu t t gi
os e s t h g g d a e su c en o ve e on e s u es t e

by th firm f K r pp i 1 8 8 0 d l
e o f rm l which h
u nb ,
an a so a o u a as e en

l rg ly d i Fr
a e us e n an c e .

L t d t th i i f t h pr j ctil i m kg p q cm f
e 2 en o e e v s v va o e o e e n -
er s o

P 2

cr cti Th r f r z Z w l i
os s s e on . L t d t thi i i p
e e o e
v
z
e 6 en o e s v s v va er cc
g
o f th l m f ph r h i g di m t r q l t th c libr f
e vo u e o a s e e, av n a a e e e ua o e a e o

th h ll
e s e .
 43 0 The fi
e ec ts p r od uced by the exp l os i on o f s hel l s [ OH X I I .

som light e on th em tt r B a e . . A . Mi m ey h a s p opoun r d d th ry e a eo on

th bj te su ec , m d
to whi h r f r c e e enc e is a e i n th e n o e s t h tr t th : e ea s e

m tt a th ti
er l ly . d id r it t b p
eor e ca ,
an c on s e s o e a a rtic l r f th
u a c as e o e

d f rm ti f lid b dy by im p ct
e o a on o a so o a .

Th f ll wi g p h e mo o b r d wh
n m d r t l cl d
en o en a a re o s e ve en a o e n s ee - a

b ll t i fir d t pl t f mild t l Th t l
u e s e a a a ri g br k w y
e o s ee . e s ee c ov e n ea s a a

a t th t i p t h l e d r which f rm th l rg r p rt f th pr j ctil
: e ea c o e, o s e a e a o e o e e,

i th
s dri f rw rd d c t p rti f th pl t Th t l
en ven o a an e x a va e s a o on o e a e . e s ee

p rti
o gr d on lly f ll t t h a r r ua d t h ff ct
a f f ricti
s i
o t br e k ea ,
an e e e o on s o ea

it t pi c o e es .

If f th m d r ty p
on e o f t l cl d b ll t i fir d t h rd
e o e n d
e o s ee - a u e s s e a a a en e

s t l pl t f ffi i t thick
ee a e o it fl i t pi with t p tr ti g
su c en n es s , es o e c es ou en e a n .

Th fr gm t he a id r bl l iti m tly i l t r l d i
en s a ve c on s e a e v e oc es, os n a a e a re c

ti cr th rf c f th pl t b rd f w d i t h imm di t
on a os s e su a e o e a e : oa s o oo n e e a e

ne ighb rh od m r l ou o w thr gh by th flyi g p rticl

a re o e or es s s a n ou e n a es ,

ve ry f w f whi h fly b ck l g th li
e o c f fi I t w ld h a a on e ne o re . ou a ve

s ee m d pr b bl th t th fr gm t w ld m tly t d t fly b k
e o a e a e a en s ou os en o ac

th ei rti f t h bi d p rti f th b ll t i th m t lik ly

ne a o e n er o on o e u e s e os e

ex
p l ti an a f t h f ct on o e a s .

5 It i q ti t t h pr ci
s a ue s m t f rgy which
on as o e e se a o un o en e a

rd r t p t m
.
,

b ll t m t p
u e i us os s e s s , hr n t f cti
o e o u a an or a o s e ou o a on .

Th Fr ch e
pp enth t 4 m k g isu ffici os et f m ad 1 9 m k g
- s su en or a an , an -

f or a h r wh r i G rm y it i th ght th t 8 m kg i r q ir d
o s e, e ea s n e an s ou a -
s e u e

f or a m Th tim t
an . c rily r gh m thi g d p d
e es a e s a re n e es s a ou : so e n e en s

on th libr f th pr j til d m thi g l

e ca e o e t h p iti
o ec f e, a n so e n a s o on e os on o

t h p i t f im p t
e o n o ac .

J P gh . t t h f ll wi g f t f pr j ti l h i g l ibr b t
an er s a es t e o o n ac s or o ec es av n a ca e e w ee n

6 and 1 mm I f th
1 i i p q r t i m tre f r
v s v va t i f h p er s ua e c e n e e o c os s s ec on o t e ro

j i l f ll b l w rt i mi im m t i ly ff t thi mi i m m
.

c et e a s e o a ce h a n n u ,
c on u s on s a re t e on e ec : s n u

i 2 m kg p
s q
-m f m d
er s b t 1
c 0 m k g p or aq m f h r Th
an , a n a ou - er s c or a o se . e

d pth f fl h w d i pr p rt i l h i i p i t r Th d t
e o es ou n s s o o on a to t e v s v va er un a ea . e e s r uc

ti ff t f b ll t i h i ghb rh d f b i pr p rti l h t t l
ve e ec o u e s n t e ne ou oo o on es s o o on a to t e o a

ene rgy Th l t imp t rgy th t i ffi i t t br k m b i

. e ea s ac -e n e a s
'
su c en o ea a an s
’
on es s

5 m kg i - rd r t pr d : n o b l t ly rt i r lt 6 m kg r q ir d
e o o uc e a n a so u e ce a n es u ,
1 - a re e u e

w i t h h r th b p d i g fi g r
a o se e 17 d 3
orr e s on n u e s a re an 5 .

6 If .
p r j ctil trika b dy with
o e t c me
p l t s
p tr ti es a o ou o e e en e a on ,

th t t l h
e t th t i pr d c d i t lw y q l t t h l ri i
o a ea a s o u e s no a a s e ua o e ca o es n

th rgy f im p ct b c
e ene it fr q tly h pp th t p rti
o a , e a us e f e u en a en s a o on s o

t h pr j ctil
e j ct d l t r lly i b kw rd dir cti
o e e a re e e e Th
a e a or n a ac a e on . us

a
p rti o f t h rgy
on o i w t d t r
e en e lly Th rgy f sim p ct i
as e ex e n a . e en e o a s
 7 2] Th e fi
e ec ts p r od uce d by the exp lo s i o n o f s hells 43 1

Pa 2

8 5 49
,
thi i
ca o l ri
q l t t h h t pr d c d i f t h b dy
es , a nd s s e ua o e ea o u e ,
e o

r m i t r t d ri g t h tim f im p c t I f h w r th b d y
e a ns a es u n e e o a , ,
o e ve ,
e o ,

t g th r with th pr j til m
o e e f rw rd th th h t pr d c d e o ec e, o ve s o a , en e ea o u e

PP
‘ “1y wh r P i t h w ight f t h b d y t ck by
]
S 0 e e I s e e o e o s ru
8 54 P 9 (
vP
t he p o e r j ct l i e . Th e ve o i l c ty of th r c mm
ei o on mt o i on 18 a
P 4 P1 »
.

P 1)
i; (
2 s
u
B e fo r im p ct th i
e w
a ,
d ft r Im p ct t
e v s vi va as an a e
0

a ,
0

i 18

th e di ff r c i th r f r t h m t f rgy which h b
e en e s e e o e e a oun o ene as ee n

d i ip t d
ss h t
a e as ea .

7 L t. c id r b ll t w ighi g 1 4 7 g mm ; i t c libr
e us on s e a u e , e n ra es s a e

is m it l city i 4 4 4 m / c d i t i i i 1 4 5 m kg
c ,
s ve o s se ,
an s v s v va s - .

Th r f r r g r i t c f 1 4 5 kg r p c f 1 m tr
e e o e a n a ve a e es s an e o o ve a s a e o e e ca n

b e o ve rc m o f 1 4 5 0 kg
e or o n e o r 1 0 cm f kg r o ve ,
or o n e o o ve

0 7 m c S ch . b ll t u p tr t a ir p l t u f e thick can f en e a e an on a e o a n es s o

0 7 cm ( Will W fl l h s ee l p 21 5
e, Th a f rc r q ir
en e r e, v o d . I, .
,
e o e e u e

t po ch h l f thi i i th pl t i
un a o e o s s ze n e a e s

x 0 7 0 8 x 3 5 00 5 0 00 kg ppr im t ly x 77 ,
a ox a e ,

if w e su
pp t h m ch ic
os e l tr gth f t h
e
"

p l t t b
e 3 5 00ankg p a s en o e a e o e er

s
q cm I t th. r f r m th t c l l
e e o e s ee ti f thi ki d l d t wh lly
s a a cu a on s o s n ea o o

i cc r t c cl i
na u a e I f th q
on ti i tr t d t tic l pri cipl
us on s . e u es on s ea e on s a a n es ,

w mu t e pp s th t
sut h p ch i os e t p rm tly a d f rm d e d un s no e a n en e o e ,
an

th t t h l city i gligibl B t i thi

a e ve o s ith r f th
ne e . u n s cas e ne e o es e

a ssu mpti i tr L t t k c pp r wir 1 5 m l g d 0 5 cm

on s s ue . e us a e a o e e, c on an

i n di m t r d cl mp it t th d l t
a e e ,
an
pp a gr d lly a e en s : e us su os e a a ua

i cr i g pr r t b ppli d t th middl f th wir Th th

n eas n es s u e o e a e o e e o e e . en e

t i i th wir will
e n s on n t lly r ch m im m A ft r thi t h
e e e v e n ua ea a ax u . e s, e

t i f ll q ickly d t h wir br k I th fir t p rt f thi

e n s on a s u an e e ea s . n e s a o s

p r c
o es s , w rk i d i o t di g t h s wir d
on e i t h c
n d w
e x enrk n e e , an n e s e on ,
o

i d
s i br ki g t h p rticl
on e n ea d r th r i n q tie f
a
y e s a s un e : e e s no ue s on o an

no tic bl i i I f th wir i br k by t h m d r typ f b ll t

ea e v s v va . e e s o en e o e n e o u e ,

i t t
n s an a n e ous
p h t gr p hy gi tr c f o o
y t i af t h wir ve s n o a e o an e x e n s on o e e .

Th w ir e m t b i t t e s ee ly fr ct r d t th m m t f
s o e n s a n a n e o us a u e a e o en o

imp ct Wh th b ll t tr ll d f rth r r
a . en e utw l egth a ve e u e o ve on e or o en s

t h wir e m d t b lightly c il d pw rd d d w w rd i t h
es s ee e o e s o e u a s an o n a s n e

ne ighb rh d f th p i t f fr ct r t h r t f t h wir
ou oo o e o nmd o a u e : e es o e e s ee e

t b
o t r t
e a At l t r t g t h wir
es . at b lightly b t
a e s a e, e es are s e e n o e s en
43 2 The j
e ec ts p r od uced by th e exp os i on l of s h ell s [ CH x 1 1 .

a onl g th ir wh l l gth I thi e t h w rk

o e en
p d d . tr t h n s c as e e o ex en e on s e c

i g t h wir i pr b bly m ll t h m i p rt f t h
n e e s o a rgy i p t s a e a n a o e en e s s en

i n br ki g th wir whil th i i
ea n e d th r i t c d
e, t e e v s v va an e es s an e ue o

i rti
ne a id r bl Th i li g f th wir
a re c on s e a
p we rd
. d e ce n o e es , u a s an

d w w rd
o n r th p i t f im p ct t k pl
a s , n ea e ry q ickly t h
o n o a a es ace ve u : e

o th r p rti e f th wir
o on s o b q ntly t i m ti c q tly e e a re s u se ue se n o on : on s e ue n

i c m p ri
n o with th m ll m
a s on f th b ll t t i c e s id r bl a ass o e u e ,
a no n on s e a e

m as s f t h wir i o t i e m ti C e q tly t h cc l r ti
s se n o on . on s e ue n e a e e a on s

an d th r i t c e d t i
es s an rti t b
es , f gr t im p rt
ue o ne a , a re s e e n o e o ea o a nce

i n th c f firi g
e as eb ll t thr gh pl t wh r i f t h h l i
o n a u e ou a a e, e ea s e o e s

l wly d t dily p h d th tr gth f th m t ri l i t h ly

.

s o an s ea un c e ,
e s en o e a e a s e on

c on s id r ti e a on .

A f th s ff ct
or t h b ll t w fi d th t i
e e e s m c it i
on e u e ,
e n a n so e a s es s

s h tt r d d i th r
a e e ,
an it i q it i j r d th gh th
n o e ca s es s u e un n u e ,
ou e c on

d i ti h th t i ith r c i th r lt p t d S pp
on s a r e s uc a n ne e as e s e es u ex ec e . u os e

th t t l cl d b ll t w ighi g 1 0 gr mm i fir d i t l rg
a a s ee - a u e ,
e n a es , s e n o a a e

vo u l m f w t r with e o l city f 90 0 m/ c I t d rg c id r
a e a ve o o se . un e oe s on s e

a bl c mpr i
e o d i fr q e s s ontly br k t pi c O t h th
an s e ue n o en o e es . n e o er

h d c dl
an ,
a b an h t thr gh thi b rd d ft rw rd f irly
e can e s o ou a n oa , an a e a s a

l rg pi
a e b pi k d p A
e c e s c an d f ft w d e b fir d thr gh
c e u . ro o so oo can e e ou

a b rd f h rd r w d with t b i g m ch b t d f rm d
oa o a e oo ou e n u en or e o e .

Th tim which i t k by th p tr ti i f t r f t h
e e, s a en e en e a on , s a ac o o e

g t
re a e s t i m p t I t h cor an c e f t h w d . d th nr i t e as e o e oo en ro ,
e e s no

su ffici t tim f en b di g m pr i G r lly p ki g t h

e or en n or c o e s s on . ene a s ea n , e

d f rm ti i m ll i f t h tim i t r l i h rt lw y pp i g
e o a on s s a , e e- n e va s s o ,
a a s su os n

th t th f rc
a e q lly gr t i l l c
o e s a re e A k t r ua p r p idly ea n a as es . s a e can as s a

ov e r thi h t f i whi h w ld gi w y i f h w r t t d
a n s ee o ce, c ou ve a ,
e e e o s an

s till Th b rr l f rifl
. e a m p bl f with t di g gr t r
e o a e s ee s ca a e o s an n a ea e

g as
p
»
with
r es s ur e t di g t h l tic limit
ou th w
e xc e e l d b n e e as s an ou e ex

p t
ec e d fr m t tic lo mi ti
a s a f t h p r bl m a Th c pp
e xa r yli d na on o e o e . e o e c n er

in a cr h r pp r t i d r c rt i circ m t c l
us e a a a us m pr d
s un e e a n u s an es ess c o es s e

by th g pr r th it w ld b by imil r pr r i l r
e as - es s u e an ou e a s a ess u e n a e ve

p r es s Wh . t h w d en d hit t h b erd th roo i p r

en r t
ro s e oa , e e s a es s u e a

th efr t d on d q tly r t rd ti
en ,
an Thi di ff r c
c on s e f
ue n a e a a on . s e en e o

p r r
es s u e a nd t h r t rd ti tr mitte d with
e a id r abl p d
on ar e an s e c on s e a e s ee

thr gh th d thi p d i q l t th t f t h l gi t di l w
ou e ro : s s ee s e ua o a o e on u na a ves

o f d thr gh th w d Th b rd i pi rc d b f r gr t di ff r
s o un ou e oo . e oa s e e e o e ea e en c es

o f pr r b
e s s u e c an t p d b f r th r i e se
y gr t r l
u ti ,
r t
an r e o e e e s an ea e a ve e a

d ti Th r i th littl t d cy t b d c m pr
a on . e e s us e en en o en or o es s .

If l rg gl pl t i
a a e
p d d by t w
as s
p i c f tri
a e g s s us en e o e es o s n ,
 The ej ec ts p r od u ced by the exp l os i on o f s hd ls [ OH X I I .

73 . Th e l
e x p o s i v e e ffe c s o f s h e t ll bu rt
s s .

1 . CO N I C A L A N G LE, R ES U LTI NG F R O M TH E EX PL OS I O N o r

S H R A P N EL A N D S HELLS .

Ifa s h ll
c tr f gr ity f th fr gm t c ti
e ex
p l d o es , th e en e o av o e a en s on n ue s

t tr o l r t h m tr j ct ry b f r Th fr gm t c ti
a ve ov e e sa e a e o as e o e . e a en s on n ue

t r t t i
o th
o a em w y th y pr i ly r t t d i t h c h r t
n e sa e a as e e v ous o a e n e o e en

h ll b t th l git di l i Th ir
s e a ou f r t ti b t th ir
e on u na ax s . e a x es O o a on a ou e

r p cties etr f gr ity imm di t ly ft r t h pl i will i

ve c en es o av e a e a e e ex os on n

g r l b p r ll l t th i f t h h ll b f r t h pl i Th
en e a e a a e o e ax s o e s e e o e e ex os on . e

an g l r l citi f th fr gm t b t th ir tre f gr ity m t

u a ve o es o e a en s a ou e cen s o av us

b th e m th
e gul r l city f th h ll imm di t ly b f r
sa e as e an a ve o O e s e e a e e o e

th p l
e i exTh fr gm t m
os on withi c t h. i f which e a en s ov e n a on e , e ax s o

c i cid with t h p iti f th t g t t th m m t f pl i

o n es e os on O e an en a e o en o ex os on :

th egl f thi c i t h c i l gl th m g it d f which

an e o s on e s e on c a an e, e a n u e o

m t b c rt i d C rt i fr gm t m ti g t b t 1 5 p
us e as e a ne . e a n a en s , a o un n o a ou er

c t f t h wh l di p r i
en O irr g l r f hi
e d th o e, s e se n an e u a as on , an es e a re

us ua lly gl ct d i th m th dic l i tig ti f t h pr bl m

ne e e n e e o a n v es a on O e o e .

Ca l c ul a ti on o
f the Con i c a l A ngl e .

Th e ve o l city of a flyi g fr gm t n a en m ay r es u lt fr m o fou r di ff r t e en

c a us e s .

