111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

– HOCHIMINH CITY
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

STUDY OF TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE

ANTENNA SIZE

BY
NGUYEN BA TRINH
EEEEIU16083

A SENIOR PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
HOCHIMINH CITY, VIETNAM
2019

ii
 STUDY OF TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE
ANTENNA SIZE

BY

NGUYEN BA TRINH

Under the guidance and approval of the committee, and approved by its members, this

senior has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree.

Approved:

________________________________
Chairperson

Mr. Pham Trung Kien, Ph.D

_______________________________
Committee member

________________________________
Committee member

________________________________
Committee member

________________________________
Committee member

i
 HONESTY DECLARATION

My name is Nguyen Ba Trinh, I would like to declare that, apart from the acknowledged

references, this senior either does not use language, ideas, or other original material from

anyone; or has not been previously submitted to any other educational and research

programs or institutions. I fully understand that any writings in this Senior contradicted to

the above statement will automatically lead to the rejection from the EE program at the

International University – Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City.

Date:

Student’s Signature

(Full name)

ii
 TURNITIN DECLARATION

Name of Student: NGUYEN BA TRINH

Date:27/1/2021

Advisor Signature Student Signature

iii
 ACKNOWLEGMENT

It is with deep gratitude and appreciation that I acknowledge the professional

guidance of Dr. Nguyen Trung Kien. His enthusiasm and support helped me to achieve

my goal throughout the senior semester. He always supervised my studying and

supported me to overcome difficulties. This gave me the efforts which proved valuable

for the success in future.

I also send my great thanks to my friends for giving advices and supports during

working time in this senior project.

Finally, I would like to thank the Department of Electrical Engineering at International

University for the chance to attempt this project

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

HONESTY DECLARATION.............................................................................................ii

TURNITIN DECLARATION............................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEGMENT.......................................................................................................iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................v

LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................vii

LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................viii

ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS..........................................................................ix

ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................1

1.1.Overview..................................................................................................................1

1.2.Motivation................................................................................................................3

1.3.Object.......................................................................................................................4

1.4.Overview of the Senior Project..............................................................................5

CHAPTER III LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................6

2.1 Antenna....................................................................................................................6

2.2 Planar Inverted-F Antenna....................................................................................7

CHAPTER III PROJECT MANAGEMENT....................................................................11

3.1. Budget and Cost Management Plan...................................................................11

3.2. Project Schedule...................................................................................................12

v
CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY....................................................................................13

4.1. Introduction..........................................................................................................13

4.2. Selection Criteria..............................................................................................14

4.3. Simulation Software HFSS...............................................................................15

CHAPTER V EXPECTED RESULTS.............................................................................18

5.1. Prototype in HFSS and product.........................................................................18

5.2. Simulation Results in HFSS................................................................................23

5.3 Result of the ATN into product...........................................................................27

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK..................................................30

6.1 Conclusion..............................................................................................................30

6.2 Future work...........................................................................................................30

REFERENCES..................................................................................................................31

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 ........................................................................................................................12

Table 3.2 ........................................................................................................................21

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.2.1.......................................................................................................................3

Figure 1.2.2.......................................................................................................................4

Figure 2.1.1.......................................................................................................................6

Figure 2.2.2.......................................................................................................................7

Figure 2.2.3.......................................................................................................................8

Figure 2.2.4.......................................................................................................................9

Figure 2.2.5.......................................................................................................................9

Figure 4.4.1.....................................................................................................................16

Figure 5.1.1.....................................................................................................................18

Figure 5.1.2.....................................................................................................................19

Figure 5.1.3.....................................................................................................................20

Figure 5.1.4.....................................................................................................................20

Figure 5.1.5.....................................................................................................................21

Figure 5.1.6.....................................................................................................................22

Figure 5.2.1.....................................................................................................................23

Figure 5.2.2.....................................................................................................................24

Figure 5.2.3.....................................................................................................................25

Figure 5.3.1.....................................................................................................................26

Figure 5.3.4.....................................................................................................................28

viii
 ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS

PIFA The Planar Inverted-F Antenna.

