HEREDITY AND VARIATION II

Key Terms

-Trait: A specific characteristic of an organism. Traits can be

determined by genes or the environment, or more commonly by
interactions between them. For example, if a mother dog has long hair
and a father dog has short hair, their puppy will have the inherited
trait of either short hair or long hair.

-DNA: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in

humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person's
body has the same DNA.

-Chromosomes: A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein

found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in
the form of genes.
-Genes: A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of
heredity. Genes are made up of DNA.

-Alleles: An allele is a variant form of a gene. Some genes have a

variety of different forms, which are located at the same position, or
genetic locus, on a chromosome. Humans are called diploid organisms
because they have two alleles at each genetic locus, with
one allele inherited from each parent.

-Monohybrid Cross: is a genetic mix between TWO individuals who

have homozygous genotypes, or genotypes that have completely
dominant or completely recessive alleles, which result in opposite
phenotypes for a certain genetic trait.
-Phenotype: the set of observable characteristics of an individual
resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
-Genotype: is an individual's collection of genes. The term also can
refer to the two alleles inherited for a particular gene. The genotype is
expressed when the information encoded in the genes' DNA is used to
make protein and RNA molecules.
-Dominant refers to the relationship between two versions of a gene.
Individuals receive two versions of each gene, known as alleles, from
each parent. (HH): Tall (Hh): Tall
-Dominant Trait: is an inherited characteristic that appears in an
offspring if it is contributed from a parent through a dominant allele.
-Codominance: is a relationship between TWO versions of a gene.
Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each
parent. If the alleles are different, the dominant allele usually will be
expressed, while the effect of the other allele, called recessive, is
masked. (AO BO AB OO) - Blood Group A, Blood Group B, Blood
Group AB, Blood Group O
-Recessive: A condition that appears only in individuals who have
received TWO copies of a mutant gene, one copy from each parent. 
(rr): recessive

-Recessive Trait: In genetics, a trait that must be contributed by both

parents in order to appear in the offspring. Recessive traits can be
carried in a person's genes without appearing in that person.
-Homozygous is a genetic condition where an individual inherits the
same alleles for a particular gene from both parents. (HH)/(hh)
-Heterozygous refers to having inherited different forms of a particular
gene from each parent. A heterozygous genotype stands in contrast to a
homozygous genotype, where an individual inherits identical forms of a
particular gene from each parent. (Hh)
 Monohybrid Inheritance
Monohybrid inheritance is the inheritance of a single characteristic such
as eye colour or height. One gene of each pair is of maternal and one
of the paternal origins and pairs occupy equal position on the
homologous chromosome. A gene controlling a particular characteristic
can have different forms known as alleles.

Genetic Term 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wv1TQXBQ6wQ

Genetic Term 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNEtVaNQ0s8
*Inheritance of genes can be done using the Genetic Cross or the
Punnett Square.

Types of Monohybrid Inheritance

-Albinism
-Sickle Cell Anaemia
-ABO Blood Group
-Inheritance of Sex (Gender)
-Sex Linked Diseases-Hemophilia and Colour Blindness

Albinism
Albinism is a rare group of genetic disorders in which little or no
melanin is produced which cause the skin, hair, or eyes to have little or
no color. Albinism is also associated with vision problems.
The gene controlling the production of the pigment melanin has TWO
different alleles which can be represented as:
-N: stimulates melanin production
-n: fails to stimulate melanin production

1. If an individual is an albino, which two allele will he or she

received from the maternal or paternal origin?

-NN: Homozygous dominant

-Nn: Heterozygous
-nn: Homozygous recessive

Genetic Crossing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvWy5lbUoHA

Example 1: Paternal-Normal Pigment & Maternal-Normal Pigment

-NN: normal, homozygous dominant

-Nn: normal, heterozygous

Parental Phenotype: Normal Pigment Normal Pigment

Parental Genotype: NN NN

Gametes: N x N N x N

Random Fertilization

F1 Genotype: NN NN NN NN

F1 Phenotype: Normal Normal Normal Normal

Pigment Pigment Pigment Pigment
Example 2: Paternal-Normal Pigment & Maternal-Normal Pigment

Parental Phenotype: Normal Pigment Normal Pigment

Parental Genotype: Nn Nn

Gametes: N x n N x n

Random Fertilization

F1 Genotype: NN Nn Nn nn

F1 Phenotype: Normal Normal Normal Albino

Pigment Pigment Pigment
Example 3: Paternal-Normal Pigment & Maternal-Albino

Parental phenotype: Normal Pigment Albino

Parental Genotype: Nn nn
Gametes: N x n n x n

Random Fertilization

F1 Genotype: Nn Nn nn nn

F1 Phenotype: Normal Normal Albino Albino

Pigment Pigment
1. What percentage of the offspring is albino? 50%
2. What percentage of the offspring is normal? 50%
3. What is the ratio of normal to albino? 2:2/ 1:1
4. What percentage of the offspring is heterozygous? 50%
Using the Punnett Square
The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the
genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