Fir tly m p rt f thi l ity i i th d i r cti f th t g t

s ,
so e a o s v e oc s n e e on o e an en

t t h tr j ct ry t h m m
o e a e t f pl i th r f r i th dir cti
o a t e o en o ex os on : e e o e n e e on

O f th i f t h c it h
e ax s o l city q l t th t f th h ll
e on e , as a ve o v1 e ua o a o e s e

b f r th pl i thi
e o e e ex b c lc l t d by t h m th d
os on :
p l is cand e a u a e e e o s ex a ne

i Ch pt r V I I I Wh th p i t f b r t h m l h ri
i

n a e t i . en e o n O ur s s n ea e u zz e - o z on ,

thi l city g r lly b t k

s ve o c an th t with which th h ll w ld
en e a e a en as a e s e ou

s trik t h gr d e e oun .

S c dly e p onrt f t h l city

,
i
a t right a gl t ot h t g t e ve o s a an es o e an en

an d i d e t th f r
s u f th o p l i T ehi l city
o ce Oi f irly high e ex os on . s ve o s a

i
n th e f h llcas e d m y m O t t ythi g b tw 4 0 0 d
s e s , an a a oun o an n e e en an

20 0 0 m / c With hr p l thi l ity which w will ll i

se . s a ne s v e oc ,
e ca v, , s

m ch m ll r it
u s ri a md e bly with t h
: va t r f t h c tre s c on e ra e na u e o e on s ue

ti f th hr p l I
on o e y cs th r ai ne rt i . l city in t h an as e e e s a ce a n ve o n e

dir cti f th rm l th pr bl m b i g imil r t th t f h t

e on o e no a ,
e o e e n s a o a o a s o

g un I thi
. l ttn r c th h
s t c p a f r m e t h m l t
a s e, g th r e s o es a e o e uz z e o e e

w ith th p l d d
e exg T h r tho ge p r r b tw
a s es t
. h e e a re us as es s u es e een e

di ff r t h t which t d th wh l t dri th h t tw rd
e en s o ,
en on e o e o ve e s o ou a s

i t h dir ti
n e i which t h g
ec on t r lly p d ( Petry r p rt
n e as es na u a ex an . e o s

th f B lgi
e ca s e o hr p l i which h tim t
e an s t 1 5 m/ c )
a ne ,
n e es a es v,, a se .
 73 ] Th e e f ects p r od uced by the exp l o s i on o f s hells 43 5

J d e la. Ll a ve gi ve s t he fo ll wi g f rm l f th c l l ti f
o n o u a or e a cu a on o v.

in m/ c i th se ,
n e c as e of s hr p l h i g ch mb r i t h middl
a ne , av n a a e n
’

e e .

A cc rdi g t thi
o n o s,

3 0 0 0 p, L

w h r L i th w ight f th ch rg i kg ; P i th w ight f th
e e s e e o e a e n s e e o e

s h ll ; p i th w ight f i gl b ll t i kg ; d p i t h t t l
e l s e e o a s n e u e n an 2 s e o a

w ight f th b ll t
e o e u e s .

Thirdly i c q c f th r t ti f t h h ll b ut i t l gi
, n on s e uen e o e o a on o e s e a o s on

t diu l i ch f th b ll t h
na ax s , l city i dir ti t
ea O e u e s as a ve o vd n a ec on a

right gl t th i b f r th pl i t h b ll t d c ib
an es o e ax s : e o e e ex os on e u e es r es a

c ircl b t t h i f th h ll i t l i r l city b i g t h pr d ct
e a ou e ax s o e s e , s n ea ve o e n e o u

o f th gul r l city d t h di t c fr m th i Th r f r ft r
e an a ve o an e s an e o e ax s . e e o e a e

th l
e ex
p i t h b ll t t d t fl
o s on ,
y l g t h t g t t thi
e circl u e en s o a on e an en o s e,

it l city d p di g i t di t c fr m th i S pp th t ll
s ve o e en n on s s an e o e ax s . u os e a a

t h b ll t w r
e u th yli dric l r f c f th h ll th th ir
e s e e on e c n a su a e o e s e : en e

c irc m f r ti l l citi t th b gi i g f the tr j t ry w ld

u e en a ve o es a e e nn n O a ec o ou

h b a ve t A wh r
e e n v0i th m l l city d A i th fi l
an , e e v0 s e uz z e -v e o ,
an s e na

an gl f th i fli g Th g l r l city f th h ll h w r f ll
e o e r n . e an u a ve o o e s e ,
o e ve ,
a s

o ff lightly
s d m r r th b ll t ,
t di ff r
an t di t c fr m tho e ove e u e s a re a e en s an es o e

ax si (S V l g. Th r f r A N bl h
ee o .gg t d th f ll w
II I, e e o e . o e as s u es e e o o

i g f rm l
n oi u a, v z .
,

vd 0 555 ( v0 v ) ta n A ,
whil try pp e = X
Pe t A wh r 7 = 0 7 5 f su th s hr p l os e s vd v, an , e e t or e a ne

o f th B lgi ig g
e ( 7 h ld
e b p rim t lly
an s e d t rmi d ) e un s . xs ou e ex e en a e e ne .

Fi lly H yd r ich gi t h m f rm l t ti g th at 7 li b
na e en e v es e sa e o u a, s a n 1 es e

tw 0 6 7 d 0 8
een an .

F rthly b ll t m y r c i fr m th f rc f th pl i
ou ,
a u e a e e ve o e o e O e ex os o n a n

a dditi l l city i th dir cti f th t g t t th tr j ct ry

on a ve o , v, , n e e on O e an en o e a e o .

With hr p l h i g ch m b r i th h d f th h ll thi l ity

s a ne ,
av n a a e n e ea o e s e , s v e oc

is ne g ti Petry t t th t i Fr ch g it w
a ve : 25t m/ If s a es a n a en un as s ec .

t h ch mb r i i
e t h middl a 0 d i f it i i t h b
e s li n e e, v2 :
,
an s .
h e as e , v2 es

b tw 20 d 8 0 m / c H yd r ich thi k t h
e e en an rg l f se . e en e n s e a ve a e v a ue o

v,.i 50 m /
s i th i which th ch rg i c t i d i th
s ec, n e cas e n e a e s on a n e n e

b d w igh
as e , a n f t h wh l th th r h d ==8 0 m / c
e s
53
1
O e o e : on e o e an vz se ,

r ghly p ki g i f th r ti i
ou s J d l Ll ea gi t h f ll w i g
n , e a o s 5 15 . . e a a ve ves e o o n

e mpiric l f rm l f hr p l with b ch mb r i
a o u a or s a ne a as e- a e ,
v z .
,

6 20 L "6

0 4
12
9

wh r L i th w ight
e e s e e of t he c h rga e in kg , a nd
p i s t he
2 t t l w ight
o a e

Of t h b ll t e u e s .

28 — 2
43 6 The e j ec ts p r od uc ed by the exp los i on o f s h el l s [ OH X I I .

h T es e fou r v e oc l iti r f r
r gm t whi h fly l g t h es e e to th e f a en s c a on e

su rf c a f th c
e o Th t w e l cition e d .t right gl e o ve o es v,, a n vd a r e a an es

to on e a n oth r d t th t g t th y
e an b mp d d i t o e an en : e can e co ou n e n o a

r es u lt t l city V whi h i / f
an ve o th ,
l iti , , d c s xv vd :
2
e v e oc es v a n vz can

be a dd d t g th r lg br ic lly Th r f r th h l f f t h gl t
e o e e a e a a . e e o e e a o e an e a

t he a
p f t h
ex Oc i gi by e on e s ve n

v + vz v + vz
( )
4

A l g th tr j ct ry
on e d c rc ly ry d cr
a e o l wly whil
,
v8 a n v,, s a e va : vd e e as e s s o , e

v d cr e id r bly i cr i g m wh t fi lly C q tly

e a s e s c on s e a ,
n eas n so e a na . on s e ue n

th gl f th c i cr
e an e o t fir t
e d d r c rt i irc m t c
on e n eas es a s ,
an un e e a n c u s an es

it d cr et ltr tg
ea s e s a a a e s a e .

Th r f r w h t h f ll wi g r
e e o e e lt i ave e o o n es u s, v z .
,

( ) with t h al d ty p f hr p l with t h
e O l di g ch mb r i e O s a ne e oa n a e n

th h e d i m ll c m p r d with v d i g ti
ea , v,, s s a asd o a e d ,
an v, s ne a ve , a n

V8
t g an
v v2
( )
5

b
( ) with t h l d ty p with t h l d i
e Og ch mb r i e e oa n a e n th e middl e,

or w ith t h t b hr p l w h
e u = 0
e s - d a ne , e a ve vz ,
an

1
2 f
l)

( c ) wi t h t h l di g ch mb
e r i oa n a e n th e b as e, we h ave

7 V8
2 v + m
F or i tn s an c e , w i th l 5 7 th e 12 9 Fr en c h F K 9 7 , t he
. . v a u e s of a re
° ° '

r p
es ec ti ly
t di t ve f 1 000 3 000
a d 6 000 m tr
s a n c es Th l f t th o , ,
an e es . e va ues o v a e

m m t f pl i
o en r p i ly 4 22 3 00 d 23 0 m/
s o ex os on a r e mb r f b l l tes ec t ve , ,
an s ec : n u e o u e s,

29 w i ght f i gl b ll t 1 2 gr mm t t l w igh t f b ll t
1 : e O a s n e kg w i gh t
u e ,
a es : o a e o u e s ,
: e .

f h rg 4 0 gr mm i i t i l l i ty 9 m/ lg f i fli g = 7 v0 =
°

O c a e, a es : n a ve oc ,
52 s ec : a n e o r n A

U i g N bl f rm l f r g f 6 000 m w h
’
s n o e s o u a or a an e o e a ve

( 5 29 23 0 ) x 0 555 tan 7

52 m/ s ec .

Th e v e ocl i ty v, a c c o rd i ng to de la L l a ve s
’
fo rm l u a is

5 5 m/
6 20 x
s ec .

I f v,, i s l td
n e g ec e ,
th e l
v a u e of
%
’
for 6 00 0 m i gi s ven by
52
z and
5
°
tan : 10
2
43 8 The fi
e ec ts p r od u ce d by the exp l os i on of s hell s [ OH . XII

di t c B hi d thi i t h m i t rg t which i di id d i t q r
s an e . e n s s e a n a e , s v e n o s ua e s

it i r ct d is e e rti l p iti t ch di t
e n a ve cafr m t he di c os on a su a s an c e o s

th t it i tr ck by ll th b ll t B y ph t gr phic m th d th
a s s u a e u e s . o o a e o s e

iti i t b r t d t rmi d cc r t ly m
"

p os f t h
on o p f i e o n O t 0 5
u s T h s e e ne a u a e o . e

l gth d br dth f th r ct gl w hich i l d t h m i p rti

en
‘

an ea O e e an e, nc u es e a n o on

( i . 8s5 p
. c t ) f t
erh flyi g b
en ll t d
o t rmi de Fr m t h nk w u e s , are e e ne . o e no n

d t w g t tw lightly di ff r t ic l gl y d y w th r
a a, e e o s e en c on a an es , , an r
g: e e e

f r t k y
o e a g( ye T h m .
rf m1
t g r lly m d f
es e eas u e en s a re en e a a e or

tw di ff r t r g Th i r
o e en anf l city ,d t t h ch rg
es . e n c ea s e o ve o , v2 ue o e a e

i g
s r lly f d by p r t p rim t t h h ll i
en e a ou n a se
p d
a a e d ex e en : e s e s s us en e

with t f th ch rg i ig it d d t h l city f th f r m t
ou a us e , e a e s n e ,
an e ve o o e o e os

b ll t i m r d by th B l gé pp r t
u e s eas u e d t h wir e cr ou e n a a a us an e e s ee n s .

W m y t h r f r b c id r d t h
e a e e o e f d ed tw on sl e e o a ve o un 0, an o v a ues

o f y f t w di ff r t r g
r
or o F th r g w k w th l f
e en an es . or es e an es e no e va u e o

th r f r fr m th q ti t g r w g t t h l
l
e
v: e e o e o e e ua f V on an e e e va ue s o 8
v v2

f th t w r g
or e Th o rith m tic m
an es .f th tw e a l i tk e ean o es e o va ue s s a en,

an d thi i m d t b t h l f V f t h p rp f y f t h
s s as su e o e e v a ue o 8 or e u os e O an ur er

c lc l ti i which t h q ti i
a u a on s n d e e ua on s us e .

With h ll t h rr g m t i s e s ti lly th m
e a an c pt f
e en s e s s en a e sa e, ex e or

th f ct th t
e a b f ffi i t i
a a i ox d t i t rc pt th flyi g
O su c en s ze s us e o n e e e n

fr gm a t T ki g i t cc t th dir cti f t h t g t t th
en s . a n n o a ou n e e on o e an en o e

tr j ct y t th p i t f b r t th c ic l gl
a e or a e o n b d t rm i d
O u s ,
e on a an e can e e e ne

as b f r Fr m q ti
e o e . w h o te
g
— ua i which w k ew
on e av e an n e n

r
y ,
d an i k w v fr m t
s h r g
no t bl n T h ow k w V e d t h an e a e . us ,
e no 8 , an e

e q ti ua r t d t rmi y d r y c diti
on s e v e s o e e ne r un e an on on s .

Th l f 7 i f im p rt c f th th r tic l di c i f
e v a ue o s o o an e or e eo e a s us s on o

t h d pth f p
e e tr ti O d th ff ct t b
en e a
p ct d fr
on a nm p l e e e o e ex e e o an ex o

s oni drk w un e diti Thno l ity f th hr p l b ll t

n c on on s . e v e oc o e s a ne u e s

or o f t h flyi g fr gm t e f n h ll th rf c f th c i gi
a en s o a s e on e su a e o e on e s ve n

by th q ti e e ua on

r g rd thi
If we th i iti l l ity we a c lc l t t h s as e n a v e oc ,
e c an a u a e e

di t t whi h t h high t
s an c e a d t h l w t b ll t will h c ffici t e es an e o es u e a ve s u en

i i
v s v va t p t m hr t f o ti A ft r th p i t f b r t
u a a n or o s e ou o ac on . e e o n O u s

th pp rm
e ut b ll t will m e t fir t p w rd
os d w w rd cu rd e o ve a s u a s or o n a s, a co

i gn th c t gl f d c t f t h tr j t ry i l
as e a u e an e o es en o e a ec o s es s or

th 3 an
 73 ] The e fi ec ts p r od uc ed by th eexp l os i o n o f s h ell s 43 9

q dr ti l f i r i t
I f th e ua a c aw o a r- es s anc e is md
as s u e , and if . as a fi rs t a pp ro xi ma
ti th p th f th b ll t i pp d
on , e a o e u e s su os e to b r ti l i e ec n ea r, t h e fo ll wi g f m l
o n or u a

m y b
a mpl y d Th r g b h
e e o e . e an e ,
at t e en d f whi h
o c t h e ve oc l i ty f h b ll t o t e u e

h f ll
as fr m V
a i gi by
en o to v, s ve n

P
“ “;
l

n ew

wh p ere w i h t f th b ll t i kg d i d i m r i m r a i th
, i s t h e e g o e u e n , ts a e te n e t es ,
s e

d i ty
ens t hr kg/ b m )
of t h e a m os p = 6 7 0 26 9 0 1 6 6 0 1 3 2
e e, cu x 0 3 , , , ,

for th f ll wi g e l f L22 r p ti ly i 00 00 200 d 100 /

o
4
o n va ue s o es ec ve ,
v z .
,
4 ,
3 , , an I n s ec .

H R h h m d l l ti f gi g d h r p l b ll t w igh
o ne as a e ca c u a ons or a ve n un a n a s a ne u e ,
e

i g 1 0 gr mm I f t h b ll t h p i t fb th l i ty f 00 300
.

n a es . e u e at t e o n o u rs a s a v e oc o 4 , ,
or

200 m/ r p ti ly th ft r g f 3 00 6 2 d 1 4 m i t i i wi ll
s ec es ec ve ,
en a er an es o ,
2 ,
an 5 ,
s v s v va

b 8 m kg
e d it - l i y 1 2 m/
,
an s v e oc t 5 s ec .

It i p ibl i thi w y t d t rmi e wh th r t h di t c f th

s os s e n s a o e e n e e e s an e o e

t rg t fr m th p i t f M
a e o e o n o

b r t i c rr ct L t
u s s o e . e us

su
pp th t
os e t h h ll i a e s e

b rtu s s o ver l l gr d t eve o un a

th pe i t M t h
o n t rg t ,
e a e

b i g t Z A i th p i t
e n a . s e o n

ve rtic lly b l w M d B a e o ,
an

w ld b th m p i t f
ou e e ea n o n o

im p ct i f th h ll did t
a ,
e s e no

b r t Th MB i th di t c l g th tr j ct ry fr m th p i t
u s . en s e s an e a on e a e o o e o n

o f b r t MA i t h h ight f b r t A Z is t h r g
u s ,
s fb r t e d AB e O u s , e an e o u s ,
an

i t h r g fr m t h p i t f b r t t t h hy p th tic l p i t f
s e an e o e o n o u s o e o e a o n o

im p ct I f thi g
a . r
p p rly dj t d Z d B
n will t d t
s a rec i cid o e a us e ,
an en o o n e .

I f MB i ry m ll p rt f th wh l f th tr j ct ry b th
s a ve s a a o e o e o e a e o a ov e e

m l h ri MA B
uz z e - o b r g rd d z on , right gl d tri gl d c an e e a e as a -a n
e an e , an

on thi m pti th f ll wi g c id r ti
s ass u b d on e o o n on s e a on s a r e ase .

Th r g nd h ight
e f b r t m t b
an e ffici t t
a bl th e O u s us e su en o ena e e

b ll t t trik
u e s
’

mb r f m i th r w rd th r m t b
o s e a nu e O en n o e o s, e e us e a

su ffici t di t c en r which th b ll t s an c tt r Ob i lye ov e e u e s can s a e . v ou s on

th th r h d thi di t
e o e m t t b t gr t E p ri c h w
an s s anc e us no e oo ea . x e en e, o

e ve r h w th t it i b tt r f thi di t
,
s o s at b t o gr t r th r s e e or s s an c e o e o ea a e

th t m ll
an oo s a .