ATN : Antenna.

HFSS: High Frequency Electromagnetic Field.

ix
 ABSTRACT

The unstoppable development of portable devices, vehicles motivate the miniaturization

of antenna due to the space limitation. There are many constraints to deal with antennas

in reduced size, particularly radiation characteristics, matching and operation in truncated

ground plane.

The micro strip antenna has a huge advantage due to low-cost and integral on platform.

The miniaturization can be implemented by some techniques, for example folded,

truncated, etc.

In this senior project, the study on antennas with capability of size reduction is carried

on. Some antennas are simulated and verified their radiation performance.

x
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Overview

In 1886 Heinrich Hertz worked to show that electromagnetic waves were based on the

theoretical foundations for electromagnetic radiation by James Maxwel (1864). It was then in

1897 when, through continuous contact with shipping on the English Channel, Guglielmo

Marconi first established the capability of wireless communication[1]. Since then antennas have

often evolved leading to the development of the radio, TV, mobile phone and satellite

communication technologies.

Over the past decade, although, mobile communications have continued to develop very

rapidly due to recent developments in digital and RF-based circuit processing, modern large-

scale circuit integration, and other smaller, less expensive and more efficient advancements in

miniaturization[1]. In mobile radio communications users, together miter transceivers, especially

in the cell phone industry, these two developments have been increasing in wireless technology.

This has contributed to further study of integrated antenna designs that are highly common with

cellular phones.

The 21st century is starting, with wireless subscription accelerating by 40 per cent or

more a year[1] and smartphone consumer growth is rising globally. To date, the annual charge

charged to wireless telecommunications providers by more than 900 million users, or 15 percent

of the world's population, is expected to be 30% of the population in the next few years. The

large-scale growth in mobile telephone usage have also greatly expanded the need for mobile

phones, which means there is growing demand for mobile antennas.These requirements must be

adapted to the Antenna:

1
 - In order to transmit and receive the radio signal.- The antennas are necessary to pair

their electrical relation to the electromagnetic field with any radio receiver or transmitter.

- Electromagnetic waves carry signals at the speed of light through the air (or through

space) with almost no loss of transmission.

- Wireless efficiency is largely based on high-performance antenna architecture and

installation.

- The type of antenna used by a particular type of phone is typically defined by

dimensional considerations and strict absorption rate (SAR) regulations.

-One must make a kind of balance between the volume, impedance bandwidth and

radiation characteristics of the antenna when having the smallest possible antenna.

-Antenna used in mobile handheld devices with different frequency bands can have

either of the following structure

Table 1.1 . Comparison table of different Antennas

2
1.2.Motivation

As previously mentioned, 3G wireless networks will be launched globally in the next few

years to establish a single standard for consumers of cellular phones. While the develop of phone

3G Cellular Networks will be introduced nationwide to set a single standard for mobile phone

users., the expectation for that has not materialized as two camps remain segregated between the

worldwide consumer community: GSM/ IS-136/PDC and CDMA, as can be seen in Figure

1.2.1[1]. In addition, modern 3G communications networks need pricey new base station

infrastructure to be implemented, so the installations would be sluggish and progressive[1].

Multi-band antenna is then needed to migrate between the existing GSM network where

available to provide an optimal 3G rollout worldwide. In addition, the introduction of multi-band

antennas would also help many consumers of mobile phones who need such a feature to reach

various communications networks in different countries.

Fig 1.2.1.Diagram illustrating the different channels leading to 3G wireless

networking networks

3
 Antennas play a major role in the production of smartphones and are a key part of

handheld devices. Antennas are also a challenge in the small and inexpensive size and the ability

to work in mobile different frequency ranges. Because of its many outstanding advantages such

as a compact construction, light weight, small scale, low manufacturing cost, integration with

other mobiles components and good energy efficiency, Planar inverted F antenna has evolved to

be the most common cell phone antenna, offering good electric performance, good rates of

radiation, low specific absorption (SAR) value, etc.

