Key to PATH 202 (practical)

Diseases/Conditions Etiology Postmortem lesions Clinical signs

Foot & mouth disease Aphthovirus (FMD virus) Tiger heart in young calves Drooling of saliva, fever,
(FMD) (pathognomonic) and erosions, ulcers, anorexia, sudden drop in milk
vesicles in oral cavity, coronitis production
Hemorrhagic septicemia Pasteurella multocida Severe congestion and pneumonia, Severe pyrexia, cough dyspnea,
(HS) tracheitis, frothy discharge in respiratory edematous swelling of brisket,
airways. Enlarged hemorrhagic lymph throat, dewlap
nodes.
Contagious Caprine Mycoplasma capriculum Tracehitis,, purulent exudates in trachea Excessive lacrimation, muco-
pleuropneumonia (CCPP) capripneumoniae and lungs, granular millet grain like purulent nasal discharge,
lesions (pathognomonic), bronco- Diarrhea
pnuemonia.
Cyanide Poisoning By eating immature re- Bloat, Friable and congested liver, Breathing difficulties
growth sorghum Rhomboid shape hemorrhages on Anxiety, staggering gait, muscle
rumen, severe congestion on abomasum tremors, bloat, moaning,
recumbency, dilated pupils
GID/Coenurosis Coenurus cerebralis Cyst in cerebrum Compulsive circling
Listeriosis Listeria moncytogenes Congestion and hemorrhages in Neurological defect and
meninges, Micro-abscess in brain, lameness, not chewing and
Liquefactive necrosis in brain swallowing properly
Rabies Lyssa virus Babes nodules & negri-bodies Drooling of saliva, moving
(inclusion bodies) in neurons aimlessly, Eating of non-food
(pathognomonic), non-food material in materials
stomach, necrosis of neurons
Dermatophytosis (RING Trichophyton verrucosum Annular, thick, grayish-white crusts _______
WORM). (fungi spp)
Aspergillosis Aspergillus spp. Aborted fetus. Multiple annular, Abortion
brownish black, felt-like lesions on fetus
body (pathognomonic)
Dagnala diseases Fungal infection Necrosis of tail and hoof _____

Cysticercosis Cysticercus tenuicollis Hemorrhagic subcapsular migrating _____

tracks (Zig zag migrating lesions) on
liver surface (pathognomonic)

Oesophagostomiasis(Pimply Esophagostomum spp Pimples or nodules on intestine _____

gut, Nodular gut) (pathognomonic)
Hypodermiasis warbles fly larva (grubs) Multiple subcutaneous nodules over _____
back.
Ostetagiosis Ostertagia spp Cobblestones lesions on abomasums or Diarrhea, sub-mandibular
Morroco leather appearance of edema, lethargy, rough hair coat
abomasum mucosa (pathognomonic)
Malignant catarrhal fever Herpesvirus Tiger stripping on intestinal mucosa and Pyrexia, Erythema, necrosis, and
(MCF) corneal opacity (pathognomonic). crusting on teats and ulcers on
muzzle.
Spiroacercosis Spirocerca lupi Small granulomas on esophagus in dogs _____
(pathognomonic).
Besnoitiosis “globidiosis” Besnoitia besnoiti Small, white parasitic cysts on sclera Edema (elephantiasis),
(pathognomonic) erythema, crusting, and alopecia
of distal leg, face, neck
Sarcocystosis Loss of tail switch (“rat tail”) _____
Sarcocystis gigantea cooked rice like appearance of nodular
lesion on esophagus (pathognomonic)
Dermatophilosis Dermatophilus congolensis Branching filaments composed of cocci Crusts, scales, and alopecia over
(railroad tracks) in smear. back and rump
 Mulleriasis Muellerius capillaris LEAD SHOT like lesions on lungs _____
(pathognomonic)
Trypnosomiasis Trypnosoma evansi Petechial hemorrhages on third eye lid
in horses (pathognomonic)
Actinomycosis (lumpy jaw) Actinomyces bovis Honeycombed appearance of the bone Anorexia and painful ingestion
due to osteomyelitis. Enlarged of food.
mandibles. Sulphur like granules in pus.
clubbed colonies or rosettes in smear
Actinobacillosis (Wooden Actinobacillus lignieresi Woody or timber tongue containing Anorexia and painful ingestion
tongue) granulomatous lesions having pus. of food.
Clubbed colonies or rosettes in smear
Caseous lymphadenitis Corynebacterium Onion ring like pattern of caseation in _____
pseudotuberculosis lymph nodes
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium spp. Tubercles on lungs, liver, kidney, spleen _____
etc. Caseation of lymph nodes
Johne’s disease Mycobacterium johnei /Para Corrugation of intestinal mucosa Shooting diarrhea,
tuberculosis (pathognomonic) submandibular edema
Peste des petits Ruminants Morbillivirus Zebra stripping in posterior colon Diarrhea, bronco-pneumonia,
(PPR) (pathognomonic) Stomatitis
Bloat/Tympany Due to accumulation of gases Bloat line on esophagus Distended abdomen
(pathognomonic)
Cachexia (wasting disease) Chronic illness Serous atrophy of epicardial fat _____
(gelatinous and translucent coronary fat
in cachexia)
Mulberry heart disease in Vitamin E deficiency Hemorrhages on epicardium (look like _____
pigs mulberry)
Coccidiosis in ruminants Emeria spp (coccidia) White nodules can be seen through the _____
serosa and White nodules present in the
mucosa of small intestine
(pathognomonic)
Theleriosis Theleria spp Enlarged pre-scapular lymph nodes High fever
(golf ball size) (pathognomonic)
Canine distemper Morbilivirus (canine Papules on abdomen, hard pads and Bloody diarrhea, vomiting,
distemper virus) nose (pathognomonic), enteritis tremors
Canine parvo Canine parvovirus Enteritis, intestine full of blood, Bloody diarrhea, vomiting
intra-nuclear inclusion bodies
(pathognomonic)
How will you confirm a case of actinomycosis?

