SEXUAL

OFFENDER
A N D HIS

OFFENSES
Etiology, Pathology, Psychopathology
and Treatment

O f in estim a b le p ractical v a lu e to p h ysician s, p s y c h i­

atrists, p sych oan alysts, p sych o lo g ists, law yers, sociologists, research ers, an d a ll those
p ro fessio n als in tereste d in a c q u irin g a scien tific o rie n ta tio n to th e p ro b lem o f
sexu al offenses.
T h e a u th o r’s fin d in gs, d o cu m en ted o b je c tiv e ly in m ore
th a n 3 0 0 m e tic u lo u sly rep o rted case-stu d ies p ro v id e th e first m eth o d ica l basis
fo r a p ra ctic a l program tow ard s b ro a d e r and m ore e ffe c tiv e m ed ica l and legal
op eratio n in th e area.

B E N JA M IN KAKPM AM

L
C h ie f P s y c h o th e r a p is t, S t. E liz a b e th s H o sp ita l, W a shin gton . D . C .
TH E SEXUAL O F F E N D E R AND HIS O FFEN SES

Etiology, Pathology, Psychodynam ics and Treatm ent

T h e sale of this volume is restricted to the medical and legal professions; to ministers and
educators; and to adult students of the psychological, biological and sociological sciences.
I. R EVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Гlie Sexual Offender
[ 1912- 1951] II. PSY C H O D Y N A M IC S

OF SEXUAL OFFENSES AND A and His Offenses

F O R M U LA TIO N OF THE PROBLEM

E T I O L O G Y , P A T H O L O G Y ,
Benjamin K arpm an, M .D .
C h ie f Psychotherapist, Saint E lizab eths H ospital,
P S Y C H O D Y N A M I C S A N D
W a sh in gton , D . C.

J U L I A N P R E S S , I N C . , Publisher I R E A T M E N T
Published by T he Julian Press, Inc.
251 Fourth Avenue, N ew York 10, N . Y . Copyright 1954, by D r. Benjamin Karpman.
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 Preface
\ mi н ig Ilie m any problem s presented b y disturbances in m ental life, none
i PI и us to have attracted so little atten tion as th e problem of sexual ab-
iMи nullities. T h ere are tw o probable reasons for it. O n e is th at n o t until
h i riitly has psychiatry, particularly conven tion al institutional psychiatry,

I. i иI m uch atten tion to sexual disturbances am ong the insane, regarding

I In г is secondary to m ore im portant m ental disturbances. O f course, all
suils of sexual peculiarities have been observed am ong the insane, some-
I imcs in a rather crude form , as in the instance of frank and open masturba-
I ii in, or more often in th e form s of sym bolic representation, as w hen a
Ihi I u ni w ould tenderly hug and kiss a pin-up girl; b u t all these w ere regarded
is being secondary and incidental to m ental disturbance. Further, whereas
il lias long been recognized that man cannot always control his m ind and,
I l i i ul i ire, cannot always b e responsible for entertaining ideas over the
ри '.спсе of w hich he has no control, it has always been claim ed th a t sexual
pm blcm s, being presum ably only physical, m ust always b e under the control
ol Ilie individual. T h erefore, any deviation from the norm al sexual path—
.mil il m ust be adm itted there arc m any— was always attributed to w ilful-
lu s on the part of th e individual, w ho was regarded as sim ply unw illing to
i mil rol his behavior. N evertheless, w e have observed individuals from tim e
10 lim e w hose sexual behavior was grossly and m ore than ordinarily ab-
tnal, although they seemed to be entirely norm al in other respects.
N1 inlying such deviates, som e workers in the field began to d oub t th e origi­
nal assum ption o f the absolute and sane norm ality of th e sexual instinct or
11 •>controllability b y sheer w ill, and accordingly began to show a particularly
м arching interest in the problem o f sexual deviations. B ecause o f the large
num ber of such cases, these workers becam e impressed w ith th e observation
Ilia I w hile th e individual fetishist, sadist or exhibitionist seems to b e en-
I iicly norm al, b u t w illfu l, this could n ot b e true of all o f them , since m any
have decried their ow n behavior and, therefore, could not be fully integrated
m entally. M an y workers in the field, therefore, began to suspect that there
be som ething profoundly w rong w ith these people, even if in other
inspects, and to all intents and purposes, they seem to be norm al and re­
sponsible.
A dm ittedly, the grow th of know ledge in regard to sexual abnorm alities
lias been rather slow and anything b u t spectacular; nonetheless there has
been a rather continuous developm ent, w hich the reader can see for him self
al ter a perusal o f the bibliography. B y 1910, W u lffe n had b rought together
VIII Preface
all the available m aterial, and we m ay regard his hook as the last o f th e
descriptive epoch, even though since then the publication of descriptive
m aterial has n ot entirely ceased. W h a t W u lffc n ’s work did n ’t have, and
w h at by virtue of the situation at that tim e, it cou ld n ’t have, was a dis­
cussion o f th e problem from the standpoint o f the psychodynam ics in­
volved. F or one thing, W u lffe n him self was a law yer and n ot a physician,
and was not likely to look for any orientation in psychodynam ics. Secondly,
there was no psychodynam ic literature available at th a t tim e; the only
existing pyschology of crim inality consisted of the study of the purely
m ental functions of crim inals.
G en erally speaking, the decade follow ing the publication of W u lffe n ’s
w ork was alm ost sterile, due in large measure to the interruption occasioned
b y W o r ld W a r I, w hich engulfed E urope in 1914, and then, by including
the U n ited States, virtually em braced the entire w orld. It took some tim e
after th e w ar was over for things to settle dow n, w h ich explains w hy the
literature on this subject, and perhaps on oth er subjects as w ell, has been
so meager.
W h ile W u lffe n ’s book represents the last m ajor effort o f the descriptive
aspect o f sexual abnorm alities, a new and entirely different trend was al­
ready in th e m aking. It was th e era o f psychodynam ics inaugurated by
F reu d ’s psychoanalysis. A s concerning particularly our present work, w e
single ou t for consideration his “ T h ree C on trib u tion s to the T h eo ry of
Sex.” Since the publication o f that rem arkable classic, there has been a
slow b u t un rem itting grow th in the direction of expounding and elaborating
our know ledge of the m ental abnorm alities, from the standpoint of psycho­
dynam ics. B u t in its early stages psychoanalytic literature was so concerned
w ith the problem o f elaborating upon the general clinical and theoretical
aspects o f psychoanalysis itself th at it did little w ith th e side problem s,
such as those presented by crim inality in general and sexual offenses in
particular. T h erefore, during th e decade 1 9 2 1 to 1 9 3 0 , w e find very little
m aterial on sexual offenders as such; m erely th e elaboration of m aterial on
w hich sexual offenses are based, for instance, general discussions of pedo­
philia, fetishism , scoptophilia and so on— reactions w h ich need n ot be
crim inal. It was only during th e third decade th at w e began to note some
very substantial contributions to th e problem of sexual offenses as such.
A full forty years have now passed since the publication of W u lffe n ’s
w ork, w hich is now chiefly of historical interest, havin g b een supplanted in
a large m easure b y the psychodynam ic approach. T h e first ten years that
follow ed W u lffe n ’s publication m ay be regarded as an incubation period
for the grow th and d evelopm ent of the study of sexual abnorm alities w hich
was to follow . T h ere appeared several fru itfu l studies, chiefly from psycho­
analytic sources, w hich were concerned w ith the probable causations of
abnorm al behavior, including sexual behavior. T h e n , by very slow steps,
in a slightly hesitant, alm ost tim id m anner, literature began to appear
taking up the problem o f sexual deviations, and this grew im perceptibly
Preface ix
I»*il willi alm ost geom etric proportions. B etw een 1921 and 1932 there were
Iailv about a half-dozen articles published dealing directly w ith sexual
n llciid n s. From 1933 to 194Г there were about five tim es as m any, w hile
Imiii 1942 through 1951 there was a total o f over one hundred.
M uch of this m aterial has appeared in individual studies, w hich did not
iillcmpt to relate them selves to other previous st udies. T h u s, one w ould
II poll a ease o f fetishism w hich, how ever, w ould not attem p t to correlate
il with other aspects o f fetishism . O r another contributor w ould report a
' a\r of transvestism and fail to take up the relation of this phenom enon
In oilier behavior to w hich it m ight be genetically related, i.e., fetishism ,
I losexuality. T h is was m ainly because workers were still groping in such
darkness, n ot yet having found a guiding line. So in th e course of years
I l i ne has accum ulated a substantial am ount of individually published
material in a great num ber o f different journals b u t w ith little attem p t at
correlation. T a k in g an over-all view o f the situation, w hen th e work in a
particular subject reaches such a point, it then becom es th e task of some
workers in th e field to gather together the m aterial on one subject and
a l l c mpt to synthesize and correlate it as a w hole. T h e present author feels
I hat the tim e is ripe for attem p ting such a correlation o f all th e studies w hich
have becom e available on sexual offenders in the last forty years. W h ile
adm ittedly a great m any of these are n ot very substantial, nonetheless they
do indicate trends; w hen one gets them all together, th e broader aspects of
I lie d evelopm ent can be better appreciated. T h e integrating and synthe­
sizing o f this m aterial should help us, in th e author’s opinion, to orient
ourselves w ith reference to th e situation and to m ap out plans for future
work. It is also hoped that an objective, strictly scientific hand ling of the
m aterial in a restrained way, w ith ou t appeal to the passions of the public,
w ill provide us w ith som ething substantial as a background. Q u ite possibly
it is th e lack of adequate clinical and scientific inform ation on the subject
w hich is responsible for the vast am ount of popular m isinform ation th at is
found w ith reference to it. O n ce there has been m ade available adequate
inform ation, the chances for a broader m en tal hygiene program , a more
h ealth fu l m edical, and even legal and popular plann ing w ill be entirely
possible.
PLAN OF THE W O R K
T h e work naturally divides itself into tw o alm ost equal sections. In the
first section, a fairly com plete review of the literature on the subject is
given. T h is is a bibliography covering forty years, from 1912 to 1951. V ir ­
tually n othin g was found in the first tw elve years o f bibliography, from 1912
to 1923, though all the journals had been exam ined very carefully in order
to ascertain w hether there was any pertinent reference m aterial available.
R ath er than abstract individual articles one by one, I have abstracted from
each article its essentials, under various headings, w hich gave m e an oppor­
tu n ity to study the variety of conditions under w hich sexual offenses arise
x Preface
and sexual offenders act. A t the end o f each chapter, I have m ade a succinct
sum m ary w hich should help the reader to co llect his impressions under
one organized heading.
O u t of this w elter of contributions, one emerges w ith m ixed feelings of
discouragem ent and respect; discouragem ent at the vast am ount of n on ­
sense, often very harm ful, that is being published under the guise of popular
enlightenm ent; respect for th e few sincere workers w ho, by dint of per­
sistent effort and careful clin ical studies, have m aterially advanced our
know ledge o f the sexual offender.
It is un fortunate that in by far the greatest num ber o f studies, especially
those th at are supposed to be for popular enlightenm ent, the sexual o f­
fender has been view ed as a m ere cross section, and th at no attem p t has
been m ade at a lon gitudinal reconstruction: his origin, his developm ent,
especially th e digression from th e path of norm al developm ent, his position
in the schem e of things sexual and also his position in the general schem e
o f cultural developm ent; this in spite of the fact th at there has lon g been
available the ingenious and careful clinical studies th at date from F reu d ’s
great classic, “ T h ree C on trib u tion s to the T h eo ry o f Sex,” th e m asterful
case studies by Stekel, both later elaborated upon b y such gifted m inds as
Abraham , Ferenczi, Lorand, R ab in ovitch and a few others w ho contributed
so m uch to the fram ew ork w ithin w hich one has to work in order to under­
stand the sexual offender.
T h e second section o f the work presents m y view o f the subject through
the m edium o f m y personal clinical experiences, as w ell as the psycho-
biological background developed in the course of over thirty years of work
in psychoanalysis. I have always shied aw ay from theoretical discussions,
attem p tin g to buttress all m y considerations w ith actual clinical experiences.
W h e n sufficient m aterial on a particular aspect of the subject has accum u­
lated, I then draw conclusions. O u t of this m aterial, if enough of it is
available, I form concepts w hich on the surface m ay seem like theoretical
discussions, b u t w hich are actually based on clinical experience. In other
words, m y process is entirely inductive rather than deductive. Just as in
the first section, here, too, I have prepared a sum m ary follow ing each chap­
ter w hich presents to the reader the highlights o f the particular topic there
discussed.
H um an behavior as a definitive psychobiologieal phenom enon can only
b e understood in relation to other biological phenom ena. H ere, in the very
nature o f things, the sexual instinct m ust be considered as o f prim e im ­
portance in the developm ent of sexual psychopathy. F or this reason, in
C h a p ter 15, I discuss in general the biological aspect o f sex and psycho-
biological deviations. F ollow in g this, I take up the problem o f overt h om o­
sexuality, w hich is not of any particular im port in the sub-hum an anim al
w orld b u t clearly becom es significant in th e hum an being. B oth the absolute
hom osexual and the bisexual find a place here. Still m ore im portant than
overt hom osexuality is the m uch larger and vastly m ore significant problem
Preface xi
nl latent hom osexuality. It is out of this th at m uch of w hat w e know as
м Mi ll psychopathic behavior emerges. In b oth these chapters, dealing w ith
mi' ll and laten t hom osexuality, th e problem of m asturbation loom s large;
111■ I careful, even if brief, consideration is given to this topic. (L im itation s
nl '.pace have prevented m e from enlarging on this topic to w hich alone
1 whole volu m e could be devoted.) In tim ately conn ected w ith hom o-
м suality is the problem o f incest. T h o u g h in a sense they m ay have sepa-
1 1I1 roots, they are so closely intertw ined as to m ake one appear alm ost an
nilcgial part o f th e other. T h e study continues w ith the presentation of
llic llicsis that perversions are particular types of neuroses, high ly specific
In be sure, b u t nonetheless stem m ing basically from the same sources. T h a t
1 nil perversions are basically facultative rather than constitution al in
llu и nature becom es clearly evident in th e study of sex life in prison where
I In more norm al heterosexually-constituted individual becom es a prey and
a vu I mi to the paraphilias because o f inadequate outlet for a norm al sexual
■ l ine. Because of the fa ct th at for the m ost part th e sexual offender has
In i и considered m erely in cross section w ith ou t any attem p t to understand
Iin и as a part o f a definite psychobiologieal developm ent, it was necessary
I" !,il e up the consideration of the legal aspects. T h e legal m ind, it appears,
ilot not understand, and apparently is u nable to grasp, the psychodynam ics
"I sexual developm ent; it can not for the same reason understand the sexual
"Hi nder in his total developm ent. Y e t, since it is the law w hich controls
llu laic of the sexual offender, it is absolutely necessary for psychiatrists and
I iwvcis to get together on a com m on platform . T h e chapter on the norm al
I" 1veil is perhaps rather new in the field of sexual psychodynam ics, since
In all standards a pervert is considered abnorm al and therefore, logically,
I In w could Ire no such th in g as a norm al pervert. I have no intention to
man I his point. F o r th e m ost part, I agree entirely that any perversion
1 ibuonnal, especially if in the term perversion there is im plicit the com-
pli 11011 of the perversive act and such act is n o t m erely a prelim inary to the
mu т а I sexual act. B u t w h at I have in m ind is to point out th at though an
u и livid ual m ay be perverted in the sexual field, this reaction, and th e psy-
1 luilogv concom itan t w ith it, need n ot prevent him from b ein g an otherwise
ii'.cliil and entirely honorable m em ber o f th e com m unity; just as an indi-
vulnal may be a cripple, or show som e other d efect or diseased physical
' "mi l l i on, b u t still m aintain a norm al position in society.
Follow ing this, I present m y form ulation of th e entire problem o f sexual
nllcnscs as seen from m y ow n clinical experience. In order to use as objective
111 approach as possible, I have gathered the opinions of some thirty men
mil wom en, m ost of w hom are experts in this and related fields. W h ile
llu general m edical practitioner can not b e considered an expert, it is a fact
I lit I In sees a great m any conditions o f this kind in his general practice,
liul il seemed im portant, therefore, to get his point o f view.
I lie work concludes w ith a bibliography w hich m ay b e divided roughly
iiilu two parts: lliosc marked w ith an asterisk are references w hich have
xii Preface
been used directly in th e work itself; those not so m arked represent my
general background w hich has n ot been utilized b y direct quotations in
the text b u t is evident throughout in the presentation o f the m aterial.
T h u s, though I do n ot quote F reu d ’s “ T h ree C on trib u tion s to the T h eo ry
of Sex” directly, nor along w ith it th e cases of Stekel, w h ich contributed
so m uch to our understanding, nonetheless they form a part of the experi­
ence w ithout w h ich this work could never have been w ritten. (In the chart
placed in the A ppendix, I present, for the convenience of the reader and
in the diagram m atic form of a tree, the various paraphilias and their rela­
tions to other psychobiologic reaction types.)
Inasm uch as Section II discusses virtually th e same topics as Section I,
though it has considerably different content, there is bound to occur a
certain am ount o f un avoidable duplication. A d d ition ally, in Section II
itself, repetitions occur. It is difficult to discuss transvestism w ith ou t dis­
cussing fetishism and the tw o w ith ou t discussing hom osexuality and other
paraphilias th a t are related to these. F o r this reason, I felt it necessary to
prepare, in addition to a sum m ary for each chapter, a final, one m igh t say
grand summary, w hich organizes under various headings th e diversity of
topics discussed throughout the book b u t avoiding duplications and repe­
titions. T h is am ounts to a synopsis en abling th e reader to fix in his m ind
the w hole b ook w ith th e specific argum ents and com m ents om itted.
F or m any years I have been teaching classes of m edical students, nurses,
social workers, college students, lawyers, post-graduate m edical students
and so on. I have found b y experience th at one can convey th e m aterial
to an audience best by using th e audio-visual m ethod. W h e n seeing and
hearing are com bined, it impresses itself b etter and is retained b etter in
o n e’s m ind. In the A ppendix, I have tw o charts: one w hich shows the ram i­
fications and th e interrelationship betw een th e neuroses and psychoses on
the one hand, and neuroses and paraphilias on the other hand; and if there
be a third hand, the relation o f all these to psychopathy, w hich I regard as
a distinct m ental disease that sends its ram ifications into m any aspects of
hum an behavior. T h e second chart gives in a diagram m atic form the various
paraphilias and the subdivisions o f each, th e sam e including the synonym s
as w ell as varieties.
A word should be said abou t the inclusion o f a psychogenetic inventory.
In direct analysis, w h at is com m on ly know n as the couch m ethod, the
physician depends for his inform ation chiefly on free associations and
dream interpretation w hich latter stim ulates the production of m ore asso­
ciative m aterial. Som e patients, how ever, are n ot adapted to this m ethod
and for these I have developed the questionnaire m ethod, as represented by
th e inventory. E xtensive as it may appear, how ever, such inventory is ex­
ceedingly small com pared w ith the im m ense num ber of questions that one
can ask and keep on asking a patient, m odifying, enlarging, am plifyin g and
so on before th e m aterial is exhausted. T h e inventory lists only general
questions, specific questions being prepared for each case individually. T h u s,
Preface xiii
11 a patient is an only child, certain questions are asked of him or of her
I hat would n ot b e asked of him or o f her if he or she were a m em ber o f a
l uge fam ily. T h e purpose of this inventory is not to expect the reader to
use il on his n eighbor or branch out into history-taking b u t m ainly to show
I In' wide variety of aspects and facets there are in hum an life.
T h ere are m any questions that are of too rem ote or of too techn ical a
i in Ilire w hich I have om itted. T h u s, I have questions on death and dying
.is form ulated b y Schilder and Brom berg, by C ap rio and others. N o r have
I included such highly technical m aterial that deals w ith the “ body im age”
is form ulated b y Schilder, H ead and others. By the term “ body im age” w e
II n an the picture of our body as it appears to us m entally. It em bodies the
si ream of sensations that bom bard the surface of our body, as w ell as the
positions of th e body; w hat is know n as the postural m odel of the body.
Hut our body has an inside as w ell as an outside; it has a gestalt or a shape,
I lie totality of reactions b eing synthesized w ith a consistent w hole.
I have accepted the original Freudian approach, eschew ing for the m ost
part other approaches, such as th at o f cultural analysis, because I found th e
'.I iictly analytical biological approach far m ore rem unerative in results than
any other that I have tried; and I have tried them all. T h e A dlerian ap-
proach covers b u t one aspect of the situation, th e feeling of inferiority being
often no m ore than th e result o f guilt, open or cryptic. Jung eschews the
biological and the sexual in favor o f the spiritual approach w hich, at
least in m y experience, does not work here. T h e w ork of cultural analysts,
i ('presented b y Karen H om ey, F rom m , Sullivan and others, has been found
Iо be o f no help in this study since they, too, ignore the very basis of dis-
1111 bed sexuality— its biology and pathology. In going over the literature on
I lie subject, I have been impressed w ith the fact that not a single study
by Ihcse cultural analysts was found th at bore on the problem of sexual
offenses or sexual pathology in its proper and intim ate sense. T h is is a
singular, serious and unfortunate om ission. It is like studying geography
wlicn you wish to find out th e location o f oil in the bow els of th e earth;
wliat you need is a geological exploration. T h e ir histories are like treatises
on geography before th e discovery o f the Am ericas— a large con tin en t sur­
rounded by a vast ocean expanse, so m uch missing. A fter having struggled
willi these approaches and found them w anting, I inevitably cam e back
Iо the Freudian approach w hich is the only one in m y experience to give
me ;i proper perspective and, w hat is still m ore im portant, h elp ful clinical
dem onstrations of effective psychotherapy and cure.
A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S

СF atefu l appreciation is given here to M iss E dn a F lorance and M r. Joseph

ti pper for their generous editorial assistance in the preparation o f this
m anuscript. T o D r. and M rs. Francis N eil W a ld ro p , 1 am indebted
11 n their m eticulous and uniform ly excellent preparation o f th e subject
index. 1 am under further obligation to M r. R aym ond M cN am ara for pre­
paring so carefully and m eticulously the nam e index. T o D r. Sarah T .
Sliloffer, D r. Frank S. C ap rio, D r. M ich a el J. W o o d b u ry, D r. L eon J.
I'.pstien and D r. G en evieve M cE ld o w n ey, I am indebted for proofreading.
I о Professor A lain Locke, I am indebted for m uch useful help in the gen-
• |a I social orientation incid en t to the problem . T o M rs. Jean C o llin s and
Mi s. M o zelle B. T eter, I am indebted for their superior and m eticulous
secretarial assistance given. T o the A m erican A cad em y o f A rts and Sci­
e n c e s, 1 am indebted for a considerate grant w hich helped m e w hip the
m anuscript into final shape. I am particularly grateful to D r. H udson
I loagland, E xecutive D irector of T h e W o rcester F oun d ation for E xperi­
mental B iology and m em ber of the A m erican A cad em y o f Arts and S ci­
e n c e s , for his sponsoring, sym pathetic understanding and encouragem ent
given.
I In' case m aterial used in the text is drawn from a broad clinical experi-
I IK с extending over thirty years. D ates, nam es, ages, settings and other
•l i ti have been so changed and telescoped that out o f the presentation
I lu re emerges a com posite clinical picture having no reference to any
•и 11in I person.