L t AZ e d MB b Th l f d b with
a an gi e typ . e va ue s o a an a v n e

o f hr p l
s d a gi g ne lly k pt c t t f d fi it
an a v en u n a r e u s ua e on s an ,
or a e n e

i iti l l city thi l i

n a ve o lly b t 6 0 m tr Th t h
: s va u e s us u a a ou e es . en e

h ight f b r t i t
e o wh r w i t h c t gl f d c t d
u s s a a n a) ,
e e s e a u e an e o es en , an
44 0 Th e ej ec ts p r od uc ed by th e exp l os i on o f s hell s [ OH X I I.

i ts va uel i cr
m r r pidly th t h r g R h t t th t
n e a s es o e a an e an e . o ne s a es a

in Fr d A tri
an c e th pp r t h
an ight f b r t whi h
usi t h a, e a a en e O u s , c s e

an gl bt d d by t h h ight f b r t t t h m l i k pt
e su en e t t e e O u s a e uz z e , s e c on s an .

I nthi c b d r s with i r
as e, f r g th l fb
ec ea s es an n c eas e o an e : e va u e s o

with th Fr h F K g f r g f 1 0 0 0 20 00 d 4 000 m
e en c . . un or
'

an es o , , ,
an a re

1 22 9 4 , d 64 m r p cti ly Th di p r i
,
an f t he b ll t ri es e ve . e s e s on O u e s va es

co rr p di gly With t h ld Kr pp g ( p t
es on n . w k pt e o u un s u o a as e

t t f ll r g
c on s a n d h d or l f b t 6 0 m With th
a an es , an a a va ue O a ou . e

m d r fi ld g m d by t h m firm R h
o e n e y th t d r
un s , a e e sa e , o ne sa s a a e c ea s es

l wly i pr p rti t t h limiti g l f t h h ri t l l city

s o n o o on o e n v a ue o e o z on a ve o ,

v,, c os (0 .

T h us i v, c o s

v,, s i n co
an d th r f r th h ight f b r t H
e e o e e
4
e o u s

If f gi r g Hor a t ve n d b an ) k w
e a, a an an a s e c 60 a re no n,

t g th r with th
o e e i l gl f di p r i y d th e c on c a mb r f an e o s e s on , ,
an e nu e o

b ll t i th h ll N th th b ll t d ity th t rg t
u e s n e s e , ,
b en e u e -
en s on e a e c an e

r ck d f ll w L t t k
e on e as o ti thr gh t h c
o s . f di
e us a e a s ec on ou e
‘
on e o s

p i p
e r s on on a l t right gl t t h
an e a i t di t c b fr m t h an es o e ax s a a s an e o e

p io nt f b r to Th cti i
u s i
. rcl f r di p Le t t h
se b ll t on s a c e O a us . e e u e

d ity thi circl b I) th t i t y D b ll t trik th circl

ens on s e e : a s o sa , u e s s e e e

r f1 q m W
on a n a e a o lly gl ct 1 5 p c t f th b ll t
s . e u s ua ne e er en o e u e s,

which p t t di
a re
p r irr
a g l rly t h r
o m i d r 0 8 s5 N will
e se e u a : e e a n e ,
°

0 8 5N
°

strik e on r p an
D S
a eai c t w h 7r
°
n e an e a ve

I f we tk
a e th e i t n s an c e Of the Fr ch F K
en . .
g un, with N 29 1 ,

d b 50 m h
°
12 an ,
we a ve

0 85 x 29 1
°
n 12
71 ( 5 0 t a

T h r fr e e o e 14 b ll t will
u e s b e fo un d to be S
p r d ea o ve r an a ear of

10 s q m .

He y d e n r e i c h gi v es
p a rtic l r t th m r m t f t h d pth
u a s as o e eas u e en o e e

of
p en e tr ti a on hr p Of s a ne l r f r c i m d t thi i t h t
: a e e en e s a e o s n e n o es

a t th e en d o f thi l m s vo u e .
 Th e efi ec ts p r od uced by the exp l os i on o f s h ell s [ OH X I I .

74 . tr t ll t r t r m ud
O n t h e p e n e a i o n o f s h e s h o u gh w a e or .

t lt
T h e e ffe c s o f D um -d um b ul e s .

Wh b ll t p tr t i t
en a u ft b dy lik th t f
e en e hr
a es n o a so o , e a o a o s e or

a m a
an ,
p l i ff
n ex t i p r d c d withi
os v e e t h b d y ec I f it trik
s o u e n e o . s es

a
p ond f w t r t h O
p r y d h
a e t ll id
,
i
e sf it f ll
a m as es o a S es : or a s on a ass

O f m d it u c t , l m m y tim i t w i th h p d
e x a v a e s a vo u e an es s o n s ze , e S a e an

dim i f th
e n s on s O c ti d p di g th ir m t c f t h e e x a va on e en n on e c cu s an es O e

c as e A imil r ff t
. s m ll r l t k pl with l d b t
a e ec on a s a e s ca e a es ac e ea ,
u

no thi g f th ki d h ppe with dry d

n o e n w d D t il fa ns sa n or oo . e a s o

p h en om f thi ki
en a d b Of d i t h m
s dic l nr p rt f
c an t h e o un n e e a e o s O e

Pr i Mi i try f W t which r f r i m d i th t
.

us s a n n s O a r, o e e ence s a e n e n o es .

Th ri e
p l t
va ry th ri
o us e xm y b mm ri
an a o d f ll w eo es a e su a se as o o s

1 Th . m pr i f t h pr j ctil pr d
e co e s s on o fl tt i g t t h e o e e o uc e s a a en n a e

ti p , d c rt i m t f tr i t th id Th r f r
an a e a n a ou n o ex us on a e S es . e e o e a .

c rt i p rti f t h m d i p h d id w y
e a n o on O hw i e u s us e S e a s , as s o n n

t h fig r d thi e d bt dly pl i u e , an m thi g Th s un ou e ex a ns so e n . e

0J t m thi g h sa
pp with
e b ll t fir n d with t h
a t i p b
en s kw rd a u e e e ac a s

E —
J c p t th t i
ex e thi p iti it i m ar ily
n c m p r s d os on s o e e as o esse ,

whi l t h ff ct pr d d with d m d m b ll t e e e e s w ll o uc e u - u u e s a re e

k w Th r i l th pl i ff ct with h y h ll
no n . e e s a so e th t
ex os v e e e eav s e s, SO a

( )
1 i t t h
s no m i c e a n a us e .

2 Th t m p r t r
. f t h pr j ctil i high
e e e a u e o d thi might t d e o e e s ,
an s en

t o vo al tili th w t r l d S m ttrib t th pl i t t h
se e a e or ea . o e a u e e ex os on o e

t m pr r H w r it m im pr b bl th t th r i ffi i t
s ea es s u e . o e ve s ee s o a e a e e s su c en

tim t l tili e o vo a
y id r bl l m se f wan t r M ch
c on s
p i e a e vo u e o a e . u ex er

m t l w rk h b d t d t rm i t h t m p r t r f th
en a o as e en on e o e e ne e e e a u e o e

p r j
o ec til imm di t ly
e ft r p tr ti e I f t h
a e b ll t a i fir ed i t en e a on . e u e s e n o

su lph r g p wd r g c tt th m t ri l
u , un o e or t i fl m d
un - o on , es e a e a s a re n o n a e :

thi m t gi
s s ee
pps r limit
o f t h t m
ve a n u
p r t r T h b ll
e t h or e e e a u e . e u e as .

so m tim b e tr ct d imm di t ly d i t t m p r t r m r d
es een e x a e e a e an s e e a u e ea s u e

by th l rim t r fig r b tw 7 0 d 1 1 0 C h b f d
e ca o e e : u es e e en
°
an
°
. a ve e en ou n

in thi w y A s i ly f ibl m t lli c r ha b i rt d i

a . n e as us e e a c o e s e en nse e n a

b ll t g
u e :m d f W d m t l which f
e . . on e a e b tw 6 5 d
o oo
’
s e a ,
us e s e e en
°
an

R or mtl
‘
os e s
’
Pb B i e aWith th b ll t M 8 8 or 3 8 e u e .
,

th m im m t m p r t r w f d t li b tw 1 4 0 d °
e ax u e e a u e as ou n o e e e en an

S th t th
O a l tili ti th ry m t f il e vo a sa on - eo s ee s o a .

3 S m p pl
. gg t th t t h pr j ctil
o e eo e su mbl p i
es i g a e o e e r es e es a S nn n

t p o ,th t p w rf l V ibr t ry m m t
SO a o e t p withi t h m d
u a o ov e e n s ar e s e u n e u .
 7 4] The fi
e ec ts p r od uce d by the exp lo s i on o f s he ll s 44 3

B ut p exim t i er t h b lli
en tic l s b r t ry
n h w d e th t p ra ci lys a o a o s o e a e se

s imil r pl i ff ct w r pr d c d by
a ex os ve e . e
p i s i g p r
e ej til o u e n o n -s nn n o ec es ,

fir d fr m
e m th b r M dic l r p rt
o a s oo m t i dic t th t
o e . e a e o s s ee o n a e a

so m f th ff ct
e o th
e h m b dy m y b p rti lly d t
e e s on e u an o a e a a ue o a

c a us e o f thi ch r ct r th gh thi i s a a t th m i c
e ,
ou s s no e a n a us e .

4 Th pr
. r d t th i w
e es s u e i l ue ry lik ly t b
o e a r- a ve s s a s o ve un e o e

im p rt t i thi c cti
o an n E M h h s on n e h w th t it i t p on . . ac as s o n a s no os

s ibl t pp th t d fi it m
e o su os e f i p rti l
a a i e rri d f w rd
n e ass O a r- a c es s ca e or a

by th b ll t h h pr d th t it i ly ib t ry m m t i
e u e : e as ov e a s on a v ra o o ve en n

th tm ph r which t k pl c fr m i t t t i t t N ith r
e a os e e, a es a e o ns an o .
ns an . e e

h a ve vo l um e f g b b r dt i
s o as fr m b dy ft r im p t
een O s e ve o s s ue o a o a e ac .

M ch m a r d t h i pr r i d i ff r t d ir cti r d h ll
eas u e e a r- e s s u es n e en e on s o un a s e ,

an df d th m t b t m ll t pl i y pl i ff ct N ith r
o un e o e oo s a o ex a n an ex os ve e e . e e

d th t l
o e
pp r lik
a es l y t a b tr ea c rdi g t which
e m oh e ue a c o n o en a ve

b kill d by th i pr r d t h ll flyi g p t th m
e en e e a r- es s u e, ue o a S e n as e .

L hm e h l t ly gg t d th p
an n as a e f th h d w su es e e re s s ur e o e ea - a v e as

b i g lik ly c
e n a f th
e
pp r t
a us e o
p l i ff ct P eA G au th r a en ex o s ve e e . . .
'

n e

h as th r f r c rri d t c rt i p rim t i c j cti with t h

e e o e a e ou e a n ex e en s n on un on e

au th r i rd r t c rt i th f ct Pl t
o n o e o as d b ll
e a n f d m p cl y e a s . a e s an a s O a a

O f di ff r t i e en w r t k h l w r b r d i th m lightly
s z es e e a en : o es e e o e n e ,
s

l rg r i di m t r th t h b ll t which w fir d thr gh th m
a e n a e e an e u e ,
as e ou e .

I f th h d w e th ry w r c rr ct th r ght t b
ea -
a ve eo e e p l i o e ,
e e ou o e an ex os ve

e ff ct b t t h r w
e ,
u tr c f ythi g f t h ki d I
e e as no a e th r o an n o e n . n an o e

ex p rim e t t h b ll
en t w fir ed imm diu t ly e r t h as r f f e e a e ov e e su ace o a

ves s e l th t w f ll t t h brim with w t r m r ry h r g i

a as u o e a e or e cu : e e a a n

no ff ct w
e eb r d A b ll f m i t cl y w p t i
as O s e ve . c m a o o s a as u n a va uu

un d r t h i p m p d b ll t w fir d thr gh it I t w f d
e e a r u ,
an a u e as e ou . as o un

th t th pl i ff ct t k pl c i
a e ex os v e e c m i th e oo l wy a e n a va uu n e u s ua a .

Th h d w e ea th ry th r f r
- a ve m t b eo
pp rt d by
e e o e see s o e un s u o e ex

p i
er m t l iden a c d evm y c en q tly b
e, a n di mi d a on s e u en e s sse .

5 It i k w
. th t hydr lic pr r i tr mitt d i l l
s no n a au es s u e s an s e n a

dir ti thr gh t h fl id d it h b
ec on s ou gg t d th t b ll t
e u ,
an as een s u es e a a u e ,

flyi g thr gh w t r tr mit ch pr r lik th cyl i d r f

n ou a e , an s s su es s u e s e e n e o a

hydr li m S i g th t by P c l l w th pr r i tr mitt d
au c ra . ee n a as a
’
s a e es s u e s ans e

i n ry dir cti thi w ld m t f r i h i m pl pl t i

e ve e on , s ou s ee o u n s a s e e x an a on

O f th rpri i g f ct th t th w t r i h t t i l tly
e su s n a a l l id e a e s s o ou v o en on a s es ,

an d i
e ve nth dir ti f th g
n e B t th r
ec on ri o bj e un . u e e a re se o us O ec

ti t thi th ry Fl id
on s o s eory lightly c mpr ibl I f th r
. u s a re v e s o ess e . e e

i s ahigh pr r i id w t r es s u e l light cr k i t h
ns e a a e l ve s s e , a s ac n e ves s e

i s su ffici t t r d c t h pr en o r t
e u e t th t f t h e tm ph r es s u e a on c e o a o e a os e e .
 The j r od uced by the exp l os i on o f s hd l s [
’

4 44 e ec ts p OH X I I .

T hi s ri s t he why hydr lic pr r i t d g r

ea s on au es s u e s no so an e ou s as

pn eu m ti p r ar c I f l br
es su e k d r hy
. d r li p r r t h
a v es s e ea s un e au c ess u e, e

fr gm t h
a en ry m ll l citi whil t h r r i t h c
s a ve ve s a ve o es , e e e ve s e s e as e

with g d r pr r
a s es u n e es s u e .

I t h prn t e h w r t h fr gm t i c rt i c
es e n c as e, o e ve , e a en s n e a n as e s a r e

fl gt
un id r bl di t c I m i t cl y th r i
o c on s e a e h ll h l
s an es . n o s a e e s a S e - o e,

m r th 4 0 0 tim th i f th pr j til
o e an es d thi m t
e S ze o e o ec e : an s s ee s o

m k t h hydr lic th ry
a e e lik ly M r r it f il tir ly t
au eo un e . o e ov e a s en e o

ex
p l i why
a n
y ff t i p r d
an d by efiri g bec ll t i t s
p o uc e n a u e n o an o en

wtr a e l i
ve s s e c ,
wh r th r
or n b q ti
a s es f y e e e e c an e no ue s on o an

hydr lic pr r I t i
au es s u e th l pr b bl th t g d d l
. s n on e e ess o a e a a oo ea

dp d
e en th m ll
s on f t h f rc
e s fc h i
a d th
n es s O with e o es o o e s on a n e ea s e

whi h th p rti l
c e b di pl
a d r l ti ly t
c es c an th r d e s ac e e a ve o on e a n o e : an

th f ct
es e al f im p rt c i c
s a re a so cti with P l l w
o o an e n on n e on asca
’
s a .

Th m im m
e ax
p l i u f f t i p r
ex d d i os ve i which t h e ec s o uc e n c as es n e

fricti f t h p rti l
on o i emi im m a d r ch c diti th y
c es s a n u : un e su on on s , e

can b r l ti ly d i pl
e e a d w i t h gr t
ve s ac e ea e as e .

6 I t m ight b th ght th t t h
. i ity f th fl id h d m
e ou a e v s c os o e u a so e

thi g t d with th m tt r
n o o e a e .

fig t h b ll t m t dr g th dj c t l y r f i
In . a, e u e s ee s o a e a a en a e s o a r,

whil t r l l y r
e ex e na t m t t dh r t t th i t r l
a e s a re o so e e x en a e en o e n e na

on e s :th th wh l m us f w t r t k
e
p rt
o e i t h m ti t
as s o a e a es a n e o on o a

g t
re a e r or l t t j t it d
es s e x e ni rtic l r t ,ti g cyli
us d r as oe s n a ve a o a n n e ,

fill d with w t r Th l g i t r l which l p b tw

e a e . e th on n e va e a s es e e en e

m m t f p tr ti
o en o d t h m m t f th
en e a
p l
on i m an t e o en o e ex os on s ee s o

b e
p l i
ex d im p ly i
a ne thi w y s B t t h p l i ffn ct i s a . u e ex os v e e e s n a

l t r l dir ti
a e a t q it
ec onyt d rt d Lt t k
a re no u e s o eas o un e s an .
'
e us a e a

l m p f cl y i fig b th t i b r d with rtic l h l p r ll l
u O a ,
as n .
,
a s o e ve a o es , a a e

to th dir ti f th b ll t Th i f th i c ity th ry w r
e ec on o e u e . en e v s os - eo e e

tr w h ld p ct ch
ue , e S ou l 1 thr ugh which t h b ll t fli t
ex e a nn e ,
o e u e es , o

b fr c t r d b t
e a t 2— 2
u e , d till l u 3 —3no Thi h w r i t ,
an s es s . s, o e ve , s no

th c e i c l l t h ch
as e, s n e a l p rt k f th m ti e U d r gi an n e s a a e O e o on . n e ve n

c onditi th p l
on s i f
f ct we ld i
ex cr w ith t
os v eh i t r l e e ou n e as e e n e na

fricti f flu id
on O mi fl i d b dy t h i c ity th ry it w ld
a or s e - u o on e v s os -
eo : ou
 The e j ec ts p r o d uced by the exp l os i on o f s hel l s [ OH . XII

i
a r at ibr ti 0 th
. rf c f 0Th e p h t gr p hic
v lly a on s on e su a e O a re o o a a

r c rd d
e of cti f th tim by t h m th d
e as a m pl y d by th
un on o e e e e o s e o e e

au th r i r c rdi g th ibr ti
o n f t h b rr l f
e o rifl i 1 8 9 9 n e v a on s o e a e o a e n .