Fig 1.2.2: The antenna types and locations on the Samsung Galaxy

1.3.Object

The objectives of the senior project are as follows:

To design a multi-band antenna for mobile handheld devices

The size of antenna is reduced so it can fit inside the phone

The gain must be improved as possible

The Radiation Pattern must be in best condition

4
1.4.Overview of the Senior Project

It is very difficult to understand deeply about PIFA antenna even when study and various

readings, the architecture philosophy of PIFA remains a mystery. However, with Dr. Kien's

guidance, many of the features of the PIFA continue to be discovered and progress on antenna

architecture continues to reveal.

Chapter I overview and history about the Antennas. Chapter II Review literature PIFA

Antenna, operating standard and science model on antenna. Chapter III manages project cost and

budget. Chapter IV indicates the examines procedure PIFA Antenna ‘s methodologies. Chapter

V indicates the recreation of PIFA Antenna and illustrates how it works. Finally, chapter VI

discuss about some conclusion and the future work.

5
 CHAPTER III
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Antenna

An Antenna is a structure connected with the "guided wave" and "free space" area of

transformation. All right, for a beginner, this is certainly not a good description. Let me put it

this way: an antenna is an electrical structure (or often called an aerial) that transforms electrical

power into electromagnetic waves (or only radio waves), and vice versa.

Figure 2.1:Radio Waves

6
2.2 Planar Inverted-F Antenna

The development of the Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) began with an inverted-L

antenna (ILA). ILA is an antenna that consists of a small monopoly as a vertical element and a

horizontal wire element connected to the end of the monopoly[8].

Horizontal element
Vertical
element

Ground Plane

Feed Source

Figure 2.2.1:An Inverted L Antenna Design (ILA) [8]

The low-profile structure of the ILA is due to the height restriction of the vertical portion,

which is a fraction of the wavelength. Due to this low profile configuration, the ILA is known as

a small antenna, which in turn has made several modifications. One of these improvements is the

Inverted-F Antenna (IFA) which has an additional Inverted-L feature connected to the ILA. With

this change made to the ILA, there is a rise in radiation impedance. In addition, this adjustment is

known to be significant since the IFA input impedance can be arranged to provide a suitable

value to fit the load impedance without the use of any external circuit between the antenna and

the load[8]

7
 Horizontal element
Vertical element

Ground Plane

Feed Source
Figure 2.2.3: An Inverted-F Antenna Design (IFA)

Subsequently, a further change is made, where the wire part in the IFA is replaced by a

plate, in order to achieve a wider bandwidth. So the IFA is now called the Planar Inverted-F

Antenna (PIFA).

Horizontal plate

Vertical plate

Feed Source

Figure 2.2.3: PIFA modified from IFA [8]

However, PIFA is also often referred to as a short-circuit micro strip antenna (short-

circuit MSA) because the configuration of the short-circuit MSA is identical to that of the PIFA.

8
 Z/4

Figure 2.2.4: Micro strip Antenna with Shorting Pins

For these factors, the PIFA is said to have a configuration between the

Inverted-F antenna and the Micro strip short-circuit antenna [2].

Fig2.2.5 Designed PIFA antenna structure

9
 Figure 2.2.3 indicates the layout of the PIFA. The radiation plate is the height the

dimensions of Wp×Lp and ground plane dimensions are Wg×Lg. The antenna height is

h=ha+hs. The shorting plate with the dimensions of Wsh×h is placed under the top corner of the

top plate. The horizontal distance between shorting and feed plates is x. The distance between

the coaxial cable and the right edge of the ground plane is Wp/2 and even for shorting plate. The

PIFA antenna is fed by a coaxial cable through a subminiature version A (SMA) connector. The

software package used for High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).

10
 CHAPTER III
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
3.1. Budget and Cost Management Plan

11
3.2. Project Schedule

At the beginning, most of time will be used for getting to know the software HFSS, learn

how to simulate antennas and reproduce the results presented in the scientific paper. When I have

completed simulating ATN in HFSS Software. I make it into product, measure and compare

with scientific paper.

