International Conference on Computer, Communication and Electrical Technology – ICCCET 2011, 18th & 19th March, 2011
Design and Simulation of UWB Planar Rectangular
Printed Antenna
S. Arivazhagan1, R. Ahila Priyadharshini2, S.Vidhya3, 1Professor, 2Assistant Professor, 3PG Student
1, 2, 3
Electronics and Communication Engineering department
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College
Sivakasi, India
s_arivu@yahoo.com, ahilaprem@yahoo.com, vidhya.1234@gmail.com
Abstract — The objective of this work is to design and optimize an
Ultrawideband planar rectangular printed antenna with band
notched behavior intended to get rid of the 5–6 GHz frequency band
for WLAN compatibility purposes. The antenna has a large
bandwidth covering the frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, and
the radiation patterns are similar to those of a conventional dipole
antenna. In order to improve the impedance bandwidth and high
frequency radiation characteristics the shape of radiation patch and
the ground plane are modified. By properly designing the
dimensions of bevel slots on the lower edge on the radiation patch
and on the upper edge of the ground plane wide bandwidth is
achieved. A small radiation patch on the bottom side of the
substrate will produce band notched characteristics. Simulated
results suggest that the proposed antenna is suitable for UWB
applications because of its compact size and high performance.
Keywords-Ultrawideband (UWB), Band-notched antenna, planar
monopole.
I. INTRODUCTION
UWB is a wireless technology for transmitting large amount
of digital data over a wide spectrum of frequency bands with
very low power for a short distance. The implementation of
UWB system has become a highly competitive topic in both
academy and industry communities of telecommunication. These
systems have become more prominent and attracted attention
since FCC has assigned the frequency band of 3.1–10.6 GHz in
2002. The main objective of Ultra wideband technology is the
possibility of achieving high data rate communication in the
presence of existing wireless communication standards. The use
of UWB signals in microwave imaging applications in addition
to wireless communications requires suitable antennas as
transducers between UWB transceivers and the propagating
medium.
Conventional UWB antennas usually radiate different
frequency components from different parts of the antenna, which
distorts and stretches out the radiated waveform. Wideband
planar monopole antennas have received more attention because
of their advantages, such as simple structure, wide operating
bandwidth, ease of fabrication and satisfactory radiation
properties [1]–[3].
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222
Recently, several broadband monopole configurations, such
as circular, square, elliptical, pentagonal and hexagonal, have
been proposed for UWB applications. But planar monopole
antennas need large ground planes which are perpendicular to the
radiation element, and hence they are not low profile, which
limits their applications in compact systems. So in order to
reduce the size, a series of planar UWB antennas with microstrip
or CPW feeding structures were proposed in [4]–[12].
Despite the approval of the FCC for UWB to operate over
3.1-10.6 GHz, it may be necessary to notch-out portions of the
band in order to avoid interference with the existing wireless
network technologies such as IEEE 802.11a in the US. This is
due to the fact that UWB transmitters should not cause any
electromagnetic interference to nearby communication system
such as the wireless local area network (WLAN) applications.
Therefore, UWB antennas with notched characteristics in the
WLAN frequency bands are required and can be found in [13]–
[15].The conventional methods used to achieve the band-notched
function are cutting a slot on the radiation patch (i.e., U-shaped,
arc shaped and pi-shaped slot) [16]–[20], inserting a slit on the
patch [21]–[23] and embedding a quarter wavelength tuning stub
within a large slot on the patch [24]. Another way is putting
parasitic elements near the printed monopole as filters to reject
the limited band [25], or embedding a pair of T-shaped stubs
inside as elliptical slot, cut in the radiation patch [26].
In this paper a simple microstrip-fed planar UWB antenna is
proposed and an empirical formula is used to calculate the lowest
resonant frequency of planar monopole/dipole configurations.
Two symmetrical bevel slots are formed on the radiation plane
and ground plane cause a wide bandwidth ranging from 3.1–10.6
GHz for UWB applications. The notched band covering 5 GHz
Wi-Fi band is achieved by a small rectangular patch on bottom
side of the substrate which is fed by a 50Ω transmission line. The
width and length of the patch plays an important role in selecting
the band notched characteristics. The proposed band notched
UWB antenna has a compact size of 30 mm ×18 mm× 0.8 mm.
The simulated return loss of 10-dB shows that the proposed