I lie author also wishes to point out that due to the fact that so m uch
••I Ilie m aterial contained in this w ork has been com piled and extracted
I к mi num erous sources, it was virtually im possible to achieve anything
Inil a relative degree o f consistancy in style.
 General Contents

PREFACE; PLAN OF THE W O R K vii

SE C T IO N I: R eview of the Literature (1 9 1 2 -1 9 5 1 ) 1

L1 ( Г IО N II: Psychodynam ics of Sexual O ffenses and Form ulation

о I the Problem 291
 Contents

Preface; Plan of the W ork Vll

S E C T I O N I
R eview o f the Literature (1 9 1 2 -1 9 5 1 )

1. I he Sex Offender: Definitions and Descriptions

A. SEXUAL OFFENSE л
4
B. OFFENDERS g

1. Sex O ffen d er g
2. T h e Sexual P sychopath 9
3. Psychopathic Personality у
4. T h e Aggressive Sexual D eviate 8
5. Psychiatrically-D eviated Sex O ffen d er 8

SUMMARY 8

2. Sexual Offenses: Types and Classifications

A. TYPES

1. Incest 10
2. Sadom asochism 10
3. R ap e 12
4. N ecrophilia x^
5. Fetishism ^
6. H om osexuality
 E. RACE ANDN A T I O N A L I T Y 34
7- Sodom y and Pederasty 14
8. Transvestism 14 F. AGE 35
9. Pedophilia, C arn al A buse 14 1. A ge of Sex O ffenders in G en eral 35
10. Zooerasty; Zoophilia 15 2. O ffenses C haracteristic of D ifferen t A ge
11. O b scen ity and Pornography 15 G roups 35
12. E xhibition ism and Indecent Exposure 16 a. Young Offenders
13. V oyeurism and Scoptophilia 17 b. Older Offenders
14. A b d u ction and Seduction 18
G. s e x 37
15. Indecent A ssault 18
II. RELIGION 37
B. CLASSIFICATIONS l8

SUMMARY 19
I. PERSONALITY 3^

SUMMARY 39

3. Sex Offenses: Distribution and Interrelation

A. FREQUENCY 22
3. Psychiatric Classification of Sexual Offenses 41

1. Sex C rim e W a v e 22 A. PERSONALITY M ALADJUSTMENT 42

2. D ifficu lty of E stim atin g N u m b er o f Sex B. INFANTILE CHARACTER OF ABNORMAL

C rim es 24 SEXUALITY 44
3. Proportion of Sexual to N onsexual O ffenses 25
C. PURPOSE OF PERVERSE ACTS 4^
4. R elative Frequency of O ccurrence 26
D. SEXUAL PSYCHOPATHY AS NEUROSIS 47
B. TIME AND P L A C E OFO C C U R R E N C E 27
1. D istinguished from Obsessional N eurosis 47
C. RELATION BETWEENOFFENSES 28
2. D istinguished from H ysterical N eurosis 47
1. C o n n ectio n w ith N onsexual O ffenses 28
summary 48
a. Rape
b . E x h ib itio n ism
c. Fetishism 6. Sex Offenders: Classifications and Special Types 49
2. R elation o f O ffenses to E ach O th e r 28 A. CLASSIFICATIONS 5°
3. D istin ctio n B etw een Sexual and N onsexual
B. SPECIAL TYPES 51
O ffenses 29
1. T h e N on -P athological O ffen d er 51
s u m m a r y 29
2. T h e Juvenile O ffen der 52
a. Guilty of Sexual Offenses Alone
4. Distribution of Sex Offenders b. T h e Generally Delinquent Juvenile Offender
A. INTELLIGENCE 32 c. T h e Sexually Delinquent Girl

B. EDUCATION 33 3. T h e P oten tial O ffen der 59

4. T h e “ C o n stitu tio n a l” P sychopath 60
C. OCCUPATIONAL STATUS 33

D. MARITAL STATUS 34 SUMMARY 63

 7- R eactions to Sex C rim es 65
о Motivations
Л. V IC T IM S OF SEX OFFENSES 66 99
EMOTIONAL ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL
1. W h o A re th e V ictim s? 66 MOTIVATION 1 00
2. Predisposition to V ictim iza tio n 67
MOTIVATION OF PARTICULAR OFFENSES I OI
3. E ffects U pon V ictim s 67
a. Mental-Emotional 1 O b scen ity and Pornography 101
2. Incest 102
b. Physical Effects
J. Pedophilia 104
c. Effects of Court Procedure Upon Children
4. Sodom y 111
B. COMMUNITY REACTION TO SEX CRIME 70
3. 'transvestism 112
c. o f f e n d e r s ’ a t t i t u d e t o w a r d o f ­ 6. V oyeurism n 4
f e n s e s 7J 7. Fetishism jjg
8. Sadom asochism
SUMMARY 73 1 1 9
9. R ape 120
10. Lust-M urder 122
8. Factors C o n trib u tin g to Sexual D eviation 75 11. N ecrophilia 12 ^
12. Prostitution 12g
A. CONSTITUTIONAL FACTORS 76
13. W h ite Slavery, B igam y 131
B. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 77
14. B estiality x ^2
1. U n h e a lth y B a ck g ro u n d In flu en ces 77
OCCULT SEXUAL PSYCHOPATHY 133
2. Socio-Econom ic 80
1. Sexual M o tivation o f N on-Sexual Crim es
3. Parental A ttitu d es 81 43
2. Substitute O ffenses
a. Neglect 43
a. Crimes of Violence
b. Attitudes Toward Sexual Matters
b. Stealing
c. Rejection
c. Pyromania
d. Over-Protcction
d. Braid-cutting
e. Parental Personalities
e. Swindling
4. Psychic T rau m a 86
m m a r y 143
C. PHYSICAL FACTORS 88

1. O rganic C han ges 88

. Homosexuality
2. Physical Injury or H andicaps 90
A. ETIOLOGY
148
D. PSYCHOSIS
1. R etardation 1^
E. MENTAL DEFICIENCY 9^
2. F am ily Situation
F. ALCOHOLISM gy 3. C on stitu tion al Factors
G. OTHER FACTORS 9у 4. Seduction

SUMMARY 97 B. THE HOMOSEXUAL AS A PERSONALITY

TYPE 155
 CO
D. FACTORS IN EXHIBITIONISM

iH
C. LATENT HOMOSEXUALITY 156
1. M echanism s 187
D. HOMOSEXUALITY AND DELINQUENCY 1 57
2. C astration 188
1. G en eral D elin q u en cy 137
2. H om osexual P rostitution 159
3- D efiance and Frustration 189
4 - H om osexuality 190
E. THE H O M O S E X U A L IN THE ARMY 163
5- Im potence 19 1
F. TREATMENT ^ 3 6. Incest 192
SUMMARY 164 7 - M asturbation 196
8. Narcissism
*97
11. Exhibitionism x6y 9 - O rality 199
10. R eligious C o n flict 199
A. THE EXHIBITIONIST 160 11. R evenge 200
1. Classifications of E xhibitionists 169 12. Sadom asochism 200
2. Personality x iz
4 - Inferiority 201
3. P ath ology 1?2 Ц. Progression 202
4. Syndrom e ^
И. RELATION TO SCOPTOPHILIA AND
5. Sex
OTHER PARAPHILIAS 203
B. ETIOLOGY
F. DISGUISED EXHIBITIONISM 206
1. O rganic Factors 175
2. E nviron m en t 174 G. TREATMENT 206
a. Character of Parents 1. T ech n iq u e 206
b. Oedipus Situation 2. O bstacles 207
c. Prudery 3- Prognosis 207
d. Psychic Trauma
NUMMARY 208
3. Precipitating Factors 181

c. THE ATTACK ^4
1 Mcdico-Legal Aspects
1. F requency and O n set 184
A. CRITICISMS OF EXISTING LAWS
2. Place of O ccurrence 184' 21S
3. Prodrom al Sym ptom s 185 1. V ariatio n s and Inconsistencies 21S
4. Parts E xh ib ited 185 2. Failure to R ecogn ize Psychological Aspects 216
5. Consciousness х8з 3- U nreal D istin ctions B etw een Sanity and In­
6. M asturbation х8г sanity
217
7. A ccom p an yin g A ction s 185
11. Dll ’ F I C U L T I E S OF ENFORCEMENT 220
8. R ecovery r 86
1. R elu ctan ce to R eport 220
9. V ictim s л.86
a. W h o Are the Victim s? 2. C red ib ility of W itn esses 220

b. Effect of W itness’ Reaction on Exhibitionist 3- C h argin g w ith Fess Serious O ffense 220

c. Effect on C hild Victim s 4 ’ Severity o f Punishm ent 221

 С. A DМ I N IST RATION О I*' L A W S 221
2. Failure o f P unishm ent asa D eterren t to
1. C oop eration w ith Psychiatrist 221
C rim e 249
a. Lack of Qualification of Judge and Jurymen
3. M align an t E ffects of Im prisonm ent 251
b. Failure to Utilize Psychiatric Aid
a. Effects on Young Offender
2. D efense o f Present Approach 222 1). Aggravation of Hostility
d . “ s e x u a l p s y c h o p a t h ” l a w s 223 c. Encouragement of Sexual Abnormalities

1. E xam ples o f Legislation 223 E. SEGREGATION 253

2. A dvantages 224 F. PAROLE 256
a. Broader Definition
G. PSYCHIATRICTREATMENT 256
b. Indeterminate Sentence
c. Psychiatric Examinations 1. L im itation s o f Psychiatry 256
3. Criticism s 2. C on d itio n s o f T reatm en t 258
226
a. Misconceptions Regarding Sex Crimes a. Prison

b. Disagreement as to Definition b. M ental Hospital

c. Deprivation of Fundamental Rights c. As Out-Patients

d. failu re to Catch Serious Criminals d. Recommended Special Institutions

e. Lack of Treatm ent Facilities 3. D iagnosis 261
f. Inconsistency 4. T h erap y D irected T ow ard Specific O ffenses
g. Lack of Distinctions or G roups 262
h. Criticisms of Particular Laws a. Statutory Rape

4. Effectiveness 233 b. Pedophilia

c. T he Juvenile Offender
E. RECOMMENDATIONS AS TO LEGISLATION 234
d. T he Constitutional Psychopathic Inferior
1. Is N ew L egislation Necessary? 234
5. Special M ethod s of T h erap y 263
2. Revision o f Statutes 236
a. Brief Psychotherapy
3- Factors to be C onsidered in E n actin g Legis- b. Autobiographical Method
lation 2?6
c. Other Types of Psychotherapy
4. Trends 2yj
d. Aids to Psychotherapy
SUMMARY 2 37 6. Prognosis 266
a. Aggressive Deviates

13. Treatment b. Psychopathic Personality

c. Juvenile Offenders
A. SURGERY 245 d. Offenders Against Children
B. HORMONE OR ENDOCRINE THERAPY 247 e. Sex Offenders in General

C. ELECTROSHOCK s u m m a r y 268
247
D. PRISON
248
1 |. Prevention 271
1. Im prisonm ent as T h erapy 248
A. VARIOUS SUGGESTIONS FOR CONTROL 2J 2
 B. IDENTIFICATION 274
17. I ,atent I Iom osexuality
1. Is E arly Identification Possible? 274 A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
2. R ecidivism 276
B. PARAPHILIAS AND UNCONSCIOUS HOMO­
3. W h e n the D eviate Becom es D angerous 278
SEXUALITY
C. ROLE OF THE PARENTS 279
C. HOMOSEXUAL EXPEDIENTS: FELLATIO,
1. Protection of Individual C h ild ren from A s­
CUNNILINGUS AND PEDERASTY
sault 279
D. INDEXES OF LATENT HOMOSEXUALITY
2. P reventing D eviation in C h ildren 279
E. MASTURBATION AS A FORM OF MASKED
D. ROLE OF SOCIETY 281
HOMOSEXUALITY
1. E du cation 281
F. DREAMS AS INDEXES TO LATENT HOMO­
2. Facilities 283
SEXUALITY
E. ROLE OF PSYCHIATRY 285
G. SOCIAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS
1. Research 285
SUMMARY 329
2. M issionary W o r k 286
3. Investigation o f R eform s 287
18. Incest
s u m m a r y 288
A. INCEST, BIOLOGICALLY

B. INCEST, CULTURALLY
S E C T I O N II
C. RELATION OF INCEST TO PARAPHILIAS
(Psychodynam ics of Sexual O ffenses and F orm ulation of the
P roblem ) D. RELATION OF PARAPHILIAS TO HETERO­

SEXUAL DIFFICULTIES
INTRODUCTION 293
E. PARAPHILIAS AND PSYCHOSOMATICS
15. Bisexuality and Psychobiological Deviations 295
F. RELATION BETWEEN INCEST AND HOMO­
A. THE BIOLOGICAL MEANING OF PRO­
SEXUALITY
CREATION 296
B. THE BASIC ANIMAL BISEXUALITY 298 G. THE OEDIPAL PROBLEM, THE FLIGHT

C. BISEXUAL DEVIATIONS 298 FROM INCEST, AND PARAPHILIAS

D. CONSCIOUS HOMOSEXUALITY 299 NUMMA RY 338

E. UNCONSCIOUS HOMOSEXUALITY 299

SUMMARY 3OO 19. 'I'lie Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)

A. CULTURAL PARAPHILIAS
16. Overt Homosexuality 301 1. Incest
A. THE MEANING OF TYPES INH O M O ­ 2. Pedophilia
SEXUALITY 3 02 3. R ape
B. THE BISEXUAL 308
B. BIOLOGICAL PARAPHILIAS
C. THE WOMAN HOMOSEXUAL 310
1. M asturbation
SUMMARY 314 2. H om osexuality
 3- Transvestism 350 Sex Life in Prison 403
4. Fetishism 35 1 A. ATTITUDES TOWARD SEX LIFE OF PRIS­
5. Partialism 354
ONERS . 4 0 4
6. Sadom asochism 355
B. EARLY REACTIONS TO SEX PRIVATION
7. E xhibition ism and V oyeu rism 356
IN PRISON 405
8. F rottage 357
C. ABNORMAL SEXUAL PRACTICES IN
9. N ecrophilia 35^
PRISON 407
10. Zoophilia (or B estiality) 358
11. O b scen ity (or P ornography) 360 1). PARAPHILIAC (PERVERSIVE) TRENDS AND

12. C oprop hilia 3^° BEHAVIOR 408

E. THE LATE EFFECTS OF SEX PRIVATION
C. SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS CON­
IN PRISON 410
CERNING THE PARAPHILIAS 362
F. TREATMENT 411
D. THE MEANING OF PARAPHILIAS 362
И M A R Y 413
E. MARRIAGE AND PARAPHILIAS 367

F. HETEROSEXUAL PERVERSITIES 371

The Normal Pervert 413
G. ALLOSOCIAL PERVERSITIES 374
M M A R Y 454
1. E con om ic Perversities 374
2. C rim in al Perversities 37^
Incidental Considerations Bearing on the Problem of
3. P olitical Perversities 37^
Sexual Offenses 460
4. C u ltu ra l Perversities 378
A. MEDICAL-LEGAL INADEQUACIES 460
summ ary 379
II. PERVERTS MUST LIVE 466
MMARY 472
20. The Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias)
A. NEUROSES ANDP A R A P H I L I A S A COM ­

PARISON 3 85
'I lie Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 477
I IIO D U C TIO N 477
B. CASE STUDIES 3 89

1. C ase O n e: H om osexuality 390 A. THE NOSOLOGICAL POSITION OF SEXUAL

2. C ase T w o : E xhibition ism 393 PSYCHOPATHY WITHIN THE FRAM E­

3. C ase T h ree: M u ltip le Paraphilia 396 WORK OF NEUROSIS 478

C. GENERAL COMMENTS 397 1. M ean in g of the Paraphiliac Neuroses 479

1. T h e Psychoneurotic Structure of Paraphilias 397 2. Sexual Psychopathy in R elation to Paraphilias 480
2. T h e Social A spects o f Paraphilias 398 3. R elation o f Specific Paraphilias to E ach O th e r 482
3. Paraphilias and Psychopathies— A C om p ari­ 4. Paraphilias and P sychopathy 482
son 399 II CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF SEXUAL

D. CONCLUSIONS 40 0 PSYCHOPATHY 483

SUMMARY 400 1. Irresistible C haracter o f Paraphiliac O ffenses 483

 2. Sexual Psychopathy and N on-Scxual C rim es 484 BACKGROUND OF PARAPHILIAS AND SEX

3. D istribution 485 OFFENSES 603

4. R elation to N orm al Sex L ife 485 1. Infantilism 603

2. Incest 603
c. e t i o l o g y 485
3- E tiological Factors 604
D. TREATMENT 486
4 - C om p o n en ts of Specific O ffenses and Para­
1. Legal Approach 486 philias 604
2. Psychiatric A p proach 488
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING
E. PROPHYLAXIS 488 SEXUAL CRIME 607
F. CONCLUSIONS 49O 1 E xten t and D istribution 607

C. DISCUSSION (3 G rou ps) 492 2 Society and the Sex O ffen der 607

3 R arity o f Sex C rim es A m o n g W o m e n 608

SUMMARY 577
4 R ecidivism 608

5 C on n ection w ith N on-Sexual C rim es 608

25. Topical Synopsis 6 Progression 608
A. DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS 596 M o rality and Perversions 608
7
1. Sexual O ffenses 59^ HO M O S E X U A L I T Y 609
2. Paraphilias 59^
1 Basis and E tiology 609
3. Paraphiliac E xpedients 59^
2 Types 609
4. T h e N orm al Pervert 59^
3 L ate n t H om osexuality 610
5. Specific O ffenses 59^
4 Social Im plications o f H om osexuality 6 11
6. T h e Sexual P sychopath 597
5 H om osexuality in Prison 612
7. Classifications o f Sex O ffenses 59^
6 T reatm en t 612
B. SEX OFFENSES, PARAPHILIAS AND N E U ­
FO RENSIC ASPECTS 612
ROSES 598
1. Criticism s and D efenses o f G en eral Sex Laws 612
1. Sex O ffenses and Psychopathy 598
2. R egarding “ Sexual P sychopath” Legislation 613
2. Sexual P sychopathy as(P araphiliac) N euroses 599
3- Recom m endations R egarding Legislation 614
3. Paraphiliac Neuroses and Neuroses in G en eral 599
4. C rim in al Paraphilia and C om pu lsion N e u ­
TREATMENT 614

rosis 600 1. Punishm ent or Segregation 614

5. N orm al O ffenses and O ffenders 600 2. Surgery, E ndocrines, E lectroshock 6 l5
3- Psychotherapy 6 l5
C. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CRIMINAL
APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM 616
SEX ACT 6oi
1. G en eral Suggestions for C on tro l 616
1. N atu re o f the Sexual D rive 601
2. F am ily A ttitud es 616
2. V ictim s 601
3- Research, Train in g, Facilities 616
3. Purpose 602
4 - R o le of Psychiatry 617
4. R eactions 602
26. Bibliography 620
INTRODUCTION 62O

A. A CRITICAL SURVEY OF THE EXISTING

LITERATURE ON THE PROBLEM OF SEX­

UAL OFFENDERS 625

1912 -19 2 6 625 S E C T I O N I

19 2 7 -I9 3 I 627

19 3 2 -19 3 6 629 UFV IE W OF THE L IT E R A T U R E (1912-1951)

1 937_1 94 1 6 3°
19 4 2 -19 4 6 639

1 947 _1 95 1 649
B. SURVEY 670

C. SUMMARIZING 674
1. G en eral Studies 674
2. M aterial D evoted to Specific O ffenses 675
(a) Homosexuality
(b) Prostitution
(c) Obscenity
(d) Fetishism
(e) Necrophilia
(f-i) Voyeurism, Transvestism, W h ite Slavery, Incest
3. Studies of Special G rou ps 676
4. State and C ity Reports 677
5. Sex and C rim e 677
6. Legal Aspects 677
7. T rea tm en t 678

D. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES:

BY AUTHORS 679

Psychogenic Inventory 693

Author Index 725
Subject Index 733
Charts 746
I THE SEX OF F E N D E R :

D E F I N I T I O N S A N D D E S C R I P T I O N S

Л SHXUAL O FFEN SE 4

Il O FFE N D E R S 6

1. Sex O ffen d er 6

1. The Sexual Psychopath 6

j. P sychopathic Personality у

|. T h e Aggressive Sexual D ev iate 8

5. Psychiatrically-D eviated Sex O ffen d er 8

• 1 M M ARY 8

. The Sex Offender:
Definitions and Descriptions
A. SEX U AL O FFEN SE
Sex offenses are behavior that offends a particular society in a particular
culture. M o n ogam y is acceptable, w hile adultery and prom iscuity are ta­
boo in our society, b u t not in certain others. R ap e and incest have flour­
ished in certain cultures. Incest is considered harm ful because it binds the
m ature individual too strongly to the fam ily; this is a cultural, n ot a n atu­
ral taboo. In decen t exposure is another purely cultural taboo. If people w alk
around naked all the tim e, then w earing covering is a form o f sexual a t­
traction. Sodom y, if tolerated, w ould lead to race destruction. Sex taboos
and laws serve a life-preserving fu n ction in any particular society. Sex o f­
fenders are individuals w hose sex behavior runs counter to currently es­
tablished sex taboos, w hich are necessary to preserve any one m oral pat­
tern (W o rtis, 1939).
Frosch and B rom berg (1939) group sex offenses under five categories:
statutory rape, sex offenses associated w ith force w ith fem ales capable o f
the act; pedophilia, hom osexual activity, and incest.
T h e m ost n otable o f crimes included under sex charges are rape, inde­
cent exposure, incest, im pairing morals, prostitution, and various com ­
binations. D efinitions differ in the distinction betw een felon y and mis­
dem eanor (H enry & Gross, 2, 1940).
M a y o r s C o m m itte e considers: F orcib le rape, statutory rape, carnal
abuse, sodom y, incest, abduction, seduction, im pairing morals o f a m inor,
indecent exposure (194 0 ).
Sex offenses are classified as: (1) incest (2) sex relations associated
w ith force (3) statutory rape (4) hom osexuality (5 ) pedophilia (ch il­
dren under 16) (6) indecent exposure (A p felb erg, Sugar and Pfeffer
1944).
L ast (1946) includes sadism and m asochism , fetishism , transvestism ,
necrophilia, voyeurism and bestiality.
T h ere are two degrees o f gravity: sex felonies and sex m isdem eanors.
In N ew Y o rk state, felonies are forcible rape, statutory rape, seduction, ab­
duction, incest and carnal abuse. M isdem eanors are im pairing the morals
T he Sexual Offender: Definitions and Descriptions 5
nl a m inor, and indecent exposure. “ D isorderly con d u ct” includes voyeur­
ism, fetishism (hair snipping and stealing w om en ’s c lo th in g ), m olesting
women, transvestism, m ale and fem ale prostitution (H irning, 3, 194 7).
Lnglish-Am erican legal codes characterize all pre-marital, extra-marital
hi ul post-marital intercourse as rape, statutory rape, fornication, adultery,
I'institution, association w ith a prostitute, incest, delinquency, a contribu-
I ion lo delinquency, assault and battery, or public indecency— all of w hich
ii 1г offenses w ith penalties attached. In addition to their restrictions on
lirlcrosexual intercourse, statute law and the com m on law penalize all
linmosexual activities and all sexual contacts w ith anim als, and they spe-
■ilieally lim it the technics of m arital intercourse. M outh-genital and anal
II>111 icts are punishable as crimes w hether they occur in heterosexual or
linmosexual relations and w hether in or outside o f marriage. T h e public
1 11ibition o f any kind o f sexual activity, including self-m asturbation, or
IIn- viewing o f such activity, is punishable as a contribution to delinquency
in as public indecency (K insey, Pom eroy and M artin, 1948).
< lin n (1949) considers only assaults on children, m ale or female; hom o-
si Miality; indecent exposure; and obscene letters or calls.
Л sex crim e is any Criminal act in w hich some type o f sexual satisfaction
IS I lie m otivating force of th e crim e (D r. G eo . N . T h om p son , C a l. report,
IQiJO).
Sex offenses are classified as: ( 1 ) illegal intercourse a. w here m ethod is
I lie distinguishing characteristic— rape w ith ou t consent, abduction, seduc-
ilon, prostitution, b. w here relation or status of parties is the distinguish-
"' 1 characteristic— incest, adultery, fornication (2) unnatural practices
III attem pts at the above offenses (4) those constitutin g cmbarrass-
"H nl or nuisance, involvin g no physical contact— voyeurism , exhibitionism ,
111.1.111rbation, public obscenity (5 ) catch-all sex crim inal statutes (6)
■limes sexually m otivated, as m urder, arson, theft, burglary, kidnapping,
' lull and battery (7 ) crimes against children (C a l. R eport, 1950).
<)ld E nglish law classifies sexual offenses as follow s: ( 1 ) unnatural of-
fn ises— carnal know ledge o f an anim al, b y a man of a m an or o f a w om an
I" 1 iniim (2) attem pts to com m it unnatural offenses (3) indecency
willi males (4) rape (5 ) carnal know ledge o f fem ale idiot, im becile,
di In live (6 ) defilem ent o f girls under 13, or betw een 13 and 16 (7)
миг1,1 (8) procuration (9) abduction (10) bigam y ( 1 1 ) prostitu-
liim (12) indecent exposure (C u sh in g, 1950).
Л sex offense is an act w hich offends against the sex mores o f the society
in whi ch the individual lives; it offends chiefly because it generates anxiety,
Ihe m em bers of th at society. T h e C hristian prohibition of sex rela-
Iliiii'. outside o f marriage is characteristic of no more than five percent of
Ihc people o f the earth (G u ttm ach er, 1951 ) .
( (Ileuses considered are assault and battery (w ith sex in te n t), accosting a .
h 111,ilc child for im m oral purposes, debauchery, gross indecency, incest, in-
tliTcnl exposure, indecent liberties w ith fem ale child and with m ale child;
 о I he Sexual Offender: Definitions ami Descriptions
indecent and obscene conduct, statutory rape, forcible rape, assault w ith
intent to rape; sodom y and window-peeping.
P rostitution and adultery are not indicative o f sex deviation. H o m o ­
sexual acts are deviated b u t seldom a law enforcem ent problem if unac­
com panied b y force or gross disparity (M ich iga n R eport, 19 5 1).
B. O FFE N D E R S
T h e sex offender is one w hose sex behavior in abnorm al expression in­
jures the health or rights o f the sex partner (W ile , 1939).
1 . Sex Offender: T h e sexual offender is an ad u lt individual w ho engages
in any sexual practice (except m asturbation) th at falls outside the so­
cially acceptable scope of norm al sexuality. N orm al sexuality is regarded
as heterosexual relations volu ntarily and privately practiced in norm al
m anner b y responsible adults not too closely related w ho are married to
each other or (possibly) are not married at all. A ll else is taboo. A ccord in g
to N . Y . law , the sex offender is one w ho com m its adultery, rape or incest,
exposes h im self indecently, engages in sex practices w ith a m inor or w ith
beast, bird or m an (W o rtis, 1939).
A n yon e convicted o f a crim e involvin g sexual m isconduct is legally a
sex crim inal (M o ran , 1940).
W h e n an individual perform s sexual acts forbidden b y law , he is a sex­
ual crim inal. T h e m ajority o f sex crim es are the result o f sexual deviation.
R ap e and incest are always crim inal, bu t often n ot com m itted by sexually-
deviated people. T h e y are thou gh t of as psychologically abnorm al because
o f our cultural and em otional attitudes (H artw ell, 1950).
Sex offenders are all people w ho have participated in con d u ct w hich was
subject to poten tial prosecution under crim inal law as sex crim e. People
w ho are sex offenders are a very large portion o f the population (K insey,
C al. R eport, 1950).
he sex offender is a person w ho breaks a law prohibiting some kind of
sexual behavior and is apprehended b y the public authorities. A ll sex o f­
fenders are not sex deviates; only a sm all percentage o f sex deviates be­
com e sex offenders (M ich igan R eport, 1 951 ) .
2. T he Sexual Psychopath: A proposed N ew Y o rk sexual psychopath
law (194 7) defines a sexual psychopath as a person, not insane or m en tally
defective, b u t in a state o f m ental aberration so that he can not control his
impulses tow ard th e com m ission o f sex crim es and offenses (Ploscow e
*947 ) •
T h e sexual psychopath’s m otivation seems inherent, uncontrollable.
T h e conditions appear in early youth. H e has no respect for decency, no
conscience; does not benefit from punishm ent or experience, denies h im ­
self no form o f sexual a ctivity w hen driven by impulses. H e is cu nn ing in
planning, ruthless in action; n ot necessarily defective in in tellect or un-
ih e Sexual Offender: Definitions and Descriptions 7
■
Ii r,landing. H e strikes w ithout w arning, takes advantage o f the helpless,
plans a quick escape. His aim is the im m ediate satisfaction o f instinctive
■lines, regardless of m anner or consequence (B onner, 1948).
Diagnosis o f the sexual psychopath is based on th e follow ing: ( 1 ) he
must he gu ilty o f aggressive sexual acts against minors or against society. It
min.l he: (2) continual behavior pattern (3) n ot m utual sexual relation-
Ilip betw een adults (4) not an isolated sexual act (5) n ot alcoholism
|fi) not insanity or feeblem indedness (H aines, H offm an and Esser, 1948).
N ot every person w ho com m its a perverted sexual act is a sexual psycho-
put li (R ein h ard t and Fisher, 194 9).
A sexual psychopath is defined as: A n y person suffering from such con ­
ditions of em otional instability or im pulsiveness o f behavior or lack of cus­
tomary standards o f good jud gm en t or failure to appreciate the con-
м 1(iicnees o f his acts, or a com bination of any such conditions as to render
in 11 person irresponsible in respect to sexual m atters and thereby danger­
ous lo h im self or to other persons (R eport: Interim C om m ission, N ew
Hampshire, 1949).
1'lie sexual psychopath is a form o f psychopathic personality. H e is
1I1 scribed as having: ( 1 ) lack o f conscience or superego, hen ce absence of
ordinary guilt feelings (2) deficient attach m en t or affection; disposition
10 mlhlessness and exploitation (3 ) excessive aggression directed outward
against the environm ent (4) infan tile level response, seeking im m ediate
■ill isfaction, often in prim itive forms o f behavior, sexual and otherwise
(Tappan, 1949).
The crim inal sexual psychopath is one suffering from m ental disorder,
mil insane or feeble-m inded, w hose disorder has existed for one year im ­
m ediately prior to filing of petition against him , coupled w ith crim inal
pmpensities to the com m ission of sex offenses (Illinois law, Braude, 1950).
T h e M ichigan sexual psychopath law defines as a sexual psychopath th e
individual, not insane nor feeble-m inded b u t suffering from m ental disor-
tlci, w ho m ay be tried under this act if: ( 1 ) he is suspected of sexual
deviation, evidenced in acts four m onths previously (2) upon exam i­
ne I ion by three com peten t psychiatrists they give the unanim ous opinion
In is a crim inally sexual psychopathic person. H e m ay b e indefinitely com ­
mitted to a hospital for the insane (H artw ell, 1950).
I. P sychopathic Personality: A ccord in g to th e M in nesota “ Sexual Ir-
icsponsibles” law , psychopathic personality means th e existence in any
person o f such condition o f em otional instability or impulsiveness o f b e­
havior or lack of custom ary standards of good judgm ent or failure to ap­
preciate th e consequences of his acts or a com bin ation of any such condi­
tions as to render such person irresponsible for his cond uct w ith respect to
sexual m atters and thereby dangerous to others. T h is was interpreted b y
11и M innesota Suprem e C o u rt as including: “ those persons w ho by habit­
ual course of m isconduct in sexual m atters have evidenced an utter lack of
 I lie Sexual Offender: Definitions and Descriptions

pow er to control their sexual im pulses and w ho as a result are likely to at­
tack or otherwise inflict injury, loss, pain or other evil on objects o f their
uncontrolled and u ncontrollable desire” (H ughes, 19 4 1).

