SHS

Reading and Writing Skills

Module 5
Reading and Writing Skills
Module 5
First Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Philip D. Sapasap, T-III

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Belen C. Aquino, EPS in Charge of English

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
 Target

Academic writing is a style practiced by teachers or students as they

produce educational materials. It is a form of writing produced as part of
academic work. Hence, whenever you write and it needs to be submitted to
fulfill an academic requirement, it could simply fall into the category of
academic writing.

In a more academic sense, it is said that academic writing should be

clear, concise, focused, structured, and backed up by evidence and its primary
purpose is to aid readers’ understanding.

In your previous lesson, you have learned the factors to consider as one
writes an academic or professional paper.

This module will provide you with information and activities that will
help you accomplish the learning objective in the end.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• Identify the unique features of and requirements in composing texts that

are useful across academic discipline:
a. Book Review or Article Critique;
b. Literature Review;
c. Research Report;
d. Project Proposal; and
e. Position Paper.

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic.
Answer the pretest on the next page on a separate sheet of paper.
Pretest
Directions: Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Identify which
academic paper do the following descriptions belong to. Write the letter of
the correct answer. Choose from the pool of choices in the box below.

A. Literature Review B. Research

C. Position Paper D. Book/Article Review

E. Project Proposal

____ 1. It includes arguments and evidence to support a one-position

statement.

_____2. It gives essential information or provides an evaluation or critical

analysis of a book or an article.

____ 3. The document is used to present the general plan and justification to
pursue a project.

____ 4. Integrated analysis and synthesis paper of scholarly articles related to

your proposed statement.

____ 5. The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources to
establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Features and Requirements of an Academic Paper

In Module 4, you have learned about the considerations in academic and
professional writing. In this module, you will learn the unique features of and
requirements in composing texts that are useful across the academic
discipline.
 Jumpstart
For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activity.
Have fun and good luck!

Activity 1: Let’s Work and Learn

Directions: Read and understand carefully the different types of academic
papers.
Types Academic Paper
1. Book Review or Article Critique. One of the basic school requirements
is writing a book review or an article critique. A book review or an article
critique gives essential information about a book (fiction or nonfiction) or
an article (e.g., from the newspaper, magazines, academic journals) and
provides an evaluation or a critical analysis of it.
2. Literature Review. Integrated analysis and synthesis of scholarly
articles related to the topics or issues included in your written thesis,
dissertation, or journal article. It is used to describe critically,
summarize, and evaluate the updated information from sources like
academic books, journal articles, research resources, and government
articles.
3. Research Report. Research is “the systematic investigation into and
study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new
conclusions (Google).” The key to a good research report is the phrase
“systematic investigation.” Thus, researchers follow certain processes to
reach valid conclusions and discoveries.
4. Project Proposal. A Project Proposal sometimes referred to as ‘Terms of
Reference’, is a document used to present the general plan and
justification to pursue a project. It is usually two to four pages in length.
The purpose of writing a project proposal is to serve as a guide, to get
funding, to convince people to participate, and to serve as a reference for
evaluating the project.
5. Position Paper. A position paper, also known as the point of view paper,
is used to claim a one-sided position on a specific issue. This type of
paper is used in academics, law, and politics and is usually one to one-
and-a-half pages in length. It contains factual arguments to support the
one-sided claim or position statement, but this will not limit the paper to
 present just only the strength but also the weakness of the position
statement.

Directions: Identify and discuss briefly the differences among the types of
academic paper using the graphic organizer below. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answers.

Type Description
 Discover

Before writing a paper, one must determine the unique features and
requirements in composing an academic text. Below are the requirements
needed and features of each type of academic paper.

1. Book Review or Article Critique

Before writing a book review or an article critique, you are required to

do the following:

Read the Material

⚫ Before you can begin writing a book review or an article critique, you have
to read and understand the material first. Academic materials demand a
different way of reading from those which require mere pleasure reading.
The material that you will review or critique would require you to read
actively, intelligently, and critically. You have to go beyond the content of
the material.
⚫ As you read, take down notes. Write down the following elements which will
be useful in your review or critique: title; genre; for a book: theme(s),
characters, mood, and tone; for an article: main ideas or arguments, and
presentation of ideas; author’s writing style and language; and author’s
purpose.
⚫ Formulate questions about the content. These questions may be about
concepts that you do not fully understand or you want to elaborate on later
on in your analysis.
⚫ Read the material more than once for an in-depth understanding of what
the author is trying to convey.

Write the Review or Critique Paper

⚫ Your paper should give an informed analysis of the material. It should be
more than just a summary of the book or article.

