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Child Labour: The Effects of Globalisation

January 2012
Authors:

Rasheda Khanam Mohammad Mafizur Rahman

University of Southern Queensland University of Southern Queensland

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Citations (8) References (43) Figures (1)

Abstract and Figures

This paper analyses the current trend of global child labour, and investigates the causes
and consequences of child labour with a particular attention on globalisation-child labour Discover the world's
research
nexus. Though a decreasing trend is observed, the incidence of child labour is still
alarming. The incidence in hazardous work is increased by 2.5 percent for the children 20+ million
aged 15-17 years over 4 years. Though controversy exists, poverty is still revealed as a members
strong determinant of child labour. Among the other factors, parents’ education, credit
market constraints, schooling performance, child’s nutrition and health status, family size 135+ million
and birth order, higher schooling costs, lack of quality education, employer’s attitude, publications
inappropriate government policy play major roles. It is also evident that child labour 700k+ research
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negatively affects child’s physical and mental health, educational outcomes, adult projects
employment, adult earnings and bargaining power of adult workers. The theoretical
arguments regarding the effects of globalisation on child labour is ambiguous. Empirical
evidences also provide us mixed results.

Estimates of
various forms o…

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 Child Labour: The Effects of Globalisation

Mohammad Mafizur Rahman, PhD

School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, University of Southern Queensland,
QLD 4350, Australia. Phone: 617- 4631 1279, Fax: 617-4631 5594,
Email: Mafiz.Rahman@usq.edu.au

and

Rasheda Khanam, PhD

School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, University of Southern Queensland,
QLD 4350, Australia. Phone: 617- 4631 1256, Fax: 617-4631 5594,
Email: Rasheda.Khanam@usq.edu.au

Date of submission: 21 March 2012

Citations (8) References (43)

... Until now, a common belief is that child labourers engage in low-paid work, primarily in the informal sector as a
survival strategy driven by necessity (Amin et al., 2004;Anker, 2000;Bhalotra, 2007;Fors, 2012;Grootaert and Kanbur,
1995;Rahman et al., 1999; Rahman and Khanam, 2012; Ranjan, 2001;Rogers and Swinnerton, 2004;Khan, 2003). It is
widely assumed that when children engage in the informal economy, as a means for survival, they usually take up
menial, low-paid and exploitative kind of work due to poverty. ...
... Lower household income (at survival condition) Amin et al. (2004), Bhalotra (2007), Fors (2012), Grootaert and
Kanbur (1995), Rahman and Khanam (2012) , Rahman et al. (1999), Ranjan (2001), Rogers and Swinnerton (2004),
Bonomelli Carrasco (2017) Structuralist perspective ...
... Vulnerability of household Anker (2000), Khan (2003) Structuralist perspective Family head has taken a loan Basu
and Chau (2004), Siddiqi (2013) Structuralist perspective Low quality of education and schooling system Bellamy
(1998), Bhalotra (2007), Chaudhury et al. (2006, Fors (2012), Dreze and Kingdon (2001), Emerson and Knabb (2006),
Leclercq (2002), Rahman and Khanam (2012) , Ray (2001Ray ( , 2003 Neo-liberal perspective Lower income of the
family head (opportunity increases earning) Basu and Van (1998), Basu (2000) Neo-liberal perspective Many families
living in a single household (engaged in their own business) Kornstad and Thoresen (2006), Siddiqi (2013), Khan and
Lyon (2015) Post-structuralist perspective Family size Kornstad and Thoresen (2006), Rahman and Khanam (2012),
Siddiqi (2013) Structuralist perspective Unemployment of adults Duryea et al. (2007) Structuralist perspective
Government policy Rahman and Khanam (2012) Neo-liberal perspective Residence in the industrial area Siddiqi (2013)
Neo-liberal perspective Economic growth (increase the demand for child labour) Basu and Tzannatos (2003), Dessy
and Knowles (2001), Edmonds (2001), Kambhampati and Ranjan, 2006, Swaminthan (1998), Tzannatos (2003 Neo-
liberal perspective Parents' education and authority Basu and Ray (2002), Fors (2012), Emerson and Souza (2007),
Kurosaki et al. (2006), Rahman and Khanam (2012), Strauss and Thomas (1995) Structuralist perspective Parents act
altruistically Bhalotra (2007), Emerson and Knabb (2006) Post-structuralist perspective Source(s): Author Table I.
Determinants of child labour workers are working in the informal economy instead of the formal economy, as a matter of
choice. ...

