Transverse Waves

• Transverse waves are polarized.

• The velocity may differ from that of longitudinal waves.
• The force constants for longitudinal and transverse motions are
different.
F F
r r
y x

a a
l0

Fx  mx  2Cx  Cl x

y
Ft  my  2 F sin   2C  r  l0   Ct y
r 2

1
 Transverse Waves
• Two mutually perpendicular transverse polarization directions.
• Two transverse modes may have different dispersion relations.


L ml
T2
mt2
T1
mt1

k
/a 0 /a
• Dispersion 4Cl ka 4Ct ka
Relations: l  sin , t  sin
m 2 m 2 3

Transverse Waves
• For symmetric crystals, the transverse polarization directions and
dispersion relations of two transverse modes are identical.


L ml

T
mt

k
/a 0 /a

2
 Linear Diatomic Lattice
• The atoms can have masses m and M  Ionic Crystals.
• In a chain of 2N atoms, N have mass m, and N have mass M.
2 2
2n-2 2 1
2n-1 2
2n 2 +1
2n+1 2 +2
2n+2
C C C C
m M m M m

a a a a

u2n-2 u2n-1 u2n u2n+1 u2n+2

Equations of Motion
• For atoms 2n and 2n + 1, with masses m and M, respectively,
 2u2 n
F2 n  m 2  C  u2 n 1  u2 n 1  2u2 n 
t
 2u2 n 1
F2 n 1  M  C  u2 n  2  u2 n  2u2 n 1 
t 2

• Solutions:
u2 n  Aei (2 kna t )
u2 n 1  Bei[ k (2 n 1) a t ]
u2 n  2  Aei[ k (2 n  2) a t ]  u2 n ei 2 ka
u2 n 1  Bei[ k (2 n 1) a t ]  u2 n 1e  i 2 ka
6

3
 Solutions
• Replacing the solutions in the equations of motion

 m  2C  u  C 1  e  u
2
2n
 i 2 ka
2 n 1 0
C 1  e  u   M   2C  u
i 2 ka
2n
2
2 n 1 0

• Determinant must be zero 

m 2  2C C 1  e i 2 ka 
0
C 1  e i 2 ka
 M   2C
2

Solutions
m 2  2C C 1  e i 2 ka 
0
C 1  ei 2 ka  M  2  2C

 2C  m  2C  M    4C
2 2 2
cos 2 ka  0
2C (m  M ) 2 4C 2 sin 2 ka
 
4
  0
mM mM
C (m  M )  4mM i 2 kka 
M sin
2  1  1  
mM  (m  M ) 2 

• Two separate braches of the dispersion relation  acoustical

branch and optical branch.
8

4
 Dispersion Relation
C (m  M )  4mM sin 2 ka 
 
2
1  1  
mM  (m  M ) 2 


2C (m  M ) / mM
Forbidden
frequency 
2C / m
range
2C / M



k
/2a 0 /2a 9

Dispersion Relation
• The length of the cell is 2a, therefore, the edges of the first
Brillouin zone are at k =  /2a.

C (m  M )  4mM sin 2 ( a / 2a ) 
2 ( / 2a )  1  1  
mM  (m  M )2 
C (m  M )  (m  M ) 2  4mM 
 1  
mM  (m  M )2 
C (m  M )  m  M 
 1  m  M 
mM
C (m  M ) 2 M
 • Similarly,
mM mM
2C 2C
 ( / 2a)   ( / 2a ) 
M m 10

5
 Long Wavelength Limit
• k=0 C (m  M )  4mM sin 2 (0) 
2 (0)   1  1  
mM  (m  M ) 2 
C (m  M )
 1  1  0
mM
 (0)  0

C (m  M )  4mM sin 2 (0) 

 (0) 
2
 1  1  
mM  (m  M ) 2 
C (m  M ) 2C (m  M )
 1  1 
mM mM
2C (m  M )
 (0) 
mM 11

Long Wavelength Limit

• k  0
2C (m  M ) 2 4C 2 sin 2 ka
 
4
  0
M
mM mM
M
2C (m  M ) 2 4C 2 k 2 a 2
 
mM mM
2C
 (k )  ka
mM

• Phase velocity:
 2C
v0  a
k mM
12

6
 Long Wavelength Limit
• The ratio u2n+1/u2n

u2 n 1 C 1  e  B ika
i 2 ka

  e
u2 n 2C  M  2 A
B C e  e 
 ika ika


A 2C  M  2
B cos ka

A M2
1
2C
• Acoustic branch:
─ As k  0, u2n+1/u2n  1
13

Long Wavelength Limit

• Optical branch:

2C (m  M )
 (0) 
mM
B cos ka 1
 
A M 2
M 2C (m  M )
1 1
2C 2C mM
1 m
 
mM M
1
m
• Neighboring atoms move in opposite directions.
• Atomic oscillations of this kind can be excited in ionic crystals.
14

7
Acoustic Modes

15

Optical Modes

16