⚫ Be mindful of the structure of your review or critique. Like all essays, a

book review or an article critique has an introduction, body, and
conclusion.
 The Structure and Features of a Book Review and an Article
Critique
1. Introduction
As a starting point for your book review or article critique, use the
notes that you have taken down while you were critically reading the
material. Be guided by the following when writing the introduction:
a. Know the context or information in which the material was
written—author’s background (i.e., life, culture, and beliefs); and
social, economic, or political conditions in which the material was
produced.
b. Mention the title of the material, year or date of publication, and
author’s name.
c. If writing an article critique, state the main argument or author’s
purpose of the material.
d. Come up with a thesis statement that will indicate what your
evaluation of the material will be. If you are doing a book review, is
it a positive, negative, or mixed review? If you are writing an article
critique, are you for or against the main argument?
e. Briefly summarize the book or the main points of the article.
2. Body
This is the analysis and evaluation part of the review or critique
paper. Here are some questions that can help in your critical
evaluation of the material.
When writing a book review:
a. What are the setting, theme(s), plot, characterization, and other
significant literary devices used by the author?
b. How do these elements contribute to the overall meaning of the
book?
c. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the book?
d. What significant human experience and relationships can you
relate to in light of your personal experience?
e. How is the book similar to and/or different from other books in the
same genre?
f. Is the book informative, entertaining, or meaningful? Would you
recommend it to others? Why or why not?
When writing an article critique:
a. Are the ideas presented clear and convincing? What pieces of evidence are
used to support the author’s ideas? Are they valid or accurate?
b. Is the purpose of the paper achieved? If yes, how? If no, why not?
c. What is the overall structure of the article? Are the ideas logically
organized and adequately developed?
d. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the article?
e. What further issues does the article raise?
f. Does the article contribute to your knowledge or understanding of a
particular concept or topic? How is it helpful to other works in its
discipline or to works of a related topic?

3. Conclusion

This is a summary of your overall evaluation of the material. You may

include here the main reasons stated in the body paragraphs, why you agree
or disagree with the author.
After writing the review or critique, do not forget to cite the references
you used for your paper. Follow The American Psychological Association
referencing style (or APA as it is more commonly known).

Example 1: Book Review: The Devil's Company by David Liss

"The Devil's Company," a treat for lovers of historical fiction, sees the
return of Benjamin Weaver in his third exciting romp through the varied and
sometimes surreal landscape of 18th-century London. Weaver is an endearing
protagonist, a former pugilist, and investigator for hire whom we first met in
David Liss's "A Conspiracy of Paper" (1999). His underlying humanity saves him
from the macho posturing that ultimately undermines the moral authority of most
action-adventure heroes. And he is a Jew, which imbues him with the romance of
an outsider and permits Liss to show us how anti-Semitism was expressed in the
relatively unfamiliar context of Hanoverian England.

Reference: Frank Tallis. "A Bridge to 18th Century London." The Washington
Post. 2009. Accessed March 30, 2016. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2009/07/08/AR2009070804089.html.

Explanation:
The sample paragraph is an excerpt of Frank Tallis’ book review
of The Devil’s Company. It can be observed that he included important
elements such as the setting, theme(s), and characterization in the
introduction of his book review.
Example 2: Article Critique: Pesch, Udo, “Administrators and Accountability:
The Plurality of Value Systems in the Public Domain,” Public Integrity 10, Fall,
no. 4 (2008): 335-343.
The article, “Administrators and Accountability: The Plurality of Value
Systems in the Public Domain,” by Udo Pesch seeks to address how
accountability and value systems interact in the decisions made by public
administrators. The research problem being addressed is whether public
administrators are free from accountability for their decisions and what are the
different influences that can affect their decisions. It is clear from the abstract of
the article that this is no simple issue. The article is fairly confusing for the first
couple of paragraphs. The author starts by saying that explicit ethics codes of
reference systems make it easier to hold individuals accountable for their
actions, however, a conflict emerges when an individual’s moral values are
different from such accountability policies. What can make accountability more
complicated are the motivations of the administrator and also the individual’s
inability to perceive the future consequences of their decisions.
Explanation:
This sample paragraph is an excerpt of a critique of the article
“Administrators and Accountability: The Plurality of Value Systems in the
Public Domain” by Udo Pesch. The writer’s evaluation and analysis of the
article are supported with details that can be found in the entire article
critique.

2. Literature Review

Before writing a literature review, you are required to do the following:

• You must identify the issue to be discussed on the paper;

• It is also important to determine the problem statement, main statement
questions, research/problem findings, and scope and delimitation of the
paper;
• After doing so, collect the materials from credible sources. Then evaluate
and categorize the information gathered; and
• Make sure that the information contributes to the understanding of the
topic and is supported by evidence such as case studies, statistics, or
 scientific findings. The information gathered can be either the same or
against your proposed statement.