UWB antenna achieves a bandwidth ranging from 3.1–10.6 GHz
with a notched band function frequency of 5-6 GHz is obtained.
 International Conference on Computer, Communication and Electrical Technology – ICCCET 2011, 18th & 19th March, 2011
The proposed antenna produces an omnidirectional radiation
patterns which radiates power uniformly in one plane with a
directive pattern shape in a perpendicular plane.
Section II presents the geometry of the proposed UWB
antenna. Section III presents the proposed design method and
results of simulation using Advanced Design Systems (ADS).
After that, the measured return losses, radiation pattern, gain
directivity and current distributions are presented in Section IV.
Section V gives the conclusions.
II. ANTENNA CONFIGURATION
Fig. 1 shows the geometry and configuration of the proposed
band notched UWB printed antenna. It consists of a rectangular
radiation patch with two bevel slots placed on the lower side of
the radiation patch with a partially modified rectangular ground
plane with two bevel slots located on its upper side. The slots cut
on the radiation patch and ground plane with dimensions w1 and
h1 plays an important role in achieving wide bandwidth. The step
width formed is denoted as s and the gap between the small
radiation patch and the ground plane is denoted as g. A 50Ω
microstrip line of 1.4 mm width is connected to the top of the
radiation patch as the feed line.
From the Fig. 1 a 50Ω microstrip line of width 1.4mm is
connected to radiation patch as a feed line which is printed on the
top side of the substrate while the ground plane is printed on the
bottom side of the substrate. A small rectangular patch with
dimensions a and b printed on the bottom side of the substrate is
connected to the feed line through a via-hole will produce a
notched band in the vicinity of 5.815 GHz and thus prevents the
interference with the WLAN systems. The antenna is printed on
both the top and back-side of a FR4 substrate with a thickness of
0.8 mm, relative permittivity of 4.4 with a patch thickness of
0.035mm.
Figure 1. Configuration of the proposed band notched UWB printed antenna
978-1-4244-9394-4/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE
223
The proposed band notched UWB rectangular printed antenna
design parameters are L=30mm, W=18mm, l1=14.4mm,
l2=14.4mm, g=1.2mm, L=l1+l2+g, w1=3.5mm, h1=3mm,
s=11mm, lf=15.6mm, wf=1.4mm, a=5.3mm, b=7mm as shown in
Fig. 1.
III. ANTENNA DESIGN
In this section, the antenna operates in the full UWB band of
(3.1–10.6GHz) is described. Then the new band notched
structures to avoid interference with WLAN systems are
investigated. The parameters which affect the characteristics of
the antenna are impedance, bandwidth, return loss, directivity
and radiation pattern. The proposed antenna structure is
simulated using the Advanced Design System (ADS) software.
A. Full Band UWB Antenna Design
The UWB behavior of the antenna is described by producing
a gap between the radiation patch and the ground plane. Hence
the ground plane of the proposed antenna is also a part of the
radiating configuration and current distribution. The
characteristics of the antenna are mainly affected due to current
distribution on the ground plane. At fundamental resonance, the
radiation patch, the gap and the ground plane form an equivalent
dipole antenna which is mainly determined by the length of the
antenna. The impedance matching is obtained by gap size
between the patch and the ground plane. Hence by placing bevel
slots on the lower side of the radiation patch and on the upper
side of the ground plane, so that the impedance bandwidth is
enhanced.
By placing of bevel slots on the lower edge of the radiation
patch provide the higher impedance matching. The main reason
is that the symmetrical bevel slots formed by the lower edge of
the radiation patch and the upper edge of the ground plane with
proper dimensions can support traveling waves at higher
frequencies. Therefore by properly designing the dimensions of
the four bevel slots on the radiation patch and the ground plane
will enhance traveling wave mode radiation and improve the
impedance matching at higher frequency band. When increasing
the bevel slot dimensions the resonant frequency is shifted to
lower value. This also plays a vital role in increasing the
operating bandwidth. As the bevel slot dimensions are increased
the resonant frequency decreases because of the proper gap
between the radiation patch and the ground plane. Hence by
properly choosing the dimensions of slots and gap between the
radiation patch and the ground plane, we can obtain a broad
impedance bandwidth.
B. Formula for Resonant Frequency
The frequency corresponding to the lower resonance of a
rectangular planar monopole can be approximately calculated by
equating its area to that of an equivalent cylindrical monopole
antenna of same length l and equivalent radius r, as given below
[3]
 International Conference on Computer, Communication and Electrical Technology – ICCCET 2011, 18th & 19th March, 2011