4. T he Aggressive Sexual Deviate: T h e aggressive sexual deviate is

defined as a person w ho has com m itted an act or acts related to the expres­
sion o f the sexual instinct w hich are atypical and com pulsive, w hich are
inconsistent w ith the stage o f m aturity indicated by th e chronological age ■
’ SEXUAL O F F E N S E S : TYPES A N D
o f the person, and w hich are associated w ith infliction o f injury, loss or
pain on any person, creature or object, or w hich in the expression thereof C L A S S I F I C A T I O N S
constitute a public nuisance and evidence a m arked deficiency o f moral
sense or control (G ardn er, 1950).

5. Psychiatrically-Deviated Sex Offender: T h e Forensic C o m m itte e o f

A TYPES
the G rou p for the A d van cem en t o f Psychiatry prefers the term 10
psychiatncally-deviated sex offender.” T h e offender m ust have been x. Incest
10
guilty o f repetitive com pulsive acts having a (d ynam ic) pattern o f sim i­
2. Sadom asochism
larity and carried ou t to th e point o f com m u nity intolerance. Such acts 10
m anifest a heedless disregard o f consequences and seek and attain ultim ate 3. R ape
12
expression even if m om entary obstacles are encountered (R eport, q, M a y
1949, Revised F eb. 1950). 4. N ecrophilia
*3
5. Fetishism
*3
S U M M A R Y 6. H om osexuality
4
7. Sodom y and Pederasty
4
A. SEXUAL OFFENSE DEFINED
not indicative of sex deviation. Big­ 8. Transvestism
amy and white slavery do not usually 4
A sexual offense is sexual behavior 9. P edophilia, C arn al A buse
belong in the category of sex crimes. 4
that offends the particular society in
10. Zooerasty; Zoophilia
which the offender lives. English and *5
B. SEXUAL OFFENDER DEFINED
American legal codes consider all pre­ 11. O b scenity and Pornography
marital, extra-marital and post-marital *5
T he majority of sexual crimes, but not
intercourse, mouth-genital and anal 1... E xhibition ism and In decen t Exposure 16
all, are the result of sexual deviation.
contacts, whether in or out of mar­ T h e sexually-deviated person is com­ 13. V oyeurism and Scoptophilia
riage, all sexual contacts with animals, monly known as a sexual psychopath. *7
and the public exhibition of any kind Various state statutes characterize the 14. A b d u ction and Seduction 18
of sexual activity, as sexual offenses sexual psychopath, the criminal sexual
punishable by penalties. Normal sex­ 13. In decen t Assault 18
psychopath, or the psychopathic per­
uality is regarded as heterosexual rela­ sonality as a person, not insane or
tions voluntarily practiced in a nor­ feeble-minded, but who has given evi­ И C LA SSIFIC A T IO N S 18
mal manner by responsible adults not dence over a period of time, in acts
too closely related and married to each constituting a continuous behavior
other or (possibly) not married at all. pattern, of sexual deviation and of be­ NUMMARY
A ll else is taboo. x9
ing in such state of mental aberra­
Any criminal act which is sexually tion that he cannot control his im­
motivated may be considered a sex pulses toward the commission of sex
crime. Prostitution and adultery are offenses.
 Sexual Offenses: Types and Classifications 11

I In masochist, his ow n resistance. T h e lust murderer overcom es resistance

II 11 slaying; th e necrophiliac gloats over th e defenselessness o f the
i ж Iinc. D aily life abounds in sadistic reactions w h ich usually escape notice;
• m uibalism , vam pirism and necrophilia are m ore extrem e reactions and
m essentially sadistic. Such crimes are n ot so rare as is usually thought,
mil alm ost always have to do w ith psychotic or epileptic persons w hose ill-
2 . Sexual Offenses: Types and п. ... was unrecognized. T h e phantasies of m any sadists are horrible, b u t
11,11.illy an unbridgeable chasm yawns betw een phantasy and reality. M an y

Classifications 1 11111 sym bolic acts take th e place of an intended m urder. A large propor-
I sadists have sublim ated their sadism and m ade it serviceable to cul-
lini others have m ade it socially and individually innocuous through
well functioning repression; a very sm all num ber give expression to it.
I )nc rarely finds an uncom plicated case o f sadomasochism ; other parts
A. TYPES ..I psychosexual infantilism , hom osexuality, anal and urinary sexuality,
nnicissism, zoophilia, often occur. In tim ately associated w ith sado-
1. Incest: Incest is sexual intercourse betw een tw o persons, m arried or
1•iiis<iiilism is a w ell-developed fetishism (Stekel; Karpm an, 1934).
not, w ho are too closely related by blood or affinity to be married. R ap e
M asochism is th e seeking o f that w hich w ould norm ally b e painful, for
and incest can not b e com m itted by the same act. R ape im plies force, incest
i M ia I reasons. It is linked w ith the desire to be hum iliated, dom inated,
im plies consent. Penetration m ust b e proved; emission not. A ge is n ot an
. п .laved, bound, degraded. Sadism is ob tainin g sexual pleasure from acts
elem ent. W a n t o f chastity is no defense. In som e states, blood relation is
nl 1 niclly ( C . A llen , 1940).
not necessary. R elations betw een stepm other and stepson are incest, un til
Sadism is sexual satisfaction obtained from the infliction of pain;
th e death of th e natural parent (B arrett & Shaeffer, 1939)-
masochism is sexual satisfaction obtained b y suffering pain. T h e sadist is
Incest is com m itted w hen persons w ithin the degrees of consanguinity
mil im pelled b y a desire to b e cruel, b u t his objective is to arouse certain
w ithin w hich marriages are declared by law to be incestuous and void, in­
I m olion. H e is often under-sexed rather than over-sexed. Sadistic crimes
term arry or com m it adultery or fornication w ith each other (M a yo r’s
im hide murder, attem pted m urder, w ounding, bod ily injuries, sexual as-
C o m m ittee, 1940). 11111 . dam age to property, cutting, slashing, ink-splashing, etc. Sadism
Incest is sexual congress betw een m ale and fem ale blood relations
may be attributable to early sex experience. T h e objects m ay be inanim ate
(M arkey, 1950). objects, anim als, persons of the same or the opposite sex. Sadistic acts m ay
In ireom panied b y a stereotyped ritual. M asochism seldom results in crime,
2. Sadomasochism: Sadism is a paraphiliac neurosis in w hich th e w ill
lad sometimes appears in convicted offenders (E ast, 1946) .
to pow er is sexually accentuated, and m asochism one in w hich the w ill to
Sadism and m asochism are m anifestations of the same instinctual force;
subm ission is sexually accentuated. Sadism is a form o f psychosexual in­
hi I lie form er they are directed to external objects; in th e latter, against the
fantilism , traceable to particular influences in childhood. M asochism is
и II In sadism, th e infliction of pain is an end in itself. T h e abnorm al ex-
on ly a special form o f sadism. Sadism is frequ ently turned into m asochism
l*ii '.ion o f sadism represents inner tension, anxiety for w hich th e act is at­
as a result of a deep religious sense of guilt, w h ich turns the original sad­
tempted relief. T h e sadist relieves his fear b y doing to another w h at he
ism against the individual’s own ego. A ll sadists are fixed on an infan tile
h an m ight b e done to him . M asochism , the inverse o f sadism, is the need
ob ject and incapable o f psychic love; m ost are im poten t. T h e relations to
IIи punishm ent and suffering as sexual experience. T h e extrem e is suicide
the incest com plex are always dem onstrable. T h e sadom asochist has set
( Uui lie, 1950).
him self an incestuous sexual goal w hich is unobtainable. A strong sense of
Sadism is th e desire to hurt another for sexual release or satisfaction.
inferiority is characteristic. Masochism is th e desire to b e h u rt by the sexual partner to obtain or in-
M asochistic traits are frequently encountered in m en w ith hom osexual
. lease sexual pleasure. T ru e sadism is m ore rare than on e w ould judge
feelings. M asochism appears as a substitute for direct hom osexual expres­
l> the cases so reported. M a n y sex murders occur acciden tally in rape, or
sion. In 1 panic, to destroy evidence. Psychiatry has no techn ique of treating sad­
T h e sadist revels in the fear, anger or hu m iliation o f his victim ; the
ism so I lie offender can safely return to the com m unity. It is largely a legal
m asochist obtains satisfaction from th e idea o f feelin g h im self in hu m b le
problem (H artw ell, 1950).
or self-abasing situations. T h e sadist overcom es the resistance of another,

10
12 Sexual Offenses: Types and Classifications
3. R a p e : R ap e m eans to seize and against the wishes o f the fem ale
and b y means o f physical force, to have sex relations w ith her in such a
w ay that were this m eans n ot used the act w ould be considered norm al.
R ape com m itted w ith force and entirely against the w om an ’s conscious
wishes is rare (F oxe, 1936).
R ap e is un law ful carnal know ledge of w om an w ith ou t her consent,
either by force, fear or fraud (fraud vitiates co n sen t). It does n ot always
m ean that the m an ejaculates or that the victim is deflowered ( C . A llen ,
1940).
T ru e rape is less com m on than is supposed (H enry and Gross, 2, 1940).
R ap e (B lackston e) is carnal know ledge o f a w om an forcibly and
against her w ill. R ap e in the first degree also includes cases in w h ich inter­
course was had w ith ou t conscious and volu ntary consent, w hen the w om an
through idiocy, m ental or physical weakness, etc., was unable to give con ­
sent, or w hen resistance was prevented b y stupor, intoxication, narcotics,
etc. R ap e in the second degree is an act o f sexual intercourse w ith a
w om an, not the offender’s w ife, w ho is under the age o f consent (in N ew
Y o rk , 18 y e a rs); it is im m aterial that th e girl consented or was a w illin g
partner (M a yo r’s C o m m ittee, 1940).
R ape is carnal know ledge o f a w om an b y a m an forcibly and u n law fu lly
against her w ill. Statutory rape is not rape at all, there is no elem ent of
force or threat, the fem ale consented of her ow n w ill (Sherw in, 1948).
R ap e is defined as an act of sexual intercourse perform ed w ith a fem ale,
n ot the w ife of the perpetrator, w ith ou t her consent. Statutory rape is an
a ct o f sexual intercourse perform ed upon the person o f a fem ale w ho is
under the age of consent and not the w ife of the perpetrator. W h e re there
is n ot a great disparity in age, deviant behavior is not involved (B ow lin g,
1 9 5 °).
W h e re a w om an is abducted b y a num ber o f m en, or b y a m an w ith a
w eapon, elem ents of com m on law rape are present. M a n y “ forcible” rape
cases are quite different. H o w m uch b attle is to be expected from a
wom an? M a n y experts believe rape can not be perpetrated b y one m an
alone on a w om an o f good health. M odern cases hold th at rape is com ­
m itted if there is penetration, how ever slight.
T h ere are m any m ore statutory than com m on law rape cases. In N ew
Y o rk , 1930-39, there were 2,366 convictions for rape; 82 percent o f these
were statutory rape. T h e law is anxious to shield you n g girls from sex
experience, and presumes that intercourse takes place against their w ill
and consent. In m any states, girls can legally marry lon g before the age of
consent. Sex play of adolescents is not lim ited b y legislation; only if the girl
becom es pregnant, or if the couple are n ot discreet. T h e crim e is charged to
the boy; only the b oy is gu ilty of rape. It does n ot m atter w hat the reputa­
tion o f the girl is.
T h e problem o f proof is always serious. T h ere are few crim es in w hich
Sexual Offenses: Types and Classifications 13
I d r charges are m ore easily m ade. N e w Y o rk and other states require
m irobovation (Ploscow e, 1 951 ) .
In sixteen states the penalty for rape is death or life im prisonm ent. Large
numbers of m en are included w ho are b y no m eans dangerous, n ot poten-
I I i I I iIlia's (Ploscow e, 19 4 7).
1 N ecro ph ilia: E rich W u lffe n (E n zyklopaed ie der M odern en Krimi-
11.ilrilif, Berlin, 1910, p. 492) includes under necrophilia, necro-sadism,
I п. ia ted w ith lust-murder, in w hich the sex im pulse is gratified only by
II и 1isi's. 'I'he necrophiliac either kills a w om an and has intercourse w ith
Пн body, or otherwise violates or procures corpses for sex purposes, w hich
In 1apes (necro-stuprum ), or m utilates or even eats (n ecro p h ag y ). Kron-
h M defines necrophilia as “ perverse desire to prefer sexual intercourse
"il li corpses rather than w ith hum an beings.” M o ll considers necrophilia
in vampirism, as “ sexual desire for corpses, a phenom enon often attrib­
uted to sadism.” B lo ch believes th a t “ sexual violation of corpses has a
iiloinasochistic foun d ation,” th a t “ decom position, stench, coldness play a
pai l ” (Q u oted b y Brill, 19 4 1).
N ecrophilia is sexual intercourse w ith a fem ale cadaver; it is very un-
111111111011 (E ast, 1946).
t. iV iishism : Fetishism is a paraphilia in w h ich th e sexual partner is
dispensed w ith and the subject gratifies him self onanistically w ith the aid
nl a sym bol. T h is m ay be an ob ject worn b y w om en, or used b y th e person,
in a neutral object. T h e fetishistic objects m ay be articles of clothing, ob-
jeels of daily use, or parts and organs o f the hum an body. Fetishism has a
ule.l ie basis. It insures chastity to th e fetish lover, a self-im posed punish-
I lor his cruel phantasies and attitudes. O n an istic phantasies are fre-
<11h i 11ly sadistic. Associated w ith fetishism are kleptom an iac tendencies
(Nickel; K arpm an, 9, 1934).
I'Vlishism is sexual interest centered on a part o f the b od y o f a desirable
Individual or on an inanim ate ob ject (E ast, 1946).
I'Vlishism is an erotic response to som ething serving as a substitute for
lln original object (M arkey, 1950) .
I'Vlishism is a form o f sexual deviation in w hich the libido becom es at-
l .n bed to som ething th at constitutes a sym bol of the loved object, a highly
'ivinboli/.cd form of m asturbation, closely associated w ith hom osexuality
(I don and C ap rio, 1950).
ii H om osexuality: T h e hom osexual is an individual endow ed w ith
'■* i n.11 desires directed w holly or in part toward mem bers o f the same sex,
1in I possessing characteristic psychic and physical traits of the opposite
ми I lom oscxuality is a congenital anom aly rather than a disease (G reen ­
span and C am p b ell, 194 5).

H om osexuality is a state of being in love w ith one o f th e sam e sex (M ar-
key, 1950).
Sodomy and Pederasty: Pederasty is anal coitus w ith a b oy as the
7.
passive, an adult as th e active partner; sodom y is anal coitus betw een two
adults (W o lb arst, 1931) .
T h e term sodom y is used in penal law for any actual sexual relations be­
tween m en. H ie penal law includes sodom y under crimes against nature;
t iis includes oral and anal penetration o f hom osexual or heterosexual na­
ture as w ell as sex acts w ith anim als and birds (F oxe, 1936).
Sodom y is carnal know ledge o f anim al or bird, or of m ale or fem ale by
anus or m outh, or intercourse w ith a dead b od y (W o rtis, 1939).
Buggery is sodom y (anal intercourse) or bestiality. G ross indecency b e­
tween m ale persons is usually m utual m asturbation. In th e case o f school
teachers, scout masters, etc., the offense is aggravated; also if there is ve­
nereal disease or previous conviction ( C . A llen , 1940).
Sodom y is legally defined as carnal know ledge by anus or m outh (H enry
& Gross, 1938).
Sodom y originally m eant only m ale hom osexuality or pederasty; later it
cam e to include all unnatural acts, especially zoophilia. Bestiality, coitus
per anum , per os or attem pts at sexual intercourse w ith a dead body are re­
garded as sodom y, incurring im prisonm ent of not more than tw enty years
(Brdl, 1 9 4 1 ) . ] scene and im m odest w riting and pictures for purposes of arousing and en­
I he crim inal code defines sodom y as carnal know ledge o f anim al or
bird, or o f m ale or fem ale b y anus or m outh (B arrett, 1948).
Sodom y statutes in every state have becom e a retainer for all kinds o f sex
acts recognized as unnatural and abhorrent. In m ost states, bestiality,
pederasty, fellatio, buggery, cunnilingus are incorporated under sodom y,
as crimes against nature (Sherw in, 1949).
Sodom y is legally sex relations betw een hum an b eing and anim al. T h e
term is com m on ly interchanged w ith the term hom osexuality in court
practice (M arkey, 1950).
8. Tran svestism : In transvestism th e individual is driven b y some
obscure, b u t irresistible urge, to dress up in clothes of the opposite sex
N orm al relations fail to neutralize or satisfy this urge (K arpm an 18
I 947 )-
T ransvestism is the assum ption o f clo th in g o f the opposite sex for sexual
purposes. H om osexuality is the m ain root ( C . A llen , 1940).
9. Pedophilia, C arnal Abuse: P edophilia is an abnorm ally accentuated
fondness for children (H ad ley, 1926).
P edophilia im plies an erotic craving for a child o f the same or different
sex on the part o f an adult, w hich is distinctly asocial only w hen it attains
overt proportions (C assity, 192 7).
Sexual Offenses: Types and Classifications 15
C arn al abuse is indulgence in any in d ecent or im m oral practice w ith the
sexual parts or organs of a child. Im pairing the morals of a m inor deals
willi more than morals; perm itting a m inor to play pin ball m achines or
slot m achines is also included (M a y o r’s C o m m ittee, 1940).
Pedophilia is gratification from sexual intim acies w ith children; this in-
dudes exposure o f genitals, m anipulation of th e child or penetration,
partial or com plete (A pfelberg, Sugar and Pfeffer, 1944).
Pedophilia is sexual attraction to children or im m ature girls (E ast,
1946).
C arn al abuse involves actual con tact w ith the ch ild ’s b od y in a directly
sexual m anner. N ew Y o rk law makes distinction as to th e age of th e victim
in determ ining th e gravity o f the offense; such distinctions are too rarely
made in law (H irn in g 3, 19 4 7).
1(1. Zooerasty; Zoophilia: Zoophilia is sexual excitem ent experienced
w ith stroking or fon d lin g of animals; bestiality (zooerasty) is a sex act b e­
tween m an and anim al. It m ay be an experim ental adventure o f puberty
and adolescence or an expedient o f b ucolic loneliness (R o ch e, 1950).
II. Obscenity and Pornography: Pornography is th e utilization o f ob­
hancing certain sexual feats that take place in actual sexual intercourse
(Eliasberg, 1942).
O b scen ity consists of the expression, representation or display to others
in certain context or situations o f som ething culturally regarded as shock­
ing or repugnant. In A m erica, display o f th e genitals and alm ost any rep­
resentation o f sexual interaction are considered obscene. E ven in primi-
I ivc cultures w here the genitals are kept covered, there is no evidence that
exhibitionistic practices occur as frequently as in our culture; and w here
sexual acts are regarded as natural, little em otional satisfaction is gained
I mm description. T h e idea o f genital obscenity is correlated w ith cultural
altitudes w hich dem and concealm en t o f the genitals and w hich avoid men-
lion o f sexual interaction.
I’ornography appears to be correlated w ith attitudes w hich tend to con ­
ceal all m ention o f the processes of sexual interaction. T a b o o ed areas of
genital and sexual behavior appear to be culturally associated w ith aggres­
sion expressed through obscene verbal insults. G en ita l and sexual hum or
1('present the overcom ing o f sexual taboos through am usem ent in pre-
senbed social situations (H onigm an n, 1944).
C u stom s as to n udity vary trem endously am ong nations. T h e re is no
legal agreem ent on the decency or indecency of nude art, nor on the rights
ol art schools, photographers, m agazines, and books to portray the nude
human form . C ustom s as to nudity m ay vary betw een the social levels of a
■■ingle com m unity. Som e older m en and w om en in low er level groups take

i6 Sexual Offenses: Types and Classifications
pride in th e fact that they have never seen their ow n spouse nude (K insey,
Pom eroy and M artin, 1948).
12. Exhibitionism and Indecent Exposure: E xh ib ition ism is synony­
mous w ith indecent exposure of the genitals, to w om en, girls or young ch il­
dren (E ast, 19 2 4 ).
Exhibition ism is ordinarily defined as th e exposure b y an individual of
his genital organs, or other parts of his body, w ith or w ith ou t the perform ­
ance o f sexual acts, and m ost frequently in public places and w ith ou t re­
gard for public decency.
T h e forensic conception includes the indecent exposure o f the person to
public view, w hether inten tional or not, b u t excludes from the m eaning of
the law exposure m ade in private.
T h e m edical profession defines exhibitionism as the pleasure of seeing
oneself in an exposed, nude form w hich frequently expresses itself in
habitual-like activity of unm asking th at has the nature o f a com pulsion,
this, w hether occurring in public or in private. It is the com pulsive char­
acter o f the reaction th a t marks it as b ein g distinctly pathologic. T h is defi­
nition excludes solitary or isolated acts o f exhibitionism w h ich are som e­
tim es observed in norm al people as a result of negligence, etc. (K arpm an,
3, 1926).
E xhibition ism is the exposure o f oneself to obtain sexual pleasure. In­
decent exposure m ust be indecent, pu b lic and witnessed b y m ore than
one person ( C . A llen , 1940).
In decen t exposure is the legal term for exhibitionism ; it is defined in
penal law (N e w Y o r k ) : A person w ho w ilfu lly and lew dly exposes his per­
son or private parts thereof in any public place or any place w here others
are present, or procures another so to expose him self, is gu ilty of a m is­
dem eanor. T h ree elem ents are necessary: exposure m ust be public, w ilfu l
and indecent (M a y o r’s C o m m ittee, 1940).
T h e terms in d ecent exposure and open lewdness are used indiscrim i­
nately in cases involving genital exposure (H enninger, 19 4 1).
E xhibition ism is the w ilfu l exhibiting of on e’s genital organs usually in
public places (A rieff and R o tm an , 1942).
E xhibition ism , in crim inal cases, denotes indecent exposure o f the geni­
tals, m ore rarely th e gluteal region. C haracteristic is th e stereotyped na­
ture o f the act, occurring at th e sam e place, and same tim e; before the
same person in som e cases. It m ay be im pulsive, n o t obsessional. U sually
autoerotic behavior has existed from puberty or before. It becom es a h abit
and often persists after m arriage (E ast, 1946).
Exhibitionism is a form of sexual gratification from the exposure, in
public, o f on e’s sexual organs in th e presence of another, usually of th e op­
posite sex (C ap rio , 1949).
E xhibition ism is: w ilfu lly, openly, lew d ly and obscenely exposing his
Sexual Offenses: Types and Classifications 17
person w ith th e intent to insult any fem ale (S. 4 V ag ra n cy A ct, 1824).
(Joint C o m m ittee, 1949).
Indecent exposure is intentional exposure in a public place of the
naked body or of the private parts in such m anner as is calculated to shock
I lie feelings of chastity or corrupt th e morals of persons present or w ho
might have been present (Sherw in, 1949).
Exhibitionism is “ A sexual aberration, obsessive and im pulsive, charac-
Irii/.ed by the irresistible need to display in public, generally under certain
conditions of tim e and place, the genital organ in a state of flaccidity quite
apart from any voluptuous or provocative m anipulation. T h e act is in­
duced by sexual desire and its perform ance puts an end to agonizing strug­
gle and term inates the attack,” according to G a m ie r (R ickies, 1950).
Rickies (1950) defines exhibitionism as a pathologic condition charac-
Iriizcd b y a com pulsion to expose the m ale genitalia periodically for the
relief of inner tension— an act seem ingly incongruous w ith th e rest o f the
individual’s personality.
Exhibitionism is a com pulsive act b y a m ale of exposing pub licly his ex-
Icm al genitalia to a fem ale w ith conscious awareness on the part of both;
in act m otivated by unconscious factors on the part of a m ale w hose other
personality traits are consistent w ith a diagnosis of com pulsive-obsessive
neurosis (R ickies, 1950).
II Voyeurism and Scoptophilia: Excessive interest in looking at geni-
I.din, sex acts, etc., as a sexual stim ulus is called scoptophilia. V oyeurism is
1 pathological indulgence in looking at some form of nudity as a source of
(■.edification in place of the norm al sex act. V oyeurism is a crim e only
when the observed has not given consent. T h e emphasis of law is based
upon the right to privacy of the person observed. Som e prohibition is
a constant condition; the price of violatin g the prohibition is an increasing
<use of guilt. Satisfaction arises from seeing w hen not b ein g seen. E xcite­
ment ranges from purely psychic stim ulation to com pulsory exhibitionistic
masturbation (O bernd orf, 1939).
Scoptophilia means the obtainin g o f sexual pleasure b y w atch in g other
people, usually undressing or in intercourse ( C . A llen , 1940).
S coptophilia is an anom aly of sexual life in w hich th e person obtains
pleasure from looking at that w hich is capable of producing in him a state
ol erotic stim ulation (C ap rio, 1949) •
Voyeurism ; sexual pleasure from looking at the genitals or nude b od y of
another (M arkey, 1950).
V oyeurism : A socially illegal act m otivated b y the desire to see th e un-
1 lollicd or partially un cloth ed sexual object. V oyeurs do n ot usually
mairy. T h ere is no great tendency to other sex crimes. T h e voyeur desires
no contact, m ostly is unaggressive and independent. H e often shows no in-
lt о si in nakedness he can witness in an acceptable way (H artw ell, 1950)-
i8 Sexual Offenses: Types and Classifications Sexual Offenses: Types and Classifications 19