( S e e Vol . ll wi g rr g m t h w di gr m
III, Th e fo o n a an e en ,
s o n a a

m t i lly i
a th fig r w d pt d B i
ca n el m p th light u e, as a o e . s an a rc a , e

fr m whi h p
o thr gh t p S d i t t lly r fl t d fr m t h
c as s es ou a s o , an s o a e ec e o e

p ri m P t
s t h w t r r
r1 f c 0 fr m
o 0 it i r fl ct
e ed t t h p ri
a e m -
su a e, : o s e e o e s

P d th c by t t l r fl cti
r, , an it p
en thr gh th l L t
e o a e e on a s s es ou e en s o

th iti d pl t P A im g f th p i g i th t p i p
e s en s se a e . n a e o e o en n n e s o s ro

d d
uc e th pl t I f t h pl t i r pidly p ll d w y i
on e a e dir cti
. e a e s a u e a a n a e on

at right gl t th dir cti f th light

an es o err w tr ight li i
e on O e , a na o s a ne s

p r d c
o d l
u e g t h w
as t r i ont r t as ry lighte ibr tia e s a es : a ve s v a on on

th rf c f t h w t r
e su a e o m rk d ri e a ef ll i t h p iti
c a us e s a a e s e or a n e os on

of t h li eTh m m t f firi g i r c rd d by t h im g
ne . e o en f o n s e o e e a e O a

s
p rk a w hil
,
th
a, tim i t r l e g i e b y t h r c erd
- n f t h e va s are ven
'

e e o s O e

vibr ti a f t i g f rk Th r lt
on s O a un n gi i V l V N 24
- o . e es u s a re ve n n o . I , O .
,

wh r t h ph t g phi r c rd
e e e o o r pr d c d CD h w t h
ra c e o s a re e o u e . s o s e

vibr ti a f th ton s i g f rk A B i th li gi by th rf c f
O e un n - o
, s e ne ve n e su a e o

th w t re i g th fir t pr d r t h p rp dic l r fr m gi
a e , us n e s oc e u e : e e en u a o a ve s

th i e t t f firi g th p ri d f ibr ti f th t i g f rk w
n s an O n : e e o O v a on O e un n - o as

0 0 0 23 c d I t will b
se on th t th fir t ibr ti B c r
. e s e en a e s v a on , , oc u s

m ch l t r th i t b p t d fr m t h
u a e an s d w th ry
o e ex ec e o e s o un - a ve eo .

b
( ) F rth r p rim
u t w r e m d ext emi t h cen sr f e e a e o e xa ne e ou s e o

th e ex
p l i A yl i
os o nd r f h . t m t l c1 5 m l ng de 1 2 5 o m i s ee e a , c on an c n

di m t r w
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as t lly
s us by c rd
en t h ecyli d r w o z on a o s : e n e as

fill d with w t r th d f i g th b ll t b i g cl d by p rch

e a e ,
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m t p p r d th th r d by thi h t f r bb r Th b ll t
en a e ,
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m r d 6 mm i di m t r d h d
ea s u e n l city f 7 5 0 m / c Th
a e e , an a a ve o O se . e
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cyli d r w pl c d b tw
n e c c mi r r 4 d c m 5
as a e e een a on av e r o , ,
an a a e ra ,

t h ill mi
e ti g p rk g p i u t 3 Th b ll t i
na t bn s a - a s s ee n a . e u e s seen o e

flyi g i th d ir cti f th rr w d t b p i g thr ugh t h

n n e e on o e a o an o e a ss n o e

gl ti pp d p rk g p t 2 Wh t h b ull t r ch th i p iti
ass - e s a - a a . en e e ea es s os on ,

th L yd j di ch rg thr gh th p th 1 2 3 1 I t i th
e e en ar s a es ou e a , , , . s en

p ibl
os s t b r e t h o O h p f t h
s e ve r bb r h t whil
e s t h a b ll t
e Oi e u e -s ee , e e u e s

p i
ass n g t h gh t h w t r
pou T h p iti f teh p rk a e
g p 2 .
b e os on o e s a - a
, ,
ca n e

va ri d d it
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anl b pl c d t id th cyli d r Th f ll wi g
can a s o e a e ou s e e n e . e o o n

c on cl i w r rri d t A l g th b ll t i i id t h
us on s e e a ve a . s on as e u e s ns e e

w t r th r i t t h light t di t i f th r bb r h t th
a e ,
e e s no e s es s en s on o e u e s ee : e

wh l o e l pp r t b t r t I t
ve s s e a ea s ly ft r th b ll t h
o e a es . is on a e e u e as

co m pl t ly p tr t d thr gh th
e e en e l th t th fir t di t i f
a e ou e v es s e a e s s e ns on o

t h r bb r i p rc p tibl
e u e d thi t k
s e p le c wh t h b
e, a n f t h s a es a e en e as e o e

b ll t i b t 1 cm fr m t h r bb r h t A t t h p i t wh r t h
u e s a ou o e u e S ee . e o n e e e

b ll t p tr t thr gh th p r hm t p p r t h w t r
u e en e a es ou
p rt e a c en a e , e a e s oon s u s

ou t t w rd th rifl
o a thi g s e i cr i g d th dg f t h
e : s oe s on n ea s n , an e e es o e

hl o e gr d lly br k w y Th r bb r h t i q ickly di
a re a ua o en a a . e u e S ee s u s

t d d i t b l r f rm ft r th b ul l t h p d thr gh th
en e n u u a o a e e e as as s e ou e

cyli d r th gh thi di t i d
n e , ou t b gi till th b ll t i
s s e n s on oe s no e n e u e s

l r by 1 cm th w t r t r l ly tr m t thr gh th t b
c ea : e a e na u a s ea s ou ou e u e .

A p c li r p ky dist
e u a i t k p l c t t h pp r dg f t h
ea en s on a es a e a e u e e e o e

r bb r d i gr d lly cc t t d
u e an s a ua a e n ua e .

A th r no
p ri m t w
e m
ex d by firi
e g thr engh wr ght
as i r a e n ou a ou - on

ppi 1
e,m l g ; t h t ron l di m t r w 1 3 8
e ex e n a m d t h thick a e e as c ,
an e n ess

o f t h w ll 8 mm Th
e a , d wr l d b f r with p rchm t
. e en s e e s ea e , as e o e, a en

p p a r ed han t f r bb a s r t h p pi
ee b i g Ofill d with uw t r
e O ,
t h e e e n e a e . n e

u
pp r id
e f t hs i
p p e oth r w l e git di l lit
e, 2 cm bre e d i as a on u na S ,
oa , n

o rd r t b r
e o
y l
o t r l ff
s e ve ct t h an t b w p r a e a t d fr m e e s : e u e as e v en e o

b di g by thr t t ri g Th l git di l lit w l d by

en n ee s ou n s . e on u na S as c os e a

w dg f w d which w b d r u d by 4 0 t r f ir wi r
e e o oo ,
as oun o n u ns o on e,

mm i di m t r A m tt r f f ct th r bb r m mbr w
n a e e . S a a e o a , e u e e an e as
 48 Th e j
e ec ts p r od uc ed by th e exp l os i on o f s hel ls [ OH X I I .

a l w y br k b f r t h b ll t r ch d it b t th r rd h w d
a s o en e o e e u e ea e , u e eco s s o e

th t it did t br k i t tly by y m
a no ea Th r bb r m mbrn s an an ean s . e u e e an e

b lgu t d fi lly br k
e s ou an I f it i ry tightly tr tch d it br k
na ea s . s ve s e e ,
ea s

r d th dg i f it i k pt i t i by pp rt th
ou n e e es : s id
e n e n s on su o on e on e s e,

it lit i f it i m r ly b d with t t i
s s : s e e m ll r d h l
ou n on ou e n s on , a s a o un o e

i f rm d th p rti
s o e ,
h t ff b i g r c r d tir i th f rm f
e o on , s o O ,
e n e ov e e en e n .
e o O

a circ l r pi c fr m 0 5 t 8 m i di m t r Th f rc f th
u a e e, o o c n a e e . e o e o e ex

p l i ff
os v e e ct m y b j dg d
e fr m t h f act th t t h
e ir u bi di g ew i r o e a a e on n n es

w r br k
e e d h d t b r pl
o en an d by h m p rd 6 mm i di m t r
a o e e ac e e co s, n a e e .

S imil r r lt w r bt i d with l w r l iti

a es u s e e d m ll
O a ne o e v e oc es an s a er

vo ul m f w t r S h t fr m Fl b t pi t l w r fir d thr gh
es o a e . o s o a o er s o e e e ou a

l d pi p 20 m l g d 5 5 m i
ea e, c t r l di m t r fill d with
on ,
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w t ra e th pp
: on r id f t h e ui
p p th r w r e 6 sm ll i rc
e o l r h l e e e e e e s a c u a o es .

It w p l i
as ly th t
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s een f w t r w a h t a t i e n e vo u e o a e as s o ou n

t h f rm f
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w asdi t d d w t r w s en l h t t t th m tim thr gh t h

e : a e as a so S o ou a e sa e e ou e

u pp r h l e t h tfl w
o es , b i g f t h e m ou ty p T h
o S m th i
e n
g O e sa e e . e a e n

h pp d wh firi g thr gh pig bl d d r fill d with w t r

a en e ,
en n ou a
’
s a e ,
e a e .

Fir tly th r w
s f w t r mitt d t t h p i t f
e e as a c on e ty d
o a e e e a e o n o en r ,
an

th e n on th id f it th e S tr m gr d lly i cr d i l m
e o ex : es e s ea s a ua n e as e n vo u e .

Th bl dd r
e awh l e m d f m tim t b t r t Th
,
as a o e, s ee e or s o e e o e a es . e

bl dd r pl d d ft r t h b ll t h d tr ll d r di t
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24 5 cm fr m t h bl dd r h i g m o ewhil p tr t d b rd
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m thick Th
c m r t f thi g h pp d wh firi g thr gh
. e sa e so o n a en e en n ou

cl y b ll
a a s .

Ti l m
‘

m d ki m t gr phic r c rd wh firi g thr gh

e ann a e ne a o a e o s, en n ou a

s k ll Hi pp r t t k 5 0 r rd i
u . s a a a us c d d it w
oo f d ec o s n a s e on ,
an as ou n

th t th r f f th k ll w br k ff i
a e oo o e s B irch r h t
u as o en O n s ec . e s o

thr gh cyli d r f h t ir h i g br d ld r d j i t fr m
ou a n e o s ee on , av n a oa so e e o n : o

th h p f th br k
e S a e O l it w l rly id t th t t h br k g
e o e n v es s e ,
as c e a ev en a e ea a e

t k pl c ft r th b ll t h d p d thr gh it I 1 9 03 Kr f ld
oo a e a e e u e a a ss e ou . n ,
anz e er

an d S hw i i g t k i t t
c nn n
p h t r
g p oo h by di ch rgi g 1
n s a n a n e ou s0 o o a s s a n

L yd j r i
e en cc i by a s nb ll t ; th th y h d
su e s s on ri f on e u e us e a a se es o

10 r rd d ri d fr m
ec o s, b ll t Fi lly w m y m ti th
e ve o on e u e . na e a en on e

ki m t gr phic m th d r f rr d t i V l
ne a o a e
§ 1 8 8 o which
s, gi e e e o n o . III, ,
ve

fr m 5 0 0 0 t
o r c rd p o c d p rti f e o r l f th s er s e on : o on s o s eve a o es e

a re r pr d uc d i V l V T bl VI I t I X
e o e n o . I ,
a es o .

8 Th r . lt f th e
p rim es u t i th o t it i p ibl
es e t f r m
ex e en s s a s os s e o o

m id f t h pr c c m p yi g th pl i Th rgy
‘

so e ea o e o es s es ac o an n e ex os on . e en e

o f t h pr j ctil i wh lly
e o e
p rti lly tr
e f srr d t t h o b dy which
or a a an s e e o e o
4 50
. The j
e ec ts p r o d u c ed by the exp l os i on o f s hells [ OH X I I .

c ll ct d fr m th h p i t d f
o e e o kg I f t h
e ea di mit ns ea o . e s an s o s ,

th r i t d y t pr d c th pl i ff t th m i t r ct
e e s a en en c o o u e e ex o s ve e ec : e o s u e a s

as a ki d f l bric t r d d cr
n o u th i t r a ol fricti an e e as es e n e na on .

I f b ll t fir d fr m ri fl
u e s p
a re i t l w ith e l citi t
o l a e or s o , ve o es n o es s

th 600 7 0 0 m / i t b k f l y A B KJ t h ly p ibl
an or s ec , n o a an o c a , , e on os s e

ex
p l i ff t will
os v e e b i t h dir ecti t w rd t h rifl
e t h n r i t e ec on o a s e e: e es s a n c e

i n ll th r dir cti
a o i t e gr t A h l will b form d
e on s s hw oo ea . o e e e , as s o n

i t h fig r A t th m th th h l i n f th e u e . e ou , e o e s o e
A
h p f cr t r i t d i m t r i m h l rg r s a e o a a e : s a e e s uc a e

th th t f t h pr j ctil c pt i th c an a o e o e e, ex e n e as e

wh th r i m rt f pp rt l g A B en e e s so e so o su o a on

i t h f rm f b rd p i f h nt m t l e o o a oa or a ece o s ee e a .

B hi d thi th r i id r bl c ti e n s e e s a c on s e a e e x a va on

t thi p i t m t f t h rgy i gia ff s o n os o e en e s ve n o

d i di i p t d t p i t wh r t h r i t c an s ss a e a a o n e e e es s an e

i high With r bb r t h
s . c ti cl u lm t tir ly wi g t
e , e e x a va on os e s a os en e o n o

th l ticity with w t r it cl by gr ity I f cti

e e as : a e f th , ly os e s av . se on s o e c a

b k an m d thr gh CD EF d GH t h cti
a re a e ou imil r i , ,
an ,
e se on s a r e s a n

s h p C r f l p rim t h b m d with cl y Thi l h

a e . a e u ex e en s a ve een a e a . e as

f u d with c rt i typ
o n f b ll t which h
e a n t h t i p lightly fil d
es o u e ,
a ve e s e

a w y th t th h l t t h p i t f try i t th cl y i f irly m th
a ,
a e o e a e o n o en n o e a s a s oo ,

an d th t th dg a m t b p ll d i w d H c id r thi t
e e es see o e u e n ar s . e on s e s s o

b d ry ff t t h dg f th h l
e a s e c on a e ec t fir t t r
: d p
e e es o e o e a re a s u ne u on

th t id i
e ou s h rt tim th r i r r f cti f th i wi g t
e: n a s o e e e s a a e a on o e a r o n o

th e
p l iex ff ct f t h
os v eb ll t thie ck
e t h oi i w rd d e u e : s su s e a r n a s an so

a lt r th h p f t h dg f th h l S h tt h c firm d thi
e s e s a e o e e e o e o e . c a e as on e s

i w by ph t gr phic m th d which h w th t th dg i t fir t
v e o o a e o s, s o a e e e s a s

b t tw rd d th i w rd f th p rp f hi p rim nt h
en ou a s an en n a s : or e u os e o s ex e e s e

us e d th S b ll t t h rt r g firi g with t h rm l i iti l l ity

e -
u e a s o an es , n e no a n a v e oc .

I t m ay b e of i t r t t gi
n e es m r lt whi h w r bt i d i th th
o ve s o e es u s c e e o a ne n e au or s
’

l b r t ry i 1 90 9 by firi g t h S b ll t i t d mp l y
a o a o n n e - u e n o a c a

th p ifi r
e s
g i ty fect h cl y cw 1 8 av o e a as .

( ) R t g l r
a p l t r d t
ec a n rg t f t h b
u all t a es s e ve as a e s or e u e

M 9 8 S h i gh t br dth
. : d thi ke f pl t,
6 0 60
ea ,
an c n es s o a es , , ,

d 1 0 m r p ti l y
an c Th l ity f imp ct w
es ec ve . e v e oc o a ,
v0 , as

ri d d i m t r f h l f p rf r ti t fr t d i th
va e : a e e o o e o e o a on , a on ” , n e

mi ddl d t th b k d d p th f pr j ti t fr t
e i ,
a e ac h : e o o ec on a on

d t b k an aS t bl ac pp i t p g ah . ee a e on o os e a e .

b
( ) Cl y p l t 1 0 m t hi k a = 8 7 0 m / T h
a es , c c ,
v0 s ec . e ex

p i m t w
er t d t rm
en i t h m i
as m um p r
ofi i l e e ne e ax su e c a a rea

th t a c ou ld b e co mpl t ly h tt r d by th pl i I t w f d th t pl t
e e s a e e e ex os on . as ou n a a es
 74] Th e e f ects p r od uc ed by the exp los i on o f s he ll s

t he s id whi h m
es of c eas ur e d 20 ti m t ce n e res , wr j t
e e us on th e b d r lior e ne, a n d we re

g e ne a r lly br k i t o en n o ,
fra gm t en s .

( ) l y p l t0l gt h b r dt
C h a a es : en ea 60 cm . T hi k c n e s s va r i bl
a e : v e oc l ity of

i mp t = 8 7 O m /
ac s ec .

l y b ll f ri bl d i m t r l ity f imp t = 8 7 0 m/ Wh
(d ) C a a s o va a e a e e s : ve oc o ac s ec . en

t h di m t r
e a l th 3 0 m th b ll w r t t lly d tr y d With b ll
e e was es s an c ,
e a s e e o a es o e . a a ,

h i g d i m t r f m t h b ll t d i d t br k i t p
av n a a e e o 4 m
45 d lc 8 m ,
e u e no ea u : c ,
an ek: c .