radiation patch, then 2r can be expressed as r1+r2 (In the case of

2 π rl = lW (1) cylindrical dipole, r1 and r2 can be considered as the radius of the
where W is the width of the rectangular disc. dipole arms and r1 = r2= r).
The lower frequency fL is given by Hence

7.2 14 . 4 (9)
fL = GHz (2) fr = GHz
l+r+ p l 1 + l 2 + g + r1 + r2
where p is the probe length (gap between the ground plane and and from (5)
the rectangular monopole) of the 50Ω feed line and l, r and p are A1
r1 = (10)
in centimeters. 2 π l1 ε re
An approximate general formula is proposed to represent the
fundamental resonant frequency of any planar printed radiation
A2
configuration with a ground plane. r2 = (11)
2π l 2 ε
By equating the area of the planar printed configuration to that re

of a cylindrical wire of length h where A1 and A2 are the area of the ground plane and the
radiation patch respectively. l1, l2, r1, r2 and g are in centimeters.
2 π rh = lW (3)
C. UWB Antenna with Band-Notched Function Design
Since h = l ε re The frequency range of UWB system approved by the FCC is
between 3.1–10.6 GHz. It might cause interference to the
2 π rl ε re = lW = area (4) existing wireless communication systems such as WLAN which
operates in the frequency range of 5-6 GHz. In transmission or
reception system if the band rejection filter is provided in UWB
area (5) RF front-end to avoid interference with existing system gives
r = complicated result to the performance of the antenna. In order to
2 π rl ε re
overcome such difficulty of this mechanism, UWB antenna with
where W and l are the width and the length of the planar element a band notched characteristic is required.
and r is the radius of the equivalent cylindrical wire. Then the
effective dielectric constant of the substrate is given by The centre frequency of the rejected band is determined by
properly choosing the dimensions of small rectangular radiation
(ε r
+ 1) patch on the bottom side of the substrate and the via-hole size.
ε re = The band notched performance is mainly based on the parameters
2
At fundamental resonance, the length of cylindrical dipole for “a” and “b” which are the length and width of the small
real input impedance is given by rectangular patch on bottom side of the substrate. The small
rectangular patch introduced on the bottom side of the substrate
l = 0 . 48 λ F (6) is shunt connected to the radiation patch through a via hole. Here,
Where g represents the coupling gap between the radiation patch and the
l ground plane. The small rectangular patch acts as a resonator and
F = introduces capacitive coupling to offer series resonance band
l + 2r
stop function. Since the resonator has an impedance zero at its
Thus resonant frequency. The feed line is shorted at resonant
l + 2r (7) frequency fr and hence no power is delivered to the radiation
λ =
0 . 48 patch.
From the above equations, the resonant frequency is given by
The area of the rectangular patch with length a and width b
14 . 4 can be equated to that of an equivalent cylindrical monopole
fr = GHz (8) antenna of height h and equivalent radius r. The average
l + 2r characteristic impedance can be defined as [28]
where l and r are in centimeters
If l1 and l2 denote the length of the ground plane and radiation  h 
Z 0 = 120  ln   − 1  (12)
patch respectively and g is the gap between them, then l can be  r  
expressed as l1 +l2 +g.
from (3)
Similarly if r1 and r2 represent the radius of equivalent
cylindrical dipole corresponding to the ground plane and 2 π rh = ab (13)