The Structure and Features of a Literature Review

After collecting the information from different sources, decide on the
structure of the literature review. It can either be a chronological or
thematic literature review.
Chronological Literature Review is a type of review where the
information is arranged sequentially in the progression of time. It is best
used for historiographical papers and research methodology that focuses
more on how the ideas have developed over time.
Thematic Literature Review is a type of review that defines or describes
theory of categories significant to your research. It can be compared to an
inverted pyramid that focuses on broad to specific topics and ends with a
synthesis. It is considered more essential as compared to the Chronological
Literature Review.
Moreover, the focus of this lesson is on how to write a literature
review specifically a thematic literature review. This type of literature review
can be compared to an inverted triangle mounted to a support base.

Broad Topic
The broad topic discusses a clear background on what the
research is. It gives the reader an overview of what the general topic is
all about.
Example:
Cyberbullying is described as an act of embarrassing or
communicating false information using the technology. It is now the new
prevalent social phenomenon.

Crimes against Children Research Center at the University of New

Hampshire are conducting the Youth Internet Safety Survey done thrice, each
after every five years. The result shows that there is an increase in
cyberbullying behavior rate from the year 2000 with 6% rate, 2005 with 9%,
and 2010 with 11% rate.
The data on the increase in the prevalence of cyberbullying can also
be counter-checked based on the School Crime Supplement to the National
Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). NCVS gathered data on the population of
students – ages twelve to eighteen enrolled in grades six and twelve – stating
that there is an increase of cyberbullying from 6.2% in 2009 to 9% in 2011.
Explanation:
In this lesson, the research question to answer is "Effects of
Cyberbullying and its Gender-Related Issue." The first part of the literature
review discussed the broad topic which is cyberbullying. The author also states
that cyberbullying is a new social phenomenon and is attested by two surveys
indicated after.
Information Partly Related to the Paper
Writing next after the broad topic is the information somewhat related
to the research. Partly related information refers to data from studies not
directly related but somehow can influence the research.
Example:
The people who are cyberbullies. An important factor in
understanding cyberbullying is the aggressor doing the act. The aggressor often
reported as cyberbully are mostly girls (38%) compared to boys (26%). It is also
reported that 20% of these cyberbully girls that are ‘mostly unkind’ on online
social networks1 are from ages twelve to seventeen.
Explanation:
In this example, the information partly related to the paper is the
demographics of a cyberbully aggressor. Other suggested topics for this part
are demographics of cyberbully victims, the relationship between the
perpetrator and the victim, and the theories of cyberbullying.
 Information Directly Related to the Paper
The information directly related to the paper refers to data from other
authors with the same problem statement. It can either agree or disagree with
the problem stated.
Example:
Effects of Cyberbullying
The first part of the literature review focused on the demographics of
the cyberbullied aggressor and victim. In this part, we will focus more on the
long-term effects of cyberbullying on both the aggressor and the victim.
Statistics by Nominet Trust showed that 20% of those who are
cyberbullied made them hesitant to attend school, 5% reported self-harm and
3% attempted suicide.
Explanation:
This example shows the transition from the second to the third part of
the literature review. It also includes statistics on the general effect of
cyberbullying. Another suggested topic for this part is the effect of
cyberbullying on both the aggressor and the victim, types of cyberbullying, and
coping techniques for cyberbullied victims.
Synthesis of the Literature Review
The last part of writing the literature review is to synthesize all of the
information gathered. Synthesis, in the simplest definition, means to put
together multiple ideas from different sources to understand the role of each
part or element of the paper. It is also suggested to compare and contrast
works done by other authors.
Example:
Cyberbullying has now evolved and now in a different form- text
message, phone call, e-mail, chat room, instant messaging, and website
bullying. As indicated in the previous part of this literature review, it is clearly
stated a direct relationship between gender and the incidence of cyberbullying.
Cyberbullying is now prevalent with a continuous increase as years passed by.
It also shows that the aggressor is more likely teenage girls than boys.
Explanation:
The example shows the consolidation of relevant information that
leads to the resolution of the research problem or question.
3. Research Report

Before writing a research report, you are required to use the following
skills that you have mastered from your previous lessons:
• writing skills;
• obtaining of information; and
• posing convincing arguments.
Reminder!
Formal research is done when you conduct a thorough inquiry on a particular
topic. You determine a research problem first and provide answers to the
research questions. On the other hand, informal research is conducted on
tasks that do not require a highly structured paper as an output.
Example:
Formal Research
1. The Effects of Color on Advertising and its Relationship with Buying Power
2. Determining the Motivation of Toddlers in Learning a Language
3. Alternative Sweeteners in Beverages and their Effect on the Body

Informal Research
1. The different colors of the rainbow
2. The history of computers
3. The reasons for cheating
This lesson focuses on writing a formal research report.
The Structure and Features of a Research Report
 1. The Research Problem and Reviewing Related Literature.
The research problem and the questions that you produce are the heart
of your research report. The research questions embody the main problem of
your research that you will answer later on. The first thing that you should do
is to have a topic in mind, ask yourself, what you are interested in. Write
down words or phrases on a piece of paper and try to make connections
between the ideas and terms that you have generated.