Table 3.2 . Project Schedule

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 CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY

4.1. Introduction

It is very difficult and time-consuming to design a planar multi-band antenna . In the

second half of this lesson, it can be proven that the resonance frequency can be changed up to

50MHz or the loss of return decreased by half, even though the antenna varies by 0,5mm. This is

because PIFA is highly vulnerable to shifts and land planes in proportion. Although many of its

functions are recognized, this does not mean that anything in the PIFA architecture can be

defined. In fact, many of the new PIFA modeling techniques are still used in trial and error mode

for realistic execution. Thus, planning multi-band PIFA takes a lot of time and patience.

Having been introduced to the history, philosophy, architecture and creation of the Planar

Inverted-F Antennas, we are now looking at the results for antennas that have undergone a lot of

simulations. The results of the simulation will be discussed in this chapter and contrasted with

the optimal solutions or theoretical results. The results of dimensional shifts, the ground plane

and the moving of the feed source to the PIFA are also included in this segment. In addition, the

measures to build single-band Planar Inverted-F antennas operating at 900MHz, 1.8GHz,

2.0GHz and 2.4GHz will be addressed. First, the concept of W-based triple band E-shaped PIFA.

The architecture of Dou et al. will be analysed. Finally, the creation phase of the newly designed

PIFA quad band will be seen.

13
4.2. Selection Criteria

The specifications for this senior are the design of an effective, compact and low-profile

multi-band antenna for use on a handheld transceiver. In addition, this antenna must have a

GSM900 operation, so a variety of miniaturized multi-band handheld transceiver antennas has

been tested. Research has show that many options, like Microstrip Antenna and Planar Inverted-

F Antenna (PIFA). PIFA is the most promising candidate of these antennas because of the

different advantages mentioned in previous chapters. Detailed studies were then undertaken with

PIFA to learn about the various architectures and techniques used for the development of a

multi-band PIFA..

After several simulation attempts, it was noticed that there was influence over the

architecture of Dou's et al. PIFA was thought to be the simplest of the ones listed above. In

addition, it has very strong qualities, such as having the same size as that of a single PIFA band.

The explanation for this is that it does not use different elements to operate several frequency

bands. Instead, multiple frequency band operation of the PIFA is accomplished by simply

making two short linear slots engraved on the same side of the antenna. However, the greatest

effect may have been the capacity of the antenna to work at a frequency ratio of 1.04, as

indicated by the simulation run findings. Due to the near frequency band operation of the

GSM1800 and UMTS, which includes a frequency ratio of 1.11, the antenna was considered to

be a desirable benefit for the application of the criterion. Knowing thus the excellent advantages

of this antenna, the preliminary concept was based on it.

Another decision was taken on the configuration of the antenna to have a non-cellular

frequency band service. Based on the present scenario, it has been found that it is beneficial to

have the additional feature of the latest Bluetooth wireless device included on the cell phone. The

14
explanation for this is that the Bluetooth wireless technology, which is used to provide

connections between computers and peripherals, Persona Digital Assistants (PDAs) and cell

phones, can be very useful for users to transfer data and access the Internet through mobile

phones. In addition, the latest antenna configuration may be used with other portable

transceivers, such as PDAs. As a result, Bluetooth operation was included as a non-cellular

frequency on the antenna.

Finally, with the basic configuration of the antenna fixed, simulation experiments will be

carried out to verify the feasibility of adding an external frequency band into the antenna. And if

time allows, the final configuration of the quad-band antenna will be planned to validate the

results obtained from the simulations.

4.3. Simulation Software HFSS

We'll look at the simulation machine features, HFSS, before developing the PIFA.

Simulation software is used for electromagnetic measurement to achieve parameters such as lack

of return and pattern of radiation. HFSS is an abbreviation of HIGH-FREQUENCY

STRUCTURE SIMULATOR As the name implies, HFSS may be used for different forms of

electromagnetic field analysis involving objects of arbitrary shape.