I i d th r w
ns e rly ph ri l h l 25 m i di m t r A th p i t b th
e e as a n ea s e ca o e, c n a e e . t e o n s o

o f
'

try d f it th dg f th h l w r dr w m wh t i w d thi i
en an o ex ,
e e es o e o es e e a n so e a n ar s : s s

ll d ft r ff t p rti f h fr gm t fr m th d g w rri d
.

th e s o-c a e a e -e ec : o on s o t e a en s o e e es e re c a e

i id t h b ll Th b ll t h g d i t r i i d h b ll th p i t f i t
ns e e a . e u e c an e s c ou s e ns e t e a : e o n o ex w as

on a hi gh r l l th th p i t f try th gh th b ll t
e e ve an fi d h ri t lly
e o n o en ,
ou e u e w as re o z on a .

( ) Th em l y p l t i
e sa ( ) = 8 7 0 m / Th
e c a a es as n a . v0 s ec . e

b ll t
u e t fi r t fi r d wi th th t i p f rw rd
w as a s d th wi t h e e o a s, an en

t h b e f rw rd
as e I th fi r t
o ad = 8 m i th
s . d n e s c a s e, , c n e s ec on

wh h b ll t r r d i th rtridg d = 26 m
ca s e , en t e u e w as eve s e n e ca e, i c .

( f ) A b ll t w fi r d wi t h th b u f rw rd
e t as e , e as e o a s, a a a
l rg l mp f l y wh i h h d l m f b t 1 b m t
a e u o c a , c a a vo u e o a ou cu e re .

A h mi ph ri l d pr
e s i e f rm d
ca th rf f th
e e s s on was o e on e su ace o e

b l k t h d i m t r f h d pr i
oc : e a 40 m
e e d th o t e e es s on was c ,
an e

d pth 20 m th dg w r b t p tw d A th
‘
e c e e es e e en u ou ar s . t e

d p t p rt f th d pr i
ee es a o f d t h br k t l
e ei g f h es s on , a , w as ou n e o en s ee c ov e r n o t e

b ll t mpl t ly d t h d fr m th l d r
u e ,
co e e e ac e o e ea c o e.

Och —0
 452 The j ec ts p od uced by the exp los i on o
e r
f s hell s [ CH . x 11

75 . D e fl e c i on t of t h e p r oj e c i l e fr o m th e t n o rm al t j
r a e c t o ry .

1 . D EF LECTI ON TH R OU G H TH E A CTI ON O F THE TA R GET .

I t has
pbl i
e en ad th t th lr dy
r
ea i p r ex r A B DO
a ne a e e s a es s u e -z on e ,
’
,

b t th li f fi wh t h b ll et p a ou e ne o re , en e u ene

tr t bl ck f cl y th pr j ctil trik a es a o o a : e o e e s es

th dj c t p rticl which i t r r ct e a a en a es , n u n ea on

th ir ighb r Th r i eq tly ne ou s . e e s c on s e u en a c on

id bl r cti th s b ll t it l f whi h
e ra e ea on on e u e se , c

t d t d fl ct it fr m i t c r I f th b ll t i fir d fr m m th
en s o e e o s ou s e . e u e s e o a s oo

b r th r i
o e, gr t d fl cti g t d y i f t h m
e e s no ea e f t h cl y i
e n en en c , e as s o e a s

ry gr
ve t d i f it i h m g
ea ,
an I ch c th pr r
s o o e n e ous . n su a as e, e es s u es

w ld b di trib t d ymm tri lly b t th tr j ct ry

ou e s u e s e ca a ou e a e o .

B t with r t ti g b ll t
u thi g o a ndi ff r t S pp th u e s, n s a re e en . u os e e

i fli g t b right h d d th
r n o e l ki g t it fr m b hi d t h b ll t
an e . en oo n a o e n , e u e

r t t cl ckwi
o a es oq tly ry light i iti l bli q ity f th
s e : c on s e uen a ve s n a o u o e

i f t h b ll t with r p ct t t h t g t t th tr j t ry
ax s o e u e es e o e an en o e a ec o ,
or

e v en l ck f m pl t h m g ity i t h cl y w ld ffi t
a a o co e e o o en e n e a , ou su ce o

p r d o c ry m
u e ve rk d cill ti i tah cl e kwi os dir cti a I f t th
on s n e oc se e on . a e

m m t fo en t ri g t h cl y th t i p f th b ll t i ry lightly
o en e n e a ,
e o e u e s ve s

p i t d
o n e
p w rd t hu t i p will b a li f t ds, by t h e r i t c f t h m t ri l
e e e es s an e o e a e a

an d th g t th right Th b ll t
en oe s o e wh l will th g . e u e , as a o e, en o

u
p w rd a d ft rw
s, an rd t r t a t h right
e ai f t h s m f t
u n h l y i o e , e as s o e c a s

su ffici t i m t Th pp it dir cti

en n a oun . f m ti e will h ld i f
o os e e on s o o on o ,

t h t i p i p i t d d w w rd
e s o n e try Th ff ct h bo n a ft
s on e n . es e e e s a ve ee n o en

no tic d with b ll t d h ll S m tim

e u e s an b m r g lik p th
s e s . o e es a oo e an -
e a

h b
as b r d withi t rg t d b ll t h b
e en o s e ve n a k w a e ,
an a u e as ee n e v e n no n

t c m
o o t g i e ou th id f trya a n on e s e o en .

B t th r u th r c e e a re b id r t ti whi h m y d fl ct
o e a us e s es es o a on c a e e a

p r j ctil t rg t lik m ddy b k o e e , a a e ,

e a u an ,

m y b tr ck t h id th t a e s u on e on e s e, so a

th p r r A B D C t d t e es s u e -z on e , ,
e x en s o

th rf f ll p rti lly t e su a c e , or e ve n a s a a ou

id th b dy I h th r ctis e e o . n s uc a c as e e ea on

th l w r id f th pr j til i on e o e s e o e o ec e s

gr t r th th t th pp r id Th b ll t i th r f r d fl t d
ea e an a on e u e s e . e u e s e e o e e ec e

u
p w rd a m i g s, l g t h p
ov nth f l t
a onr i t c Withe gr i ag o eas es s an e . az n

sh t f thi ch r t r it i
o s o s yt a ac d r t d th t th r m y b
e ,
s e as o un e s an a e e a e a

c on s id r bl d fl tie a eh ll triki g t h w t r i m r l
e ec on : a s e s n e a e n a o e or es s

h ri t l dir cti m y b d fl ct d pw rd fr m th rf c i f th
o z on a e on a e e e e u a s o e su a e, e

l city
ve o ffici tly gr t i
18 s u m t en ea n a oun .
454 The j
e ec ts p r od u c ed by he
t exp l os i on o f s he ll s [ CH X I I .

r pt r d by th p g f th b ll P th imil r t A OB h
u u e e as s a e o e a s . a s, s a o , ave

o ft b
en b r d with h ll wh th y trik
e en o s e ve ft gr gr w s e s, en e s e a so as s - o n

su rf c a e .

Th c d p rt f th tr j ct ry OB i th r f r q it i d p
e s e on a o e a e o , ,
s e e o e u e n e en

d t f t h fir t p rt 0 A I f thi l y r f i CDF E w r
en o e s a , pp d . a n a e o a r, , e e su os e

to ex s i t t th l w t p i t 0 thi w ld t ff c t th m tt r i
a e o es o n , , s ou no a e e a e n

an y w y T
a hi i i
. gr m t with wh st h b s id b u
n a t firi g ee en a as e en s a a o n

h ri t lly thr gh w t r t gr t di t c b l w th rf c
o z on a ou a e a no ea s an e e o e su a e .

R m u r l
a sa h w d th t imil r li fti g f th b ll t t k pl
e a so s o e a a s a n o e u e a es ac e

wh i t i fir d thr gh 1 0 p r ll l l d pl t 3 mm thick pl c d
en s e ou a a e ea a es , ,
a e

ve rtic lly t di t
a f 25 cm p
a i g h ri t lly t m im m
s an c es o ,
as s n o z on a a a ax u

di t c
s an f 9 mm fr m th ir pp r dg
e o o e u e e es .

Th l city f gr w m r d f di ff r t gl f im p ct
e ve o o e es s as e as u e or e en an es o a

by P i ll t pr c d r th u w h
ou e
’
s o e u e : s e a ve

' '
4 9 27
° " ’ ° ’ °
6
°
a 1 2 13 2 0 44 2 31 6
v,. 6 08 3 5715 221 5 67 5 m/ c se .

t t th
6 25 3 m / c I f =
In es e e s s no : se . a

th l city f th pr j ctil i di mi i h d
e ve o o e o e e s n s e

t ch t t by th r i t c f th
o su an e x en e es s an e o e

w t r th t it l g r ri t th urf c
a e ,
a no on e s es o e s a e,

bu t c tion n u es to f ll d w w rd
a l g th p th OGH
o n a s a on e a .
 455

N OTES A N D A P P EN DI X

Th e fo ll wi g i l i t f th m t imp rt t t h i l p bl i ti
o n s a s b ll i
o e os o an ec n ca u ca ons o n a s

ti l bj t
ca su ec s :

A r hi fu d i Offi i
c v r d kg] pr
e A ti ll i d d
z e re I g i rk p B rl i
er . e us s . r er e l i n es n en eu or s, e n,

Bd 1 6 8 ( 1 8 3 7
.
-

A r hic fi i
v d i A rti ll ri
r d I g i
e fli i d d t h Rihh
e e un n e n e uro z e re es eu s c en e c s ee res ,

B rl i e B d 6 9—10 4 ( 1 8 7 1
n, . Thi p bl i ti h b d i ti d s u ca on as ee n s c on n ue

i 1 8 98
s nce .

A t i ll i ki i J r l P tr gr d 1 8 3 9
r er s ou n a ,
e o a , .

A l lg m ie hw i ri h Mi li ta i t g B l 1 8 6 3
e ne s c e ze sc e rz e un ,
a s e, .

A t i l l i ti h M
r er s t h ft B rl i 1 90 7
sc e on a s e e, e n, .

A ti l l i Ti d k i ft S t kh lm
r er s r ,
oc o .

L C rr i p d
a o sLi r on 1 8 99 ( Di
e n za , ti d ) vo n o , . s c on n ue

J r l f th U i t d S t t A rti ll ry F rt M
ou n a o e n e Vi rgi i 1 8 92 a es e ,
o o n ro e , n a
,
.

K i g t h i h Z i t h ri ft B rl i
r e s ec n sc 1 8 98 e e sc ,
e n, .

Th K ye h J
n ocr l B irmi gh m ou n a ,
n a .

M m ri l d A rti ll ri M d i d 1 8 44
e o a e e a, a r .

Mém ri l d l A t i l l i d l M ri P ri
,
’
o a e r er e e a a n e, a s .

Mem i l d p dr
or a t lpé t
es P ri ou es e sa r es , a s .

Mi tt i l g d k k G i m i té i i b G g t d d I g i rk t
e un en es . . e n ec o d s er e e n s an e er n en eu un s 11n

d K ri g w
es Vi e fr m 1 8 7 0
s es en s , en n a, o .

Pr d i g f th R y l A rti ll ry I ti t ti W lwi h
oc e e n s o e o a e ns u on , oo c .

P ri 1 8 7 3
i

R d A ti l l i
’
e vu e r e r e, a s, .

d l m é b l g Li eg i 1 8 90
’
R e v ue e ar e e e, e, s n c e .

R e vue m ri t i m t a l i l P ri 1 8 7 2 e e c o on a e , a s, .

R i i t d A ti gl i
v s a
’
G i R m
r er a e e n o, o e .

R i i t m r i ti m R m 1 8 6 8
v s a a a, o e, .

S h
c us s u n d W ff V r h t ti N ma e, l d N d mm
e s uc ss a on eu an n s w a e- eu a .

Z i t h ri ft d d t h V r h t lt fii H df B rl i H l
'

e sc er eu s c fl en e s uc s an s a r an e uer w a en , e n- a e n s ee .

Z i t h ri ft fu d
e sc
g mt S hi
r d S p
asr g t ffw
es a M i h 1 906e c es s un en s o es en , un c ,
.
 TEXT-B OOK S

F . th m ti l Tr ti
B as h fo rt h , h M ti Ma f Pr j t i l L d 18 73
e a ca ea s e on t e o on o o ec es , on on , ;

pp l m t 1 8 8 1
su
( R f rr d te B hf
en h ) , . e e e o as as or t .

H d b h d W ff l h r 3 d d i t i
an uc B rl i
er 191 a en e e, r e on , e n, 2 .

S Br. i l i i Il b d i pr kti h L g d Pr bl m d S hi
ac c a n , er tr e a sc e os u n er o e e es c es s e n s , ans

l t d i t G rm by S h B rli 1 8 8
a e n o e an v on c e ve , e n, 4 .

F B r d i D S h E kl a g d d S h
. an e s, er f lg b i fl d Um
c us s , r r un er en c us s e r o ee n us s e n en

t d d Z f lli gk i t Vi
s
‘’
an e un d L i p i 1 8 96 u a
'

e en, en n a a n e s c, .

A B g d ff
. v on d R kl i gh
ur s T f lor F l gb h b h ang von ec n a us e n , a e n z ur u a n e re c n un v on

I f t i g h s B rl i
n an er e 1 8 97 es c o s en, e n, .

P Ch b
. i r Tr ité d b li t i q
ar on n e téri r P ri 1 90 4 ( R f rr d t
,
a e a s ue ex eu e, a s, . e e e o as

Cha r bon n i er
Ch a rb on n i e r
l i ti q t i r ti l l i 3 p rt P ri 1 90 7 p rti '

P .
,
Ba s ue e x e r e u r e a on n e e, n a s ,
a s, ,
a o on

f h E y l p éd i
o ti i fiq
e T l nc ( Ch b i 2
c o d e s c en t ue , ou o us e . a r on n er an

P Ch rb
. i r M l d b l i tiq
a on n e tér i r P ri 1 90 8
,
a n ue e a s ue e x eu e, a s, .

v onCh i m L i tf d fu d
r s U t rri h t i d
a r, B lli t ik le Ch rl tt a en r en n e c n er a s , vo . I . a o en

b rg 1 90 4 u , .

J D idi Tr ité d b li ti q P ri 1 8 4 8
on , a d diti 1 8 6 0 ( R f rr d t e a s ue , a s, ; s ec on e on , . e e e o

J D i di
. on , Lo l ir P ri 1 8 7 C l l d pr b bi l ité
i s de la r es i s ta n c e de
’
a ,
a s, 5 . a cu es o a s

pp l i q e tai r d pr j t i l u P r i au1 8 8 es o ec es , a s, 5 .

0 Eb rh rd D
. v on VV d e m d r Vi i
a ,
i ht g as B rl i 190 8 e s en er o e nen s e rv or r c un e n , e n, .

0 Eb rh rd Di VV ff
. von eh ik i a ihr r B i h g Optik p bl i h d i
,
e a e n tec n n e ez e un z ur ,
u s e n

K lt r d G g w rt IV 1 2
u u er L ip i e en a ,
. e s c .

F F ll T l b l i ti h
. as e a, d ri G
av o e 1 90 1 a s c e s e c on a e, e n oa , .

W Gr .Di A w d os s , g d W h h
e i l i hk i t ln h r f d men G bi t d
un cr a rs c e n c e s e e au e e e e er

S hi l h B rl i
c 9es s e re , e n, 1 12 .

W Gr .Di B r h os s ,gd S h et f l L i p i 1 90 1
e ec n un er c us s a e n , e s c, .

A H mi lt
. B ll i t i
a F rt M on , Vi rgi i 1 90 8 V l I
a s d II cs , tr l o on ro e , n a, . o s . . an . on e x e n a

b ll i ti a s cs .

P H pt M th m ti h T h
. au ,
i d Fl gb h g g r G h
a e a sc B rl i e e or e er u a nen ezo e n e es c os s e , e n,

1 8 76 .

J . P G . itr g . v on He im ,
Be a e zu r Ba ll i tik i b
s n es o n d r rB i h g
e e ez e un a uf d i e U m d re
h g d A rti ll ri g hun er e e es c os s e , U lm, 1 8 4 8 .
( R f rr d
e et H i e o as e nz .
)
F Hé li Tr ité d b l i ti q
. e, a e a s ue e x pé r i n i en tal e . E p é gé é r l d
x os n a es p ri i p l
nc a es

ex
p eri e n c es d
’
a r t i ll e ri e e x c u é té es a Gav r e en 1 8 3 0 —1 8 6 6 : 2n d e d iti on , 2 vol s .
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4 to 6 tr j t ry i m A .
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P hy s . 3 p 24 4 . .

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Memori e d ell a S oc i e ta i ta l i a n a , 1 8 1 6 , vo l . X VII .

1, p . 19 1 JE de . on q u i ere s , C R . . v ol . X VII C .
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Wi th referen c e to th e h g i c an e n t h e fun c ti on for t h e r ites s a n c e o f th e ai r i n th e

ne i ghb rh d ou oo of th e ve oc l i ty f o s ou n d ,
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Techn i k, V e n n a , 1 90 8 , p 3 26 i . .

14 . Re ga r di
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h i h ec en s c e er s , e s c, ; . c u z, a t e . u . tec n sc e

T b ll d 2B E 911 S C ib i al h i
’
a e en , e n .
p pl i ,
s s en , 1 ore a u , on tr u t on a t eor e et a u x a ca ~

i d l m g p hi P ri N d b g P ri 1 9 0 6
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r t r
.

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. d S t R b or M m i i P a uci ’
s oc es s , s e e . e o er ,
’

e o r es s c e n tu l a s,

II
.

18 72 p 160 M ig L g
,
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. l l d fil i fg 1 8 4 l e 26 28 o d 33 n o, e on s s ur e c a cu t et n te . . 4, e .
—
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an

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o d M h d Li
o s,i ll p 22 9
ourn L i p hi t L h b d A ly i
. e at . e ou v e, 2 .
; sc z, e r . . na s s,

II .
p 0 4 P i i t i l l p ly h i M i l 1 8 9.3 l 5 p p 4 9 3 d 3 ;7 cc a ,
o te c n c o, an , , vo . X LI . . an 5 ;

Run ge , Ma th . Ann 4 4 .
p 4 3 7 ,
a n d 4
. 6 p 4 3 7 ; K He u n , J a hr b d . . . .

d eu ts ch Ma th . . Ver 9 .
p 1 1 1 , a n d Z ei ts c hr f Ma th u P hy s 4 5
.
p 23 ; . . . . . .