Take a pus samples from lesions and place in a Petri dish and wash carefully with a little water. Yellowish sulphur
granules will become visible. Clubs can be seen if the granule crushed in a drop of 10% KOH on a slide and seen
microscopically (club colonies or rosettes)

Describe the following terms

Saw dust liver: Focal hepatitis (focal necrosis of liver)—the so-called “sawdust liver” of cattle. Necrotic areas look like
sawdust on liver cut surface

Nutmeg liver: Chronic passive congestion of liver showing pattern of nutmeg. Shrunken and congested centrilobular
areas impart the characteristic “nutmeg” appearance to the liver. This finding is most commonly associated with right-
sided congestive heart failure.
Shaggy heart (cor villosum, butter and bread pericarditis): Fibrinous pericarditis is known as shaggy heart

Heart failure cells: These are hemosiderin-containing macrophages, generated in the alveoli with left heart failure or
chronic pulmonary edema, when the high pulmonary blood pressure causes red cells to pass through the vascular
wall

Foam cells: These are the fat-laden macrophages seen in atherosclerosis. Foam cells are formed when the body
sends macrophages to the location of a fatty deposit on the blood vessel walls.  The macrophage surrounds the fatty
material in an attempt to destroy it. The cell becomes filled with lipids (fats). The lipids surrounded by the
macrophage give it a "foamy" appearance.

How will you differentiate between bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia

In bronchopneumonia (lobular pneumonia), there is patchy consolidation (foci of consolidation surrounded by normal
parenchyma) around small bronchi and its usually bilateral while in lobar pneumonia there is diffuse consolidation of
entire lob and usually its unilateral.

Difference between coagulative and liqufactive necrosis

Coagulative necrosis is the type of necrosis in which protein denaturation is more prominent than enzymatic breakdown.
There is increased eosinophilia of the cytoplasm and decreased basophilia of the nucleus; both are associated with
preservation of the general cellular architecture (the organ type is identifiable). Coagulative necrosis can occur in any
organ except brain
Liquefactive necrosis occurs in situations in which enzymatic breakdown is more prominent than protein denaturation or
in organs that lack a substantial protein- rich matrix (e.g., lipid-rich organs such as the brain). There is loss of organ
cellular architecture. In liquefactive necrosis of the brain, there are sheets of lipid-laden macrophages that replace the dead
tissue. Liquefactive necrosis is most commonly associated with organs that have a high fat and low protein content (e.g.,
the brain), or those with a high enzymatic content (e.g., the pancreas).
Difference between Hyperemia and congestion