Evaluating the motives of child labourers in the informal economy

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... When parents fail to see the importance of education in increasing the "learning achievements" of their children, the
incidence of child labor is probably higher (Khanam and Ross, 2005). In another study (Rahman and Khanam, 2012) , it
was determined that child labor is particularly abundant in the Asia Pacific. Further, family size and birth order have
become determinants of child labor, such that, parents have the tendency to make their older children earn a living as
"the earning schedule goes up with age" (Rahman and Khanam, 2012). ...
... In another study (Rahman and Khanam, 2012), it was determined that child labor is particularly abundant in the Asia
Pacific. Further, family size and birth order have become determinants of child labor, such that, parents have the
tendency to make their older children earn a living as "the earning schedule goes up with age" (Rahman and Khanam,
2012) . ...
... The demographics shows that there is higher prevalence of child labor in the rural areas of developing countries as
there is an acceptance in the traditional social and cultural norms to have children work (Neumayer and De Soysa,
2005, as cited in Rahman and Khanam, 2012) . Poverty seems to be cyclical in nature in the case of child labor. ...

Child Labor, Poverty and School Attendance: Evidences from the Philippines by Region
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Russell Cristian E. Fernandez · Ferdinand Tesado Abocejo

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... Örneğin, gelişmiş ülkelerde çocuk çalışması yaşa göre ele alınırken, gelişen ülkelerde sosyal sorumluluğa göre
tanımlanmaktadır. Genel olarak, bir çocuğun yaşı ve işin niteliği, çocuk çalışmasının tanımlanması için önemli kriterler
olarak kabul edilmektedir (Rahman & Khanam, 2012) 95 Uluslararası çalışma standartları ise çocuk çalışmasını
sonuçlarına göre tanımlamaktadır. Buna göre çocuk çalışması çocuklar için zihinsel, fiziksel, sosyal ya da ahlaki açıdan
tehlikeli ve zararlı olan ve onların öğrenimlerini engelleyen çalışmaları kapsamaktadır (ILO, 2008:7). ...
SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA 2030 GÜNDEMİ BAĞLAMINDA ÇOCUK İŞÇİLİĞİNİN ÖNLENMESİNDE SOSYAL
KORUMA TABANLARI SOCIAL PROTECTION FLOORS IN THE PREVENTION OF CHILD LABOUR IN THE CONTEXT
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... Örneğin, gelişmiş ülkelerde çocuk çalışması yaşa göre ele alınırken, gelişen ülkelerde sosyal sorumluluğa göre
tanımlanmaktadır. Genel olarak, bir çocuğun yaşı ve işin niteliği, çocuk çalışmasının tanımlanması için önemli kriterler
olarak kabul edilmektedir (Rahman & Khanam, 2012) 95 Uluslararası çalışma standartları ise çocuk çalışmasını
sonuçlarına göre tanımlamaktadır. Buna göre çocuk çalışması çocuklar için zihinsel, fiziksel, sosyal ya da ahlaki açıdan
tehlikeli ve zararlı olan ve onların öğrenimlerini engelleyen çalışmaları kapsamaktadır (ILO, 2008:7). ...

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KORUMA TABANLARI SOCIAL PROTECTION FLOORS IN THE PREVENTION OF CHILD LABOUR IN THE CONTEXT …
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Mustafa AYKAÇ · Güven Murat

View

... For the sake of the robustness of our empirical analysis, we add several control variables in Equation (1) such as
measures of poverty , income inequality and average family wage income to depict the true picture. The control
variables are, measures of poverty and income inequality, which are major determinants of child labor (Rahman and
Khanam 2012) . Therefore, we assess the impact of poverty on child work by using three poverty measures (i.e HCR,
PG, and SPG) (Cheema and Sial 2012), and the concept of income inequality is multifaceted and complicated and
therefore in a single number, the distribution of income cannot be perfectly captured (De Maio 2007). ...

The impact of trade liberalization on child labor in Pakistan

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... Örneğin, gelişmiş ülkelerde çocuk çalışması yaşa göre ele alınırken, gelişen ülkelerde sosyal sorumluluğa göre
tanımlanmaktadır. Genel olarak, bir çocuğun yaşı ve işin niteliği, çocuk çalışmasının tanımlanması için önemli kriterler
olarak kabul edilmektedir (Rahman & Khanam, 2012) 95 Uluslararası çalışma standartları ise çocuk çalışmasını
sonuçlarına göre tanımlamaktadır. Buna göre çocuk çalışması çocuklar için zihinsel, fiziksel, sosyal ya da ahlaki açıdan
tehlikeli ve zararlı olan ve onların öğrenimlerini engelleyen çalışmaları kapsamaktadır (ILO, 2008:7). ...

SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA 2030 GÜNDEMİ BAĞLAMINDA ÇOCUK İŞÇİLİĞİNİN ÖNLENMESİNDE SOSYAL

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... Three variables from parent's and household characteristics can also influence the working hours per day of the
children including household head occupation, household head education and physical health of the fathers. The result
shows that the working hours per day are 4.21 times higher of those children whose heads are wage earners as
compared to whose heads are government employees [34] [35][36][37][38]. The working hours of the children whose
heads are unemployed are 7 times higher as compare to the reference category. ...

Determinants and Working Conditions of Child Labour: A Case Study of Children Working at Automobiles Workshop
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