14. Abduction and Seduction: A b d u ctio n : T aking or detaining a fem ale and object: ( 1 ) aim disturbed (sadism, m asochism , voyeurism , exhibi-
un law fully against her w ill, w ith inten t to marry or defile; inveigling or lionism ) (2) object disturbed (hom osexuality, pedophilia, zooerasty)
en ticing an unm arried fem ale of previous chaste character into a house of (3) b oth (fetishism ) (Q u o ted b y W ile , 19 4 1).
ill fam e or prostitution or elsewhere for th e purpose o f prostitution or sex­
ual intercourse.
Seduction: U n der prom ise o f m arriage or fraudulent representation of
marriage to have sexual intercourse w ith an unm arried fem ale o f pre­
SU M M A R Y
vious chaste character (M a yo r’s C om m ittee, 1940).
Seduction is defined as the act of a m ale person in having intercourse
w ith a w om an of chaste character under prom ise of marriage, or en tice­ animate object, serving as a substitute
A. TYPES
m ents or persuasion. In tw enty-tw o jurisdictions, prom ise of m arriage is for the original object. Fetishism has
an essential elem ent. In five jurisdictions, n othin g is said of the character Incest is sexual congress between a sadistic basis, and is associated with
of the wom an. O n ly one jurisdiction provides th at an essential elem ent blood relations within the degree of kleptomaniac tendencies.
shall be pregnancy. Tw en ty-tw o jurisdictions require that the w om an be consanguinity within which marriages Homosexuality, according to Mar-
unm arried. Seduction is not a crim e in thirteen states (H u m b le, 19 2 1). jic forbidden by law. Sadism and mas­ key, is a state of being in love with
ochism are manifestations of the same one of the same sex; according to
15. Indecent Assault: Indecent assault is assault plus circum stances of instinctual force; in sadism the will Greenspan and Campbell, the homo­
Iо power is sexually accentuated; in sexual possesses characteristic psychic
indecency. In th e m ajority of cases, th e m an has pu t his hand under the
masochism the will to submission is and physical traits of the opposite sex.
clo th in g of the fem ale ( C . A llen , 1940).
sexually accentuated. Or, according to According to Sherwin, sodomy stat­
oilier definitions, sadism is sexual sat­ utes in most states have become a re­
B. C L A SSIFIC A T IO N S isfaction obtained from the infliction tainer for all kinds of sex acts re­
ol pain; masochism is sexual satisfac- garded as unnatural and abhorrent. It
French law recognizes three types o f m oral offenses: ( 1 ) public offenses t ion obtained from suffering pain. is most generally recognized as mean­
against decency (any public display of sexuality) (2) indecent assaults Rape is carnal knowledge of a ing anal intercourse though it is also
(every act perform ed on a person w ith th e view to offending a sense of woman against her will, either by frequently interpreted to include coi­
decen cy) (3) rape (possession o f a w om an w ith o u t her consent in such Inice, fear or fraud. True rape is less tus per os. Some lim it the term to any
a w ay that the ob ject is accom plished b y force, deceit, etc.) (T h o in o t, common than is supposed; according sexual relations between men; others,
Iо some experts rape cannot be per­ as W olbarst, define it as anal coitus
1 9 1 1 )- between two adults; W ortis, Barrett
Sex offenders fall into three groups: ( 1 ) offenses against decency, as petrated by one man alone on a
woman of good health. Modern cases and Sherwin include oral or anal con­
indecent exposure, possession of obscene pictures, etc. (2) offenses
Imld that rape is committed if there is tacts between male and female. A
against the m orals o f children (3) vicious crimes, as rape. O th e r crimes, number of writers include contacts
penetration, however slight; it does
as sodom y, etc., w ould fall into still another group (Selling, 3, 1939). between human beings and animals or
not always mean that the man ejacu-
Sex offenses are officially divided into three broad categories: (a ) rape birds under the term; Markey states
lnlcs or that the victim is deflowered.
(b) prostitution and com m ercial vice (c ) other; including indecent ex­ Rape in the second degree (statutory the term sodomy, although legally ap­
posure, indecent liberties, sodom y or crim es against nature, the m ajor of­ 1ape) is an act of sexual intercourse plied to sex relations between human
fenses against children (W ile , 1939). will) a woman, not the offender’s wife, being and animal, is commonly inter­
V . C . Branham classifies sex offenses: I. T h o se due to force o f com pu l­ who is under the age of consent. It changed with the term homosexuality
sive drives (exhibitionism , voyeurism , m asturbation, sexual assault w ith e, immaterial that the girl was a will­ in court practice. W ortis and Brill in­
ing partner; it does not matter what clude intercourse with a dead body.
inten t to com m it rape, sym bolized behavior as kleptom ania, pyrom ania,
In i reputation is. W here there is no W olbarst distinguishes pederasty as
fetishism , sadistic a ssa u lt). II. T h ose th at seem biologically determ ined,
jiicat disparity in age deviant behav- anal coitus with a boy as the passive,
as hom osexuality. III. O ffenses w hich are isolated, prem editated or due to
101 is not involved. an adult as the active partner.
over-excitem ent. I V . A cciden tal offenses. V . T h o se com m itted by th e m en­ Transvestism is the assumption of
Necrophilia is sexual intercourse
tally irresponsible (psychotic, feeble-m inded, toxic, alcoholic deteriora­ the clothing of the opposite sex for
willi a female corpse.
tion, e tc .). fetishism is sexual interest cen- sexual purposes.
F ranz A lexander classifies sex offenses according to disturbance o f aim h icd 011 a part of the body or an in­ Pedophilia is defined as erotic crav-
го Sexual Offenses: Types anil Classifications
ing for children; sexual attraction to
children, or gratification from sexual
intimacies with children. According to
Apfelberg, Sugar and Pfeffer, this in­
cludes exposure of genitals, manipula­
tion of the child or penetration,
partial or complete. Carnal abuse is
indulgence in any indecent or im­
moral practice with the sexual parts
or organs of a child; actual contact
with the child’s body in a directly sex­
ual way.
Roche distinguishes between zoo­
philia, sexual excitement experienced
with stroking or fondling of animals,
and zooerasty (bestiality), a sex act
between man and animal.
Pornography is the utilization of
obscene and immodest writing and
pictures to arouse sexual interest. O b ­
scenity consists in expression, repre­
sentation or display of something re­
garded as shocking or repugnant. The
idea of genital obscenity is correlated
with cultural attitudes which avoid
display of genitals or mention of sex­
ual interaction.
Exhibitionism is ordinarily defined
as the exposure by an individual of
his genital organs or other parts of
his body, publicly, wilfully and inde­
cently. Indecent exposure is the legal
term for exhibitionism.
Scoptophilia consists of excessive
interest in looking at genitalia, sex
acts, etc., as a sexual stimulus. Voyeur­
ism is a socially illegal act, motivated
by the desire to see the unclothed or
partially unclothed sexual object.
Abduction consists of taking or de­
taining a female unlawfully against
her will, with intent either to marry
or defile her; and also of enticing an
unmarried female of previous chaste :i. SEX O F F E N S E S : DI S T RI BU T I O N A N D
character into a house of prostitution
or elsewhere, for the purpose of pros­ I N T E R R E L A T I ON
titution or for sexual intercourse.
Seduction relates to sexual inter­
course obtained under promise of
marriage or through fraudulent repre­
sentation of marriage. In some states Л F R E Q U E N C Y 22
it is not a crime, while other juris­
1. Sex C rim e W a v e 22
dictions prescribe varying require­
ments to determine seduction. 2. D ifficulty o f E stim atin g N u m ber o f Sex C rim es 24
Indecent Assault is assault under
circumstances deemed to be indecent, 3. Proportion of Sexual to N on-Sexual O ffenses 25
e.g., a man putting his hand under 4. R elative F requency of O ccurrence 26
a female’s clothing, etc.
B. CLASSIFICATIONS
II T IM E AN D PLACE OF O C C U R R E N C E 27
W ile has classified sex offenses into
three categories: rape, commercial ( R E LA TIO N B E T W E E N O FFEN SES 28
vice and all others. Branham classified
them as due to force of compulsive 1. C on n ection w ith N on-Sexual O ffenses 28
drives, those biologically determined, A. RAPE
isolated, accidental and committed by
the mentally irresponsible. Alexander B. EXHIBITIONISM
has classified sex offenses according to C. FETISHISM
disturbance of aim and object. French
2. R elation o f O ffenses to E ach O th e r 28
law recognizes three types: public of­
fenses against decency, indecent as­ D istinction B etw een Sexual and N on-Sexual O ffenses 29
sault and rape. Selling’s classification
is: offenses against decency, offenses
against children, vicious crimes. NUMMARY 29
)
 Sex Offenses: Distribution and Interrelation 23

11 i l mnwi dc trend o f increase in sex crimes. T h e distribution of sex crimes

11'inIs lo follow population lines (M a y o r’s C o m m ittee, 1940).
• >1111111; 11 statistics for E n gland and W a les, 1939-45, show an increase of
1■ и 11 offenses. Sexual offenses, other than bigam y, increased from 2,045
>38 to 2,400 in 1945. O f 2,400 offenders, 1,307 w ere gu ilty o f indecent
1 mil ( C . A llen , 1940).
. Sex Offenses: Distribution and In 1937 and 1938, there was a sex crim e wave. T h e num ber of cases rose
iiml IIn n fell off. T h e proportion o f cases o f in d ecent exposure rose until
Interrelation mi 1942 and 1943 i t exceeded other offenses (H irning, 1, 194 5).

II lakes only a few co-incidental w id ely publicized cases to m ake th e

niirleiis of a crim e w ave and arouse public feeling. M o st “ sex crim e w aves”
111|и 11 to b e another m anifestation o f strong em otional reactions w ithin
1In com m unity to sex. So-called sex crim e waves are largely a m atter of
A. F R E Q U E N C Y m u .paper headlines. T h e press capitalizes on th e surge of em otion that
inn through the com m unity and the police go after sex offenders w ith in-
1. Sex Crime W ave: A ll crimes except sex crim es are on the decrease, 1 и 1,rd vigor. Som etim es increased sex crimes represent increased police
b u t sex crimes are rising rapidly in every city in the land (D u tto n , 19 3 7). activity (H irning, 3 ,1 9 4 7 ).
Sex murders com e in cycles and are stim ulated b y newspapers. Betw een I'lie most rapidly increasing type o f crim e is th a t b y th e degenerate sex
cycles, the public pays little attention (M a cC o rm ick , 1938) . 1'Mender. A crim inal assault takes place every forty-three m inutes, n ight
Sex crim es com e in cycles, often stim ulated b y unnecessary details in
ami day, in the U n ited States. In the last ten years, arrests for rape in-
papers. Sex crim es in U . S. and in E urope have increased on police dockets.
1 и ie.ed sixty-two percent, com m ercial vice and prostitution, 110 percent,
R ap e has increased abou t thirty-tw o percent since 1931. T h e increase here
nl her sex offenders, 142 percent (H oover, 19 4 7).
is m ost conspicuous in large cities, w here there are m ore unattached and I lie proportion o f sex crimes to all crimes, in M assachusetts, has re­
unstable persons (K op p , 1938). mained uniform since the begin nin g o f the century. Sex crimes constitute
T h e apparent increase o f sex crim inals is due to increased publicity, re­
Iмай Iwo to five percent o f all crimes, a sm all fraction o f th e total crim e
sultin g in greater vigilance 011 the part of th e police, and greater w illin g­
pa line. T h e y seem more num erous because violence captures th e head-
ness on the part o f victim s to report. Innocents m ay be sw ept in w ith the
Imt , and arouses the public em otionally. T h ere is no increase in crim es of
guilty; public hysteria stim ulates the im agination o f children and they b e­
violence (M ass. R eport, 1948).
gin to have phantasies (Pollens, 1938).
Si.Mistical data show no increase in the num ber o f sex crim es in C h ica g o
It is d oub tfu l th at there is any increase in th e num ber of sex crimes
In in cu t years (B raude, 1950).
(Strecker, 1938).
1>1 Karl B ow m an: T h e re is no evidence th a t C aliforn ia suffers from a
T h e re is little evidence that th e sex offender against children has in­
»ii ч crime wave, b u t from a w ave o f hysteria regarding th e m atter (C a l. Re-
creased in num ber, or th at a special type of individual is involved (W ile ,
poil, 1950).
* 939 )• T here is no valid evidence to support th e claim th a t sex crim e is rising at
It seems questionable that there is an un due increase in the num ber of
mi .1 la lining rate (D eutsch , 1950).
sex crimes; the inciden ce in N e w Y o rk seems fairly constant (H enry &
T h ere is no epidem ic o f sex crim e. T h ere is an increase in the num ber
G ross 2, 1940).
"I 1 ril ain types, also an increase in the population. Sex crim e follow s pop­
T h e know n num ber o f sex crim es each year is nearly 40,000. T h e sexual
ulation trends (C a l. R eport, 1950).
pervert is lurking right now in the com m u nity where you live. T h e prob­
N o evidence exists w hich attests to a m arked increase of sexual deviation
lem is handled im properly because w e d on ’t w ant anythin g to do w ith th e
1 measured b y prison com m itm ents over th e past fifty years (D u n h am ,
distasteful business. T h e Federal G overn m en t fights prostitution
19 5 1 ).
(through the Social P rotection D ivision ) b u t has no single official charged
In M ichigan, there is a slight rise in rate of com m itted sex offenders
w ith protecting w om en and children against th e sex offender (Harris,
111' 111 1900 to 1930, then a dow nward rate, till th e rate for 1950 is approxi-
194 6).
iiiulely Ihc same as for 1900. For the m ore serious offenses, th e rate has
T h e w ave o f sex crim es is a m yth. T h e increase o f sex crim es is part o f a
I " ' 11 Iairly constant for th e past quarter of a century (D u n h am , 1 95 1 ) .
22
2.} Sex Offenses: Distribution and Interrelation
Pennsylvania conviction rates for all crimes, all sex crim es and for rape,
were lower in 1949 than in 1939 (P ennsylvania R eport, 1951 ) .
M o st sex offenders are charged w ith m inor crimes. J. E dgar H oover esti­
m ates a sexual assault b y a sexual d elinq u en t occurs every forty-three m in­
utes; m ost of these are statutory rape. O n ly a sm all percentage are really
dangerous (Ploscow e, 1951 ) .
G u ttm ach er ( 1 951 ) notes a sharp decline in the M aryland incidence of
carnal know ledge in the last tw en ty years. T h ere was a slight increase in
rape, b u t no m ore than in murder. T h ere is no epidem ic o f sex crim e.
2. Difficulty o f Estimating Number of Sex Crimes: In France, from
sixty to eighty percent o f accusations are recognized as unfounded. It has
been estim ated th at for one real case o f rape b rou gh t to trial in E ngland ,
there are at least tw elve false accusations. Som e are for blackm ail, som e are
know in gly calum nious, some for revenge (T h o in o t, 1 9 1 1 ) .
T h e num ber o f incest cases reported to police is b u t a sm all fraction o f
those occurring. M a n y m ore sexual offenses are com m itted against you n g
persons than are reported. W h e n proceedings are taken, th e proportion o f
acquittals is high. T h e decrease in crim e w ith violence is ow in g to the
practice o f reducing charges; the statistics o f indecent assault include a
proportion o f m ore serious offenses (D ep artm en tal R eport, Г925).
C h ild seductions take place m ore frequ ently than th ey com e to th e at­
tention o f courts (B end er and B lau, 19 3 7 ).
Thousan ds o f sex offenses never com e to th e atten tion o f th e police. V i c ­
tim s and witnesses are reluctant to report or to testify (M a cC o rm ick ,
1938).
It is difficult to estim ate the num ber, due to th e unreliability of statistics
and reluctance o f victim s to com plain. R ape, second degree, is often com ­
m itted w ith the consent o f th e victim . O fte n the victim is a small child w h o
does n ot tell the parents, or the parents prefer to keep silent. M a n y crim es
never com e to the atten tion o f police. O n ly a fraction o f those w hich occur
are reported to police; it is im possible to say w h at fraction, or w heth er the
same percentage com e to light each year (M a yo r’s C o m m ittee, 1940).
R eporting o f arrests to th e Federal Bureau is voluntary, therefore in­
com plete. T h e value of any crim e statistics depends on com pleteness and
accuracy. T h e problem o f sex offenders is neither urban nor rural (M oran,
1 9 4 °).
M a n y sex offenses th a t w e read abou t never occurred; they are either un­
true or grossly exaggerated. T h e y are due to n eurotic fears o f w om en or
youngsters’ phantasies (Piker, 19 4 7).
O n ly a sm all portion o f sex offenders are arrested, and m any w ho are
charged w ith m isdeam eanors are in fact gu ilty o f felonies (Ploscow e,
* 947 ) •
M a n y a child w ho has no idea o f the m echanics o f intercourse interprets
affection and sim ple caressing, from anyone except her ow n parents, as
Sex Offenses: Distribution and Interrelation 25
Itipi In consequence, n ot a few older m en serve tim e in penal institutions
fm i l l nupt i ng to engage in a sexual act w hich at their age w ould n ot in-
it n I Ihem and o f w hich m any o f them are incapable (K insey, Pom eroy
Mild M artin, 1948).
I In' I1. В. I. reports nearly 6,000 rape cases in 1947 and estim ates th e
Inl 11 num ber to be nearly 18,000. It lists 17,878 other sex offenses in that
i n I )r, W m . H . H aines believes that on ly one out o f tw enty is reported
{NN ilIds, 1948).
I In offender m ay b e arrested w ith ou t w arrant only for an offense com-
111 ill (a I in the presence o f the arresting officer; tend en cy on part of police to
I I m isdem eanants on felon y charges; persons charged w ith rape, sod-
"III1 incest or other felonies m ay be allow ed to plead gu ilty to lesser or in-
• Imlcd m isdeam eanor charges; courts adhere to th e chronological age o f
I In vielim in defining certain crimes (B ow lin g, 1950).
К ape cases, w hich are estim ated to num ber abou t 18,000 a year, are cus-
IIи11,11 ily used as indications o f danger. It is im possible to estim ate w hat
I nl age of these are forcible rape. Statistics as to rape are m ost un­
it liable. T h e fact is frequently concealed for shame, or it is charged for
bl id mail or to save a reputation. F orcib le rape is practically im possible
nidi л the fem ale is practically unconscious (Sutherland, 1950).
Many offenses are reported to police, b u t police are frequently ham -
|" n il 111 investigation; th e exact nature o f the charge m ay not be know n.
1 Min in I figures hide som e offenders; a person arrested on a sex charge m ay
I" allowed to plead guilty to some non-sex offense. M a n y offenses are re-
pni l nl where there are no valid grounds for th e charge. A fte r a vicious sex
1 1here is an increase in reporting other offenses to police. Statistics
11111ii ularly by type o f offense, are likely to b e unreliable (D u n h am ,
up; 1).
Nn overw helm ing num ber o f sex offenses is never reported to th e au-
I In a ilics. In m ost cases, th e principals are acquiescent to their occur-
0 m i In other cases, the victim m ay be embarrassed or m ay feel that he or
In will not be held blam eless. M a n y parents or social workers refuse to re-
pod cases because it is believed the best interests of the victim lie in her
I" 01,". allowed to forget w h at has happened (M ich igan R eport, 1951) .
Incest is rare in court statistics and difficult to prove. T h e fem ale is too
1 11111v, or too fond of the offender, to bring charges. T h e aggressor is n ot al-
wnys male (C u sh in g, 1950).
1 I’roportion o f Sexual to Non-Sexual Offenses: Sex offenses are abou t
I'mi percent o f th e total num ber (E ast, 1924).
< a imes against property and person com e to police atten tion m uch m ore
In qucntly; sex crimes represented only four percent o f all serious crimes
1 ilnsl person and property com ing to the atten tion of police in 1939. Sex
nine tends to follow population distribution more closely than other’
Ivpcs of crim e (M a y o r’s C o m m ittee, 1940).
26 Sex Offenses: Distribution and Interrelation Sex Offenses: Distribution and Interrelation 27

T h e sex offender is num erically a less frequent offender than larccuists, lni\ u p c , incest, sex relations associated w ith force, and hom osexuality, to-
robbers, burglars, or forgers. In th e C o u rt of G en eral Sessions, N . Y . (** 11u i com prised one-third o f the cases (A p felb erg, Sugar and Pfeffer,
1932-38, sexual crim es num bered 709; others 1 5>337 (Brom berg, 1948). •4 4 ) •
T h e num ber o f forcible attacks on w om en and children represents b u t a < >1 165 cases o f sex offenses, exhibitionism constituted th e largest group
1sly. Rape and attem pted rape, eleven. Incest, four. Im pairing morals
sm all fraction o f all sex offenses (D eu tsch , 1950 ).
h! minor, forty-six. Plom osexuality and sodom y, tw enty-tw o. A ssault w ith
In 1949, 24,760 w ere arrested for m ajor crim es in N ew Y o rk state. O f
these arrests, 1,338 were for rape, 708 for other sex offenses, principally ■s 11;11 intent, and disorderly cond uct w ith sexual approach, tw enty-tw o
sodom y and carnal abuse. In 1949, 1,285 w ere charged; 115 sentenced |! lim ing, 1, 194 5).
Exhibitionism com prised 32.2 percent of the sex offenses, 1.95 percent
(Sing Sing, 1950).
A tabulation o f all fem ale murders reported in th e N ew Y o rk T im es tor ■•I ill offenses in B rixton Prison in 1946 (T aylor, 194 7).
1930, 1935 and 1940 showed 324 fem ales m urdered in those years. O n ly I liibiHonism is one o f the m ost com m on o f all sex offenses (C ap rio,
seventeen were reported as involvin g rape or suspicion of rape. O f these, 1949)•
tw o were in 1930, eleven in 1935 and four in 1940. O n ly thirty-nine of the <)l 250 cases o f sex offenses studied at D iagnostic C en ter, N ew Jersey,
total were murders of children, tw elve of these were rape murders. (118 percent were o f open lewdness (in d ecen t exposure, m asturbation,
■Ih iling and disrobing or lew d n ess); 14 percent carnal abuse; 13.2
N early sixty percent o f th e murders o f fem ales were com m itted b y relatives
I» о 1 nl hom osexual acts; 12.4 percent statutory rape; 10.8 percent sex-
or intim ate associates. In one o f these years, as m any w om en were m ur­
11 il assault; 3.2 percent incest; 3.2 percent forcible rape; 2.4 percent im-
dered b y policem en as b y sex fiends (Sutherland, 1950)-
I' aliment o f m inor’s morals; 1.6 percent obscenity (pictures or literature);
In C aliforn ia, sex crim es are the basis for m ore than nine percent o f the
I percent anim al contact. T h e m ost frequent offense am ong w h ite men
prison sentences. F o r the w hole country, sex crim es constitute three per­
» 1, open lewdness (eighty-nine out of 201 cases); am ong N egroes, statu-
cen t (G u ttm ach er, 1951)-
Inry lapc (fourteen ou t o f forty-nine cases) (Frankel, 1950).
In the total picture of all crim e and of all m ental suffering, sexual crim e
I >1, Ercderick J. H acker: T h e vast m ajority o f all cases screened proved
contributes only a very m inor part. Sex offenses have rem ained at abou t
и I divcly harm less (C a l. R eport, 1950).
three percent o f all offenses know n to D etroit police in the last six years.
E xhibitionism constitutes from tw enty to thirty-five percent o f all sex
T h e re is no evidence o f any upward trend in th e state at large (M ich igan
■1 о ( Rickies, 1950).
R eport, 1951)- <)nc hundred and seventy-two offenders fell into seven groups: fifty
pi iluphiliacs, (sex relations, not intercourse, w ith children w ith ou t force);
4. R elative Frequency o f Occurrence: O f 291 males in a tw elve-m onth
1м 1 ill у Iwo exhibitionists (eighteen were indecent exposure); tw enty-tw o
record at B rixton Prison, 107 offenses w ere indecent exposure; indecent
Iniiuoscxuals (eight charged w ith solicitin g); eighteen, forced relations
assault on fem ale, sixty-nine; carnal know ledge and attem p t at rape, forty-
with children; eight, statutory rape; eleven, incest; eighteen, rape; twenty-
two; indecent assault on m ale, thirty-seven; im m oral soliciting, nineteen;
I hit с m iscellaneous (prostitution, obscene telephon e calls, frottage, scop-
unnatural offenses, seventeen (E ast, 1924)• . . .
IIiphilia). E xhibitionism also includes w alking nude in public park, forcing
W o rtis (1939) found the m ost frequent sexual offense was im pairing
hi individual to take a picture o f w ife and self in intercourse, cunnilingus
morals o f minors.
I" loir a m ale audience as a variety program (G u ttm ach er, 1 951 ) .
O f the first hundred sex offenders com m itted to B ellevu e after th e m ay­
or’s order, fifty offenses w ere sex play w ith minors; tw enty-four were ex­
hibitionism ; twenty-six, m iscellaneous. If exhibitionism and statutory И TIM E AN D PLACE OF O C C U R R E N C E
rape were included, the first group w ould be even higher. T h e m iscellane­
I In place o f occurrence in over one-third of the cases is the offender’s
ous group includes incest, voyeurism , statutory rape, rape, etc. (Shaskan,
pin с ol residence; in another third, it is som e other building; a num ber
i" 1111 in th e victim ’s residence (M a y o r’s C o m m ittee, 1940).
^ Exhibitionism constitutes abou t thirty-five percent of all sex offenses at
Indecent exposure increases in A pril, M a y and June and th e sum m er
Psychiatric In stitu te of M u n icip al C o u rt of C h ica g o (A n e ff and R otm an ,
111s. 11 is an out-of-door offense (H irning, x, 1945).
1942).
In exhibitionism the site varies, from lonely lanes to crowded parks;
Pedoph ilia and exhibitionism w ere the m ost frequent types of offenses in
I bed buildings are com m on ly used (T aylor, 194 7).
th e 250 cases studied by A p felb erg, Sugar and Pfeffer. T o g eth e r they com ­
I'laces of occurrence are m ost frequently autos, as shown b y fifty-one out
prised two-thirds of th e cases. T h e rem aining four types o f offenses: statu-
 Sex Offenses: Distribution and Interrelation 29
28 Sex Offenses: Distribution and Interrelation
I'logrcssion from m inor to m ajor sex crimes is exceptional, though an
o f 203 recorded cases. T h e victim ’s residence is th e m ost frequent location
liuln idual m ay engage at any given tim e in a variety o f form s of sex out-
in cases of incest and carnal abuse; th e street in sexual assault; the o f­
lib. ( l appan, 1950).
fender’s residence in cases o f hom osexual acts; parks in cases o f open lew d ­
T i m e is 110 evidence that sex offenders in general progress in any sig-
ness (Frankel, 1950). iii Ih .ml num bers as individuals from sex m isdem eanors to sex felonies.
Sex crimes increase from M a y to July in G erm an y, F ran ce and U n ited
I и Ii type o f sex behavior is related specifically to a specific type of emo-
States (G u ttm ach er, 1951). m aladjustm ent. E xcep t as the type of m aladjustm ent changes, the
I" 1 iIh lype o f sex behavior does n ot change (M ich igan R eport, 1951 ) .
C. R E L A T IO N B E T W E E N O FFEN SES
1 Distinction Between Sexual and Non-Sexual Offenses: Sex crimes
1. Connection w ith Non-Sexual Offenses: 11II1 1 Imm m ost crim inal acts in th e absence of predatory features. G a in to
it' person is directly o f a physiological variety; this makes for the con-
a. r a p e : R ap e and other sex offenses are based on forces that rarely enter
1 ml 1011 o f the sex crim e as a m ental health problem (D u n h am ,
into robbery, burglary, etc., and only occasionally hom icide ( W ile , 1939) ■
♦tj M) .
Rapists appear to have a greater tenden cy toward crim inal records of
non-sexual crimes than do other sex offenders. R ap e m ay be inciden tal to
another crim e, as burglary or robbery. A fair num ber o f psychotics becom e
rapists. M a n y psychopathic individuals are found am ong rapists (H irning,
II M M AR Y
3, 19 4 7).
O f 250 sex offenders studied at D iagnostic C en ter, N ew Jersey, forcible
rape constitutes 3.2 percent of the total offenses; however, forcible rap­
4 I I'l y t l K N C Y fenses. Exhibitionism is estimated as
ists w ith previous records constituted only 1.3 percent of th e total o f those
comprising from twenty to thirty-five
w ith previous records (F rankel, 1950).
lllii'il milItorities believe there is no percent of all cases. Others find pedo-
b. e x h ib it io n is m : T h e re is a tenden cy to h an d le th e exhibitionist w ith ■ii’ Ii tiling as a sex crime wave, al- pliiliac offenses to be more frequent
great severity, b u t he is not a poten tial sex murderer. lllimi'll several believe that sex crimes than exhibitionism. These two types
O f 100 exhibitionists sixty-six had had previous antisocial incidents И "" in cycles and that they are stim- of offense comprise the largest num­
iililiil by newspapers. Hoover, fol- ber of offenses. T h e majority of cases
other than exhibitionism (A rieff & R otm an , 1942).
111■ ' **I by certain writers in popular are relatively harmless.
E xhibitionists rarely have records of any other offense except indecent
111 iii'i/nn s, considers that sex crimes
exposure (H irning, 3, 1947)- tinf using at an alarming rate; в. t im e and place of occurrence

G en eral crim inality is m ore com m on in exhibitionism than in other sex pin mum points out that the cases re-
offenses- (T aylor, 19 4 7). Iiiil'il me mostly of statutory rape.
I in no accurate statistics as to
c. f e t i s h i s m : Fetishists m ay com m it burglary, th eft, assault, to secure
tin iiiniibei of offenses. It seems to be
th e object. Som e fetishists find the garm ent m ust b e stolen for full satisfac­
-ill || lliul many that occur never
tion (E ast, 1946). pi'iii In the attention of the police;
n 1 impossible to tell what percent-
2. R elation o f Offenses to Each Other: H om osexuality is usually un­ п.- -in leported, or whether this is
related to other sex perversions (E ast, 1946). il. пне every year. It is also noted
E xcep t in rare instances, th ey do n ot change in the nature of their o f­ Mini hi my we read about are either
fenses. A m o n g 2,487 offenders there was no record o f an exhibitionist or a Hill ми .и exaggerated. It is agreed by
m olester of children com m ittin g rape, except one, w ho was found to be i'i 11 ню I medical authorities that sex
psychotic (Selling, 5, 194 7). H "" - 11 pi 1 ".i'iit a small proportion of
It is n ot true that the m inor offender progresses to m ore serious crimes. ii i "" 11 1111sI person and property,
A n y frustrated, rigidly-repressed person m ay explode into violence. T h is (ui'hubb from Ih rcc to four percent.
i diibllinnism and pedophilia arc
is no m ore true of the sex offender than of others. Progression is excep­
Не nmsi frequently mentioned of­
tional (T a p p a n , 1, 1949) •
The Mayor’s Com m ittee found that
the place of occurrence is most fre­
quently the offender’s residence or
some other building; Frankel found
that the most frequent locale is the au­
tomobile. There is some indication
that sex offenses are more frequent
during summer months, this being
particularly true of the offense repre­
sented by indecent exposure.
C. RELATION BETW EEN OFFENSES
There is disagreement as to the rela­
tion of rape to non-sexual crimes;
Hirning believes that rapists do,
others that rapists do not have a
greater tendency to commit non-
sexual crimes than do other sex of­
fenders. T he same disagreement ap­
plies to exhibitionists. T h e fetishists
may commit burglary to obtain the
desired object. It is emphasized, by
Tappan and others, that in general sex
offenders do not progress from minor
to serious crimes. They do not usually
change in the nature of their offenses.
Sex crimes differ from most other
crimes in the absence of predatory
features.