Example

The terms “poor country”, “dental habit,” and

“non-governmental organization” are simple
independent ideas. By establishing connections
among the terms, research questions can be
produced. Take note that the research questions that
you will produce should not be simply answerable by
"yes" or "no".

After formulating the research questions, find

relevant sources for your research paper. In some
instances, research questions are not stated – a
research problem is shown instead.

2. Materials and Method

This section of the research report should explain the methods that you
will deploy and the data that you wish to gather. There are several ways to
gather data. In the sciences, you use experiments to test the hypothesis. This
is one way of obtaining data, by experimentation. In other fields, such as the
social sciences and business, researchers use survey questionnaires and
interview to obtain the necessary information.

Focusing on the questionnaire, it is the instruments that you will

distribute to your respondents. It contains questions that would prompt
answers from the survey population. The answer provided by the respondents
will assist you in answering your research questions or problem. Ultimately,
the data from this part of the research process will enrich the research report
in totality. Before, creating the questionnaire, you have to determine your
purpose. Furthermore, all the questions that you will produce should be
aligned with the research problem or questions.
 Assuming that you have completed the data gathering stage, you will
have to write the methodology of the research report. You will state the
following items:

• The respondents of your research

• The data gathering procedure
• How you will analyze the data

3. Results and Discussion

The results contain a graphic representation of the data you have

processed in the course of your research. You will provide the results of the
data analysis but you are not yet to discuss the implication of it.

You may use a table if you want to summarize your data analysis. On
the other hand, you may use figures such as charts if you want your readers
to see trends in your data set.

The discussion presents an answer to the research questions that you

have created in the introduction. You will relate the data analysis to the
questions. Also, you have to discuss studies that support or contradict your
findings. Inferences should be made as well with the information that you
have uncovered.

In the conclusion, you have to cite inferences that you made that
answered the research questions. This can be done in bullet form or prose
form. Consequently, the recommendation provides possible tasks to those who
will benefit from the research report.

4. Project Proposal

Before writing a project proposal, you are required to have key knowledge
of the following:
• intended project to achieve; and
• writing any proposed project needed to be achieved.
The Structure and Features of a Research Report
A project proposal is usually composed of the following parts, but it does
not necessarily mean all parts must be included in your project proposal. A
cover letter can also be attached to the project proposal.
 Project Description
Project Description contains necessary information such as project
title, type of project, project proponents, number of beneficiaries, location
of beneficiaries, date of implementation, area of project implementation,
budget requirement, and budget requested.
Example:

TERMS OF REFERENCE
PROJECT TITLE: Hakbang sa Pagkatuto Project: Free Summer Class for
Preschooler
TYPE OF PROJECT: Education-Training
NUMBER OF BENEFICIARIES: Fifty Students
LOCATION OF BENEFICIARIES: Brgy. Rizal, Makati City
PROJECT DURATION: April 9 – June 4, 2016
AREA OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION: Amarilllo St. Brgy. Rizal, Makati
City
BUDGET REQUIREMENT: Php 15,000
BUDGET REQUESTED: None

Explanation:
It is a quick reference to what the proposal is about. It includes
detailed information about the project.

I. Background/Situational Analysis

In this part, you may write a brief history of the proposal and the
immediate need or potential problem that you want to address. You may end
the background by including the major goal of this project.

Example:

The country is now one step ahead in developing our education system as
we are now in the process of the full K-12 implementation. With this is the
emerging need for kindergarten education. However, there is an emerging gap in
the readiness of pre-kindergarten students. This arising need is now the primary
concern of the licensed teacher – Ms. Lach Pacio – as she proposes ‘Hakbang sa
Pagkatuto’ Project: Free Summer Class for Preschoolers.
 Explanation:

The background or situational analysis serves as an introduction

to the proposal as it describes the issue and the immediate need to
resolve it.

II. Project Objectives

Project Objectives include short-term objectives needed to achieve

the major goal. It also includes strategies to be done to make the
project successful.

Example:

The Hakbang sa Pagkatuto Project: Free Summer Class for

Preschoolers aims to:
• Mold the students holistically before they enter Kindergarten
level by providing enriching activities that would develop more
of their self-confidence.
• Ensure that the lessons are tailored to fit preschoolers as the
teacher incorporates music, dance, and arts throughout the
class duration.
• Provide quality pre-kindergarten education with the use of the
developed curriculum.

Explanation:

This example shows the objective and the strategies to be made to

make the project a successful one.

III. Expected Output or Outcome of the Project

Expected Output or Outcome of the Project refers to the specific

and long-term effect of the project on the economic, social,
institutional, or environmental factors. It includes an indicator (e.g.
90%) used to measure the success of the project.
 Example:

By the end of May 2016, the outputs expected are as follows:

1. 90% pre-kindergarten readiness among preschoolers ages
three to five years of age; and
2. 100% tailored-fit pre-kindergarten curriculum and lessons are
delivered.

