"AÑO DEL BICENTENARIO DEL PERÚ: 200 AÑOS DE INDEPENDENCIA"

PROFESSOR : Juana Paola Ruiz Salva

SUBJECT : Problems of Applied Linguistics

: Kiara Vargas Navarro

STUDENTS
ff Idoyla Teran Leureyros

SYNTAX
 SYNTAX
Linguistically is the way in which words are put together to form phrases, clauses,
or sentences. The term "syntax" comes from the Greek, meaning "arrange
together." The term is also used to mean the study of the syntactic properties of a
language. In computer contexts, the term refers to the proper ordering of symbols
and codes so that the computer can understand what instructions are telling it to
do.

Syntax is the proper order of words in a phrase or sentence.

Syntax is a tool used in writing proper grammatical sentences.

Native speakers of a language learn correct syntax without realizing it.

The complexity of a writer's or speaker's sentences creates a formal or informal

level of diction that is presented to its audience.

SYNTACTIC RULES
English parts of speech often follow ordering patterns in sentences and clauses,
such as compound sentences are joined by conjunctions (and, but, or) or that
multiple adjectives modifying the same noun follow a particular order according to
their class (such as number-size-color, as in "six small green chairs"). The rules of
how to order words help the language parts make sense.

Sentences often start with a subject, followed by a predicate (or just a verb in the
simplest sentences) and contain an object or a complement (or both), which
shows, for example, what's being acted upon. Take the sentence "Beth slowly ran
the race in wild, multicolored flip-flops." The sentence follows a subject-verb-object
pattern ("Beth ran the race"). Adverbs and adjectives take their places in front of
what they're modifying ("slowly ran"; "wild, multicolored flip-flops"). The object ("the
race") follows the verb "ran", and the prepositional phrase ("in wild, multicolored
flip-flops") starts with the preposition "in".

SYNTAX: DICTION, FORMAL AND INFORMAL

Diction refers to the style of writing or speaking that someone uses, brought about
by their choice of words, whereas syntax is the order in which they're arranged in
the spoken or written sentence. Something written using a very high level of
diction, like a paper published in an academic journal or a lecture given in a college
classroom, is written very formally. Speaking to friends or texting are informal,
meaning they have a low level of diction.

Formal written works or presentations would likely also have more complex
sentences or industry-specific jargon. They are directed to a more narrow audience
than something meant to be read or heard by the general public, where the
audience members' backgrounds will be more diverse.

Informal, the precision in word choice is less in contexts than formal ones, and
grammar rules are more flexible in spoken language than in formal written
language. Understandable English syntax is more flexible than most.

TYPES OF SENTENCE STRUCTURES

Types of sentences and their syntax modes include simple sentences, compound
sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences. Compound
sentences are two simple sentences joined by a conjunction. Complex sentences
have dependent clauses, and compound-complex sentences have both types
included.

 Simple sentence: Subject-verb structure ("The girl ran.")

 Compound sentence: Subject-verb-object-conjunction-subject-verb
structure ("The girl ran the marathon, and her cousin did, too.")
 Complex sentence: Dependent clause-subject-verb-object
structure ("Although they were tired after the marathon, the cousins decided
to go to a celebration at the park.")
 Compound-complex sentence: Four clauses, dependent and independent
structures ("Although they weren't fond of crowds, this was different, they
decided, because of the common goal that had brought everyone together.")

One way to explore syntax is to know your clauses. There are independent and
dependent clauses. An independent clause is one that can stand alone and form a
complete sentence. A dependent clause, however, cannot stand on its own.

For example, "Hurrying to the door, she picked up her purse and ran." In this
sentence, "hurrying to the door" is the dependent clause and "she picked up her
purse and ran" is the independent clause. Let's take a look at these clauses
becoming full sentences with the right syntax.

Examples:

Simple Sentences: subject + verb + direct object

- I enjoy college.
 - Work pays the bills.
- Hurricanes are scary.

Complex Sentences

Complex sentences come together by combining a dependent clause (incomplete

sentence/subordinate clause) and an independent clause (complete thought).

- Even though it's ridiculously expensive, I enjoy college.

- Work pays the bills, whether you like it or not.
- In the south of Florida, hurricanes are scary.

EXERCISES

The following questions relate to the lecture notes and exercises for the 'Syntax'
topic.

N V A P DET PRN AUX

noun verb adjective preposition determiner pronoun auxiliary