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 International Conference on Computer, Communication and Electrical Technology – ICCCET 2011, 18th & 19th March, 2011

from (4) IV. MEASURED ANTENNA PERFORMANCE

Generally the performance of this antenna is mainly based on
2 π ra ε re = ab (14)
operating frequency, return loss, bandwidth, gain, directivity and
radiation pattern of the antenna. With this design return loss is
b less than -10dB in the operating frequency range of 3.1-10.6
Where h = a ε re and r = GHz.
2π ε re
If Z01 and fr1 represent the characteristic impedance and By the addition of small radiation patch on the bottom side of
resonant frequency for the changed width b. Then the new FR4 substrate, we get the band notched performance in the
resonant frequency is given by frequency range of 5-6 GHz. Here the radiation pattern is similar
to dipole antenna. The obtained radiation pattern is omni
Z  directional in nature. The performance of this proposed antenna
f r 1 = f r  01  (15) is compared at pass-band and stop-band frequency.
 Z0  A. Return Loss for Rectangular Printed Antenna with
where Z0 and fr corresponds to resonant frequency for optimal Microstrip Line Feed
length ( a=5.3mm) and width (b=7mm) of the resonator.
Return loss is a logarithmic ratio measured in dB that
If Z01 and fr1 represent the characteristic impedance and compares the power reflected by the antenna to the power that is
resonant frequency for the changed length a then the new fed into the antenna from the transmission line.
resonant frequency is given by
The simulated return loss of the proposed ultra wideband
Z  planar rectangular printed antenna with microstrip line is shown
f r1 = f r  0  (16) in Fig. 3. The proposed UWB antenna operates in the frequency
 Z 01  range of 3.1-10.6 GHz and a small rectangular patch on the
bottom side of the substrate is connected to 50 Ω line through via
From the above equations we can find the new resonant hole to produce a notched band in the vicinity of 5-6 GHz and
frequency for the changed length a and changed width b. If the thus prevents the interference with WLAN systems. The
length and width of the rectangular patch increases the resonant simulated return loss has a value of -20.248 dB at 5.815 GHz so
frequency of the rejected band shifts to the lower frequencies. that it can avoid interference at this frequency.
In general, thick substrate with low dielectric constant Table I and Table II demonstrates the effect of the length a
provides better efficiency and bandwidth. The substrate used for and width b of the rectangular patch (resonator) on the resonant
designing this antenna is FR4 substrate with a thickness of frequency (center frequency of the rejected band). It is seen that
0.8mm with a relative permittivity of 4.4.The FR4 substrate used if the length and width of the rectangular patch on the bottom
for this design provides better efficiency and bandwidth. The side of the substrate increases, the center frequency of the
ADS layout design for the proposed rectangular printed antenna rejected band shifts to the lower frequencies.
with microstrip line feed is shown in Fig. 2.