Explanation:

In this example, the outcome or indicator written is expressed in

percentage (e.g. 90%, 100%) that can be used in assessing the
effectiveness of the project.

IV. Risk Management Plan

This is the part where you list down the risks that could impair you from
achieving your objectives and outcomes. You should also include steps needed
to be done to prevent such occurrences.

Example:

The following are the foreseen risks or problems that can happen during
project implementation followed by the measures that would mitigate adverse
effects as follows:

1. Education Program

The lesson and the curriculum should be prepared before the class
starts. The students will be taught information according to his or her level. If
mastery is not gained for a certain task, the student may still proceed to
another lesson given the premise that the parents would also give emotional
support for the child to succeed.

2. Children’s health and safety

The teacher and the teacher aide will ensure that the students are
studying safely inside the premises. Signage will also be posted outside the hall
to prevent the occurrence of an accident. The teacher will also check the
location before the class starts. Parents should also include in the information
sheet the current state of their child’s health. No harmful materials should be
seen around the area. Cigarette smoking will also not be allowed.
 Explanation:

In this example, the risks are written followed by the strategies to be

done to prevent the occurrence of any unexpected or unfaithful event.

V. Project Organization and Staffing

It includes information on the staff assigned and his
responsibilities. You can also indicate the name of the contact person
and his cell phone number if committed or involved permanently in the
project.

Example:

Explanation:

In this example, the staff designated with their specific duties and
responsibilities are indicated.

VI. Project Work Plan

A Project Work Plan is a part of a project proposal where the

detailed activities for every phase of the project are written
 Example:

Explanation:

This example shows the detailed information about the activity to

be done for each project phase including the output, indicator, and
person-in-charge.

VII. Detailed Budget Requirement

This is the part where itemized expenses on the project duration

are written.

Example:
 Explanation:

This example shows specific items needed for the project.

VIII. Signatories

It is the last part of the project proposal where the names of people
involved are written.

Example:

Prepared by:

(Signature)
Lach Pacio
Project Organizer, Licensed Teacher
Recommending Approval:

(Signature)
Benj Meniano
Senior High School Principal, Fort Bonifacio High School
Approved by:

(Signature)
Joel Villain
Barangay Captain, Brgy. Rizal, Makati

Explanation:

The example shows the name of the signatories and their approval
in the implementation of the project.

5. Position Paper

Before writing a book review or an article critique, you are required to

do the following:
• identify the issue to be discussed. The issue must be interesting, valid,
and specific. The issue must also have two identifiable positions or sides –
either in favor or against the claim or position statement;
• research both positions and collate the arguments, scholarly articles, and
in-depth studies from academic books and journals; and
• after performing thorough research on a certain issue and its arguments,
you need to choose the position or side you want to support. Remember
that this type of paper requires you to take only one side of an argument –
either in favor or against the issue.

The Structure and Features of a Position Paper

The sandwich graphic organizer below is used to understand how
easy it is to write a position paper.

A sandwich is made up of a top loaf, its content, and a bottom loaf.

A top loaf, as compared to writing a position paper, contains the
background and the writer's stand on the issue. The content, like ham,
cheese, or lettuce of a sandwich, is compared to the arguments and
evidence presented. Lastly, the bottom loaf serves as a concluding
paragraph which includes the recommended solution of the writer to the
issue presented.
The Introduction

Write the specific issue, together with its importance and effect on
society. End the introductory paragraph with your position statement or
your stand on the issue. Keep in mind that you could take only one side
of the argument.

Example:

The implementation of the K-12 program this year has a tremendous

effect on the Philippines’ education system. The implementation by the
Department of Education complies with the Republic Act 10533 Enhanced
Basic Education Act of 2012 mandating the ten-year to an additional two
years, making it twelve years of education for all. This paper will solely
focus on its claim that an additional two years is necessary to improve the
quality of education in the country.
Explanation:

The purpose of writing the introduction is to give the reader an

overview of the issue and to arouse their interest to read your paper. In
this example, the writer states a brief background on the position
statement or claims that will be the focus of this position paper.

The Content

The content may have several paragraphs. It may begin with short
background information or a discussion of arguments on both sides of
the issue. In each paragraph, write an explanation or observation to
clarify the portion of the position statement, followed by the supporting
evidence. Evidence that can be used is primary source quotation,
interviews with field experts, a recommendation from scholarly articles
and position papers, historical dates or events, and statistical data.

Example

The quality of education reflects on the achievement scores of the

Filipino students. To note, the Philippines ranked twenty-third (23rd) out of
twenty-five (25) countries that participated in the international test - the
"Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study" (TIMMS). The
mathematics and science tests were taken by grade four students in 2003.
DepEd itself pointed out that the decline in quality of education is partly
attributed to the ten-year basic education cycle.