P h togr mm tri m th d by
o a e c e o s O Now a kow s ki , Mi tt i l b Geg d A r t u C e n
. es . . . . . . W .

1 9 1 2, 3 , p 26 2 . .

3 5, 3 6 a nd 37 . C r a n z, S chu s s u . Waf e ,
1 8 , p 4 1 3 : A r ti l l Mon a ts
2 . .

hef te, 1 90 9, 3 0 , p p 4 1 2—4 1 5 ; Ec . kh rdt a , A r til l Mon a ts h 1 9 1 2, .6 1 , p 6 4 ; A von . II . . .

B urgs d or ff, Z ei ts chr , S chus s u . . Waf e ,

2 ( 1 90 8 p . 179 ; H Ro . h ne, d itt o,

2 ( 1 9 0 8 7, p . 1 5 2 ; the m im ax um v e rti l ca a s c en t of a s h ll e is di s c us s e di n

S t Ro b rt e ,
Mem . s ci en t . P ar i s, 1 8 7 2, p . 43 .

l l ti g hi gh gl tr j t ri i ri
D i d i on pr ti i for
’ -
s o c es s ca cu a n an e a ec o es n va ou s s e c on s s

gi i h i
v enT i d b l i i q P r i 1
n 8 6 0 p 1 27 A l J S
s h m i dt M i b ra te
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e a st ue, a s, , . . so . c ,
tt i t .
'

C g d A e C . W 1 90 8 p 4 3 1. Z dl it A i ll M h 1 9 1 3 7 9 p 1
rt . u . en . es .
,
. v on e z, rt . on a ts .
, ,
.

an d 1 91 8 8 p 27 4 F E H rri J f h
4, C S A i ll 23 , p 4 3 .
; . . a s, a urn . o t e u . t . rt . .
;
P Ch b . i R d i l l 40 p 7 9 p 1 3 3 7 9 M r h 9 1 p 3 7 8 0 A pri l
ar o n n e r, ev .
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1 9 1 2, p 4 5 . v . P ort en s c hl a g-Le d e r m a y e r , Mi tt . i tb . C eg d A r t . . . u . Gen . Wes . 1911,

7, p 6 16 . .

3 8-40 . Wi th re ga rd t ti lti o ng the tr j t ry a ec o , s ee He yd r i h en e c ,

Lehre vom

S chus s , B e rl i n, 1 90 8 , I .
p . 10 6 ; Gou i n, Rev d .
’
a rt . 35 p 1 21 P e . r i dittc n, o,

19 p . 28 1 an d 27 p . 1 18 ; A . v on B u rgs d orff, Z ei ts chr .

f . d .
g es .

S chi ess Sp r engs tofl Wes 1 . 1 8 , p 3 3 2, a n d S ch us s u Wa f e, 2

u . . . .

8 , p 1 7 9 ; Kerkh of, A r ti l l
. Mon a ts h 1 90 8 , 1 3 , p 4 4 F or e n a n e z s ’
. . . . Fr d an d

l m th d
’
Gon za e z s e o s , s e e J a hr b f d eu ts c he A r mee u Ma r i n e, 1 90 5 , Dec e . . . mb r e ;
K l ki Mi bGg d A
o a rs ,
tt i t . . e . . rt . u . Gen ditt 1 90 8 p 8 0 9
. Wes . 1 90 6 , p 3 0 1 ;P uc h e rn a , . o, , . .

4 1 E V ll i r B li P ri th f t r m
'

. . a e ,
a st . e mp 8 94 p
er f . F a th s, 1 ,
. 45 or e ac o . or e

h g f t h d i ty f h
c an e o e ens o t e a r i wi t h h ltit d Ch rb ir T i d bl t e a u e , s ee a on n e ra te
’
e a .

P ri 1 90 4 p 3 29 A H mi lt
,

f h C S i l D
’

ex ter . a s, ,
.
; . a J A l 100 1 9
on , 09 ourn . o t e u . t . rt .
,
ec .
,

p 2 5 7 C
.r A i ll M ; a n z, rt . on a ts h 90 9 3 4 p 24 1 f
. 1 th r y f f rm l , ,
. or e a c c u ac o o u a
 N otes on the i
va r ous se c ti on s 46 7

42 . F o r t he p
’
a rim l y t bl a es fo r S i ac c i 1 1 1, s ee F . S i a c c i , Ri v d .
’
a rt . 3
gm .

3 4 1 Ri v d a rt 18 9 7 , 4 , p 5 Re v d
’
25 p 4 93 ;
p . : . . e
g n
e : a rt
_
. .

F ll
. . .

E . as e a, Ta vol e ba l i s ti c he s ec ond a r i e
,
Ge noa, 1 90 1 ; F . S lacc i ,
B al . ex tc‘
r 1 8 92, .

p 4 5
. 4 .

45 . F or t he e ffe c t of s m ll h a c a n ge s of v ,
0 or c o n X s ee S i acc i , p 10 5
ll i r
, .

Va , p 6 7 ; D
e e n ec ke , A rc h
.
f A r t u l ug f 93
-O
p . . . . . . 1 a nd 9 4

p 2
. 26 : A r c h f A rt u l ug f 97
-O
p .27 4 ; v Pfis te r,
. o, 9 3 . . . . . ditt
p 7
. 3 ; R o n g h
e , Kr i e s tcc h n Z e i ts ch r 3
pp 1 29 a n d 20 1 : 4 p 3 26 . . . .

S a buds ki , P etrog A r t J ou/rn 1 8 8 9 , 1 1 , p 9 4 1 ; C a on n e , Tra i té dc ba l a r ter

. . . . h rb ir .
’

1 8 94 , p 1 7 5 . .

On d i ly di ff r
a e en c e s , He yd r i h en e c ,
1 ( l s t 53 , and 2, p 3 9 ; . H Ro . h n e,

Kmegs tec hn Z ei ts c hr 3
’

. .
p p 129, 20 1 . : 4 p 3 26 ; . V . Mi n a re lli , p 6 1
.
,

a nd p . 53 . Ma n y fig r u es g ve n a re K Ex e r, i g ee S chi ess u by . l Z ei ts chr f d . . . . . .

S p r engs tofii Wes . 1 pp 1 0 7 ,

1 27 ,
3 7 6.
,
3 9 9 ; M d e S p a re , C R 1 6 1 , p 7 6 7 . r . . .

1 6 2, p p 3 3 , 4 9 6 . m th d l l ti .tr j t ry He ki i
g ves a e o of c a c u a n g t he a ec o i n zo nes , ta n g
i t
n o a c c o un t d r
t he d i ty l i ty h ll th
ec e a s e o f a i r- e n s Th e ve oc of t h e s e us pas s es .

thr gh mi im m d th thr gh m im m fi lly i t d

ou a n u g i
an en ou a ax u : na ec reas es a a n .

Th empti b t th g wi th whi h th t t w r m d
as s u on s a m r ly
ou e un , c e es s e e a e, a re e e

g ues sw rk o .

46 Didi p 364 A h f A
. I na Of 9 3 on ,
p 4 M.i ll i ; rc . . rt u - . . 5 v on n a re ,

r rd
. .

p .4 ; 5 E b h D
v on W d m d V i i ei h g d L
a d il l ,
i as es e n er o . s ervorr c tun en er an a rt er c ,

p bul i h d by K r spp Be rl i 1 90 8 u ,
e n, .

47 Th ff t f th wi d i
. i d r d by Di d i 1 p 3 1 1
e e ec Wi h o e n s c on s e e on , ,
. v on u c ,

p 4.7 4 S i i p 1 1 3 ;R é l 2 d
a cc
pp i p 4 09 H
,
y d r i.h d 1 p 5 7 ; sa , ,
a en x, .
; e en e c ,
l st e .
, .
;
S a bud s ki , p 3 0 2 ; D e n e c ke , A r ch f A r t u l ug -Of 9 3
. . . . . .
p 1 . a nd 94

p 22
. 6 ; von M i n a re ll i , p
5 7 R o n e , II r i eg s techn Z ei ts chr 3 . h ’

. .
pp 1 29 a n d 20 1 .

4 l l t th t with m wi d l ity
p 3 26 . . Ro h m
n e ca c u a e s a a ea n n -ve oc of 5 5 /s ec

( P t d m
o s b r t i 1
a 8 9 3 o h r i t l b r
s e va m i g b l
on s , i q l y f r d a o z on a e e ze , c o n o ue o wa r s

a t gl
an an f h rt r g f 200 0 m by 3 m th l t r l drift ith thi
e o s o en s a an e o 1 : e a e a w s

m wi d l i ty m t ly t b t 18 m i r g f 000 m R h
ea n n -v e o c a o un s on o a ou n a an e o 2 . o ne

c on s i d r th t h d i l y h g i h w th r r i l
e s a t e ff t th
a th t c an es n t e ea e e xe c s e es s e ec an a

a ri i g fr m rr r f b r ti
s n o wh wi d d t mp r t r
e o s o o it
s e va on , e v e n en n an e e a u e a c t , as

w r i th m di r ti i wi d fr m b hi d d t mp r t high wi d
e e, n e sa e ec on , . e . n o e n an e e a ure , or n

fr m th fr t
o d t mp r t r l
e on Thi i t an
y r t h fe r ifl d
e a u e ow . s s a an a e t e cas e or es a n

f di t
or l th 10 00 Wi th g th ff t m
s a n c es es s anti b l F In . un s , e e e c s a re ore n o c ea e . or

a fi ld g wi th i i ti l l i ty f 4 6 m/ r g 6 000 m
e un n 18 a 28
v e oc o 5 s ec , an e ,
°
(u =
°

R h o fi d th t t 225 C t h r g i h rt by 1 0 3 8 H y d i h g
ne n s a a l
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s e n e ra

l i r t th ry t i ri f t t rri d by h G rm
c on c us on s es on e ve e x e n s ve s e es o es s , ca e o ut t e e an

A rti ll ry C mmi tt e Kr p roi m t l r lt w hi h w

ee .
p b l i h d i a us e s
’
ex e en a es u s, c e re u s e n

t h K i g e h Z i r eh s tec
p 4 3 3 h w n . r y t ief t ry gr m t
ts c r . 5 .
,
s o a ve sa s ac o a ee en

b twe l l t d d b r d l i f t mp r t r d b m tri
een c a c u a e an o s e ve v a ues , n so ar as e e a u e a n aro e c

p r r r d Th
es s u e a re c on c e n e l f C p 28 9 d f p 2 9 2 . ly pply e v a ue o on . an o c on . on a

wh th h ll i t r l ti ly l w lti t d A g t r ltit d i t m t b
en e s e s a e a ve o a u es . t rea e a u es , us e

r m mb r d th t th f t r pr p rti l th d ity f h tm ph
e e e e a es e a c o s a re o o on a to e en s o t e a os ere .

Th per i r
ex
p r t i g t h i r l
e s s on s , m t t h r f r b
e m lt i p l i d
e se n by n e v a u es , us e e o e e u e a

f t r whi h t k
ac o th ri ti f i d i ty i t
c a es t e va a on o a r - en s n o a c c ou n .

48 A f h ff t f h r
. ti f th rth G G l i l i D i l g b
s or t e e ec o t e ot a on o e ea ,
s ee . a e ,
a o fi er
 46 8 N ote s on th e va ri ous s ec ti ons

da s
'
,
Wel tsy s tem L e p s c ,
1 8 9 1 , pp 1 8 9 —1 tr l t d by S tr
9 2 ; S D Po s s on , an s a e a us s , i i . . . i
J cc p oly t 1 5 R h er ches s u r l e m ou vem en t d es r o ec ti l es d a ns
. .
p 1 8 7 ; ec .
p j .

’
ri
l a i r , P a s , 1 8 3 9 , pp 4 1 a n d 6 3 ; C E Pa ge , No uv a n n 2, 6 pp 96 , 3 8 7 , . . . . . .

4 8 1 ; S t Ro be , 1 , p 3 5 7 ; A s e , R ev d a r t 5
’
rt p 27 2 ; R B e ge , . F . ti r . . . . r r
U ber d en Ei nfl us s d er Er d rota ti on a uf d en frei en F a l l der Korp er u nd d i e F l ug
ba hn en ol er P r oje/cti l e, Co b urg ,
1 8 76 J Fi g r. n e ,
Wi en . B er 7 6 .
2
p 6 7, . an d

R Hop pe , A r ch d Ma th 6 4
. . . .
p 96.
; W . Sc h ll e ,
The or i e der B e wegung un d

d er K raf te, 1 , p 5 28 ; A W . . . F . Sp r u n g, A r ch d d euts ch S eei va r te, 1 8 7 9 , p 27

. . . . :

D eu ts che m eteor Z ei ts chr 1 . .

p . 25 0 : A rc h f A r t u l ug -Of 10 3
. . . . .

p . 1 3 ; B es a l , 1 , p . 10 7 ; Oki n gh a us , Woc hen sc hr ift f . A s tr on . 1 8 9 1, p . 8 9, an d

S a b u d s ki , P etr o r t J o ur n 1 8 94 , 2
A rc h .
f . Art . u . l ug -Of 1 0 3 .
p 8 9 ; .
g A ,
. . .

p 1 20, . an d Re v . d a rt 4 4
’
.
p 4 6 7 ;
. A v on O e a e , Mi tt i tb C e
.
g d A rt b rm y r . . . . .

u . C en . Wes . 1 90 1 , p 7 0 7 . .

dd A l lg m i M h i / I p 3 1 7 r m rk th t i f h ll i fir d ti lly
Bu e, e e n . ec an c, . .
,
e a s a a s e s e ve r ca

u p w rd i t d fl t a t t h rt h
s, d t t t h t h e t i l 2
ec s — o e no an no o e s ou un t
1 ,
0
.

9
9 A f th ff t f t h b y
4 . t Fr H t h B l li ik d H d
s or e e ec o e a on e ,
s ee . en s c ,
a st er an o

f fi
euer wa L i p i 1 8 7 3 w h r p
en , 3 1 2 h y i t
e f d w i t
s c,h l l r ifl ,
e e on . e sa s w as oun a es

th t h f ll wi g f t tr I f th rifl i
a t e o o dj t d th t th b ll t hi
n ac w as ue . e e s so a us e a e u e ts
th b ll w h b y t i tt h d t h i f h r ifl i fi r d w i t h h
’
e
y u s e e t en no a on e s a ac e ,
en e e s e t e

b y t th ri ght h d i d f h b r h b ll t wi ll d i t
a on e on e i d r bl y - an s e o t e o e, t e u e e v a e c on s e a

t t h l ft
o wi th h r r g H W yg d y t h m i D S hi
e e ,
e ve n s o t an es . . e an sa s e sa e n as c es se n

m i H df t fi i an i f h S h i l h
euer w a m i b B h i h i g g d
en , c n e ver e n ac te c es s e r e, t es . er itc s c t un es

d heu ts cI f C M 7 1 B rl i 1 8 7 6 O p 1 8 4 h
en n - y th t p ri ow . h .
,
e n, . n . e sa s a ex e ence as

s h w th t t h b y t
o n g l r d i ti
a t th e pp i t iad t h
on et c a us e s a re u a ev a on o e o os e s e to a

t whi h t h b y t i tt h d S l ’
o c St h
e a ki U i h i d
on e s a ac e . ee a s o v o n ac or o w s s n te rr c t n er

Wf l h a d Kgl K i g h l
en e r e a n 18 76 p 150 N m 1 8 8 6 p 1 21
en . r e ssc u e n, , .
; von eu an n , ,
.

1 8 90 p 5 8 C Cr ,
Ci i l I g i. 21 ; l F Kd t V h d l d
. a n z, v - n en eu r , vo . . t e r, er an . .

P hy G ll B li
s . 7 p 1
es e7 C C r . d K
zu R K h M il er h A l d n, .
; . an z an . . oc ,
nc . ca .

B 21 er .
p 7 2 J h b d d h M h V i i g g 6 . 5 p 1 1 8 : a res er . . euts c . at . er e n un , .
;
Mi l l i Fi t g r ld D
n a re m d S hi - w Vi z 1 90 l p 5
e a F K tt r ,
as o erne c ess es en , enn a , ,
. 5 ; . o e ,

Si B tzd B l M h m G ll 2
.
- er .
p . 6 5 C C r
er d i tt 3 .
pat 1 1 e . es e . .
; . a n z, o, .

J C F Ott Hi lf mi l f ii b l li R h g B rl i 1 8 5 9 p 266 h
. . . o, s tte r a st . ec n un en , e n, ,
.
,
w o w as

pr b bl y h fi r t t
o a
gg t th t t h ibr ti f th b r
t e s h o su f th es a e v a on o e o e w as t e ca us e o e

j u mp .

rift thr gh th r t ti f t h h ll wi th
5 0 —6 0 b ll d th . D ou e o a on o e s e ,
c a n n on a s , an e

m d r typ f h ll t g th r wi th ibr t ry m m t f th pr j ti l
o e n es o s e ,
o e e v a o ove en s o e o ec e , a re

r f rr d t i th f ll wi g p p r D i di pp 3 0 4 d 3 18 d J p ly 6
e e e o n e o o n a e s . on , . an ,
an .
’
ec . o t 1 .

P ri
'
G Pi b p 1 6 9 Ré l 1 p 3 7
’
p 1 T i d i ll i . 5 . o e r t, ra te a rt er e, a s, . sa , , . 5 ;
G . Ma gn us , B er l . B er 1 8 5 2, 1 —24 ,
. an d Ann . P hy s . Chem 8 8 .
p 1 ;
. P d e .