The HFSS software is based on a methodology of the FEM (Finite Element Method)

scheme. In the first calculation on conductive materials, electromagnetic fields are obtained by

the electric surface current and equivalent electric and magnetic surface currents on the surface

of the dielectric solid. A linear combination of basic functions is used for calculating current

values, where the coefficients are measured by resolving the linear equation form. Additional

parameters, for example close field, near field, far field, radar trans-section, path or impedance to

antenna input can be obtained when the current distribution is known.

15
4.4. Simple Single Band PIFA

We will look at the design phase of a single PIFA band and the properties of each single

PIFA band in a number of proposed frequency bands. This design allowed the author to consider

the characteristics and the different factors that decide the efficiency of the PIFA. Using the

design parameters, the basic dimensions of the PIFA are calculated using the following equation.

L1 + L2 = c / 4f

where fr is the resonant frequency.

The antenna is mounted on a ground plane of 50 mm×100 mm on one of the short sides.

The antenna is stimulated by coaxial probes and SMA connectors for simulation and research.

In real equipment, though, it will be excited directly from the T/R circuit on the printed circuit

board below the ground plane..

Fig. 4.4.1: Dimensions of Slotted PIFA (mm)

16
4.4. Operation of the Antenna

To extend the maximum path length of the upper surface area and to minimize the size of

the PIFA, a slot is inserted into the PIFA. Further reduction the length is achieved by the load

capacity at the end of the antenna. However, it improves the antenna. And reduce the frequency

of the input force. To achieve satisfaction over a certain bandwidth, should be reduced. This is

done by cutting parts of the plane below the ATN.

17
 CHAPTER V
EXPECTED RESULTS
5.1. Prototype in HFSS and product

Fig. 5.1.1: Slotted PIFA

Fig 5.5.1. displays the antenna suggested in this article. The antenna was designed by

using software HFSS and this antenna work in the frequency between 880 to 960 MHz , the

antenna is equipped for service. In the center of the operating bandwidth of the frequency, the

resonant frequency is calculated.

18
 .

Fig5.1.2 Prototype detail

19
 Fig5.1.3. Fabricated PIFA

Fig5.1.4. Side view of Fabricated PIFA

20
 In this senior project, I have built 3 PIFA antenna prototypes. Two of the first prototypes

I faced the issue of soldering a small piece of brass, and when I tested the ATN, the result doesn't

appear exactly the same as the result of the science paper. Because of the thickness of the brass

so to correct this, I've tested the thickness of 0.1-1mm for several sizes of brass.

Fig5.1.5.Mesure the ATN in Anechoic Chamber Capabilities

The radiation pattern and the export gain in antenna can be measured using Anechoic

chamber technologies..

21
.

Fig5.1.6.Measure the ATN with Network Analyzer

22
5.2. Simulation Results in HFSS

Fig. 5.2.1: Calculated and measured reflection coefficient

From the graph, Figure 5.2.1, it can be seen that a resonant frequency of 920MHz has

been achieved. The return loss attain was approximated to be –15dB at 920MHz with bandwidth

for S11≤ – 10dB of 40MHz (40.33%). It is located in the frequency range 870 – 910MHz.

23
Fig 5.2.2 The Simulated 3-D radiation pattern of proposed PIFA

24
Fig 5.2.3: 2D polar plot radiation pattern from HFSS software

25
 Fig5.2.4: Current density at 920 MHz

Fig5.2.4 indicates the estimated current density. In the center of the bandwidth (920

MHz) on the antenna. The current passes through the slot in the PIFA, which increases the

electrical length and decreases size. The current density limit is at the core of the excited portion

of the PIFA. The current density is negligible on the ground, but because of the size of the

ground plane, the total current is not minimal and leads to radiation from antenna.

26
5.3 Result of the ATN into product.

Fig. 5.3.1: Measure S11 reflection coefficient in Network Analyzer

From the graph, Figure 5.3.1, it can be seen that a resonant frequency of 900MHz has

been achieved. The return loss attain was approximated to be –13dB at 900MHz . It is located in

the frequency range 870 – 910MHz. The far-field radiation pattern of the antenna has also been

measured. Figure 5.3.1 shows the distributions of the electric field, E 0 and E0 in the azimuthal

plane (x-z plane)

27
 x-z(E_th) y-z(E_Cross)

880 MHz

91
0MHZ

960M
HZ

Fig. 5.3.4: Co-polarization Gain patterns of PIFA into product

28
 The relation of the co polarization trend calculated and measured is seen in Fig. 5.3.4.

Linear polarization of the antenna. Both at the end and center of the operating frequency

bandwidth was measured.