Explanation

The writer presents that the basis of the position statement is the
scores of the Filipino students. The examination performance shows a
low quality of education and it must be improved immediately. Notice
that the data was taken from TIMMS and must be cited in a footnote.

The End Statement

In the last part of writing the paper, summarize and reinforce the
concepts and facts presented without repeating the introduction and its
content. It is also optional to include the procedure used to deal with the
issue and your suggested possible solution or recommendation.

Example

The paper still stands on the claim that additional school years are
needed by our educational system. Based on the evidence presented
including the low test-scores in mathematics and sciences by grade four
Filipino students, it shows that the additional two years will aid the
student in gaining mastery of school subjects. Since our country has one of
the highest labor workforces in the world, focusing on both enhancing
knowledge and skills is applicable to strengthen our workforce.

For that reason, the paper suggests that DepEd and the government
should focus on teacher training and development, for the law and its
implementation will not fully succeed without these teachers that are fully
equipped and highly skilled.

Explanation:

In this end statement, the writer summarizes and reinforces the

evidence. The recommendation is also provided at the end of the paper.

Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master

and strengthen the basic concepts you have learned from this lesson.

Enrichment Activity 1: On Book Review

Directions. Study the given text below and identify the unique features
of a book review used.

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, born in Lyons, France, was an aviator,

poet, and writer who is known for his book The Little Prince. Published in
1943, The Little Prince was written during World II, after Germany invaded
France, which forced Saint-Exupéry to flee to New York. Some parts of The
Little Prince were drawn from Saint-Exupéry’s own life and experiences.

Assessment 1
Directions: Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Read the
following items carefully and select the letter of the correct answer from
the options given.
1. The following features were used in the above book review except for
a. the author’s background c. title of the material
b. summary of the book d. social conditions

2. “Some parts of The Little Prince were drawn from Saint-Exupéry’s own
life and experiences”. What feature of a book review is used in the
statement?
a. social conditions c. date of publication
b. author’s background d. thesis statement

3. “Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, born in Lyons, France, was an aviator, poet,

and writer who is known for his book The Little Prince.” What feature of
a book review is used in the statement?
a. political conditions c. plot and settings
b. author's background d. characterization

4. “Published in 1943, The Little Prince was written during World II”.
What feature of a book review is used in the statement?
a. political conditions c. date of publication
b. title of the material d. recommendations

5. Which part of a book review does the above text belong to?
a. introduction c. conclusion
b. body d. references

Enrichment Activity 2: On Literature Review

Directions. Study the given text below and identify the unique features
of a literature review used.

Motivation is very substantial and a key factor in developing the

reading habit of a person. It does not point toward mere frills, fun, or
transitory excitement, but to a cognitive commitment toward reading to
learn and to extend one’s aesthetic experience.
Assessment 2
Directions: Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Read the
following items carefully and select the letter of the correct answer.
1. What feature of the literature review is present in the above text?
a. an overview of the general topic
b. a discussion of the general topic
c. a piece of information partly related to the topic
d. a synthesis of all the gathered information

2. What feature of a literature review is included in the second sentence

of the text?
a. a piece of information partly related to the topic
b. a discussion of the general topic
c. a piece of information directly related to the topic
d. a synthesis of all the gathered information

3. What is the general topic of the literature review?

a. reading habit c. aesthetic experience
b. motivation in reading d. commitment to reading

4. Based on the above text, what requirement in writing a literature

review did the author follow?
a. synthesized the information c. checked the credentials
b. critically analyzed the information d. used untrusted websites

5. Which part of a literature review does the above text belong to?
a. broad topic
b. information partly related to the paper
c. information directly related to the paper
d. synthesis of the literature review

Enrichment Activity 3: On Research Report

Directions. Study the given text below and identify the unique features
of a research report used.

The result implies then that students learn best when they are
effectively engaged in the learning process and working in pairs to
achieve a common goal.
 Assessment 3
Directions: Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Read the
following items carefully and select the letter of the correct answer.
1. What feature of a research report is used in the above text?
a. a graphic representation of data
b. an inference made based on the result
c. possible recommendations
d. inclusion of quotation

2. What is the implication of the result in the study conducted?

a. students learn best when working independently
b. students learn best when working in a group
c. students learn best when working in pair
d. students learn best when working cooperatively

3. Among the features mentioned below, which among them is utilized in

the above text?
a. citing an author c. summarizing a passage
b. quoting a statement d. stating an implication

4. Which part of a research report does the above text belong to?
a. introduction c. result
b. methodology d. discussion

5. The implication made in the above text is based on the _________.

a. result of the study c. obtained data
b. literature review d. recommendations

Enrichment Activity 4: On Project Proposal

Directions. Study the given text below and identify the unique features
of a project proposal used.