DI S TRI BUTI ON OF SEX O F F E N D E R S

\ IN T E LL IG E N C E 32

И E D U C A T IO N 33

I O C C U P A T IO N A L STATU S 33

I' M ARITAL STATU S

34

I RACE AND N A T IO N A L IT Y
34

I AGE
35
i A ge o f Sex O ffenders in G eneral 35
Offenses C haracteristic of D ifferen t A ge G roups 35
A. YOUNGER OFFENDERS

1). OLDER OFFENDERS

I SEX
37

II R E LIG IO N
37

I PE R SO N A LITY 38

* II M M A R Y
39

)
4. Distribution of Sex Offenders
A. IN T E L L IG E N C E
T h e intelligen ce o f sex offenders is relatively low; ego and superego are
generally w eaker in those w ith low er intelligen ce and they are less able to
keep impulses of th e id under control (Pollens, 1938).
V oyeurs are often high ly intelligent; they are chiefly m en (O berndorf,
l 939 ) •
T h e I. Q . of the sex offender is usually average (B onner, 1948).
M a n y sex offenders are intellectu ally superior; the average I. O . of 102
sex offenders studied at Sing Sing was 103.31 (Abraham sen, 1950). (See
C ase 1.)
Intelligence o f these offenders was m ostly equal to that of the adult
population. E m otion al factors are more im portant than intelligence. M o tor
impulses are too strong to control. N in e had been in m ental institutions
(Sing Sing, 1950).
T h e I. O . o f rapists is low er than th at o f other sex offenders (B ow ling,
1 95° ) - . . J 111011. Few had college, professional or technical training, b u t advanced
In 201 w hite sex offenders studied at D iagnostic C en ter, N . J., intelli­
gence follow ed a norm al curve from superior to m oron, w ith th e greatest
num ber (32.8 percent) of “ average” intelligence. O f forty-nine N egroes
studied, n one were o f superior intelligence, and nearly h a lf were “ dull
norm al.” O f those w hose offense cam e under th e sex offenders act (p ath o­
lo g ic a l), 25.5 percen t were o f average intelligence; of those n ot com ing
under the act, 35.5 percent were average. T h e percentage o f morons and
borderline cases was considerably low er in those not com ing under the act
(Frankel, 1950).
A general high level o f intelligence shows that sexual deviation does not
center in the feeble-m inded and m en tally deficient (D u n h am , 1 951 ) .
T h o se w ith I. Q . below fifty constituted one percent of th e control group
— eight percent o f th e sex offenders. T h o se w ith I. O . above n inety con ­
stituted forty-three percent o f the general group— thirty-tw o percent of
the sex offenders (G u ttm ach er, 1951 ) .
In telligence and education o f the average sex offender appear to be b e­
low that o f the general population (M ich iga n R eport, 1951 ) .
jt
Distribution of Sex Offenders 3?
1 1in’ 1 B. Y . A d u lt w hite m ale. O ffen se: R ape. H e had an I. Q . o f more
1In 11 11,2. He planned the attack; masked, he entered the apartm ent o f a
'Hun, hit her on the head and insisted on sex relations. H e telephoned
IIn iii xl day to assure her there w ould be no recurrence, and m ade an ap-
..... 1incut to m eet and reassure her. T h is was evidence o f an unconscious
ih ih Iо be apprehended and punished. T h is is com m on am ong sex of-
h mil 1 . The gu ilt feelings for w hich they wish to be punished are often
mil connected w ith the crim e, usually they are in th e past— unexpressed
In utility against a parent, sexual experiences as a child, resentm ent, or a
posite of hidden em otional and inner conflicts (S in g Sing, 1950).
It E D U C A T IO N
I'l ; { male sex offenders studied a t D iagnostic C en ter, N . J., 53.2 percent
h e I mil finished grade school, 10.7 percent finished grade school only;
hi percent finished grade school b u t n ot high school; 9.9 percen t finished
liii'li school; 4.3 percent did not finish college; and 1.3 percent graduated
II"in college. O f those w ith previous records, 63.2 percent did not finish
1 11Ic school; 49.2 percent o f those w ith ou t previous records did n ot finish
1 Hide school (Frankel, 1950).
( >1 100 exhibitionists tw enty-nine had com pleted less than eight grades
■•I .1 bool. T w o were illiterate (A rieff & R otm an , 1942).
<>1 250 n ow psychotic m ale sex offenders exam ined in B ellevue during
one year, 15.7 percent had com pleted the eighth grade, 1.5 percent had at-
|i mlcd ungraded school, 4.1 percent had had no schooling (A pfelberg,
'■nr.11 and Pfeffer, 1944).
\ll but four percent are literate. M o st had incom plete elem entary edu-
•■dm alion is no barrier to the com m ission o f sex crim es (M a yo r’s C om m it-
I' 1, 1940).
1 O C C U P A T IO N A L STATU S
In w were unem ployed. M o st were unskilled workers in th e low incom e
i n nip. W h e th e r or not this bears directly on their m aladjustm ent is spec­
ulative (M a y o r’s C om m ittee, 1940).
(>1 232 m ale sex offenders studied at D iagnostic C en ter, N . }., 42.?
г и n it were unskilled laborers; 23.3 percent semi-skilled laborers; 12.5
pen cut skilled laborers; 8.6 percent w h ite collar workers; 13.4 percent
fin mess m en, owners, professional workers, students and others (Frankel,
1930).
T h e sexual deviate w ith fam ily influence or m oney behind him is more
I" 1picntly referred q uietly to a private psychiatrist than is th e low-status
deviate. H e is m ore likely to be placed on probation than to b e sent to
pi 1 on (M ich igan R eport, 1931) .
34 Distribution of Sex Offenders
D. M A R ITA L STATU S
M o st striking is sexual m aladjustm ent. Fifty-eight of one hundred sex o f­
fenders never married (Shaskan, 1939).
T h e unm arried outnum ber others. T h ere are few w idow ed, few di­
vorced. O n ly twenty-six percent are married men; m ore are convicted of
im pairing morals than o f any other crim e. T h is im plies sexual and fam il­
ial m aladjustm ent (M ayor’s C om m ittee, 1940).
O f ninety-eight exhibitionists, fifty-three were married, seven had mis­
tresses (T aylor, 1947).
O f one hundred exhibitionists, sixty-two w ere single, thirty-eight m ar­
ried, b u t m arital m aladjustm ent was evident (A rieff & R otm an , 1942).
O f 250 now psychotic m ale sex offenders exam ined in B ellevue in one
year, 26.4 percent were married; forty-five percent single; the others had
been divorced, separated or w idow ed (A pfelberg, Sugar and Pfeffer,
1944).
T h e greater proportion of single m en am ong exhibitionists and men
married relatively late suggests a relation to th e O edipus situation (H irn-
ing, 3, 194 7).
B y far the larger num ber o f patients belon ging to th e transvestist group
are married, w ith children, if they belon g to the age group in w h ich mar­
riage occurs (K arpm an, 18, 1947).
O f 250 m ale sex offenders studied at D iagnostic C en ter, 48.8 percent
were single; 33.2 percent were legally married; 16.8 percent were
w idow ed, separated or divorced. Percentages o f single and legally married
are m uch higher am ong those w ith ou t previous record; percentages of
those separated and divorced are m uch higher am ong those w ith previous
records (Frankel, 1950).
Sex offenders tend in disproportionate num bers to be w ith o u t m arital
sexual outlets, b u t so do non-sex crim inals (M ich igan R eport, 1951).
O f fifty-one exhibitionists, only two were “ apparently” happily married
to their first wives. E leven were unm arried (H enninger, 19 4 1).
Single persons predom inate in every category of offense; are significantly
higher in statutory rape group (D u n h am , 19 5 1 ).
Ё. RACE AND N A T IO N A L IT Y
R ace and nationality exert a m aterial influence. T u rks and A rabs are
perverse, French are supposed to be, b u t actually not so m uch so as Slavs;
G erm ans are believed to be hom osexually inclined, though this is ques­
tioned b y Bloch; the E nglish have sadistic tendencies (W o lb a rst, 1 931) .
T h ere is a high rate of whites in all groups, especially that o f statutory
rape (Frosch and Brom berg, 1939).
M o re w hites are convicted o f sex crim es than all other races com bined
Distribution of Sex Offenders 35
и и■ 111у p ercen t). T h e trend differs from th at o f the c ity ’s population as a
•>hole. W h ite offenders represent sixteen percent o f the w h ite males four-
b 1 и and over; non-w hite offenders, sixty-three percent of non-white popu-
liiinn of sam e age levels. R ace is relatively unim portant (M a y o r’s C om -
tullli'c, 1940).
I out percent o f indecent exposure cases were N egroes (A rieff & Rot-
IHilll, 1042).
< >1 .'.30 now psychotic m ale sex offenders exam ined in B ellevue during
out' year, twenty-two percent were N egroes, a greater incidence in propor-
llou Iii the population. T w enty-three percent were o f foreign birth
1 mullet' incidence) (A p felb erg, Sugar and Pfeffer, 1944).
Mexicans have a high proportion for rape. N egroes have a low propor-
lt"M in all sex offenses (C a l. R eport, 1950).
< >1 .'.30 males studied at D iagnostic C en ter, 201 were w hite, forty-nine
1 jMoes; 33.3 percent of th e w hite cases, 8.2 percent o f th e N egroes were
1I1 Ii i mined as com ing under the sex offender act. T h e m ost frequent of-
t им am ong w hite m en was open lewdness (eighty-nine out o f 201 cases).
....... ost frequent am ong N egroes was statutory rape (fourteen out o f
It и I\ nine cases) (F rankel, 1950).
I In native A m erican w h ite m ale is predom inant am ong sex offenders.
I Im h arc fewer N egroes than whites referred, though forty-eight percent
I I lie offenders are N egroes. T h e N egro crim inal is not prim arily a sexual
Minimal; N egro sex crim e rate is low er than their general crim e rate.
I In n are seven percent fewer N egroes am ong sexual offenders than
....... uon-sexual offenders. Foreign-born show a disproportionately low
i ii' ol sex crim e (G u ttm ach er, 1951 ) .
I AGE OF SEX O FFEN D ER S
I Лцг o f O ffenders in G en eral: T h e age of sex offenders is relatively
Пи 11, thirty or over (Pollens, 1938).
II 1 percent o f 250 sex offenders (m ale) studied at D iagnostic C en ter,
I . were betw een 20-24; tw enty percent betw een 25-29. H om osexual acts
m 1110,si frequent betw een 35-49; open lewdness betw een 25-34. T h e largest
tumibei o f situational offenders, non-pathological individuals, m ild neu-
inlii and m entally deficient studied were under 25 (F rankel, 1950).
In I lie control group the m ean age was twenty-six. O f the sex offenders,
Пи mean age was thirty-two years, ten m onths (G u ttm ach er, 1 9 5 1 ).
<Mlcnses Characteristic of Different Age Groups:
й m 'Unc offen d e r s : O ffenses necessitating force involve younger of-
I' mil r, (Frosch & Brom berg, 1939).
According to this study, the peaks for statutory and forcible rape, im ­
 pairing morals, abduction, and incest, fall w ithin the 16-20-year-old group.
I'or seduction and attem pted rape, the peak is from 21-25. C arn al abuse,
the peak is from 26-30 and 36-40. In decen t exposure, the peak is 31-35.
Sodom y, the peak is 36-40. T h e percentage o f you th is high (C itizen s
C o m m ittee, 1939).
T h e more natural, violent crimes are typical o f younger offenders. A
high percentage o f young offenders (16-20), are convicted o f rape, impair-
ing morals, sodom y and incest. Sixty percent o f all offenders are under
thirty-one (M a y o r’s C o m m ittee, 1940).
The average age o f fifty-one exhibitionists was thirty, ind icating the con ­
dition was not indicative of adolescent sex experim entation (H enninger
1 9 4 1).
E ighty-four percent o f exhibitionists studied were betw een seventeen
and forty. A ll were m ale. T h e m ajority were single; a large num ber had
had no previous heterosexual experience (A rieff and R otm an , 1942).
A lm ost all the forcible and violent sex acts were perform ed by post-
pubescents, w h ile the pre-pubescents engaged largely in m inor and passive
roles (D oshay, 1943).
Indecent exposure cases cluster around early tw enties, then fall off until
abou t sixty (H irning, 1, 1945).
F orcible rape is largely a crim e o f youth. E ig h ty percent o f all offenders
for rape in N ew Y o rk C ity , from 1930 to 1939, were under thirty-one; not
one was over sixty (H irning, 3, 194 7).
E xhibition ism is greater in younger age groups (23-39 years) (T aylor,
x 947 ) •
T h e rapist and exhibitionist are probably th e youngest o f the sex o f­
fender group (B ow lin g, 1950).
C arnal abuse, forcible rape, sexual assault and statutory rape seem to
occur m ost frequently under twenty-five years and to decrease gradually
as age advances. C arnal abuse increases again after age fifty (Frankel
1950).
b. o l d e r o f f e n d e r s : M ore than h a lf th e cases o f pedophilia occur past
the age o f forty (Frosch and Brom berg, 1939).
O f the m ain sex offenders against children, there is an unusually high
proportion over forty-five, a low proportion under twenty-five ( W ile
* 939 )•
C arnal abuse, incest, sodom y, are m ore typical o f older offenders. M en
over sixty constitu te four percent of all convictions. T h e m ajority are im ­
plicated in crimes against children, carnal abuse and im pairing morals.
V io le n t crimes are rare. T h e victim s are alm ost exclusively children (M a y ­
or’s C om m ittee, 1940).
V io le n t crimes are rare w ith th e older offender. T h e m ajority o f older
men are offenders against children (H irning, 3, 194 7).
T h e m olester o f children is usually an older m an (B ow lin g, 1950).
I Inisc charged w ith pedophilia, exhibitionism , incest, statutory rape
йи "lib 1 than th erap ists (G u ttm a ch cr, 1 951 ) .
1 S ИX
lii'l>. 1 ill assault by an adult w om an on a sm all boy is more com m on than
' 1In night. I11 1842 the C o u rt of Assizes of the Seine convicted a girl of
1а С on Iwo children. A case has been reported where several w om en
' I n i 11 young m an. Such cases are rare (T h o in o t, Г91 1 ) . See C ase 57.
\■ 'M inism am ong fem ales is extrem ely rare (O bernd orf, 1939).
I ' т . il< offenders invariably had a m ale accom plice. F ew fem ales are
1 limgi'il with the crimes considered here. T h e m ajority were under thirty-
nearly all had been im m oral previously; a num ber were o f low m ental-
lh I M ayor’s C om m ittee, 1940).
'.ex offenses am ong w om en are few er and usually conn ected w ith prosti-
1и I ии 1 ( East, 1946).
1> 1 I he total num ber referred to Psychiatric Institute, C h ica g o in 1948,
• irIIIv three percent were males, seventeen percent fem ales. T h e usual
1 hinges against fem ales are soliciting to prostitution, contrib uting to de-
1111. |iiciicy of minors and hom osexuality. T h e age range o f fem ales is con-
iiih 1ably older than th at of males (B raude, 1950).
1 >1 1386 offenses investigated by D etroit P olice D ep artm en t, W o m a n ’s
I in 1 .ion, 1949, only ten were w om en. T h e mores o f the com m unity pretty
пип Ii define sexual deviation as acts com m itted by males (D u n h am ,
ng' i )•
In I lie U n ited States n ine males are arrested for sex offenses for every
I. male. M ales have active visual im agery w hile m asturbating, w om en
•I I. Boss claims that m an perceives the w orld in a more universal spirit,
a llli more abstract phantastic connections and images. T h e fem in ine ex-
I in i к е of world and love is m ore bound to a concrete, personal level,
Hiiil is w hy there is no fetishism in w om en. T h e m ale has a different role
.и iiilcrcourse; he has to m aintain an erection and probably resorts to
p ii.ipliilia for extra stim ulation and self-assurance (G u ttm ach er, 1951 ) .
II RELIG IO N
I Irish has found, in his study o f crim inal offenses am ong Jews and non-
Jrw. in ex-Austrian and ex-Russian territory, 1923-28, that o f offenses
■ig.imst persons, the m ore serious th e offense the low er the crim inality of
I' us as com pared to non-Jews. In ex-Russian Poland, the rate o f Jews in-
\ nlved in crimes against sexual m orality and the fam ily was twenty-seven
I" и ru t of the rate o f non-Jews. In G alicia, these offenses were fifty percent
I' am ong Jews than am ong non-Jews. In ex-Russian Poland, souteneurs
иен Iwice as num erous am ong Jews as am ong non-Jews. As regards un-
iii lmal sexual relations, in G alicia the Jewish crim inality was tw o-fifths.
38 Distribution of Sex Offenders Distribution of Sex Offenders 39

that of non-Jews; in ex-Russian Poland, Jewish rate one-seventh that of making acceptable sexual adjustm ents; they show m ore em otional malad-
non-Jews. R ap e is fourteen tim es less num erous am ong Jews (H ersh, jir.lm cnts than do other people, and they tend to have a higher rate of

1936). , H'licreal infection (M ich igan R eport, 1951)-

R eligious affiliation is usually claim ed, usually in nam e only (M a y o r s Korschach exam inations given to ten exhibitionists and ten rapists
C o m m ittee, 1940). i,Ilowed th at the exhibitionists had a passive approach. T h e y are unpro-
O f one hundred exhibitionists, thirty-six were C ath o lic, thirty-four ilnrtive people w ho do n ot relate actively to environm ent; they have 110
Protestant, five Jewish and five C hristian Science; thirty-tw o attended feeling that they can win or influence. Rapists show conflict, inner dis-
church regularly (A rieff & R otm an , 1942). h, social isolation (G u ttm ach er, 1 95х )-
O f 256 cases o f juvenile offenders, 51.6 percent were C ath o lic, 29.3
percent Protestant, and 19.1 percent Jewish (D oshay, 1943).
R om an C ath olics constituted sixty-six percent o f indecent exposure
group and fifty-three percent of all sex offenders. T h is m ay have signifi­ MiMMARY
cance in connection w ith rigidity and severity of fam ily attitudes toward
sex, a constant finding (H irning, 1, 1945)•
T h ere is a disproportionate representation of C ath olics. 1 his is also re­ ' IN I I I.I.IG EN CE their general crime rate. It is noted
that fewer Negroes than whites are
ported by others. Perhaps it is due to a rigidly suppressive attitu d e of the
\\ Ink bowling finds that the I. Q . of referred to psychiatric clinics. M exi­
church toward sexual expression (G u ttm ach er, 1951) .
щ 1 offenders is relatively low, most cans in California are said to have a
wilier... believe that most sex offend- high rate for rape.
I. P E R SO N A L IT Y OF TH E SEX O F F E N D E R ii ,in of average intelligence.
F . AGE
M o re and m ore frequently in rape cases w e find a m aniac is the perpe­ II IUUCATION Several writers find that the age of
trator. A case for the m ind doctor m ore than one for th e courts of justice. l" l had not finished grade school, sex offenders is relatively high, thirty
A sexual m aniac is m ore dangerous, m ore cruel, m ore cunn ing than any bill Ilu; great majority had had some and over, others find the majority of
other kind of lu natic (B arrett & Shaeffer, 1939) . i Imoling. Few had advanced training, sex offenders under thirty-one. Crimes
Sex offenders as a class are n ot particularly vicious, d h e idea that an ex­ lull advanced education is no barrier involving force are found to be typi­
hibitionist or peeper is a poten tial rapist or sex m urderer is not true Iи IIn commission of sex crimes; but cal of younger offenders; the majority
lb. wealthier deviate is more able to find that rape, exhibitionism, occur
(Selling, 1, 1939).
b n private psychiatric attention, or most frequently with younger offend­
Sex offenders form no set type, physically or m entally. Aggressive types
1 1 Ih placed on probation. ers; that the molester of children is
are less com m on than the self-conscious. M a n y shrink from all contacts
an older man. Incest and sodomy seem
(M ayor’s C om m ittee, 1940). 1 IH 1 11 C A T I O N to be more characteristic of older of­
T h e sex offender does not correspond to the popular notion o f brute or fenders, though some find a high per­
I In majority are unskilled workers.
libertine. A n im m ense variety of persons are capable of com m ittin g sex centage of younger offenders in this
offenses (L eppm an , 19 4 1). It M ARITAL STATUS group.
A group o f sex offenders m ight b e found not to differ in essentials from .не I. men predominate, according
G. SEX
a control group w ho had never know n arrest. T h e offense in itself is only a 1.1 ill American authorities; an English
sym ptom of general reaction (W ile , 19 4 1). инь 1 found, in the exhibitionists he T he offenders are almost invariably
M a n y sex offenders are n ot vicious, b u t am enable to treatm ent (A p fe l­ quilled, a small majority were mar­ male, although offenses by women
tini against children have been reported.
berg, Sugar and Pfeffer, 1944) •
Charges against women are usually
T h e m ajority of sex offenders are shy, tim id; too inh ibited to pursue
1 идеи connected with prostitution.
norm al relationships (D eu tsch , 1950) .
b t aex offenders are white, though
T h e m ajority o f deviates are passive or non-aggressive; under-sexed H. RELIGION
I... 1 w 1iters report the sex crimes com-
rather than otherwise (H artw ell, 1950). Several writers report a disproportion­
Mijlletl by Negroes constitute a
Characteristics of sex offenders: T h e y do not differ significantly from the ate representation of Catholics. Hersh,
II. .и 1 incidence in proportion to the
general population in appearance, intelligence or behavior. B u t they population. One writer reports that studying crimes among Jews in cer­
tend to get into m ore trouble w ith th e police; they have more difficulty in lb. Negro crime rate is lower than tain territories in Europe, has found
 40 Distribution of Sex Offenders

sex offenses much less frequent among
Jews than among non-Jews.
I. PERSONALITY
The consensus is that sex offenders
follow no set type, physically or men­
tally; that an immense variety of per­
sons commit sex offenses. It has, how­
ever, been noted that as a class they
are not vicious but rather shy, timid,
non-aggressive: under-sexed rather
than over-sexed. P S Y C H I A T R I C C L A S S I F I C A T I O N OF