Example 1: Paternal: Normal Pigment & Maternal: Albino

Parental Phenotype: Normal Pigment Albino

Parental Genotype: Nn nn
Gametes: N x n n x n
Random Fertilization
N n
n Nn Nn
n nn nn

F1 Genotype: Nn Nn nn nn
F1 Phenotype: Normal Normal Albino Albino
Pigment Pigment

2. What percent of the offspring is homozygous dominant? 0%

3. What percent of the offspring is heterozygous? 50% (Nn)
4. What percent of the offspring is homozygous recessive? 50% (nn)
 Tongue Rolling
Tongue rolling is the ability to roll the lateral edges of the tongue
upwards into a tube. The tongue's intrinsic muscles allow some people to
form their tongues into specific shapes. Popular belief holds that
variation in this ability is the result of genetic inheritance.

Example 1: A heterozygous male for tongue rolling marries a

homozygous recessive female. Complete a Punnett square to show their
possible offspring. Analyze your results as percentages or proportions
and answer the following questions.
T-roller
t-non roller
5. Use the Punnett square to complete the genetic information that
will be inherited by the offspring.
6. What percentage of the offspring are homozygous dominant? 0%
7. What percentage of the offspring are heterozygous? 50%
8. What percentage of the offspring are homozygous recessive? 50%
9. What percentage of the offspring are tongue rollers? 50%
10.What percentage of the offspring are non-rollers? 50%

Parental Phenotype: Roller Non-Roller

Parental Genotype: Tt tt
Gametes: T x t t x t
Random Fertilization
 t t
T Tt Tt
t tt tt

F1 Genotype: Tt Tt tt tt
F1 Phenotype: Roller Roller Non-Roller Non-Roller

Answer:

 50% (0.5) of the offspring could tongue roll

 50% (0.5) of the offspring couldn't tongue roll
 50% (0.5) of the offspring are heterozygous
 50% (0.5) of the offspring are homozygous recessive
 0% (0.0) of the offspring are homozygous dominant
 Blood Group (Co-dominance)

There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O.

Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your
parents.

ABO blood groups are controlled by three alleles IA, IB and IO

-IA and IB are dominant to IO

-IA and IB are codominant

Possible Genotypes

IA IA: Blood Group A (homozygous)

IA IO: Blood Group A (heterozygous)

IB IB: Blood Group B (homozygous)

IB IO: Blood Group B (heterozygous)

IA and IB: Blood Group AB (codominant)

IO IO: Blood Group O (homozygous)

Example 1: Paternal: Heterozygous-A Maternal-Heterozygous-B

Parental Phenotype: Blood Group A Blood Group B

Parental Genotype: IA IO IB IO
Gametes: IA x IO IB x IO
Random Fertilization
IB IO
IA IA IB IA IO
IO IB IO IO IO

F1 Genotype: IAB IA IB IO
F1 Phenotype: Blood Group Blood Group Blood Group Blood Group
AB A B O
 Sex Inheritance
 In humans and other mammals, biological sex is determined by a
pair of sex chromosomes: XY in males and XX in females.
 Genes on the X chromosome are said to be X-linked. X-linked
genes have distinctive inheritance patterns because they are present
in different numbers in females (XX) and males (XY).
 X-linked human genetic disorders are much more common in
males than in females due to the X-linked inheritance pattern.

12. Use the genetic cross to determine how sex is inherited in an

offspring.

Sex-Linkage Diseases-Haemophilia
Sex linked is a trait in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome.
This is because the X chromosome is large and contains many more
genes than the smaller Y chromosome. In a sex-linked disease, it is
usually males who are affected because they have a single copy of X
chromosome that carries the mutation.
Haemophilia (also spelled hemophilia) is a mostly inherited genetic
disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process
needed to stop bleeding. This results in people bleeding for a longer time
after an injury, easy bruising, and an increased risk of bleeding inside
joints or the brain.
XH XH: Female normal clotting
XH Xy: Female, normal clotting (carrier)
Xh Xh: female, haemophilic
XH Y: Male, normal clotting
Xh Y: Male, Haemophiliac

13. Use the Punnett square to show how this sex linked disease is
inherited if the maternal origin is heterozygous and the paternal origin is
recessive for the clotting pigments.