Explorascope is a project in which STEM students will experience high

tech. laboratory equipment and explore a range of exciting interactive science-
based activities without relying anymore on pictures and 2D materials. This
project aims to bring out the inquisitive, manipulative, and innovative spirit of the
STEM students for them to be at par with the best STEM students from the best
schools around. For instance, a digital microscope helps students investigate the
fascinating world of cell life and other microscopic details. A laptop is necessary
for creating PowerPoint presentations of images and videos taken during the
experiments. Also, the interactive projector is used to flash on screen their
prepared outputs from their laptop for group debates and/or discussions.

Assessment 4
Directions: Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Read the following
items carefully and select the letter of the correct answer.
1. The following features of a project proposal are present in the above text
except for
a. the aim of project c. target beneficiaries
b. duration of project d. the need of the beneficiaries
2. Who are the recipients of the project?
a. high school students c. college students
b. STEM students d. elementary students
3. What is the title of the project?
a. Interactive science-based activities
b. Explorospcope
c. Digital learning
d. Cell life
4. What is the purpose of the project?
a. explore a range of exciting interactive science-based activities
b. prepare outputs from their laptop for group debates and/or
discussions
c. bring out the inquisitive, manipulative, and innovative spirit of the
STEM students
d. investigate the fascinating world of cell life and other microscopic
details

5. Which part of a project proposal does the above text belong to?
a. Background/Situational Analysis
b. Project Objectives
c. Expected Output or Outcome of the Project
d. Risk Management Plan
Enrichment Activity 5: On Position Paper
Directions. Study the given text below and identify the unique features of a
position paper used.

The paper stands on its position against the implementation of K-12

education in the country. The needs of the former educational system must be
met first. The solution to this issue is to strengthen the curriculum rather than
coping with the standards set by the international community.
Assessment 5
Directions: Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Read the following
items carefully and select the letter of the correct answer.
1. The following features of a position paper are present in the above text
except for
a. reinforcement c. recommendation
b. summary d. overview
2. What is the identified position of the writer in the text?
a. in favor c. in opposition
b. undecided d. certain
3. “The solution to this issue is to strengthen the curriculum rather than coping
with the standards set by the international community”. What feature of a
position paper is used in the statement?
a. overview c. recommendation
b. summary d. reinforcement
4. “The paper stands on its position against the implementation of K-12
education in the country”. What feature of a position paper is used in the
statement?
a. author’s claim c. author’s evidence
b. author’s view d. author’s support
5. Which part of a position paper does the above text belong to?
a. introduction c. content
b. end statement d. references

Deepen

At this point, read and understand carefully the following academic texts.
Then, categorize the parts of the text based on the features and requirements
used.

Activity 1: Book Review

Directions: Categorize the following sentences into introduction, body, or
conclusion.
1. With its vivid descriptions and emotional scenes, this book will truly melt
your heart. It is an excellent heartwarming story that is a must-read for all
ages.
2. Black Beauty is a fictional autobiography by Anna Sewell which was
published in 1877.

3. The author uses anthropomorphism, a literary device in which nonhuman

entities such as animals are given human traits or characteristics.

Activity 2: Literature Review

Directions: Categorize the following statements into a broad topic, information
partly related to the paper, information directly related to the paper, or synthesis
of the literature review.
Title: "The HIV Epidemic Stigma."
1. Stigmatizing Arrangement to the Health Care Services
2. Public Attitude and Actual Discrimination
3. Impact of Stigma on the Person with HIV
4. HIV Epidemic

Activity 3: Research Report

Directions: Categorize the following statements into introduction and literature
review, methodology, result, or discussion.
1. Explain how the study will be conducted
2. Summarize the research
3. Explain the research question
4. Determine the answer to the research questions

Activity 4: Project Proposal

Directions: Categorize the following entries either it is project objective or
expected output.
1. To provide standardized content to maintain the program.
2. An additional 2,000 registered online students on the website.
3. Publish twenty-five modules on the online website
4. To develop online materials relevant to the industry
Activity 5. Position Paper
Directions: Categorize the following sentences into introduction, body, or end
statement.
1. The paper stands on its position against the implementation of K-12
education in the country. The needs of the former educational system must
be met first. The solution to this issue is to strengthen the curriculum
rather than coping with the standards set by the international community.

2. The Philippines is one of the last countries in the world to have a ten-year
education system. The issue being tackled in this paper is whether or not
the K-12 education is needed by the country.”

3. DepEd estimated a need for an additional PhP 150 billion to support this
program (DepEd Briefer, 2010). The outcome of this program depends on
resources offered by the country.”
 Gauge

Directions: Read carefully each item. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
Write only the letter of the best answer for each test item.