SEXU AL O F F E N S E S

\ PER SO N A LITY M A LA D JU ST M E N T 42

И IN P A N T I L E C H A R A C T E R OF A B N O R M A L
SE X U A LITY 44

1 PURPOSE OF P ER V E R SE ACTS 46

U SEXUAL P SY C H O P A T H Y AS N EU R O SIS 47

1 D istinguished from Obsessional N eurosis 47

D istinguished from H ysterical N eurosis 47

N

KIM M Л R Y 48

5 . Psychiatric Classification of
Sexual Offenses
A. P E R SO N A L IT Y M A LA D JU ST M E N T
T h e more serious perversions are those resulting in sexual attacks on chil­
dren; incest; intercourse w ith anim als or dead hum ans; exhibitionism ;
these have a basis in pathological m en tality (W o lb arst, 193 1 )-
Scores of m en in this study w ould be abnorm al under alm ost any stand­
ard b u t th at of legal insanity and m en tal deficiency ( C itizen s C om m ittee,
J939 ) •
Shaskan found of 100 cases, fifteen psychotic, seven m entally defective.
M a n y neurotics arc found am ong pedophiles as com pared to oth er groups.
M a n y egocentric, aggressive and em otionally unstable personalities are
found in th e statutory rape group and am ong th e offenses associated w ith
force. T h e hom osexual and pedophile groups are m ore m aladjusted than
other groups (Frosch and Brom berg, 1939).
O f fifty-one exhibitionists, nineteen were considered “ norm al, em o­
tionally unstable.” T e n were m en tally deficient, eight were psychotic, two
psychoneurotic, four chronic alcoholics, four organically unstable (senile
or syp h ilitic), three psychopathic personality (n ot judged b y exhibition­
ism alone, bu t b y low cultural adjustm ent, shiftlessness, irresponsibility,
am orality, schizoid traits). T h o se considered “ norm al, em otionally un ­
stable,” showed m any m anifestations on a neurotic basis; they were not
norm al from a broader psychiatric standpoint b u t legally responsible.
M o st were seen after arrest b u t before sentence; they were reticent and
satisfactory rapport was rare. T h ese cases are invariably failures as to nor­
m al heterosexuality (H enninger, 1941) .
W h e re there are no psychotic m anifestations there is at least evidence
o f serious personality m aladjustm ent. T h o se w ho fail to attain ad u lt sex­
uality m ay com pensate for th e feelin g o f inferiority by regressing to prim i­
tive or more general sexuality (H enn inger, 19 4 1).
T h e average m an does not w ant sex satisfied in an abnorm al w ay C o n ­
nections betw een these offenders and norm al tendencies are easily discov-
Psychiatric Classification of Scxiuil Offenses 43
hhI mil psychic roots b ecom e apparent. A bnorm al m ental conditions
m u pliiv a decisive role (L epp m an , 19 4 1).
mi 1 I exhibitionists, six were schizophrenic; thirteen m entally defi-
4* nl, ми alcoholic paranoid; thirteen constitutional psychopaths; twenty-
■i| 1' impulsive neurotics; sixteen borderline m ental deficients (A rieff &
h u m a n . 11)42).
........ h a v e strong neurotic tendencies; definite neurosis is not always
I. т . hi .11 able, but there is always a neurotic pattern. N eurosis is marked
II 1 iliil'ilionists; they have superficial insight. Schizoid traits are com m on
pedophiles. In sex relations associated w ith force w e find a high
, 1 I mu of psychopathic personalities, aggressive tendencies (A pfel-
lnii ’ aii’ ii and Pfeffer, 1944).
I In abnorm al sex offender is generally not a m ental defective nor
1 .11 nr.aue, b ut he cannot control his impulses (Ploscow e, 194 7).
1 illi 11 alcoholism , am nesia or drug addiction is found. E m o tion al im-
1и 1111111\ and instability are com m on. In tellect is clear except where
и a-, is claim ed; b u t judgm ent is im paired. T h ere is a difference be-
1 ....... I lie sexual psychopath and the psychotic, w ho is not responsible
........... 1948).
I In .ex offender is likely to be w ith ou t serious personality disturbance
1 nil 111 и11 abnorm al sexual impulses. Statutory rape involves the least de-
jiiii nl sexual abnorm ality. H om osexuality betw een acknow ledged in-
1111 h i’, slightly less pathologic significance than have crimes w here pcr-
MHi sexual impulses in the offender are subm erged from public view
(It hcig, 1948).
1 ни ml ns arc m entally ill individuals, overw helm ed b y anxiety derived
h 1111st rated passive-dependent needs, castration wishes and fears,
III ” nl ing life situations (C o n n , 1949).
Ml ollcnders (102 at Sing Sing) showed m ental disorder, m ostly neuro-
li I n 1 Ivc showed psychosis. T h ere were only tw o “ genuine psychopaths
(fMiHibainsen, 1950).
In n),iH, fifty percent of th e sex offender cases were exam ined in T h e Psy-
l.i 11111 Institute. O f these, eighty-two percent presented psychiatric prob-
I' т . nl one type or another (Braude, 1950).
Г' m its who com e before court are in m any cases persons w ith tenden-
1 иI n w a r d antisocial or neurotic disturbances, all having roots in factors
i ll' ll disturb early em otional developm ent (C u sh in g, 19 5 °)-
I In' m ajority of those w ho com m it crim inal acts because of deviated sex
l" ' не not legally insane b u t n ot norm al in their m ental life (H art-
, well 1930 ).
1 Mu hundred boys and girls, charged w ith sexual and general delin-
•....I. showed a wide variety of psychiatric diagnoses, from character
as lo pre-psychotic states; good personality stability was rare. Sex
mi lu ll,ivior seldom occurs as a sim ple cond uct disorder in court clinic
I M u key, 1950).
44 Psychiatric Classification of Sexual Offenses
Psychiatric Classification of Sexual Offenses 45
H ospitals discover a w ide spread of psychological types: neurotics, psy-
"I (llllcr persons. Identification— treating the ob ject as he w ould him-
cliotics, epileptics, feeble-m inded, alcoholics, constitution al types; a sig­
« И be treated. W c see, particularly in the m olester of children, one w ho
nificant proportion are norm al from th e biological or statistical view point
b i I lir. own im m aturity and selects an im m ature person as a sexual ob-
(Tappan, 1950).
i . i < Min 1 m echanism s, phantasy, sym bolization, rationalization are often
U sually the person falls into no well-defined neurotic classification, nor
i и I liesc persons show considerable psychosexual im m aturity, w hich is
is he psychotic. H e is m ostly defined as having a character or behavior dis­
" 4 11 into the personality organization. T h e y utilize im m ature defenses;
order; classifications difficult to take accoun t o f in a court of law. Sexual
1 h >' ">i has b oth gratification and defense. In treatm ent they are faced
deviation is considered from a psychiatric standpoint as sym ptom atic of
«illi civing up som ething w hich is gratifyin g and serves as a defense
various inner conditions. It is difficult to deal w ith him entirely in terms
|■11" 1 I anxieties, and taking on som ething new — m aturity, w hich is un-
o f m ental health. O vert acts are uncontrollable, b u t his acts represent law
Umwn and fraught w ith anxiety.
violations; he know s they are w rong (D u n h am , 1 951) .
I I" persons have difficulty in establishing interpersonal relation-
Beyond the statistics, th e sex offender is an individual and his behav­
l"|. M ost relationships are on th e basis o f identifications and on the basis
ioral aberration stems from some disturbance in his inner life and total
"I iinii i.ssistic gratification (D u n h am , 1951).
patterning. Sexual deviation means personality deviation (R ab in ovitch ,
" suaI abnorm alities that were norm al in earlier stages of developm ent
M ichigan R eport, 1951 ) .
1.......... .. delinquency w hen they continue or re-emerge at a later
Sexual m aladjustm ent is not an isolated aspect o f personality that can
1 1 . Si и не infan tile expressions, as voyeurism , exhibitionism , etc., m ay be
be dealt w ith apart from the total em otional adjustm ent o f the personality
Iи 11lunged, or m ay seem repressed or m odified during early years, only to
(M ichigan R eport, 1951 ) .
I" и activated during adolescence, when th e youth becom es an easy prey
ha .eduction (G ardner, 1950).
B. IN FA N TILE C H A R A C T E R OF A B N O R M A L I I" sexual deviate was arrested in psychosexual developm ent short of
S E X U A L IT Y gcnitality, at th e level of castration anxiety. T h is behavior is not a
"ii ■' "ms choice, but is determ ined in early life (R o ch e, 1950).
Sexual perversion in an adult represents not a new phenom enon, b u t fixa­
tion at a low er stage of psychosexual developm ent; a stunting of growth;
I ' W hite m ale, age 14. Referred to clinic for repeatedly mastur-
psychosexual or em otional im m aturity (Pollens, 1938). (See Cases 2, 3, 4.)
I' l l mr and exposing him self before schoolgirls passing his house. This
W h e n a type of reaction has a constant tendency to repeat itself as in the
"illum ed for several m onths before the com plaint was filed. T h e father
sex offender and delinquent, an early phase in the developm ent o f person­
II 1 Iга сIу; the m other strict, severe and am bitious. She was ind ulgent to
ality is affected. A n association o f m ale psychopathic personality and enu­
1 ,,|(k'st son> a physician. T h e patien t was the fifth o f seven children,
resis is suggested (K rinsky and M ichaels, 1940).
1,1 w,10m, excepting the physician, was outstanding. His school ad-
Paraphilias are neurotic expressions representing probably fixations at
I" I"" "I was satisfactory; he was o f average intelligence; the fam ily was
earlier levels, perhaps pre-genital. T h e hysterical reactions represent later
11 licjous and he had had no sex inform ation. His m other m ade him con-
fixations, perhaps at the O edipus level. T h e m ore com plete the earlier fixa­
H i"1 'Ну shldy in order to equal his brother. H e had little recreation and
tion, the less likely it is to be related to later points o f fixation; if the de­
I" mol licr m ade a scene if she saw him even talk to girls. H e was frightened
velopm ent has not been arrested com pletely at a particular point, the
in i 'dm nied. T h e problem concerned his w hole personality structure; he
greater the intrusion of later elem ents. Paraphilias and neuroses are basi­
b И inferior, inadequate. His social life was restricted. H e had learned
cally the same. T h e y have constitutional bases, b u t those of neuroses are
ill'illll m asturbation a year before, and resorted to exhibitory masturba-
no more frequent nor significantly different (K arpm an, 13, 1942).
.... 1,1 increase his sexual feelings in the vague idea o f w inning admira-
Perverts are persons w ith infan tile instead o f adult sexuality (F en ichel,
.... " и| prestige. It was a feeble heterosexual gesture o f an im m ature in-
x945 ) - illHdiial. D u e to unsatisfactory em otional factors in the hom e, he was
In the persons seen there is marked im m aturity. T h e m odes o f behavior
1" I mg in self-confidence and m aturity. H e was ill-equipped to handle the
are such that the personality has difficulty in b in d in g or w ithhold in g
I* ‘ I•' 111n Of his developing sexuality (W a g g o n e r and Boyd, 19 4 1).
anxiety. D efenses include: actin g out— im m ediate release of tension and
anxiety, often w ith sym bolic gratification, frequently n ot in good contact
( Г W h ite . M ale. A ge not given. O ffen se: P u ttin g hand under dress
w ith reality; denial— is w ishful in content; an im m ature defense of distort­
"I in eight-year-old girl. In ten years he had been arrested tw elve times for
ing reality. P rojection— forbidden and anxiety-producing stim uli projected
hlliglary, rape, robbery, vagrancy, annoying children, intoxication, im ­
ф Psychiatric Classification of Sexual Offenses
pairing morals of minors. His w ife left him and he led ^ va gra n t existence,
w orking interm ittently, sleeping in flop houses. H e was said to be “ U n ­
moral, indolent, indifferent, every act guided b y anim al instinct.” H e had
the em otional developm ent of a you n g infant; polym orphous-perverse
stage of sexual developm ent. Factors: L ow intelligen ce (h ered itary), en­
vironm ent; neglect and absence of training. H e needs a lon g period of
education and re-education in a type of institution n ot yet b u ilt (Pollens,
г9 38 ).
Case 4: W h ite . M ale. A g e 33. V a riety o f paraphiliac behavior; tech n i­
cally escaped arrest. H e feared his m other, w ho was nervous and easily
aggravated. H e has m asturbated since four. H e had had hom osexual ex­
perience w ith another boy; he indulged in incestuous phantasies con ­
cerning his m other and sister. H e m ade poor school and occupational
adjustm ent. From three to seven he had been exposed to th e excessive re­
ligious atm osphere o f C a th o lic schools. N eu rotic reactions were: inferior­
ity feelings, hypochondriasis, alcoholism , suicidal tendencies, convulsions,
cannibalistic fancies, m utism , negativism , prom iscuous heterosexuality,
depression. Paraphiliac reactions: m asturbation, fellatio, hom osexuality,
pederasty, cunnilingus, coprophilia, urolagnia, pedophilia, narcissism,
exhibitionism , m asochism , voyeurism . H e showed regression to the anal
sadistic stage. T h e pleasure principle was in conflict w ith religious disci­
pline. N eurotic reactions connected w ith superficial religious ideas
masked the inner sense o f guilt; paraphiliac reactions were the result of
polymorphous-perverse m anifestations of infan tile pleasure principle. Later
he becam e a religions erotom aniac. W h e n pleasure breeds too m uch
guilt, he dresses it up in religion and becom es m asochistic (K arpm an,
r 942).
C. PU RPO SE OF PER V E R SE ACTS
M o st exhibitionists are unable to advance any reason beyond follow ing a
blin d im pulse, so overw helm ing as to be beyond control. Som e remark that
exhibitionism is a com plete equivalent o f ordinary sexual enjoym ent;
others exhibit in the b elief this w ould produce in the victim sexual excite­
m ent or that she w ould respond b y exposing her ow n genitals; others are
satisfied by having their genitals looked at. In any instance, the act brings
great relief from trem endous tension (K arpm an, 3, 1926).
In m ost cases of sexual offenders, the m otive of m aterial profit cannot be
given. W h a t benefit can an individual derive from sending obscene letters
through the m ail, from indecent exposure of his person, from peeping and
similar offenses, unless it be, as it obviously is, em otional satisfaction, the
need for w hich is m ost pressing. B u t the offense com m itted is not to be
taken at its face value, b u t m ust be understood only as a sym bol of another
sexual situation, o f another sexual crim e, th e social prohibitions against
Psychiatric Classification of Sexual Offenses 47
M im Iiarc so great that it can b e satisfied on ly b y a sym ptom atic с о т ­
ри itiiisc (K arpm an, 1 1 , 1940).
'4 чoffenders are anxiety-ridden individuals, driven to com m it their of-
I, им S ill the hope of freeing them selves from tension and regaining self-
1 .li i'iii. T h e repetitive, perverse sex behavior helps to decrease tension b y
nl ii, m g less com plex, earlier, outm oded b u t previously satisfying sex pat-
Iin с. (regression). In certain cases, it m ay represent an unconscious self-
I rilive effort to escape from rigid, life-long com pliance (progression)
II 1и111, 1949).
I lie m ental process is im pelling and repetitive; th e practices give scant
ili'.liu lion (R o ch e, 1950).
I) SEXU AL P SY C H O P A T H Y AS N EU RO SIS
I Distinguished from Obsessional Neurosis: T h e obsessional does n ot
<1111111 iI crim inal acts nor usually yield to sudden obsessional impulses.
'.1 Mi ll offenses or perversions som etim es referred to as obsessional are no
т и н so than gluttony. T h e patien t enters into the act and w illingly enter-
I mi anticipation; there is 110 true obsessional experience, though he may
la I' 1 1ccognize th e unw isdom of th e act and realize th a t he had prelimi-
i i , ii \ repugnance. T h ere are rare cases w here sexual offenses are o f an ob-
M i Minial nature (Lew is, 1935).
V Distinguished from Hysterical Neurosis: M odern psychiatry recog-
III ' perversions as illnesses, fully am enable to treatm ent. I hey are forms
iiutl expressions o f neuroses, genetically related to hysterical and other
In muses. T h e y are not psychopathic, b u t psychogenic. Paraphiliac neu-
111.1 , differ from hysterical neuroses in that th e paraphiliac is conscious of
In 1111' different sexually, w hile in the hysterical neurotic the paraphilias
и т . 1111 repressed; the dissatisfaction being expressed b y som atic and emo-
i d disturbances. O vert paraphiliacs as a group rarely com e for treat-
,in nl since they have no sym ptom s. M a n y gradations exist betw een the
Dm groups. In some, the claim s of hysteria and paraphilia are about
i,|ii,iliy divided. In some psychotic states th e individual desperately strug-
|di ■, with unconscious paraphiliac trends. T h e m ore reconciled to his
i n ipliilia the individual becom es, the less likelihood there is of a display
11I svuiptoins.
In sonic hom osexuals th e hysterical sym ptom s are in abeyance as long
1 tin individual engages in hom osexual pursuit; if he abandons this he
I dl' 1 prey to anxiety, the expression o f an unrequited libido.
flic cases of individuals w ho have run afoul of the law (sex crim es) and
in ' nl to a m ental hospital or to a psychiatrist are usually diagnosed as
iHVt Imparities. T h e y are, however, neuroses just as the others are.
I'aiapliiliacs and hysterics are highly sensitive individuals. They can
veil, displace, com pensate, repress and affect any m echanism as truly
48 Psychiatric Classification of Sexual Offenses
as hysterics can. Paraphiliac trends are found in hysterical, com pulsive and
other neuroses. T h e difference betw een neuroses and paraphilias is per­
haps m ostly in the point and age of fixations (K arpm an, 13, 1942) •
S U M M A R Y
A. P E R S O N A L IT Y M A L A D J U S T M E N T
It is generally agreed that m ost sex
offenders present psychiatric problem s
o f one type or another. A ll varieties
o f psychiatric diagnoses appear; ho w ­
ever, a num ber of authorities m ention
that psychosis and m ental deficiency
are com paratively rare, a few believe
th at some are normal; more believe
th at they are not insane, b u t cannot
control their impulses. Neurosis is the
m ost frequently-m entioned diagnosis.
M o st feel that there is a serious per­
sonality m aladjustm ent; only one
w riter believes th at there is no serious
personality disturbance apart from the
abnorm al sexual impulses.
B. IN F A N T IL E C H A R A C T E R
It is believed th at sexual deviation
represents a fixation at a low er stage
o f psychosexual developm ent; abnor­
m alities are instinctive expressions
that were norm al in earlier stages of
developm ent b u t abnorm al w hen they
appear at a later stage. T h ese m ay be
prolonged, or m ay seem repressed or
m odified during early years, b u t may
be reactivated during adolescence.
Paraphilias and neuroses are basically
the same. T h e y have constitutional
bases, b u t those o f neuroses are not
significantly different.
t, SEX O F F E N D E R S : C L A S S I F I C A T I O N S
A N D S PECI AL TYPES
C. P U R P O SE O F P E R V E R SE A C TS
T h e sex offender’s act has no m otive
of m aterial profit. T h e only m otive is
em otional satisfaction, freedom from
Л C LA SSIFIC A T IO N S 50
tension. T h e b lin d im pulse is so over­
w helm ing as to be beyond control.
T h e offense is not to b e taken at its It SPECIAL TYPES 51
face value, b u t is a sym bol of another 1. T h e N on-P athological O ffen d er 51
sexual crim e, the prohibitions against
w hich are so great that it can be satis­ д.T h e Juvenile O ffen der 52
fied only by a sym ptom atic com pro­
A. G U IL T Y O F SE X U A L O F F E N SE S A L O N E
mise. T h e behavior utilizes less com ­
plex, earlier, previously satisfying sex I). T H E G E N E R A L L Y D E L IN Q U E N T J U V E N IL E O F F E N D E R
patterns. T h e act brings great relief C. T H E S E X U A L L Y D E L IN Q U E N T G IR L
from trem endous tension.
i T h e P oten tial O ffen der 59
D. SE X U A L P S Y C H O P A T H Y AS N EU RO SIS
I T h e “ C on stitu tio n a l” P sychopath 60
B y one authority it is believed that
i
perversions are forms and expressions
o f neuroses, differing from hysterical HI I M M A R Y 63
neuroses only in that the paraphiliac
is conscious of bein g different sexu­
ally; in the hysterical neurotic the par­
aphilias rem ain repressed. T h e indi­
viduals w ho have com m itted sex
crimes are usually diagnosed as psy­
chopaths; they, however, belo n g to
the group of neurotics. T h e difference
betw een neuroses and paraphilias is
perhaps m ostly in the p oin t and age
of fixations.

6. Sex Offenders: Classifications
and Special Types
A. C LA SSIFIC A T IO N S
T h e re are five groups: ( 1 ) a large group w ho spontaneously do n ot re­
peat (2) the largest group w ho con tin u e w itli m inor acts, b u t do little
harm (3) those w ho need hospital supervision, psychotics and seniles
(4) neurotics w ho m ay respond to psychiatry (5) those w ho are m alad­
justed m aritally; these w ill respond to dom estic adjustm ent (Selling, 2,
x939 )- , . . .
O ffenders are classified as: ( 1 ) essential, drive com pulsive, irresistible,
continuous, com m an ding (2) facultative, drive is less intense, reason­
able am ount of control (3) im pulsive, uncertain drive, m arked curiosity
(4) incidental; norm al individuals, offenses like statutory rape. M o d e of
treatm ent and prevention m ust differ w ith the type (W ile , 1938).
M yerson: (1) those w ith hom osexual cond u ct (2) heterosexual
cond uct (3) variants o f b oth, including m ental disease, com pulsive, im ­
potence, often senile, rapists and sadists, bestiality.
D avid off classifies according to: I (age) II (passivity or activity)
III (psychotic or non-psychotic) I V (type and degree of deviation)
V (personality) V I (organic or constitu tion al) V I I (associated m anifesta­
tions) (Q u o ted by W ile , 19 4 1).
W ile proposes a six-fold classification according to: (1 ) age (2) plane
(biological, psychological, social, legal) (3) control (4) factors (5) re­
sponsibility (6) legal offense (W ile , 19 4 1).
L eppm an distinguishes four groups: those characterized b y crudeness
(im beciles, m orons, n eglected individuals and those running w ild and de­
generate, drunkards); those characterized b y perversion (exhibitionists,
pedophiles, sadists); those characterized by m ental disease and senility;
those characterized as brutes and libertines (L eppm an , 1941) .
O n e hundred seventy-two sex offenders fall into four groups: I. N orm al
G ro u p — Tw enty-six. II. C o n stitu tion ally A bnorm al— Tw enty-six. III. N e u ­
rotic (in clu d in g one psychopathic personality and tw o schizoid psychotic)
— N inety-three. I V . D eteriorated ego control— Tw enty-seven ( G u tt­
m acher, 1 9 5 1 ).
5°
Sex Offenders: Classifications and Special Types 51
II SPECIAL TYPES
1 1 In- N on -P ath ological O ffen der: N o t all offenders are sex perverts;
• ....... man indulging in sex play w ith a girl just below the age of consent
1 mil 1 vic ious, depraved m onster (Ploscow e, 1947).
11 miiv lie stated that at least eighty-five percent o f the younger m ale
иориЬНоп could be convicted as sex offenders if law en forcem ent of-
lli l il*i w a r as strict as m ost people expect them to be. T h e stray boy w ho is
1 imi hi .uni brought before a court m ay not be different from most of his
!> lime bill I lie public, not know ing o f the near universality of adolescent
н а ! hi livity, heaps the penalty for the w hole group upon the one boy
И 11>• happens to be apprehended (Kinsey, Pom eroy and M artin, 1948).
I pathological offender is defined as an individual w ho com m its
mal ‘.cx acts w hich are considered sex offenses, e.g., statutory rape. O f
lilt *," rases studied at D iagnostic C en ter, 13.2 percent were com m itted
1*1..........1 pathological individuals. O f the thirty-three offenses com m itted
1 mm pathological individuals, twenty-seven w ere statutory rape, four
opt и Irwdncss, one incest and one obscenity. Thirty-tw o of these individ-
wil had no previous record. N o n e cam e under the sex offenders act.
|wiail\ were w hite, thirteen N egro. Intelligence follow ed a norm al
* urn D r.position advised was in m ost cases probation ( 19) or unspeci-
(1n l l ul l i n' ), ( 12) (Frankel, 1950).
1 ini all ,< x offenders are sexual deviates or abnorm al personalities, as in
laliiloiv 1ape. N o t all are exclusively psychiatric problem s (D eutsch ,
ly*jH)
-....... " individuals w ho com m it isolated or very infrequent sex offenses
Hi. им! deviates; t h e y h a ve p o orly o rg an ize d egos w h i c h are easily
Iи 111 • и down (G u ttm ach er, 1951 ) .
Ma m individuals w ho com e to court because o f sexual delinquen cy are
Hut P’ivi Inal 1it ally disturbed b u t are charged w ith sexual offenses w hich,
ml*. иidi considered crim inal according to present laws, are n ot really dif-
b u nl hum usual practices. T h ere are w ide variations in attitud e from
b Mm in hom e and from group to group in our culture. See Cases 5-9
(KtihiiiiH 1I1 11, M ichigan R eport, 1951 ) .
1 ни , Age 47. O ffen se: L ivin g w ith a 15-year-old girl. H e had led a
limm 1! lib bad few friends or interests, seldom had sexual relations w ith
ttmm о I hr giil was also o f Italian peasant stock and m ature for her age.
Du' I I < n il other and intended to marry. Such marriages do take
I
Han I ll и relationship is not considered abnorm al. N o true sex devia-
I but social and moral codes have been broken (Pollens, 1938).
1 Mi> f* Apr .Hi. O ffense: T h ird degree assault; “ incest” w ith stepdaughter.-
I
b pa и ills died before lie was six, he was in an orphanage until sixteen.
I* in I it tw enty, a w om an tw elve years his senior w ith a daughter by
52 Sex Offenders: Classifications and Special Types
previous marriage. H e regarded his w ife m ore as a mdclrer than as a love
object; she was no longer attractive to him and nagged him ; he felt she
was too old for him . H e had been addicted in recent years to drinking w ith
m en com panions. H is stepdaughter rem inded him o f his o\Vn m other. His
c h ief difficulty was an unsolved O edipus situation; m any years of em o­
tional deprivation had left an im m ature psychosexual developm ent. U n ­
satisfactory m arital relations precipitated an uncom m on b u t not path o­
logical em otional expression (Pollens, 1938).
C ase 7: M ale. N egro. A g e 27. O ffense: R elations w ith a r2-year-old N egro
girl, on tw o occasions. H e was m arried and had a six-year-old daughter.
T h e girl flirted w ith him ; he th ou gh t she was seventeen or eighteen; she
had been seen w ith other boys. T h e m an is not a deviate; th e pathology
is social, n ot psychological (G u ttm ach er, 195Г).
Case 8: Jack W h ite . W h ite . M ale. A g e 20. O ffense: statutory rape (sex­
ual intercourse betw een a m ale and a girl under the legal age o f consent).
A native southerner, he had been in N ew Y o rk a year. I lis story was th at
a friend, w ho occasionally used his room , had brought a girl to it; th e girl
had got into bed w ith him ; he denied relations w ith her, b u t was found
guilty. T h is was his first offense. H e had com pleted eighth grade, was of
average intelligence; had conven tion al sex relations w ith girls of his ow n
age. H e was engaged to a girl at hom e. H e denied hom osexuality b u t ad­
m itted m asturbation (H enry and Gross, 2, 1940).
Case 9: E ugen e. A g e 15. B rought to court because h e had frightened
several girls b y behavior described as “ suggestive,” “ provoking, on the
verge of rape.” H is m other was aware of his conduct, bu t n ot disturbed by
it. T h e boy, in interview , asked w ith m uch concern, “ A in ’t I norm al?”
T h e fam ily, large and u ninhibited, had always lived in crowded quarters
w here there was no privacy and w here biology was accepted as a fact. C o m ­
ing from a som ew hat prim itive rural area w here his behavior had not
been considered deviate, it was hard for them to adapt to a new pattern of
living. T reatm en t consisted in h elp ing the fam ily to adapt and integrate
into a new social w orld (R ab in ovitch , M ich igan R eport, 1951 ) .
2. T he Juvenile Offender:
a. g u i l t y o f s e x u a l o f f e n s e s a l o n e : C ertain types o f sex offenses occur
in adolescence in boys w ho have suffered some abnorm ality in the course
o f their psychosexual developm ent. T h e behavior o f the b oy w ho exposes
him self where he can b e seen b y a girl or w om an harks back to infancy;
psychic infantilism prevents norm al sexual adjustm ent. C h ild ish b ehav­
ior takes th e place o f norm al sexual adjustm ent and o f adolescent display
o f norm al prowess and accom plishm ent to attract the atten tion of th e op­
posite sex. T h o se w ho attem p t to spy on girls and w om en are even more
childish personalities. T h o se w ho cut pieces out of girls’ clo th in g and snip
Sex Offenders: Classifications and Special Types 53
11 Ini I , of hair exhibit behavior directly traceable to sex life. T h e y may
In 11iid 1 in intelligence, good students, show m odel behavior in other re-
1 I l lii' behavior is only a sym ptom and the underlying difficulty m ust
I...........In aled. Such conditions call for treatm en t b y a psychiatrist (R ich-
111 I, 1933). W a g g o n e r and B oyd (19 4 1) find four etiological factors in
111' 1 iiilc sexual delinquency: ( 1 ) em otional im m aturity due to over-
jiinlii lion (2) rejection (3) defects in personality organization, due to
I.tI deficiency or physical handicap (4) the aberrant trend is part of
1 11 111 1.11 delinquency pattern.
I In adolescent offender (exhibitionist) has a distorted conception o f
»i и 1lily dating back to first impressions o f childhood, a conception o f
и и 1Id у as sadom asochistic experience. A strong, forbidding and domi-
ip. parent (fath er) perpetuates feelings o f weakness and im potence
1 \ 1и II fv R otm an, 1942).
N com parison o f boys w ho are guilty o f sex offenses exclusively with
1In 1 1 who are generally d elinquent shows that as to the sex offenses, the
I 'm r 11 nips differ on ly slightly in early life. N o specific trait deviant under-
in lln juvenile and later sexual behavior. In the form er group, hom e
uni I 1иnly traits are more favorable. Physical disorders are m ore frequent
in 11к- lorm cr group. Favorable factors of background and personality
н и ' mill for the absence o f juvenile general offenses am ong m em bers of
Ни in I group, and for their successful adjustm ent to social codes in later
|ih ( I >(isllay, 1943).
N sliidy of fifty sexually-delinquent boys and girls indicates th a t sex
*i 111 pi 1111 is arc n ot in them selves evidence of m orbid sex developm ent, but
nl 1111111 personality integration. (See Cases 10-12.) Sexual acts occurring
ц Ini' gm w th is taking place are relatively unim portant; a firmly-formed
likely to survive perversions. A diagnosis o f psychopathic personal-
ill In i ncly warranted w hile growth is taking place. (See Cases 13, 14.)
\n Ii и in of sex activity brought to court is considered “ dangerous,”
iI il m ight be developm entally norm al if n ot detected. Perverted b e­
lt 1..... during adolescence m ay be a developm ental step or m ay repre-
*nil lisnl m orbidity. (See C ase 14.) H om osexuality, sodomy, voyeurism ,
t 11 In an, can appear in adolescents w ho give prom ise of good psychosex-
1111 In illli (M arkey, 1950).
N group of juvenile sex delinquents were observed in th e clinic, all had
I ■Ierred by the Juvenile C o u rt. C om p lain ts included uncontrollable
1 matin I al hom e, difficult behavior in school, truancy, aggressive destruc-
I. ■In liuvior, breaking and entering, stealing. M an y were shy, w ithdraw n,
p i, hi immature, easily led and influenced. T h e y were naive in sexual
in 11111 . lor their ages. Histories o f early developm ent represented trau-
llltilii episodes, lack of satisfying experiences, broken or inadequate
( т и п 1 over protection or rejection by parents, sibling rivalry. D elin-
nl behavior becam e m obilized in preadolescent or adolescent period
win 11 Ilicic was a renewal of unresolved early childhood em otional con-