Hyperemia: Active accumulation of blood within vessels, such as would occur in vasodilation due to acute inflammation.
Congestion: Passive accumulation of blood within vessels, such as would occur in the lungs due to left-sided heart failure,
or in the liver and extremities due to right-sided heart failure.
Hemorrhages and types
Hemorrhages: Leakage of blood from vessels.
Petechiae: Pinpoint hemorrhages (1-2 mm). Petechiae are caused by platelet dysfunction and increased vascular pressure
Purpura: Larger than petechiae and usually raised. These are commonly associated with vasculitis.
Ecchymoses: Larger than purpura (>1.0 cm) and usually caused by trauma.
Thrombosis
Pathologic coagulation of blood resulting in the formation of a solid mass (thrombus) within a chamber of the heart or
within a blood vessel. Have Lines of Zahn, which are alternating layers of red blood cells, platelets, and fibrin within the
thrombus
Factors predisposing to thrombus formation (Virchow triad)
Stasis of blood (e.g., due to congestive heart failure, obesity, immobilization). Stasis is a particularly common
predisposing condition in animals that develop venous thrombi. Hypercoagulability: Hypercoagulable states may
contribute to the development of thrombi in any location, and include hereditary conditions as well as various acquired
states. Endothelial damage: Endothelial damage plays a major role in many arterial thrombi.

Embolus
An embolus is a substance that forms within or enters the vascular system at one site and is carried through the blood
stream to another area of the body, where it lodges in a blood vessel and produces its effects (usually infarcts). If a
thrombus breaks free from where it forms and goes to another part of the body, it becomes a thromboembolus. Substances
besides thrombi, such as cardiac valvular vegetations, foreign bodies, fat, and air, can also embolize.
Infarcts
A localized area of dead (necrotic) cells within an organ. An infarct is the pathologic finding; an infarction is the process.
Hypoxia and ischemia are the two main mechanisms that result in infarction of organs. Hypoxia is lack of oxygen to an
organ, and ischemia is lack of blood flow to an organ. Ischemia is more damaging than hypoxia, since in ischemia,
decreased blood flow results in both decreased oxygen delivery and decreased delivery of nutrients to the tissue and, in
addition, there is no way to remove the toxic metabolites of cellular metabolism.
Types of infarcts: The two general types of infarcts are red and white infarcts.
Red (“hemorrhagic”) infarct: Most red infarcts occur due to obstruction of an artery supplying an organ that has a dual
blood supply or an organ that has loose parenchyma, such as the lung, which allows for leakage of blood into damaged
tissue. These look soft red area of tissue.
White (“anemic”) infarct: Organs with single blood supply and organs with solid parenchyma (e.g., heart, liver, spleen).
These look soft pale or white area of tissue.
Tetralogy of Fallot
1- Pulmonary stenosis.
2- Right ventricular hypertrophy (as a result of the pulmonary stenosis).
3- A ventricular septal defect shunts blood to the left side of the heart
4- The aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect.
 Postmortem changes
Algor mortis: Cooling of the body after death, known as algor mortis.
Livor Mortis (hypostatic congestion): The purple-red discoloration of the soft tissues due to postmortem gravity-
dependent pooling of blood is livor mortis.
Rigor Mortis:  Stiffening of the body after death because of a loss of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) from the body's
muscles
TUBERCULIN TEST FOR TUBERCULOSIS
Intradermal Test (SID): This test is very easily applicable in cattle and buffalo. The skin of middle neck is
preferred (Tail base can also be used). A 2" x 2" area is shaved. The thickness of the skin fold is measured (mm)
with a dial or ordinary caliper and 0.1 ml tuberculin or its PPD (Purified Protein Derivative) is injected intradermally
with special syringe and needle. A small pea sized elevation indicates proper placing of the antigen. The skin fold
thickness of the site is noted 72-96 hours (3-4 days) later.
Interpretation: If the thickness increases by 4 mm or more, with or without painful swelling, indicates the test
positive.
JOHNIN TEST FOR JHONE’S DISEASE (PARATUBERCULOSIS) IN BOVINES
It is applicable for the diagnosis of Johne's disease in cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats. Single
intradermal test is used. Johnin 0.1 ml is injected in the skin of neck similar to tuberculin test. Skin fold thickness is
measured pre- and 48-72 hours post- infection. A positive test is characterized by oedematous swelling.
For the diagnosis of subclinical Johne's disease, short thermal test has been advised. One ml Johnin, diluted with 9
ml normal saline is injected intravenously. A rise in body temperature by 20 F around 5-8 hours post-inoculation
indicates the test positive.

MALLEIN TEST FOR GLANDERS IN EQUINES

It is used to detec glanders in horses and mules.
Intradermopalpebral test: This test is used widely. The eye is cleaned properly. The lower eyelid is fixed with
fingers and 0.1 ml mallein is injected intradermally about 1/2" down the palpebral margin. Development of the
severe conjunctivitis or oedema of whole orbit by 24-28 hours, indicate the test positive.