The co-polarization of x-z(E-th) patterns is almost the same when increase the frequency

while the co-polarization of y-z(E-cross) patterns have two broad become wider. The patterns

with frequency did not change considerably.

29
 CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
6.1 Conclusion

From this senior project can conclude that a Slotted PIFA is offered with capacitive load

can work in GSM 900 frequency band. The modifications introduced in PIFA may reduce size.

PIFA is operated on a ground plane whose size is roughly the size of a typical handheld device.

Optimize the ATN and make it in to a product. The input impedance, radiation pattern, and gain

were measured. The measurement results are very consistent with the calculated results.

6.2 Future work

Beside the time is limit, this project only study about ATN and simulate in HFSS so that

there are some works will be done in future to improve. Finally, the goal of this senior project is

making the small antennas as possible for mobile phone while the frequency is on the best

condition.

On future research this project will focus on researching the effect of human head and

hand appearances on the radiation and data impedance features of the radio wire suggested and

on reducing recycled wire radiation against user's head.

There are a conclusions that could be taken from this senior .In general, PIFA has two

very strong features, which are small in size and have an omnidirectional radiation pattern.

30
 REFERENCES

[1] T.S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications, Principles & Practice”, Prentice Hall, 2002

[2] T.S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications, Principles & Practice”, Prentice Hall, 2002

[3] K. Hirasawa & M. Haneishi, “Analysis, Design, and Measurement of Small and Low-

Profile Antennas”, Artech House, Inc, 1992

[4] Ya Jun Wang, Yeow Beng Gan, & Ching Kwang Lee, “A Broadband and Compact MSA

IMT-2000, DECT, AND Bluetooth Integrated Handsets”,

[5] Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2002

[6] Yong-Xin Guo, Kwai-Mun Luk, Kai-Fong Lee, & Ricky Chair, “ A Quarter Wave U-

Shaped Patch Antenna with Two Unequal Arms for Wideband and Dual Frequency

Operation”, 2001 IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society International Symposium, Vol.

4, pp. 54 – 57, 2001

[7] Z.D Liu, P.S Hall, & D Wake, “Dual Frequency Planar Inverted-F Antenna”, IEEE

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1997

[8] Shyh-Tirng Fang, & Jyh-wen Sheen, “A Planar Triple-Band Antenna for GSM/DCS/GPS

Operations”, 2001 IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society International Symposium,

Volume 2, pp. 136 – 139, July 2001

[9] Eugene Borisov, & Thomas Moore, “A Quad-Band Stubby Antenna for Portable

Wireless Devices”, 2001 IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society International

Symposium, Volume 4, pp. 542 – 544, 2001

31
[10] K. Fujimoto, A. Henderson, K. Hirasawa & J.R. James, “Small Antennas”,

Research Study Press, 1987

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[12] K.L. Wong, Planar Antennas for Wireless Communications, Hoboken, New

Jersey, USA: J. Wiley, 2003.

[13] K. Hirasawa, "Small antennas for mobile communications", in Proc. Anten00,

Nordic Antenna Symposium, pp. 11–15, September 2000.

[14] H.K. Kan, R.B. Waterhouse, "Small printed-wing antenna suitable for wireless

handset terminals", Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 226–

229, August 2001.

[15] R. Chair, K.M. Luk, K.F. Lee, "Miniature multilayer shorted patch antenna",

Electronics Letters, Vol. 36, No. 1, January 2000.

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- Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 147, No. 4, pp. 273-276, August 2000

32
[17] J.S. Kuo, K.-L. Wong, "A low-cost microstrip-linefed shorted-patch antenna for a

PCS base station", Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 146–

148, May 2001.

[18] http://www.ansoft.com/products/hf/hfss/

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34