flicts. F or m ost o f th e cases, this was th e first apprehension for sexual mis­
behavior. 1 he sexual sym ptom was predom inantly in the hom osexual
area, indicating inadequate and im m ature psychosexual developm ent. T o
m ore than half, m asturbation was a com ponen t o f th e problem ; con ­
n ected w ith guilt, fear o f being found out, fear o f physical harm and of
m ental disorders. A n x iety seemed to have been aroused in th e child b y ex­
pressions or attitudes toward sexuality and m asturbation in the hom e.
M o st felt adequately inform ed as to sex. Som e were confused in th e w hole
area o f sex, w ith ou t adequate inform ation; this seem ed the result o f de­
nial o f sex inform ation in the hom e and inadequate parental attitudes to­
ward sexual en lightenm ent. T h ese represented the m ost hopeful cases for
treatm ent. T reatm en t recom m ended consisted o f child guidance clinics,
w here child and parent could benefit. T h is was not available to all w ho
needed it because o f the lim itations o f such facilities. Private psychiatric
care, where recom m ended, was available to only one clin ic case (D u n ­
ham , 1951).
C ase 10: A g e 11V2 years. O ffense: Perversions w ith adults and adolescents.
H e was introduced to hom osexual practices through force; later began to
solicit them . C lin ic diagnosis: neurosis. I. Q . 80. H e violated probation,
was arrested for a sex assault on a young girl; at present is in a correctional
institution. H e cam e from a broken hom e, bu t lived com fortably w ith
his father in a gang-ridden neighborhood, w ith little supervision (D osh ay
x943 )-
Case 11: A ge 13. O ffense: Inspecting and m anipulating bodies o f young
girls. B ackground was satisfactory; he was n ot a problem un til puberty
w hen he becam e excitable, unreasonable, m oody, im pulsive, restless, and
exhibited tem per tantrum s. H e indulged in excessive m asturbation and
sought the com pany of children. T h ere were com plaints of day-dreaming,
truancy, insom nia; he knocked his head against the w all h a lf an h ou r at a’
tim e. H e aroused him self sexually by looking at nude pictures in books.
Ц- 75 - D iagnosis: schizoid personality. H e was subsequently arrested for
indecent exposure, im pairing morals of m inor, stripping a young girl. H e
was paroled, and since lives w ith his fam ily (D oshay, 1943).
Case 12: W h ite . M ale. A g e 13. O ffense: S odom y assaults on younger
sister. H e cam e from a com fortable hom e. T h ere was nervousness and
truancy, b u t he was not a school problem ; he attended church, helped
w ith chores at hom e and participated in street games. F ou r years later, at
seventeen, he was arrested for sodom y on the sam e sister. H e was declared
m en tally sound and sentenced to five years at Sing Sing (D oshay, 1943).
C ase 13: W h ite . M ale. A ge 10. O ffense: Sex a ttem p t w ith 7-year-old girl
I he act was com m itted in im itation o f older children. T h ere was no use o f
force or attem p t to harm the girl. Parents were sober, industrious, con-
Sex Offenders: Classifications and Special Types 55
*1 in 11inns. C h ild was well adjusted at school, had close fam ily supervision
""I W!1S w°4 behaved. His response to probation was excellent, he m ade
•I good adjustm ent at hom e and school. T h ere has been no trace o f recidi­
vism in alm ost ten years (D oshay, 1943).
1 iisi 14: W h ite . M ale. A g e 10. O ffen se: Passive sodom y w ith other
IHiy. T h e child was neglected b y his m other and fell in w ith undesirable
ImvI com panions. T h ere were com plaints of truancy, lew d language in
II" classroom. H e was returned to C h ild ren ’s C o u rt for ungovernableness
in school, truancy and m isconduct, perverted practices. H e was returned
1 nn for deserting hom e and undesirable com panions and was suspected
"I im plication in an arson case. H e was sent to State T rain in g School
" lll'l(' l,is early adjustm ent was difficult b u t he even tually discovered skill
In boxing and music. H e achieved a sense o f usefulness and responded
im II lo routines and trade training. T h is case seems on the w ay to satisfac-
Imy solution (D oshay, 1943).
I asi 13; W h ite . M ale. A g e 15. O ffen se: Sodom y on younger siblings
mil other children. I. Q . 75. M o th er was im m oral, alcoholic, cruel to
■lob lien, a periodic deserter. D iagnosis: Psychopathic personality w ith
homosexual and effem inate traits. T h ere were subsequent arrests for sod-
w ith children (D oshay, 1943).
1 IH’. g e n e r a l l y d e l i n q u e n t j u v e n i l e o f f e n d e r : In the generally de­
linquent group, defects o f parents (alcoholism , prison records, gross im-
mouility, neglect, cruelty, quarreling betw een parents, etc.) are m uch
more com m on, as are disorders in tem peram ent and behavior (D oshay,
" Hi ) -
\\ lien aberrant practices accom pany other signs o f m aladjustm ent, th e
pH line can be portentous. T h e personality picture was frequently dis-
II imaging, due to frequency o f underlying personality disorders. Adoles-
• ni l s apprehended in sexual acts m ay be exposing evidence o f need for
In Ip (M arkey, 1950).
Amo ng general delinquents the psychiatric findings are sim ilar to those
"I sex delinquents. T h e m ajority o f boys and girls referred for general de­
linquency are sexually active in th e same m anner as th e other group
(M i 1key, 1950). See Cases 16-28.
1 им■16: N egro boy. A g e 13. O ffen se: W r itin g obscene words in girls’
I и a lory in school. H e cam e from a clean, com fortable hom e b u t had little
supervision and had undesirable com panions. H is stepfather was un-
Iih mlly. llis personality was norm al b ut he was weak, suggestible. Later
I" returned to C h ild ren ’s C o u rt for ungovernableness, truancy, delin-
'I'" ol com panions. F our years later was convicted o f theft. Lie was placed
■и probation and subsequent adjustm ent was satisfactory (D oshay,
"И З)-
56 Sex Offenders: Classifications and Special Types
Case 17: N egro boy. A ge 14. O ffense: Im pulsively struck and killed
father’s mistress w ith a broom stick. W h e n his m other died, his father
brought hom e a mistress. She k ep t a clean hom e, b u t was considered im ­
m oral. T h e b oy had little supervision and was in constant conflict w ith
father’s mistress. H e had undesirable com panions, indulged in excessive
m asturbation; he was wayward and neglected. D iagnosis: Severe behav­
ior disorder.” Subsequent arrests: burglary (D oshay, 1943).
C ase 18: W h ite . M ale. A ge 14. O ffense: Stealing, desertion. H e violated
probation and was later brought in at different tim es for breaking w in ­
dows in school and forceful sex m anipulation o f a little girl, deserting
hom e, stealing, exposing him self to girls, sexual assault on a little girl. H e
was also charged w ith burning the face of a you n g girl w ith a lighted
m atch. A t seventeen, he was arrested for burglary. H e cam e to a sudden
death b y jum ping from a roof w hen he was apprehended in a sexual a t­
tem pt on a you n g girl. D iagnosis: Psychopathic personality w ith convul­
sive seizures. H is fam ily background was unfavorable, im m oral. A brother
was also in C h ild ren ’s C o u rt for burglaries (D oshay, 1943).
Case 19: W h ite . M ale. A ge 15. O ffense: L ew d behavior, w riting obscene
notes to girls, foul language, m asturbation. H is father was dead, his
m other in a m en tal institution. T h e boy was first placed in H ebrew O r ­
phan A sylum , then w ith a grandm other w h o was too old for supervision.
H e was a truant, had delinquen t com panions, was restless and unstable.
H e was suspected o f im plication in burglaries. I. Q . 70. Arrests: disorderly
con d uct, burglary, escape from prison. H e is now confined (D oshay,
1943)-
C ase 20: W h ite . M ale. A g e 15. O ffen se: V io le n t assault on a young
w om an. Satisfactory hom e environm ent. I. O . 85. T h ere was a record of a
previous attem p t at sodom y on a boy. D iagnosis: M a n ic episode. Later
h e married and had tw o children. Subsequent arrests: illegally riding
train, disorderly conduct, felonious assault, arson and endangering lives.
H e was declared sound in m ind and was sent to prison for five years
(D oshay, 1943).
C ase 21: W h ite . M a le. A g e 16. O ffen se: A ttem p ted assault on young
girl. H e had a favorable background, b u t was a habitu al truant, poorly
behaved in school, ungovernable at hom e, dull, excitable; suffered from
nightm ares and insom nia. L o w I. Q . L ater arrests for grand larceny (case
dism issed), and for a sex attem p t on a very you n g girl. H e was placed on
probation and had no further know n difficulties (D osh ay, 1943).
C ase 22: W h ite . M ale. 13У2 years old. O ffen se: A ttem p tin g to assault a
six-year-old girl. Subsequent arrests: stealing an autom obile, robbery; sen­
tenced to R eform atory. H e cam e from a clean, com fortable hom e. H e was
Sex Offenders: Classifications and Special Types 57
• linl'ilual truant, was m aladjusted, and had undesirable com panions. H e
Indulged in excessive m asturbation. H is parents were untiring in their ef-
l i nb Iо rehabilitate th e boy. D iagnosis: “ m arkedly unstable adolescent”
II '".h ay, 1943).
• ■ -. W h ite . M ale. A g e 14. O ffen se: Stealing at school. H e had a fair
1 и I ;’iinmd b u t undesirable com panions. H e was reported as annoying
1 "I h i the neighborhood, attem p tin g intim acy w ith a seven-year-old
nl I f ' was later apprehended robbing a store w ith com panions and was
• 1hi 1iniltcd to training school for two-and-a-half years. Later, he was ar-
i' ili'd lor stealing, for m aking advances to little girls, and for im pairing
III nils o f little girls. F ollow in g an arrest for burglary, he was com-
111111111 lo Sing Sing and paroled after tw o years. T h e re was no further
I nnwii crim inal behavior, b u t he had venereal disease (D oshay, 1943).
• ./■ .«' 1 N egro boy. A g e 11. O ffense: Perversion w ith w h ite ad ult de-
i >i in 1,ilc. T h e boy had lived in British W e s t Indies until ten. T h e com-
l 1 ib of the new environm ent and d elinq uen t com panions wrought
•j 1111 I ( IHinges in his personality. H e had little supervision and was be-
" " " I I Ik : control of fam ily and school. I. O . 80. Subsequent arrests: b ur­
in petit larceny, burglary. H e was sentenced to Sing Sing (D oshay,
"Ж ).
' ' ■ , W h ite . M ale. A g e 13. O ffense: E xplorin g and m anipulating
.... /'.ill’s body. I. O . 101. M o th er was neurotic and unstable; she gave
Ни liny little supervision. H e peculated and lied, turned in false alarm
1-ill Il c had erotic phantasies and practiced onanism . H e was lazy, un-
|i nl III ul, shallow and dishonest; a warped character w ith unstable, trouble-
personality; he was also a swindler, a crim inally-m inded type. Subse-
..... . 11 rests: stealing, extorting m oney, grand larceny (D oshay, 1943).
1 >(*"■ N egro. M ale. O ffense: Sexual abuse o f a ten-year-old boy. His
1...... 1Is deserted him and he was left in care o f a spinster aunt from w hom
In 1 111 away at sixteen. H e cam e to N ew Y o rk w here lie found unskilled
jul'11id was on hom e relief. H e began hom osexual activities soon after
<t • Inn', N. Y ., finding it an easy w ay to m ake extra m oney. H is intelli-
t »n" was borderline feeble-m inded. H e was im pulsive, w ith ou t restraint,
r ui nat e of others’ rights, w ith no guilt feelings about stealing or
inl'liiug. I le saw no difference in any forms o f sexual cond uct. D iagnosis:
"Inadequate, unstable, irresponsible, no insight. Sexual psychopath and
■lim in e alcoholic.” T h e prognosis is very poor. T h ere had been one pre-
.11 rest on a similar charge (Pollens, 1938).
1 ,0 ■■ ■ W h ite boy. A ge 11. O ffen se: A ttem p t to assault a little girl.
I ell' 1 was a weak character and the b oy had little supervision. H e had
58 Sex Offenders: Classifications and Special Types
delinquen t com panions. T h ere were reports of his exposing his privates to
little girls and being a general nuisance and m enace. I. Q . 79. Subsequent
arrests for stealing, petit larceny, burglary, disorderly cond u ct (D oshay,
1 943 )-
C ase 28: N egro boy, age 7. O ffen se: Sex attack on eight-year-old girl.
A ttem p ted sex play w ith 17-year-old cousin. H is father died; his m other
deserted; the boy was left w ith an aunt. She kept a clean and orderly hom e
b u t gave him no supervision. H e associated w ith d elinquent com panions
and indulged in vicious behavior. H e exposed him self to little girls, used
foul language, m ade sex propositions, stole. H e was dirty in his habits,
and a m enace to other children. I. Q . 103. Six years later he appeared in
C h ild ren ’s C o u rt for stealing and was sent to State T rain in g School w here
he m ade a fair adjustm ent. H e was paroled to the aunt; due to a m isunder­
standing w ith her he volu ntarily returned to training school, w here his
em otional stress subsided (D osh ay, 1943).
c. t h e s e x u a l l y d e l i n q u e n t g i r l : T h e m ost com m on form of delin­
quency in girls is antisocial sex behavior. E ven w here the prom inent fea­
tures o f m isconduct are som ething else— stealing, truancy, blackm ail, they
are nearly always found to be associated w ith the instinctive urge. T h e
reason for this frequency is in our social standards. Boys w ho indulge in
sex relations are seldom apprehended for that reason alone, b u t th e girl
com es under the social ban.
A large percentage o f such girls suffer from m ental and often from
physical abnorm alities. Poor intelligence, poor m ental control, defective
em otional developm ent, poor hom es and low standards o f personal m oral­
ity, often broken hom es and low educational status are factors, though
none o f these are necessarily causative. O fte n w hen there is good intelli­
gence, the antisocial tendencies are outgrow n. B u t in m any cases the girl
begins a delinquen t career in adolescence and continues in m aturity, in
spite o f punishm ent and attem pts at reform ation. T h is m ay be due to
fau lty handling, w hich in turn m ay be due to failure to understand the
situation. T o o often she is considered a “ b ad ” girl, w ho m ust be punished.
W e need to understand that she is an unadjusted girl, and w e m ust dis­
cover w hy she is failing in adjustm ent. Sex experim entation am ong ado­
lescents is very com m on. T h e young girl is b u t obeying natural impulses;
she is not depraved. It is rare to find d elinqu en t girls ignorant o f sex re­
lations. A girl o f good intelligence, good social background, norm al em o­
tional d evelopm ent and w ide interests rarely becom es a prostitute. S teal­
ing is usually due to em otional drives. Stealing m ay b e a substitute for sex
(R ichm on d, 19 2 5).
Society has different attitudes toward girls and boys; m ore girls than
boys are sent to correctional institutions because o f sex behavior; society is
upset b y the prom iscuous girl, b u t not by th e prom iscuous b oy (B ow m an ,
1938).
Sex Offenders: Classifications and Special Types 59
1 P oten tial O ffen der: T h ere are m any cases in w hich no sexual pathol-
• ' is evident. M a n y old men w ho have led exem plary lives are at a late
i i .11 rested for indiscretion w ith a child. M a n y m en lead norm al lives,
Imilly com m ittin g a sexual crim e w hile under the influence o f alcohol;
"IIen they are unaware of doing it. Som e sex c r im in a l com m it crim es only
1111*Ie 1 stress of circum stances. T h e y m ay seem to be, b ut are not, acciden-
1 11 offenders. A lth o u gh there is no overt abnorm al sexual behavior on the
1111.icc, they have a sexually-im m ature m akeup and abnorm al tenden-
■u s in latent or dorm ant form. T h e drives o f the id are repressed and kept
hi place by ego and superego; w hen certain influences crack the w alls o f
1lie ego and superego, th e original drives com e out w ith full force. (See
1 1 1 s 29 ’ 3°-) 111 the case o f the old m en, the tendencies existed through
Mi hut found expression only w hen arteriosclerotic and senile changes
м 11c u e d the walls. T h e same applies to alcoholics and others. T h e old
п и т who com m its a sexual indiscretion tends to repeat it; the m an w ho
hi .plays pathological sexual behavior under the influence o f alcohol w ill
и peal it during another alcoholic episode (Pollens, 1938).
\ large num ber o f poten tial sex offenders exist, whose activity is par-
Ihilly ignored, and tacitly accepted (W ile , 1939). (See C ase 31.)
I here are m ore laten t than active sex deviates (M ayer, 1950).
1 i r e 29: J. K., w hite. M ale. A ge 19. O ffense: Burglary. H e was of high
inli lligcnce and pleasing personality. O n the death o f the parents, tw o
I 1"Iliers and a sister struggled to keep the hom e together. J. K . was found
In be tubercular and lost his job; th e sister began associating w ith bad
"iiipanions and drinking. J. K . left the hom e and burglarized a room for
iiioiicy to pay room rent. H e was sent to reform atory w here he attem pted
In escape. H e planned a heroic escape, a fantastic plan for rescuing his sis-
i' 1 110111 the villains w ho were m olesting her. H e was fixated at a narcis-
1 In level o f em otional developm ent; he frequently m asturbated w ith
pi' inlasics of princesses and heiresses. In reality he had never possessed a
к an. H e was vocationally untrained, socially inadequate and physi-
■illy weak; lie resorted to im agination to com pensate for inadequacy. H e
1. not a sex crim inal, b u t a potential one; livin g in a w orld o f unreality
Indicates a poorly-developed ego. T h is is a serious condition since it is
•i’ll' dly progressive. H e was referred to a psychological clinic w here he was
• in niiraged to guide his im agination and intelligence into productive
■11.111111■
Is: th e institution publication, dram atic clubs, athletic teams. H e
tilimv. progress in m eeting reality, understands him self better, is coop-
• hi live and eager to im prove. T h e case looks hopeful. Serious m ental and
•ил 1in I pathology m ay b e prevented if proper treatm ent is accorded in
Iurn (Pollens, 1938).
1 1 ' 30 W h ite . M ale. A g e 19. O ffense: R ape and m urder. T h e crim e
1 Ilie result o f an uncontrollable impulse. H e had always been consid­
6o Sex Offenders: Classifications and Special Types
ered a m odel b oy in school, hom e, com m unity. Ide was an honor student
and liked sports. H e was over-attached to his m other, never sm oked,
drank, danced w ith a girl, never had a date. A ttach m en t to m other pre­
vented achieving m aturity in sexual sphere (Pollens, 1938).
Case 31: W h ite . M ale. A ge 45. O ffense: Im pairing morals of four-year-
old girl. M arried, father o f four children. H e held unskilled jobs and
m aintained his fam ily on a low plane. H e was of dull norm al in telli­
gence, w ith syphilitic involvem ent of central nervous system, b u t there
was no m ental deterioration. H is w ife reported th at seventeen children
and young girls had com plained about him . A fter this, his first arrest, he
was sentenced to six m onths. H e w ill return to society no different in psy­
chosexual m akeup, a potential child m urderer (Pollens, 1938).
4. T he “Constitutional” Psychopath: Sex offenders b elon g in an uncer­
tain group com m on ly called psychopathic. A ccord in g to G illespie: 1he
psychopath is one not suffering from m ental dlness to the point of certi­
fiable insanity, w h ile even o f good intelligence, b u t so lacking in the b al­
ance of fundam ental instincts, em otions and sentim ents com m on to m an­
k in d as to disable him in the discharge of some im portant social
responsibilities” (W ile , 1939)-
T h e psychopath is im pervious to affective influence, im pervious to
teaching or experience, possessed o f never-ending gift o f gab, w ith ou t con ­
science, w ithotit honor, w ith ou t insight and w ith ou t com m on sense. H e
does not hate society because it has done him a wrong, b u t it is his inborn
nature to get from his environm ent w hatever he can and all he can. N o th ­
ing deters the true psychopath in his search for gratification, no con ­
science, no fear or foreth ought born o f past experience, neither reason ,
nor em otion. Reasons and em otions are no m ore than w eak and insuf­
ficient excuses for doing w h at he is predestined to do because o f the
apparently constitutional m akeup w hich underlies his behavior (K arp­
m an, 16, 1944).
T h e genuine psychopath is egocentric; he shows no guilt feelings or
anxiety, no work habits; he ingratiates him self, b u t has no em otional rela­
tionships. H is sexual m anifestations are diffuse. H e tries to obtain tangi­
b le, n ot im aginary goals. H e is parasitic. H e lacks a conscience, possibly
due to em otional deprivation and inability to id en tify w ith parental fig­
ures (Abraham sen, 1950). (See C ase 34.)
T h e sex life of th e psychopath (th e term “ an eth op ath ” is proposed)
m ight superficially fall w ithin th e lim its of the norm al, b u t w hen one gets
to know them m ore intim ately a num ber of m inor deviations are discov­
ered, w hich in totality m ake them quite different from th e average. N ot
infrequen tly w c find excessive heterosexuality, prom iscuity and a readier
intrusion o f paraphiliac trends o f one type or another than is found in the
norm al; n ot perhaps because o f som e psychic fixation b u t m ore as an cx-
Sex Offenders: Classifications and Special Types 61
picssion o f infantilism . B y and large, they appear to b e endow ed w ith a
i'\ drive considerably above the average; this too perhaps because their
sexuality has been b u t little influenced b y the work o f culture and repres­
sion. B u t w h at stands out m ore conspicuously in their sexual behavior is
Ilie entirely selfish, thoroughly narcissistic attitud e toward the m ate
(Karpman, 11 , 1940). (See Cases 32, 33.)
M any psychopathic personalities occur am ong hom osexuals and pe­
dophiles (Frosch and Brom berg, 1939).
O f 250 cases studied at D iagnostic C en ter, N . J., th e “ constitution al”
psychopath accounts for 11.6 percent. T h e “ constitution al” psychopath
si itutes 19.7 percent o f all cases com ing under the sex offenders act, 8.4
percent of those n ot com ing under the act. H e constitutes 8 percent of
I hose w ith ou t previous record, 20 percent of those w ith previous rec-
oid llis m ost frequent offenses are open lewdness, carnal abuse and sex­
ual assault; ten, eight and five cases respectively. O f th e tw enty-nine in­
dividuals so diagnosed, nine were under 25; eleven betw een 25 to 34;
Mvcn betw een 35 to 49; and tw o above 50. T h e ir intelligence follow s a
normal curve from high average to borderline, w ith the greatest num ber
(twelve) in the dull norm al group. Tw en ty-three out of tw enty-eight
had not finished grade school. O f fifteen “ constitution al” psychopaths
ing under the sex offenders act, m ental hospital was recom m ended for
Innrtcen, m ental deficiency institution for one. O f th e fourteen n ot с о т ­
ни: under the act, penal or correctional institution was recom m ended for
eleven (F rankel, 1950 ).
1 '1isc 32: W h ite . M ale. A ge 29. H e was adm itted to hospital follow-
in", a suicidal attem pt; there was some d oub t as to w hether he took
poison. H e had a history of several arrests for forging checks; and of one
am si for w ounding a man w ith a pistol. His fam ily history was negative.
T he m other states he was always a great worry; his sister says he was lov­
able and she was devoted to him . H e left school at seventeen, later took a
111:' h I course in engineering; he married, of necessity, w hile in college. H e
had difficulties w ith his w ife, and started drinking heavily. T h e y were di­
mmed because o f religious differences. H e was in th e A rm y tw o years;
■hamcd w ith larceny, forgery, im personating officer, obtainin g m oney un-
di 1 la Isc pretenses, desertion. H e married again though he was not di­
mmed from his first w ife and left the w om an a w eek later. H e drank,
l"u;ed cheeks and was constantly in trouble. His first hospitalization oc-
■i med w hen he was transferred from jail w here he was serving a sentence
Ini forgery. D iagnosis: C on stitu tion al psychopathic state; som e th ou gh t it
dtaneiilia praecox. O th e r hospitalizations follow ed. H is excessive and ab-
т а I sex drives were revealed by his second w ife. H e was suspicious of
I" 1 anil accused her of being a pervert. D u rin g their marriage all conver-
11 и и1 w ith her was 011 sexual m atters, of th e loose life he led; he described
m detail fellatio experiences. H e claim ed he had three orgasms a day and
62 Sex Offenders: Classifications and Special Types Sex Offenders: Classifications and Special Types 63