1. An essay is used to present a one-sided position on a specific issue.

a. critique paper c. one-point view paper
b. position paper d. research report
2. Which of the following part of the research report which contains the
research questions?
a. discussion b. introduction
c. methodology d. results
3. An essay that provides an evaluation or critical analysis of the book.
a. book review c. position paper
b. movie review d. research paper
4. Which of the following should NOT be introduced in the conclusion part of
your research paper?
a. ideas c. summary
b. new information d. tables and figures
5. What benefits will you most likely get from writing a book review or an article
critique?
a. It allows you to express your thoughts about something you have
read.
b. It lets you point out how the material should have been written.
c. It demonstrates your ability to criticize an author.
d. It develops your critical thinking skills.

6. Why do we need to write a position paper?

a. To limit the paper in presenting strengths and weaknesses.
b. To present a one-side position on a specific issue.
c. To establish your credibility as a writer.
d. To state arguments based on facts.

7. Which of the following should you do before writing a book review or an

article critique?
a. Make sure that the author has an interesting background.
 b. List down possible sources to support your ideas.
c. Take note of important events or ideas.
d. Read the material more than once.

8. What appropriate phrase can you use if you are to write the introduction of
the position paper?
a. “The main issue to be discussed on the paper is … and the paper
claims to stand on the argument that…”
b. “The argument presented in the paper shows that… this is
supported by the research made by…”
c. “The paper recommends that the … and the resolution to the
problem is …”
d. “To discuss further the issue, a statement by the … proves that…”

9. Which of the following is the most appropriate for a research question?

a. What are the different colors of the rainbow?
b. How does age influence language learning?
c. How big is the moon?
d. Is the sky blue?
10. Peter researched information for his book review. When his teacher
returned his work, he read that it was plagiarized. How can Peter improve his
work? a. He should give credit to the sources of information.
b. He should research more information.
c. He must copy his classmate’s work.
d. He must read the book again.
11. Why do we need to write a literature review?
a. to present the hypothesis of the research
b. to let the reader understand the background of the written research
c. to establish the integrity of the writer
d. to state the published works unrelated to the written research

12. What makes a good literature review?

a. The literature review includes the hypothesis of the research.
b. The literature review contains observation and hypothesis made by
the researcher.
c. The literature review must be at least one to two pages in length.
d. The literature review includes a summary of articles written by
credible authors.
13. The following are the purpose of the project proposal except
a. to justify actions already done
b. to serve as a guide to the project
c. to get funding for the project
d. to convince people to participate

14. What makes a good project proposal?

a. The project proposal should contain the necessary information.
b. The project proposal should have long sentences.
c. The project proposal should be an informal document.
d. The project proposal should be twenty pages long.

15. Which of the following statements are NOT done in writing a literature
review? a. Collect the materials from credible sources.
b. Identify the issue or topic to be discussed.
c. Evaluate and categorize the information gathered.
d. Claim a position or stand on the issue presented.
Answer Key
Pretest 1. b 3. b
1. Position Paper 2. b 4. c
2. Book/article review 3. b 5. a
3. Project Proposal 4. b
4. Literature review 5. a
5. Research
Assessment 3
Explore 1. b
Assessment 1 2. c Assessment 5
1. b 3. d 1. d
2. b 4. d 2. c
3. b 5. c 3. c
4. c 4. a
5. a Assessment 4 5. b
1. b
Assessment 2 2. b Deepen
Activity 1 3. expected output
1. Conclusion 4. project objective
2. Introduction
3. Body Activity 5
1. End Statement
Activity 2 2. Introduction
1. Synthesis of the Lit. 3. Content
Review
2. Information partly Gauge
related to the paper 1. b
3. Information directly 2. b
related to the paper 3. a
4. Broad Topic 4. d
5. a and d
Activity 3 6. b
1. Methodology 7. c and d
2. Discussion 8. a
3. Introduction and 9. b
Literature Review 10. a
4. Result 11. b
12. b
Activity 4 13. d
1. project objective 14. a
2. expected output 15. d
References
Printed Materials:
Frank Tallis. "A Bridge to 18th Century London." The Washington Post.
2009. Accessed March 30,
2016. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2009/07/08/AR2009070804089.html

Pesch, Udo, “Administrators and Accountability: The Plurality of Value

Systems in the Public Domain,” Public Integrity 10, Fall, no. 4
(2008): 335-343.

Tiongson, Marella Theresa A. (2016). Reading and Writing 2016

Edition. Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Websites:
Quexbook. Reading and Writing Skills. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
http://quexbook.com/&ved=2ahUKEwjxn5TqlvvqAhWNwJQKH
byLBuMQFjAGegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw3rKVPyuCp6f8nzg40W
Hd7X
Quipper. Reading and Writing Skills. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
http//quipper.com/&ved=2ahUKEwj5j7Pct_vqAhWiF6YKHeLqA
VcQFjAAegQIBxAD&usg=AOvVaw3XEIPOFpioO3cFJcttGb73