S11
10

0
Mag. [dB]

-10

-20

-30
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Frequency

Figure 2. Layout design for rectangular printed antenna with microstrip

Figure 3. Return loss of ultra wideband planar rectangular printed
line feed
antenna

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 International Conference on Computer, Communication and Electrical Technology – ICCCET 2011, 18th & 19th March, 2011

TABLE I. EFFECT OF WIDTH OF RECTANGULAR PATCH ON RESONANT C. Radiation Pattern

FREQUENCY OF REJECTED BAND FOR CONSTANT PATCH LENGTH a=5.3mm

Patch width Calculated Simulated

'b' (mm) Resonant Frequency Resonant Frequency
'fr1' (GHz) 'fr1' (GHz)

5 5.656 6.003
6 5.080 5.909
7 4.592 5.815
8 4.171 5.639
9 3.800 5.418

TABLE II. EFFECT OF LENGTH OF RECTANGULAR PATCH ON RESONANT

FREQUENCY OF REJECTED BAND FOR CONSTANT PATCH WIDTH b =7mm

Figure 5. Radiation pattern of rectangular printed antenna at 3.1 GHz,

Patch length Calculated Simulated 5.815 GHz, 10.6 GHz
'a' (mm) Resonant Frequency Resonant Frequency
'fr1' (GHz) 'fr1' (GHz)
Fig. 5 shows the radiation pattern of the proposed UWB planar
4.9 4.836 6.181 printed antenna at 3.1 GHz, 5.815 GHz and 10.6 GHz. An
antenna radiation pattern is a 3-D plot of its radiation from the
5.1 4.708 5.991
source. The proposed antenna has omnidirectional pattern over
5.3 4.592 5.815 the operating frequency range of 3.1-10.6 GHz which is similar
to typical dipole antenna. An omnidirectional antenna which
5.5 4.485 5.643
radiates power uniformly in one plane with a directive pattern
5.7 4.386 5.470 shape in a perpendicular plane. This pattern is often described as
“donut shaped”. Here the radiation pattern is approximately
symmetrical at 3.1GHz. As the width of the radiator
B. Current Distribution incomparable with wavelength at higher frequencies, the pattern
In UWB planar rectangular printed antenna with microstrip deviate from the symmetry can be seen at 5.815 GHz and 10.6
line feed, the radiation is determined by the current distribution at GHz.
the pass-band and stop-band frequency. At the pass-band
D. Gain and Directivity
frequency of 3.1GHz, the electric coupling does not occur at the
bottom edge of the patch and the antenna returns to the normal The simulated gain and directivity of the proposed antenna at
operation. At stop band a strong electric coupling occurs at the pass-band and stop-band frequencies are shown in Fig. 6. The
bottom edge of the resonator. Also the surface currents are antenna has good gain over band of frequencies except for
concentrated at the resonator and antenna does not radiate which notched band.
is shown in Fig. 4.
0° 0°
5 7

5° -5 5° -3
45

45
-4 -4
°
°

-15 -13

-25 -23

-35 -33
Mag. [dBi]

Mag. [dBi]
-90°

-90°
90°

90°

-45 -43
5°

5°
-1

-1
35
35

13

13
°
°

180° 180°

THETA (-180.000 to 180.000) THETA (-180.000 to 180.000)

Figure 6. Gain and directivity of planar rectangular printed

antenna

Figure 4. Current distribution of UWB rectangular printed antenna

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 International Conference on Computer, Communication and Electrical Technology – ICCCET 2011, 18th & 19th March, 2011
The directivity of the antenna is a measure of the concentration
of radiated power in a particular direction. If the antenna is 100
percent efficient means, the gain and directivity are same so that
all the power delivered to the antenna would get radiated. The
obtained gain and directivity values at pass band and stop band
frequencies are 1.734 and 0.958.
V. CONCLUSION
An Ultra wideband planar rectangular printed antenna with
microstrip line feed is designed using ADS software. The
operating frequency of the proposed antenna covers the entire
frequency band from 3.1-10.6 GHz. A frequency-notched
antenna is also realized with good out of band performance from
5-6 GHz by including an additional small radiation patch. The
radiation pattern of this antenna is similar to dipole antenna. The
main advantage of this antenna is easy to fabricate, low
complexity and low profile. Here an empirical formula is
presented to calculate the lowest frequency for the planar printed
monopole antennas. The simulated results confirm that the
proposed antenna is suitable for UWB communication
applications and at the same time it avoids the interference with
WLAN systems.
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