S t Ro b rte ,
Mem
'
. s c i en t . Pa ri s, 1 8 7 2, d e S p a e , Mouvemen t d es p r o
I .
p 27 7 ;. M . rr
j ec ti l es o bl on gs d a ns l e ca s d u ti r d e p l ei n fou e t, Pa s , 1 8 7 5 , a n d S ur l e m ouve men t ri
d es p rojec ti l es d a n s l a i r , a s , 1 8 9 1 A r ch i v f P ri Ma th P hy s S t kh lm
’
. . A s tr on . u . . oc o ,
'
1 9 0 4 , a n d A n n d e l a s oci ete d e B r ux el l es , 3 5 m e rh a n s Es s a i
’

.
p 7 9 ; R
. T i m .
,

d ’
un
'

tr a i te d a r ti ll er i e, 2, P a
18 4 6, p 1 1 3 ;
’
ri s, . J . C . F
O to, Um d reh ung d er . t
A r ti ll eri eg es chos s e, B e n , 1 8 4 3 a n d 1 8 4 7 : A l lg emei n Mi l i td rzei tun g, 1 8 4 6 , Nos rl i . .

6 4 —6 5 , a n d A r ch f A r t u I n g -0fi 6 p 1 1 8 ; P G v H e .
, p 1 6 9 ; . . . .
'

. . J . . . . im .
470 N otes on th e v a r i ous s ec ti ons

p 1 6 2 F or n
. . i d i r t b r ti Jec A h f o s e va on s , s ee a n s en , rc . . A rt . u . I na -Of . 97
p p 4 25 a n d 4 9 7
. A p h t gr p hi m th d f r gi tr t i
. o o a c e o o e s a on i n th e s h l l i t lf i gi
e se s v en

by N ees e n , A r ch .
f . A rt . u . I ng -0fi 9 6 .
'

.
p 6 8 . : 99 p 4 76
. : an d 10 1

p 25 3 . . O b r ti
s e va on s at l ow v e oc l i ti es , C C . r an z , Z ei ts ch r .
f . ma th P hy s . .

43 pp . 13 3 an d 169 .

5 2—5 7 . F or t h e th ry eo of th e g yr os c op e , s ee F . K li e n and A So . mm rf ld e e ,

Uber d i e Theor i e d es K rei s el s , Le ps c , 1 8 9 7 —1 9 1 0 , s pe c a vol i i i lly . IV ti C . s ec on ,

B a l l i s ti cs , 8 , p 3 1 7 a n d P S t a c kel , En cy /cl op d m a th Wi s s ens ch I V. . . . . . 6 whi h i

.
,
c n

ld
e u es a bib l i ogr a
p hy ; C Cr a n z, Zm a th P hy s 4 3
e i ts c h r pp 1 3 3 a n d 1.69 ; . . .

t dr
.

H Pu . z, Rev d .
’
a rt . 24 p 2 9 3 ; K B
. B e n e , B ew e u n s ers chei n ungen
g g . .

ol er L a n gges chos s e, D a rm t dt s a ,
1 8 8 8 ; J a n s e n , A r ch f A r t u I ng -0f 9 7 . . .
~
. . .

p 4 24
. H Mii l l e r, D i e En t wi c hl d P re us s F es tungs
. . . . rl i 1 8 7 6 u . B el a g A r ti ll B e . . n, ,

i lly p p 1 6 2 d 1 7 5
s pe c a . an . G yr o s c op c e x i p ri m t w iet h m d l f h ll A en s o e s o s e s, . v on

Ob rm y r Mi tt ub C g
e a e , . . e . d A rt . . u . Gen . W 1 8 99 p 8 6 9 K F H r i J
es .
,
. . . a r s, ourn .

o
f Un S t A r ti l l l 1 0
. .
p 6 3 ,
a n d p p 1 8 9 a
. n d 3 0 3 ; Ma gn u s ,
P ogg A nn 88 . . .

J A ltm p 1 . . an n, Erhl ar u ng u B er echn ung d S e i ten ab wei c hu ng r oti er ende r

'

. .

G h Vi
es c 1 8 97 K r ll Mi b C g d A
os s e, G e n n a, a ,
tt . zt . e . . rt . u . en . Wes . 18 8 8 , p 1 18 .

C V B y d i tt 1 8 9 7 p 8 3 6
. . o s, o, ,
. .

P h t gr p hi m m t f ibr t ry m m t
o o a c eas ure en s o v a o o ve en s a re d es c r ib ed by F .

Ne e s e n , Ver ha n d l d d eu ts c h p hy s i /ca l Ges el l 1 1 . . . . . 24 , p p . 44 1 and 7 24 .

g5 2 . La y ri z, Z ei ts chr f .d g es S c hi ess
. . . . u . S pr engs tofi
p 303 Wes . 10 .

J a n s en , A rch .
f . Art . u . l ug -Of 9 7 .
pp 4 24 a n d 4 9 7 , a n d Mi tt uh Geg. . . .

d A rt
. . u . Gen . Wes . 18 7 1, p . 85 A . R ut zki , p 6 2 a n d Gr un d l agen f ur n eue .

Gesc hoss . u . Wafiensy s teme , Tes c h en , 18 76 .

53 . A . Da h n e, N eue Theor i e d er F l ug ba hne n vo n La ngg es c hos s en , B e rli n,

1888 : B a u s tei ne zur F l ug ba hn u . K r e i s el the or i e , B e rl i n, 191 4, by th e sa m e au th r o ,

a sol K ri egs techn Z ei ts chr 1 0 . .

pp 6 5 . an d 26 5 , an d 12 p 5 8 . .

55 . A . v . R utzki , B e weg ung A bwei chung d er S p i tzges chos s e, V e n n a, 1 8 6 1 ,

u . i
and Theori e u . P r a x i s d er Z un d er kons trukti on en , V e n n a , 1 8 7 1 ; a n s en , A r c h f i J . .

A rt . u . I na -Of . 97 pp 4 25 . a nd 497 N S a bud s ki , Un ter s uchung en

. vb d . .

B ewegungen d es L a ngges chos s es , P e tr gr d o a ,

1 90 8 ; T Te . rd a a and M . O k hi oc ,
A r ti l l .

Mona ts hefte ,
1 90 9 , p 3 0 1 . A . Di t tl i , A r ti l l . Mona ts hefte 1 9 16 , 1 1 6 , p 4 9 , . .

56 . Hé l i e , 2, p p 9 4 . an d 3 0 9 ; E Va . lli r e , B a l ex
p P a s , 1 8 9 4, pp 4 0 a n d . . ri .

178 G . v . G lih e c ,
Z ei ts chr .
f Ma th
. . u . P hy s . 55 p 3 6 3 ; H L a n c es e , . F . . h tr
A erody n a mi cs , r tt Z i h f d g S hi Sp g fi an d W 6 E B . a ve a, e ts c r . . . es . c es s . u . r en s to
'

. es .
,

1 9 1 1 pp 8 d 1 0 7 d i tt 1 9 1 p 29 1 A H m i lt
,
. 1 B ll i i
an F rt M : o, 4, .
; . a on , a s t cs , o on roe ,

190 8 p 1 5 P ,
H p t M
I h
. m Th i d F
. l g b h 5 B rl i 1 8
; 7 6 p 10.1 au ,
at e . eor e er u a ne n, e n, ,
.

Ch rb ir T i d bl P ri 1 8 9 4 p 23 8
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ra te e a . ex t . a s, ,
. .

F l t r l d i ti or E Thi l D I f G
a e a B 1 8 8 3 p 20 ev a on s , s ee . e ,
as n . ew . on n , ,
.

H R h S hi l h fu I f i B rl i Kr y it m t ‘
. o ne, 1 90 6 p 1 8 c es s e re r n a n ter e, e n, ,
. 2 . a us e s a s a ou n s

t 1 m tr i
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,
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1 1 3 p 27 3 7 Wi ll ,
W fi l h B rl i 1 90 8 IV p 23 1
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57 D m tr ti pp r t M J P d S . e pp i l
on s a on a a a us , . . er ro on , ur u n a a re

P r i 1 8 7 5 Pf dl t d r ib d K l i m rt m i / S t ttg rt ’
i i D ’
a s, p aun er s a a ra u s s es c e e e na c, u a
pp .
y n ,

18 89 M j i K mp ; A i ll M hf 1 9 1 3 7 6 p 299
a n er - e en , rt . on a ts e te, , ,
. .

5 8 —7 0 F th th ry f pr b bi l i ti E C b . Wh h R h g or e eo o o a es ,
s ee . zu e r, a rs c .
- ec n un

u ih . A d g f
re F hl g l i h g L i i
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p 1 9 0 3 d i tt Th i
un d B au e er a u s e c un ,
e s c, : o, eor e . eo

ba chtungsfeh l er, Le ps i i c, 18 91 : J a hres ber . d . d eu ts ch . Ma th . Ver ei n . 7 2,

 N o tes on th e va r i ous s e cti on s 47 1

pp . 1—27 9 , wi th bibl i gr phy N S b d o a ; . a u s ki , Di e Wa hrs chei nl i chl e i ts rechn ung '

l t d by Eb rh rd S t ttg rt 1 90
,

t ra n s a e e a , u a , 6 ; J k ( dp
. Ko za ,
z
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run robl e me de r A us
g l e i ch s r ec hn u n , Le
g p s c , 1 90 7 - 0 8 Fo r t h e c a ac e i i . h r t ri ti rr s c e o rs , s e e S . We ll is c h ,

Mi tt i tb C eg d A r t u C e n Wes 1 90 8 , pp 8 8 9 a n d 9 7 5
. . . . . . . . . J Kozé k, d i t to , 19 10 , p 4 7
J idi
. . .

60 . S . D Po . i s s on , Mem ’
. de l
’
a rt . de l a ma r i n e, 8 p 14 1 . D . o n,

Ca l c ul d es p r oba bi l i tes app l i q ue a u t i r des p rojec ti l es , Pa r s , eco

’

i 18 5 8 , a nd J l
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a d A rti ll -Lehre, V e n n a , 18 9 8 ;
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g , pp 16 4 a nd i . . .

20 9 B S c h d fll e r, Mi tt i tb C eg d A r t u C e n Wes 1 90 1 , p 8 23 , a n d 1 90 2, 9
pp 7
. . . . . . . . .

J
. .

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r
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C a n z, K omp d B a l l . .
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b rm y r Mi tt ti b ( i y
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m a th p hy s . . Mod ell e Mun i c h , ,

1 8 9 2, p 1 5 4 ; A v O e . . . a e c ( 1.

t
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62 . F or t h e m th d e o of s uc c es s v e i di ff r E C e e n c e s , s ee . zu be r, J a hres be r d
E V ll i w rk
. .

d euts ch . Ma th . Ver . 7 2, p 20 5 ; .
p 166 S a e r, a b ud s ki s
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pr b bi l i ti r f r t Eb rh rd pr p l W H yd i h
. .

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e ts c r. . . ee .

S hic Sp es s
g W . 1 u .
p 2 7 2 r en . es . . .

65 V ll i r p 1 6 0 . d R d 9a p 2 22
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.

d h M h V i
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, .
; . e en e c , r e s tec n . e ts c r

l r
.

6 p 2 5 3 A M i R i i . m i i m 1 90 8 J ; y H . R h A i ll a zz uo , v s ta ar t a, ,
a n ua ; . o n e, rt .

M hfo na ts 1 90 7 9 p 23 5 d 3 2 p 1 29 J K ak Mi
te, ub G g d A
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p 21 d d
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H P t d i tt 24
.

. u z, pp 5 d 1 0 5 3 2 o, pp 21 3 d 3 3 . an : . an 1 .

§ 6 7 K r Di G . l g d G h a us e ,
g b B rl i 1 90 Z d l iet es ta tun er es c os s a r e, e n, 4 ; v on e z,

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; v . n a re A h f A I g 0fi 90
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p 113 A P r i Gi l tt
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s ec a . .

Th th ry f fi d i g h r g f e eo rti ll ry i d rib d by R h A h f
o n n t e an e or a e s es c e o n e, rc . .

A I g 0f
rt . 00u .
pp 3
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an . an 5 ,
an

s p i ll y 1 0
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an

2 p 1 1 5 C ll b rg U b d i
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F ld i ll i
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a rt 1 8 98 d K i g
er e, h Z i h 2 e pp 27
n, d 9 3 ,
an r e s tec n . e ts c r . . an ;
P i K i g
re s s , h Z i h 3 r e s tec
p 8 1 E S tr d M i n b .G g d A e ts c r . . . na ,
tt i t . . e . . rt . u .

C W 1 8 9 2 p 8 7 9 1 8 8 7 p 3 7 A W i g r d i t 1 8 98 p 8 21 S h fll
en . es . ,
. : ,
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d itt 1 90 2 p 9 7 1 900 p 4 29 d 1 9 1 p 8 23 N S b d ki W h h R h
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.
; . a u s ,
a rs c - ec n .

S t ttg rt 1 9 0 6 J K ak Th
u a i d
, S hi l II p rt 2 Vi
; . 1 900 oz ,
eor e ,
er c es s wes ens , v o . . a ,
e n n a, ;
E Es c hl e r , Vor trage
.
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a us d er A r ti l l er i el ehr e , V i en n a , 1 8 98 .

Va ll i r e ,
Rev d
'

a rt . 30 p 1 0 6 ;
. V Ga n d ol fi, Ri v d . .
’
a rt . e g en . 1 8 96 ,

tr
.

v ol p 23 1 , a n d Mi tt ub Geg d A r t n C en Wes 1 8 9 7 , p 6 4 5 ; E S n ad ,
’

IV . . . . . . . . . . .

di tt dr d i tt dwi d t
. .

o, 1 8 9 7 , p 76 3 ; I n . a, o, 1 8 9 7 , pp 1 6 3 . and 29 1 A . Lu g , i to ,
1 90 1 ,

pp 9 1 . and 189 A Ca l i c h i opul o, Ri v ol.

’
a r t. e g en . 1 8 93 , v ol . I .
pp 24 5 . an d 411
Dr g
.

a as , S tr efi l eur
’
s os terr . mi l i t Z e i ts ch r V . . i e n na , 1 8 90 , p 1 8 4 . .

69 . R . Ro th e, A r ti l l . Mon a ts hef te ,
1916, 1 10 , p 6 5 , . a nd 1 1 1, p . 1 25 ;

G S c h e ffers , B erli n A lea d B er

. . . .
,
P hy s -ma th K l 4 2 . .
p 7 3 3 . .
472 N otes on the v a r i ous s ec ti on s

70 h lr
P r a let P hy s Le p s c , 1 90 1 , p 1 7 ; E Va e , B a l
Ko a us c h ,
. i i . . ll i r ex
p er
’

ri
. . . .

Pa s, 1 8 9 4 , pp 1 3 8 a n d 1 5 1 . .

1 —
7 75 D . i di
on , p 228 ; S i ac c i , p 1 4 2 ; N P e s , Cour s d e ba l i s ti ue ,
q . . . ry Me t z,

1 8 27 ; B es a l , Pa ri s, C R 1 20. .
p . 3 97 ; H C Sc . . h mm u ,
J our . (I n S t A r t
. . .

4 p 6 20 ; M d e B e e s , Pa . . r tt ri C R s, . . 75 p . 1 7 0 2, an d 76
p 27 8 ; G K a s e , Mi tt ub Geg d
. . i r . . . A. rt . u . C en . Wes
1 8 8 5 , p 1 7 1 ; C Pa o , . . . r di
R i v d a r t e g en 1 8 8 7 , 1 , p 4 2 E P
’
. . . . . J ff
. ou re t , Les p rojec ti l es , on a n e ea u , 1 8 8 1 , F t i bl
p 1 4 2 ; G R on c a , L a
. .
p p 1 6 ; E V a cor r i s
e , . 1 . lli r di tt 1 o, p 200 ; .

lli r p 220 ri
.

Ma y e vs ki ,
Re v . d techn ol m i l i t 1 8 6 6 , 5 , a n d 1 8 6 7 , 6 ; Va
. . . e ,
.
,
and Pa s,

C R 1 20. .
p 1 3 6 ; H e . yd r i h en e c ,
1, p 8 ; . V . Wu i c h Mi t t ,
. vb C eg d A r t . . . u

t
. .

Cen . Wes . 1 8 93 , pp 1 a n d 1 6 1 . H Pu . z, Re v d .
’
a rt . 34 pp . 13 8 and 1 93 ;
S a bu d s ki , 1 , pp 3 94 —4 20 .

Fr h tr l ti by b rd )
.

’
bi
R R o n s , N ou vea ux p r i n cip es d a rti l l er i e ( en c ans a on Lom a ,

ri lt r l
.

Pa s , 1 8 7 3 , p 3 6 5 ; P o n c e e , I n tr od uc ti on a l a m eca n i gue i n d us tri el l e, B us s e

’

. s ,

1 8 3 9, p 6 1 9 ; B esa . l ,
Pa ri s, C R 1 20 . .
p 3 9 7 ; T L e v -C v a A tti d el
,
. . i i it rea l e

i s ti tuto Ven eto d i S ci en ze, 6 5 II .

p 1 1 49. .

Mi n arell i p 1 4 3 a n d Wi
72 . v . i , .
,
ll e, W a fen l ehre, B e
f n , 1 90 0 ,
p 1 73 ; rl . We r
n i c k e Z e i ts c hr f d es S chi es s u S p r en s t W s 1 9 10 20 1
,g g e p . . . . . . . .
,
. .

A P e us s S chus s u Waf e 2 ( 1 90 8
. r 24 p 5 7 7 : 3 ( 1 90 9
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.
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5 ( 191 1 1 9 p 3 7 6 : 3 ( 1 90 9 1 p 5 : 3 ( 1 90 9 9 p 18 5 ,
.
, .
,
. .

F or t h e a m t o un of e n e rgy n ee ddt pt e o u a m an or hr o s e o ut o f a c ti on , s ee

H Ro . h n e, S chi es s l ehre f I nfa n t . . B rl i 1 906 p

e n, , . 68 , and A r ti ll . Mon a ts hefte 1 90 8 ,
J P gh Mi b C g d A W 1 90 9 p 6 1 A N bi l
,

p 1 9 7; . C an er, tt . ii . e . . rt . u . en . es .
,
. 5 ; . o e

Gi rgi d i tt 1 9 1 1 1 0 p 8 9 1 1 p 1 00 3 1 2 p 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 2 pp 1
.

de o ,
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rm r p i r i g h ll
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O n a B h A i ll M ou -hf 1 9 10 p 4 0 1 e c n s e s, s ee a n, rt . on a ts e t .
,
II .
;
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.

R . e b C g d A ,
C W 1 9 1 2 pp 1 1 2 d 23
tt i t . Th . e . . rt . u . en . es .
, . an 5 a e, e

N a va l A n n u a l , 1 9 13 , p 3 6 3 ; Tres s i d e r, Tra ns I n s t N a v A r ch 1 90 8 , . . . . . v ol . I ;
r tt wit
.

S ti n ge , K r upp s che Z em en tp a n zer u K app enges choss e, Ka o z, 1 90 7 ; A . . Mi m ey ,

R ev d .
’
a rt . 89 v ol . L XX VIII .
p 209 . J o urn é e , Rev d .
’
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p 10 5
b rm y r Mi tt di l
. .

ub Geg d A r t u Gen Wes 1 8 9 8 , p 3 6 1 Me ca

‘
74 . A . v . O e a e ,
. . . . . . . .

s ec ti f Pr i W Offi
on o us s a n ar c e , Uber d i e Wi r kung d e r n euen Ha ndf euer wafien ,
'

Be rl i 1 8 94 ; E Ri k R d
n, . n ,
ev .
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a rt . 25 p 5 50 ;. V . Mi n a re l li p 4 1 ; C an z ,
. . Cr
an d K R K h A . d P hy . oc ,
nn . . s . u . Che m 4 , 3 .
p 24 7 : Mi tt i tb Geg d
. . . . .

Art . u . Gen . Wes 1 90 3 , p 4 7 7 ; C

. . r an z and
f
Gii n t h e r, Z ei ts chr
d g es S c h i es s . . . . . u

hm bl i h d
.

Sp r engs t . Wes . 1 9 1 2, p 3 1 7 H Le . . ann , Di e K i n e ma tograp h i e, Le p s c , pu s i i e

by T e ub ner , 19 1 1, p 1 1 2 . Cu r hmsc an n , Z ei ts chr .

f . d g es S chi es s
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r ditt
.

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6 pp 4 21 a n d 4 4 1, H ii
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.

by E . B rde r ; E B c e , K r i egs chi r urg Hef te d er B ei tr age . ir h r . z ur K l i n i s chen Chi

r ur
gi e, 96 1 , p 3 8 . .

r
C a n z , Z ei ts chr , S chus s . u . Waf e ,
2 18 , p . 4 13 ; Wi eti n g Mi l i tar ,

arz tl i che Z r r Mi b G g d A il l
ei ts chr . 38 1 5, p . 6 17 ; A . B e ue ,
tt . it . e . . rt . u .

G W 90 7 p 6 7 1
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. .

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. . e on u re s s a es a a s o a ca e o ,
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o f 4 5 m/ ri h tt d 5 r g 22 tim th rf f h w t r
s ec, c oc e e 0 11 a n a ve a e es on e su ac e o t e a e :

r g = 2 70 m P r y C d b l i i q M t 1 8 7 p 6 1 A Pr S h
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Ki l d i rt ti 1 90 3
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d Ri
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4 74

I N D EX OF N A MES

A bd a n k -Abaka n owi tz , 1 29 , 21 8 , 3 0 3 F a s e l l a , 1 8 4 , 24 9 , 253 , 26 2

d Al em be rt, 9 1
’
F r a n ca s , i 1 34
Appe l l , 9 2
A rm a n i n i , 7 8 Ga us s , 3 7 0 , 3 7 5
A ugus t , 7 8 , 8 7 Go u n , 23 9i
Gr e e n hi ll ,
111
B a rry , 3 7 Gros s ,4 9 , 6 4 , 6 7 , 1 6 6
B a s h forth , 4 6 , 5 2, 5 6 , 1 1 8 Gun t h er , 44 3
B a s s an i ,
1 18
B ay es , 3 6 7 , 4 0 3 i
Ha m l ton , 7 2, 3 5 4
B ec ker , 54 Ha up t, 4 1 , 1 23 , 3 5 4
B e m ar d i n e l l i , 1 6 7 He bl e r 26 4 ,

i
B ern o ull , 9 1 , 1 4 6 , 1 4 8 , 3 6 5 i
He m 1 23 3 09 , ,

B e rtagn a , 3 5 5 Hé l i e , 4 6 , 7 2 1 3 8 , 20 2, 3 1 6 , 3 50 ,

B er tra n d , 3 9 2, 3 99 He l m e r t 3 8 2 3 8 3 , ,

B es out , 1 3 4 h
Hel m ol tz , 1 1 3
B es s e l , 3 9 2 y ih
He d e n re c , 7 3 1 5 1 , 20 3 , 25 2
h
,

B i rc er , 4 48 , 4 5 3 Hoje l 4 6 , 5 4 24 6, ,

B ord a , 7 2, 1 23 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 8
B or d on i , 21 I n d ra , 1 9 6
B ra c c i li i
a n , 1 16
B r a ve t ta , 3 5 1 J ac ob de Ma rre ,
4 29
B ri a n ch on , 1 90
'

J or d a n , 38 2
B urgs d orff , 23 9 , 26 4 , 3 96 J o urn é e, 4 25

Can ove tti , 44 Kl i 9 e n, 32 3 44

hy K h 07
,

Ca uc , 1 99 oc 3 44 5
K
, ,

Ch a p el , 4 7 , 5 2, 1 5 4 , 1 5 5 , 1 8 5 , 21 3 , 24 6 7
r upp , 3 4 9 , 5 0 , 1 3 9, 1 6 1 , 1 8 9 , 4 28
K mm 6
,

Ch arbonn er , i 5 0 , 6 4 , 8 5 , 8 6 , 1 3 9 , 1 7 5 , 20 3 , u er , 8
3 44 , 3 5 4
C h a uve n e t, 3 92, 3 93 , 3 94 La n c h e s te r , 4 1 , 3 14
v . Ch ri s m a r , 4 5 3 L e gen dr e , 1 1 8
Cl os e , 5 8 , 5 9 L e v -C i ii v t a , 4 22, 4 26
Cz uber , 3 6 8 , 3 6 9 , 3 7 5 , 3 8 0 d e l a Ll a v e , 4 3 5
v . L b ss l , 7 3
Da h n e, 3 24 , 3 4 5 L or en z , 3 5 , 3 6 , 4 2
Di d i on , 3 6 , 4 4 , 4 5 , 5 2, 7 3 , 1 1 8 , 1 3 4 , L ud w g, 3 5 7 i
1 4 0 , 1 4 6 , 1 4 8 , 1 8 5 , 20 1 , 227 , 3 8 1
D uc h mie n, 60 Mac h 3 2 4 4 3 , ,

D uch é n e, 1 26 Magn u s 3 1 2 3 1 4 , ,

Ma ta 4 0 ,

v. Eber h ar d , 5 0, 5 4 , 1 3 6 , 27 9 , 4 0 2, 4 06 , Ma y evs ki 3 5 4 5 , , ,
4 7 , 5 4 , 1 56, 3 55
407 v Mi n a rel l i
. 3 06 ,

Eul er, 1 1 3 , 4 22 Muz e a u 3 5 4 ,

 4 75
v. Ni e s i ol ow s ki , 3 5 7
Nowa kows k i ,
1 97

v
0
. Obe rma y er , 1 6, 3 5 7
O ki n gh a us , 4 0 , 4 1 , 9 4
Otto, 1 1 3 , 3 1 2

P a n gh e r, 4 3 0
P erc i n, 24 1
P e rrod on , 3 5 7
P etr , 4 24 y
P fa un d l er , 3 57
i
P ton -B re s s an t, 95 , 1 24 , 25 1
P oi n s ot , 3 40
i
P o s s on , 3 0 5 , 3 1 2, 3 6 6 V i il l
e e, 4 0, 41
P on c e l et , 1 8 5 , 4 22, 4 25 , 4 28
Wal ker 3 1 5 ,

R am s a uer, 4 5 3 We l l i s ch 3 8 2 ,
Re ger , 44 5 v Wui c h 1 3 9 4 26
i
.
, ,

R em a n n , 4 0, 4 1
b
R o er t, S t, 4 5 , 1 1 2, 1 3 8 , 200 222 3 0 5
, , v . Z e dl it z, 1 5 4 , 23 5
 THE I N S TA N TA N EOU S P HOTOGR AP HI C R ECORD S

R ec o d N o 1 r . .

hi h w b ll t f l ibr f 8 mm t g th rwi th th sur d i g w

T s s o s a u e o a ca e o ,
o e e e r ou n n a v es

an d dd i = 880 m
e / Thi w t k wi th
es : v mi r r d V rti l s ec . s as a en a c on c a v e r o ,
an a e ca

st p whi h w pl d t right gl t th p th f th b ll t Th m th d i
o ,
c as a ce a an es o e a o e u e e e o s

d rib d i l III h p VIII d by B Gl t l i D i l l t i h M th d

.

es c e n vo . . c a . . an . a ze n e e e c r sc en e o en

d M m tp h t g p hi B r wi k 1 9 1 5 p bl i h d by Vi w g Thi m th d
er o en o o ra e, un s c , ,
u s e e e . s e o

sh w t h ri t i
o s f i d i ty i d i r t i
e va t ri gh t
a lg t th t p Th
on s o a r - en s ,
n ec on s a an es o e s o . e

p h t r
g po oh b r g rd d a m d l i ll m
can i t d i d i r et i t ri
e gh t gl
a e as a o e ,
u na e n a ec on a an es

t tho t p d m d l f thi ki d w m d i th uth r l b r t ry i

e s o ,
an a o e o s n as a e n e a o
’
s a o a o n

pl t r f P r i
as e o a s .

R rd N 2
ec o o . .

A s i n N o 1 , bu t t h e ed ge of th e s op i s p a a
. t r ll l t th l i e o e n e of fi re , co rr e s p on di ng

to an ui ll mi ti
na on of t h e o e in a ec on mdl d i r ti t ri gh t gl a an es to t h e p a th of t he
b ll t
u e .

Re c rd N 3
o o . .

B ll t f 8 mm
u l ibr
e o ca e : v= 880 m/ se c . Th s w asi t ke by th h d w p
a n e s a o ro

c es s .

R eco d N o 4 r . .

A s i n N o 1 , bu t t h e . b ll t w fir d wi th t h b
u e as e e as e fo rw rda . Th e li n e of fli gh t
is l igh tly bl i q t
s o ue o th p i t i
e f th b l l t
os on o e u e .

R rd N 5
ec o o . .

Cy l i dri l pr j t i l flyi g th r gh
n ca lm i = 8 8 0 m/ Thi
o ec e, tk n ou ca a r : v s ec . s w as a en

wi t h mi r r bj ti d t p th p ti f th t p rr p d t
c on c a ve ro ,
o ec ve a n s o : e os 1 on o e s o co es on s o

an i ll mi t i i d i r t i p r ll l t th l i f fi
u na on n a ec on a a e o e ne o re .

R rd N 6
ec o o . .

Cy l i dri l pr j t i l wi th r
n ca d d ti p = 6 40 m/ Th gl f h h d
o ec e ou n e : v s ec . e an e o t e ea

w i i r d rd i gly
av e s nc eas e a cc o n .

R rd N 7
ec o o . .

Thi h w th b gi i g f th w wi th p i t d b ll t f 8 mm l ibr
s s o s e e nn n o e a ve a o n e u e o
‘
ca e

v = 8 80 m/ Th g whi h
s ec .
p d fr m t h m e l h d i iti ll y h d
a s es , c es ca e .
o e uzz e , a n a a

a g r t r l
ea e i t y t h t h b
v e oc ll t b t t t h m m t t han
p r e m d u e ,
u a e o en e ex os u e w as a e,

th y h d b
e a rt k by h b ll t Th b di ng l i f th
e e n ov e a en i
p gg t e u e . e o un ne o e es c a n as es

i h r
s t b
e e s e en m wh t i rr g l r Th h d w b gi t f rm j t t id
o e so e a e u a . e ea - a ve e ns o o us ou s e

th e p l iex g b
os v e r l t i l y t t h l
as es , tt rg t h b ll
e c a u s e, t h e a ve o es e a e as es , e u e as a

l i ty l
v e oc th th t f d Thi
es s ant k by th h d w pr
a o s oun . s w as a en e s a o oc es s .

R rd N 8
ec o o . .

P i t d b ll t 8 mm
o n e l ibr = 3 4 0 m/ Thi i th l i ty f d
u e ,
ca e v sec . s s e v e oc o s ou n .

A th s l ity f th b ll t d r
e ve oc th p i t
o f th h d we u d t il w
e ec ea s e s , e o n s o e ea - a ve an a - a ve
 The i n s tan ta n eo us p ho togr ap h i c r ec or d s 4 79

m wi th r g rd t th b ll t f w d b k d Th gl f th
o ve e a o e u e or a r s or ac wa r s e an e o e wa ves
i r m tim A d wh th l i ty f h b ll t h f ll b l w
.

t th
n c e as e s a e sa e e . n en e ve oc o t e u e as a en e o
th t f d th w b m p r t d fr m h b ll t Th h d -
a o s ou n , e a ves ec o e se a a e o t e u e e ea w a ve
b m ki d f ph ri l d ti
.

ec o es a n o s e ca c on e ns a on .

R rd N 9
ec o o . .

B l l t 8 mm
u e l ibr = 8 0 m/ Th b ll t h gr d w d b d
,
ca e : v 8 s ec . e u e as a ze a oo en oa r
ib ti g ti bly S pl i t r f w d
,
an d i s v ra n no c ea . n e s o oo a re s ee n .

R ecor d N 10 o . .

Thi pr th t t h h d
s d h t il w
o ve s th l p fi fi i
a e ea -w a ve a n t e a - a ve a re e e n ve o es o n n ~

t i m l ly m l l h d w
es a whi h pr d d by th imp t f h b l l
s a ea - a ve s , c a re o uc e e ac o t e u e t on
t h e rr d i g i I th r rd 1 9 th l m t y w
su ou n n a r ly. n e eco s -
,
es e e e en a r a ves a re s ca rce

i ibl th gh th y
v s e, m ti m b
ou wi thi h t i l w e ca n s o e es e s ee n n t e a - ave

Th w p r t d pr t r d by firi g th gh
.

e b aves i th c an e se a a e ,
as n e es e n ec o r n ro u

h ri t l t b whi h h h l t t p d b tt m = 8 8 0 m/ Th b l l t
,

a o z on a u e, c as o es a o an o o : v sec e u e
m rgi g fr m h t b P rti l w t l
.

is seen t b o e e
p h e
gh t h h i n o t e u e . a a a ve s es c a e ro u e o es n

th t b
e d th i r m th d f mbi i g t f rm
u e an lp e b T k e o o co n n o o a n e n ve o e c an e s ee n a en

by t h h d pr
.

e s a ow oc es s .

R c rd N 1 1
e o o . .

A i N s 10 t k n by mi rr r bj ti
o .
d t p Th b ll t h
,
a en c o nc a ve o ,
o ec ve a n s o e u e as
lr dy l ft th fi ld f i
.

a ea e e e o v ew .

R e cor d No 1 2 . .

h w th b gi i g f th h d w
S o s = 8 8 0 m/ By m
e e nn n o e ea - a ve v s ec . ea n s o f a s oun d
d mpi g d i tt h d t th mu l th h d w t rt
a n e v c e, a ac e o e z z e, e ea - a ve s a s as s oo n as t he b llu et
e s ca
p fr m t h mu l T k by th h d w pr
es o e zz e . a en e s a o oc es s .

R e co d N o 1 3r . .

Thi h w s s o s the r fl ti
e ec on o f the w a ves f r mt
o w o pa r ll l pl t b tw
a e a es , e ee n whi h c

th e b ll t p
u e a s s es : v = 880 m/ s ec . Ta k by th
en e s h d w pr
a o oc es s .

R e c o d N o 14r . .

A s i n N o 1 2, but . t k t l t r i t t Th b ll t h lr dy p d t
a en a a a e n s an . e u e as a ea es c a e a

the ri ght Th r . e e s ee m t b tr f p ri di i ty i th ddi th ddi

s o e ace o e o c n e e es : es e e es

w ld b h l i l
ou e e ca ,
on t f th r t ti f th b ll t Pr b bly h i t i
a c c oun o e o a on o e u e . o a e re s

a c as e o f ri ti va a on s o f i d i ty d m i ly t t mp r t
a r- en s ,
ue a n o e e a ure .

R rd N 1 5
ec o o . .

A b ll t fi d th r gh t w
u e dl fl m re 8 8 0 m/ B th fl m ou w o can e- a es : v = s ec . o a es e re

exti g i h d Th r rd h w ( ) th i rti f h b r i g g
n u s e . e i g th t
eco s o s a e ne a o t e u n n as e s , s ee n a

th fl m th r gh whi h th b ll t h
e a e oul dy p d pp r b b r i g c e u e as a r ea as s e a ea s to e u n n

q i tly d th
u e ,
d i g l m f h t g i t d i t rb d ( b) N ki d f
an e as cen n co u n o o as e s s no s u e . o n o

p r e ce
p t ib l p r r m t
e
p r d t h b ll
es s u et wh i l itys ee d s o ece e e u e ,
e ve n en ts ve oc e xce e s

th t f d ( ) Th w
a o s ou n h t t fr m th fl m pp r t b p t
. c e a ve s , s o ou o e a e, a ea o e se ara e

w j t th gh th b ll t h d p d thr gh l i d b dy Th w
av e s , us as ou e u e a as s e ou a so o . es e a ves

app r tea b t r p l ot d f t r ie t h h t g an s f t h fl m t h i t
an eh l as e n e o a s es o e a e an n e c oo

surr d i g i oun n a r .

Al l th r rd w r t k i th th l b r t ry ’
es e ec o s e e a en n e au or s a o a o .