considerable m asturbation in addition. H e incrim inated his w ife in the ifi lie had served previous sentences for stabbing w om en. T h is consti-
forging of checks. H e condoned th e life o f his sister, w ho was all b u t a lull . an unconscious expression o f the desire to stab the rejecting m other.
prostitute; he showed no respect for w om en. H e accused th e physicians of I t .flowed no gu ilt feeling, no anxiety (A braham sen, 1950).
b eing hom osexual and attem p ting to practice perversions 011 him , ind icat­
ing that his life was not norm ally heterosexual; his delusions had a h om o­
sexual trend. D issatisfaction w ith on e’s situation in an environm ent calls
forth a paranoid m echanism w hich disappears w ith rem oval of situation. illM M A R Y
H e omits, in his story of his life, anythin g th a t m ight reflect on him . H e
was sm ooth and slippery b u t was in difficulties all his life. H e is a psycho­
\ I I ASSIIUCATIONS eral delinquent. Sex symptoms are not
path o f the crim inal type w ho gives any story m ost expedient to cover up
in themselves evidence of morbid sex
things to suit his purpose. H is frequent hospitalizations leave him essen­
' 'in classification groups sex offend- development; perverted behavior dur­
tially unchanged; h e is a serious social problem (K arpm an, 6 ).
11. as: non-repeaters, repeaters, psy- ing adolescence may be a develop­
■I111I a s, neurotics and those malad- mental step or may represent fixed
C ase 33: Peter Cooksey. W h ite . M ale. A ge 43. Serving life sentence 111 IciI maritally. Another classification morbidity. Sexual acts occurring while
for murder. H e is a pathological liar and his narrative of his background II 1111 Ilie basis of type or intensity of growth is taking place are relatively
is unreliable. His father was said to b e cruel; his m other and one sister dine. ( )ne classification differentiates unimportant. T he most common form
were inm ates of a m ental hospital. H e was probably one of five ch il­ 1 inscxual conduct, heterosexual con- of delinquency in girls is antisocial
dren; he nam es eleven besides half-brothers and half-sisters. His parents •Ii 111 and variants of both. Other sex behavior, since boys are seldom
w ere divorced; b oth remarried. C ooksey was apparently b rou gh t up in pov­ 1 11nips suggested are on the basis of apprehended for indulging in sex re­
erty and squalor. H e claim s parental interest in him , b u t this is unlikely. H'i , plane, type and degree of devia- lations alone; while the girl comes un­
H e relates num erous incidents concerning his siblings w hich could not , personality, control, rcsponsibil- der the social ban. A large percentage
ii legal offense. Leppman distin- of such girls suffer from mental or
have been know n to him if he was born w hen he said and left hom e when
1 m.In s Ihose characterized by crude- physical abnormalities and from en­
he said. Such incidents are elaborations of hearsay, or pure im agination.
III ... perversion, mental disease, and vironmental conditions. Society is up­
O b viously he had little schooling beyond the sixth grade. H e m entions
1In 1 1 characterized as brutes and lib- set by the promiscuous girl but not
having “ spasms” as a child. H e says he ran away from hom e betw een 1 iluies. Guttmacher has four groups: by the promiscuous hoy. There are
eleven and tw elve. H e has a crim inal history of thefts, larceny after trust, urn mill, constitutionally abnormal, more latent than active sex deviates;
raising checks, assault, gam bling, robbery, num erous reform atory and jail iiiiiinlic, and those with deteriorated tendencies may exist throughout life
sentences. H e served in the A rm y b u t his details are unreliable. H is sex I go con trol. but the crime is committed only un­
life is characterized b y lack of control and inability to defer pleasure; it is der the stress of circumstances.
II M l C IA I, T Y P E S
all lust. His heterosexuality seems to have been excessive. H e m entions Although some writers consider
three marriages and no divorces. T h ere was also extensive hom osexuality 1 i'>l all sex offenders are sex deviates, that sexual deviates belong among the
and perversion, pim ping and hom osexual prostitution. N o affection is us 1 young man indulging in sex play psychopathies, the majority regard the
shown for any w om an. H e shows a total lack of morals or inhibitions. H e ivII11 a girl just below the age of con- “ constitutional” psychopath or anetho-
41 1 Statutory rape is a non- path as but one among the different
has no com m unal feelings, no social interest; he shows a total lack of re­
pal In(logical type. According to Kin- types of sexual offenders. W ithout
sponsibility, no conscience, no guilt, no m oral code. H is life was a progres­
и , 1 ighty-five percent of the younger conscience and without sense of guilt,
sive series o f antisocial acts; there is no type of crim e o f w h ich he was not lie shows a selfish, narcissistic attitude
11111111 population could be convicted
guilty. H e robbed and killed a cab driver in cold blood. H is so-called psy­ 1 . \ offenders if laws were strictly toward the mate. T h e sex drive ap­
chosis was m alingered. H e belongs to the group of idiopathic psychopathy 1 nl <1. Among juvenile offenders, pears to be considerably above the
(anethopathy) of the aggressive, predatory type (K arpm an, 1949). lliii.c w h o are g u ilty o f sex offenses average; excessive heterosexuality,
• - bravely have more favorable home promiscuity and paraphiliac trends are
Case 34: Prison inm ate. A g e 35. A “ genuine psychopath.” In his early iml linnily backgrounds than the gen­ not uncommon.
childhood there was fighting betw een his parents. H is father was alco­
holic and left w ife. A t five th e ch ild was returned to the father; he
never saw the m other again. l i e had been arrested and sentenced about
ten tim es. His present offense is assaulting and stabbing bis com m on-law
/ R E A C T I O N S TO SEX CRIMES

Л V IC TIM S OF SEX O FFEN SES 66

i. W h o A re the V ictim s? 66

i. Predisposition to V ictim iza tio n 67

3. E ffects U po n V ictim s 67

A. M ENTAL E M O T IO N A L

B . P H Y S IC A L E F F E C T S

C. EFFE CTS OF C O U R T PR O C E D U R E U P O N CH ILD R E N

II C O M M U N IT Y R E A C T IO N TO SEX CRIM E 70

1 O F F E N D E R S ’ A T T IT U D E T O W A R D
OFFEN SES 71

KI M M ARY 73

7. Reactions to Sex Crimes
A. V IC T IM S OF SEX O FFEN SES
1. W h o Are the Victims? Ages of 1,395 victim s are given in records.
T h e average age is thirteen years, eigh t m onths. T h e y range from tw o to
sixty-eight years. Seventy-three are under six; 260 betw een six and ten;
655 betw een ten and sixteen (C itizen s C o m m ittee, 1939) •
V ictim s are o f all ages and o f b o th sexes. F em ale victim s used to com e
from the sam e incom e group. T h e age o f the victim is a definite factor in
determ ining th e sentence im posed on th e offender; the younger the vic­
tim , the m ore severe the punishm ent. N eith er tender years nor advanced
age is a protection. F ou r percent of victim s are six years or under, the
m ajority of fem ale victim s are over fourteen. A d u lts rarely com e into court
in conn ection w ith hom osexuality, only w hen children or young adolescents
are involved (M a yo r’s C om m ittee, 1940).
It is a m istaken b elief th at m ost offenses against children are com m itted
b y strangers; m ost are by those know n to th e children (D eu tsch , 1950).
O f 250 cases studied at D iagnostic C en ter, 169 victim s were children.
F ifty percent of the victim s of those com ing under the sex offenders act
w ere betw een five and nine; 44.7 percent were betw een ten and fifteen.
T h e victim s o f those not com ing under the act were 76.9 percent betw een
ten and fifteen (F rankel, 1950). : с lln minds of th e suggestible, and som etim es leave a perm anent irnpres-
59.1 percent o f th e offenders directed their acts against children o f six­
teen or under. T h ese are m ostly pedophiliacs and statutory rape groups.
T h o se in other categories m ostly select adults. In a series studied to de­
term ine w hether or n ot victim s were know n to offenders, 5° percent know
their victim s. T h e percentage of victim s know n to the offender is especially
high in cases involvin g children, 72 percent. E ven in cases of inde­
cen t exposure and w indow-peeping, near a fourth are know n to th e vic­
tim . W h e re the victim is know n to the deviate, th e victim m ay be regarded
as a clue to the behavior m anifested b y th e deviate. A person s chances of
bein g attacked b y a person w h om he know s are as great as his chances of
being attacked by an unknow n person (D u n h am , 1 9 51) •
F ifty percent of those victim ized in sex crim es are know n to the offender
(M ichigan R eport, 1951)-
66
Reactions to Sex Crimes 67
Predisposition to Victimization: U sually, the child victim s had un-
nsи.illy attractive and charm ing personalities. T h e y m ade every effort to at-
11.к ) attention from adults. U sually, there were other behavior difficulties,
.uni lack o f educability. T h e ir hyperactivity and general restlessness were
m.iikcd. M a n y were quarrelsome, rebellious, disobedient, disrespectful to
(«units. T h ere were no unusual physical findings. In telligence was a little
In Iter than average.
( iliildren m ay not resist; they often are active, or initiate th e role. E ven
where physical force is involved it does n ot account for the frequent repe-
11| ioil of the act; apparently it was fun dam en tally satisfactory.
Some children may be constitutionally predisposed to victim ization:
l i ny m ay be constitution ally intolerant of denial o f satisfactions, or in-
li 11liting forces may be defective, as in a m ental deficiency. T h ere m ay be
1 iitcuial or environm ental factors; som e are denied tender parental love. In
т и с cases there has been abnorm al stim ulation of sex urges b y adults
(Hi nder and Blau, 1937).
I he general attitud e that the child is asexual, an unw illing victim , is not
dw.ivs true; in some cases th e child is th e aggressor (B ow m an , 1938).
In most cases the fact that a particular girl is the victim is no accident.
I .«’in ially there is som ething in the background, personality or fam ily
iln.ition that predisposes her to participation. In cases o f statutory rape,
mu',I girls com e from the same low incom e groups of th e com m unity; the
•....... disorganized neighborhoods, th e same type of disorganized fam ilies.
\\ г cannot place all blam e on the offender; n eglect of parents in super-
■1 mg children is partly responsible.
( )llcn the victim is a victim in th e legal sense only; the girl occasionally
1 I lie instigator or th e m ore sophisticated; frequently the offense consists
■■
I nlolescent experim entation and sex play w ith girls o f n ot too disparate
.i/'i (M ayor’s C o m m ittee, 1950).
1 I lin ts Upon Victims:
1 и n i ai.— e m o t i o n a l : T h e offense is likely to fix a vicious association
«11111 T h ere is som e reason to believe that there is a conn ection betw een
ми Ii impressions and the course o f sexual delinquency (E ast, 1924).
Г м о if there is no physical injury, there m ay b e grave m ental disturb-
MiM 1 Si mic victim s of m ore than one indecent assault had their m oral sense
пир.Hied, and becam e a danger to other children (D ep artm en tal C om m it-
1 и , iо-15).
Л Rasmussen's report (D ie B ed eutun g Sexueller A tten ta te auf K inder
MhIi 1 1 1 (ahren fiir die E n tw ick lu n g von G eisteskrankheiten und Charak-
i' 111 и>111.11ici 1. A cta Psychiat. et N eurol. 9 :351, 1934) seems to disprove the
1 1111 iii'iita] effects of sexual assault on children under fourteen. Rasm ussen
1 .... 1 11и tv six no worse for the experience; in eight, adjustm ent was not
».ili I и liny, b u t the role o f the sex traum a is doubtful.
68 Reactions to Sex Crimes
B ender and Blau studied sixteen unselected successive admissions in
C h ild ren ’s W a rd , Bellevue. E leven were girls, five were boys. T w o girls
were colored. A ges ranged from five to tw elve years. In seven there was no
acute im m ediate behavior reaction; three reverted to in fan tile practice,
onanistic genital preoccupation, exhibitionistic drives; three intelligen t ch il­
dren were bew ildered and preoccupied, especially w here th e aggressor was
a parent.
Less fear, anxiety, guilt or psychic traum a resulted than m igh t b e ex­
pected. M ore frequently, the children were bold, brazen or frankly ob ­
jective. O ften guilt tended to develop w hen the child was separated from
the sex object. T h is occurred especially w ith the m ore intelligent, as a re­
sult of ad ult censure. E m o tion al reaction was in m arked contrast to th at of
adults— anxiety and apprehension (B ender and B lau, 1937 )- (^ee Cases
35' 4 2 -)
T h e effect is n ot always traum atic. N o rem ote effects w ere judged here;
Rasm ussen indicates th at this is not considerable.
In some cases there is im m ediate harm . In younger children, th e infan ­
tile stage is prolonged or reverted to. In early laten cy educability and so­
cial adaptability are handicapped. T h ere is m ental retardation in some
cases; anxiety states w here parents were concerned; prem ature develop­
m ent, increasing interest in sex (See Cases 64, 66, 67, 218, 220.).
T rea tm en t consists of adequate substitutes, supervision, institution al
care, helping the children to lose sex interest. V .D . is a special problem
(Bender and B lau, 19 3 7).
Regarding offenses against children, there are tw o m istaken b eliefs: ( 1 )
that children have no sexual interests (2) that sexual experiences are
harm ful to them . T h e re is slight evidence for either of these. Blau and
B ender conclude that em otional reactions of children are rem arkably de­
void o f guilt, fear or anxiety. Sexual experiences w ith adults, however,
tended to com plicate or im pede developm ent. T h e ch ild ’s sexuality is best
perm itted to lie dorm ant (W o rtis, 1939)-
T h e m ental dam age to victim s can not b e estim ated (M a y o r’s C o m m it­
tee, 1940).
T h e popular m isconception th at sexual acts betw een child and adult
cause the child to b ecom e a deviate, is seldom true. B u t often there is a
shock to the child if there is an elem ent of attack or if it is disgraced, pu n ­
ished, or forced to testify publicly (H artw ell, 195°)•
Cases 35-36: Five-year-old girl and six-year-old brother indulged in sex
play together. Father, a m ental defective and syphilitic, m ade advances to
the children. T h e girl was preoccupied w ith genital play. She had a seduc­
tive m anner w ith m en. T h e b oy was brighter; he claim ed his sister initi­
ated th e play. B oth had b een subjected to sexual excitem ent by the father
b u t showed different reactions. T h e girl, o f borderline intelligence, was
fixated on erotic play, showed no gu ilt or anxiety. Brother, m ore intelli-
Reactions to Sex Crimes 69
%
-' 1ice, anxiety, bew ilderm ent, no overt sex behavior (B ender and Blau,
• 94? ) •
1 'i/nc 37: A six-year-old boy m ade advances to his m other. H e was an
"lily child; father was divorced. T h e child attem pted sex relations w ith
'A ' ping m other. A p parently the m other m ade no objections un til the step-
l.illicr objected. H e had indulged in pederasty w ith other boys. H e said he
» is introduced to sex play by b ig boy, possibly his uncle b u t this was
i ij'iic. H e had an I. Q . o f 120. H e attem pted to find new interests and
Eli shame (B ender and Blau, 1 9 3 7 ).
1 1/vc 38: Seven-year-old girl. A lleged seduction by adult. She had been
nlnpled at three-and-a-half. T h e foster m other was strict and prudish; the
I illicr an alcoholic; they separated perm anently after girl’s hospitalization.
The girl was bright, affectionate and friendly. It was claim ed by the par-
■nl : I hat she was over-active, selfish, cruel, dishonest, had tem per tantrum s,
Ilial she had indulged in sex play w ith a young boy w hile still in the or-
phanage. She was involved in cunnilingus, m utual m asturbation and fel­
latio with a janitor, also sex play w ith a dog. She said her parents treated
Iin as if she were bad. She showed im provem ent after tw o m on ths’hos­
pitalization; a year later, she seemed norm al, friendly, though still desiring
iiiliill attention. T h ere was no evidence o f sexual tension (Bender
■ ииI Blau, 193 7).
1 i//.c 39: Seven-year-old boy. H e had subm itted to pederasty w ith 17-
• и old boy. H e showed no evidence o f gu ilt feeling. H e was of low av-
1 i,igc intelligence. N o abnorm al sex interest was evident (B end er and
llltiii, 1937).
1 1/vc 40: Nine-year-old N egro girl. O ffen se: Sex relations w ith a married
I ler school work was poor; she was sullen, obstinate, selfish and
411111 iclsom e. She was preoccupied w ith sex; showed exhibitionistic tenden-
11 m il was restless and irritable due to increasing sex tension (B ender
mil Blau, 1937).
I mu //: A ge 14. O ffense: Seduction b y older m an. H e had been dom-
IIla led by threats of exposure and tem pted by the m oney. H e becam e
bully dem oralized, was forced to com m it all types of perversions. U nder
Hu nervous strain, he began to stutter. His father was dead, the m other
III mil.lined an orderly hom e. T h e boy had an I. Q . of 114. H e was placed
iiiulei court supervision in boarding school b u t continued unstable and
I Iv adjusted. H e was sent to C h ild ren ’s V illa g e where he im proved.
I iib 1 lie was returned hom e b u t failed to adjust w ith his m other. W h e n he
nth dually placed w ith a married sister, th e adolescent instabilities sub-
iidi d (D oshay, 1943).
1 11 с j A ge 16. O ffense: H e had been victim ized b y an ad ult homo-
i huh I and taugh t all kinds of perversions. H e cam e from a decent, com ­

■70 Reactions to Sex Crimes
fortable hom e and had seem ed w ell adjusted. H is m other’s death ten
m onths before worked a change in his em otional life; he becam e m oody,
sensitive, introspective. H e left school and indulged in excessive daydream ­
ing and ’m asturbation. I. Q . 104. T h e fam ily prom ised closer supervision
and there were no further know n difficulties (D oshay, 19 4 3 )'
T h e degree of psychic traum a is dependent on the w ay the problem is
treated after discovery. P u blicity and court process have a serious destruc­
tive effect (G u ttm ach er, 1951).
b. p h y s i c a l e f f e c t s : Physical injuries m ay be traum atic lesions, vulvitis
(m ild ), or rupture of the genital organs w hich if serious m ay result in
death. C o m p lete defloration of a young child is as a rule accom panied by
grave lesions (T h o in o t, 19 1 1 )-
O f 686 children and young persons exam ined b y one police surgeon,
443 had received som e physical injury; in 259 o f these cases the injury
was substantial (D ep artm en tal C om m ittee, 1925) .
In over two-fifths o f the cases w here w e have inform ation as to the ef­
fect, physical dam age results. In over h a lf the cases, pregnancy occurs; in
others there is V .D . or other injury. In som e cases, death results from the
attack or from nervous shock. T h e father is som etim es injured in an at­
tem pt to protect the child (M ayor s C o m m ittee, 1940).
c. e f f e c t s o f c o u r t p r o c e d u r e s u p o n c h i l d r e n : C h ild victim s o f sex
offenders are put through an ordeal w hich gives a distorted picture of sex
functions and subjects them to m orbid curiosity. E xcitem en t, questioning,
physical exam inations, investigations, court appearances cause unpleasant
experience to loom large in th e ch ild ’s m ind. U su ally no service is avai -
able to help bring the experience into proper focus. T h e solution lies in
b etter training of court and police personnel, reduction o f court procedure
and excluding from court room all b u t those directly involved (M illiken ,
T h e repetitious questioning of a child victim m ay be as harm ful psy-
chiatrically as the offense itself. Several of th e questioning stages should
b e rem oved. T h e interview er should b e a special children ’s interviewer,
trained in psychology and fam iliar w ith all legal aspects (M ich igan R e­
port, 1951 ) .
B. C O M M U N IT Y R E A C T IO N TO SEX CRIM E
Society has recoiled from the sex offender w ith horror and m ade no at­
tem pt to understand, less to treat him (H enry & G ross, 2, 1940).
T h e usual reaction of adults to aberrant sexual beh avior in children is
either disgust, b elievin g them degenerate beyon d redem ption, or inaction
in the pious h op e th a t they will outgrow it (W a g g o n e r & B oyd, 19 4 1).
Because children arc th e victim s, the com m unity dem ands sw ift, severe
Reactions to Sex Crimes 71
punishm ent for all sex offenders, even w hen there is little or no injury to
NIK icty (A pfelberg, Sugar and Pfeffer, 1944).
Sex offenders are m ore liable to be m isjudged b y prejudice than are the
majority of crim inals (E ast, 1946).
Alter a particularly revolting sex crim e, th e public clam ors for harsher
penalties (M ass. R eport, 1948).
Ma ny m echanism s observable in sex offenders are discernible in so-called
n<и null people, w ho cope w ith these m echanism s on ly b y strong repression,
riicicfore, there is m arked em otional reaction to sex offenses, each mem-
Iи 1 of the com m unity projecting his repressive m echanism s on the of-
li'ndcr. T h e readiness w ith w hich coercive em otions are aroused in con-
1НЧ lion w ith sex offenses reflects fear and hostility (H irning, 3, 1947).
Sexual offenses w hen accom panied b y crim e o f violence, physical assault
01 murder, offend the w hole com m u n ity and precipitate a hue and cry for
peeial institutions for sexual delinquents (C u sh in g, 1950).
Action against sex crimes usually evolves in an atm osphere o f hysteria;
in Ii action is often useless, and frequently harm ful (D eu tsch , 1950 ).
T h e laws are custom arily enacted after a state o f fear is aroused. Hys-
li 1ia is due to th e fact th a t th e average citizen can not understand a sex­
ual attack on a child. Fear is produced m ore readily in the m odern com-
11111ml у than in earlier days because o f the increased publicity. A second
• lenient is the agitated activity of the com m unity. Letters are w ritten to the
i ihlni and to radio broadcasters; d em an d s.are m ade, mass m eetings are
InЫ The third phase is the appointm ent o f a com m ittee, w hose investiga-
1mu is relatively superficial. T h e im patient legislature in M assachusetts
1 пае led a law before the com m ittee appointed by th e legislature had tim e
I n i investigation. In N ew Y o rk , th e m ayor took em ergency action; th e com ­
mittee did not report for tw o or three years and N ew Y o rk did not enact
,1 .esnal psychopath law. T h e M assachusetts report recom m ended the re-
pi.il of the statute and recom m ended that sex crim e not be considered
ap nl from other crime. T h e com m ittee gathers inform ation, it takes w hat
1 n ailable; m uch occurs in popular literature and is accepted w ith ou t first­
hand investigation. It is presented to th e legislature w ith little discussion
(Sutherland, 2, 1950).
t O F F E N D E R S ’ A T T IT U D E T O W A R D
() F F E N S E S
4 offenders m ay adopt one o f three attitudes tow ard the offense: (1 )
■Hiiplelc denial, often assum ing alm ost paranoid proportions (2) final
iiilniiv.ion o f offense, attributin g it to alcohol— this is frequent in cases of
I (3) adm itting th e offense after repeated denials, frequently see-
in/; in Ilie ch ild victim s aggressive offensive personalities w ho forced them
In ,nl (Froscli and Brom berg, 1939).
Most sex offenders arc unw illing to adm it their guilt. T h e y have trc-
 Reactions to Sex Crimes 73
72 Reactions to Sex Crimes Щ
I ul is the victim is no accident; there B . C O M M U N IT Y R E A C T IO N
m endous internal feelings o f guilt. T h e y do not w ant to talk w h ich defies
IN something in her background, per-
psychotherapy (Selling, 2, 1939). 11iIу or family situation that pre­ It is pointed out that public attitudes
A high percentage o f convictions are not substantiated b y statem ents; disposes her to participation. Fre- are based on lack of information, that
offenders m ay plead inn ocen t to physician b u t plead gu ilty in court (Shas- i|i in illy victims are victims in the the sex offender is more liable to be
kan, 1939). II r il sense only; the attitude that the misjudged by prejudice than most
D efend ants charged w ith im pairing m orals are not inclined to plead ■lnlt! is an unwilling victim, is not criminals. W h en children are the vic­
guilty. T h ere is often em phatic denial even in th e face of conclusive evi­ ill ways true; in some cases the child is tims, and where sex crimes are accom­
dence. C haracteristically, sex offenders project b lam e on others, n otably IIn aggressor. In some cases, parents panied by violence, the community is
li im abnormally stimulated sex urges. aroused. But since n orm al, people
the victim (M a yo r’s C o m m ittee, 1940).
tin' Mayor’s Com m ittee found that have the same mechanisms as sex
Psychiatric exam ination o f the sex offender is n o t satisfactory; that of
III two-fifths of cases where there was offenders, coping with them only
th e exhibitionists is less so. T h o s e sentenced rarely respond to proffered
lull 11mation as to the effect, physical through strong repression, they react
psychiatric therapy. T h e y protest their innocence, deny the problem , claim emotionally to such offenses, project­
damage resulted; pregnancy, venereal
they were m erely surprised w hen urinating. In th e vast m ajority of cases, dr.rase or other injury. In some cases ing repressive mechanisms on the of­
the denials are vehem ent. Six out o f sixty adm itted sexual im plications. di,dli resulted from the attack or fender.
T h e explanation is in th e strong em otional reactions of th e com m unity, in miiis shock. It is difficult to esti-
this makes th e individual so defensive he cannot adm it the sexual im plica­ iiiiilc mental damage; this may depend C. O F F E N D E R S ’ A T T IT U D E T O W A R D O F ­
tions even to him self, because h e participates in the com m u nity attitude. "ii liow the problem is handled after F EN SES
M an y of these individuals have inhibitory, puritanical attitudes toward di■ ,1'overy. Some, as Bender and Blau,
sex (H irning, 1, 1945). In la ve there is little evidence that It seems to be characteristic of the sex
M o re exhibitionists than any other sex offenders deny their guilt. I he 1 11111 experiences with adults are offender to deny the offense. W h en
liiiinliil to children, that sexual acts they do admit the offense, after re­
m ost com m on excuse is urination. O f eighteen, five said they were drunk,
I" Iween child and adult will not cause peated denials, they may claim that
eight claim ed physical disability. Som etim es th e evidence is rather slender
l l n child to become a deviate; some, they were drunk, or in the case of ex­
and courts take a len ien t view (T aylor, 194 7). 11111 Ilie harmful effects arise from the hibitionists, that they were merely uri­
T h e sex offender has a defensive attitude; his fear o f pu b lic censure is nl Iil ucles of adults, or from court pro- nating. Several writers mention the
d eeply rooted. D en ial is characteristic; they frequently see in their victim s 111 dings; others, as East, believe that tendency to project the blame on
aggressive, offensive persons w ho force them into abnorm al acts. I aboos и is association may be fixed, leav- others, notably the victim. T he reason
m ake th e subject anathem a for the sex offender (B rom berg, 1948). iiir ,1 permanent impression; that there for the vehement denial lies in inter­
T h e m ajority are unable to com prehend m otives for their behavior; they 1 1 connection between such impres- nal feelings of guilt, in the strong
are confused abou t the sexual role as a result o f early conditions (A b ra­ and the course of sexual delin- community attitudes in which the of­
l|Mflll'y. fender participates.
ham sen, 1950).
T h e sex offender’s attitu d e is guarded: he is u n tru thfu l, he rationalizes
and makes excuses (B onner, 1948).
Sex offenders are tw ice as likely to insist on their innocence as th e gen­
eral offenders (G u ttm ach er, 1 9 5 1 ).

SUMMARY

A . V IC T IM S O F SEX O F F E N SE S tee found only four percent of the

Victim s are of all ages and of both
sexes. Frankel finds a majority of vic­
tims were children, between ages of
ten and fifteen. T h e M ayor’s Com m it­
victims six years or under. Some re­
ports find that at least fifty percent of
those victimized are known to the of­
fender.
Generally the fact that a particular
И. F A C T O R S C O N T R I B U T I N G TO

SEXUAL D E V I A T I O N

Л C O N S T IT U T IO N A L FA C TO R S 76

H E N V IR O N M E N T A L FA C TO R S 77
1. U n healthy B ackground Influences 77
2. Socio-Econom ic 80

3. Parental A ttitudes 81

л. N EGLECT

B . A T T IT U D E S TO W A R D SE X U A L M A T T E R S

C . R E J E C T IO N

D. O V E R -P R O T E C T IO N

E. PA R EN TAL P E R SO N A L IT IE S

4. Psychic T raum a 86

( PH YSICAL FA C TO R S 88
1. O rganic C han ges 88
2. Physical Injury or H andicaps 90

11 PSYCH OSES 91

I M E N TAL D E F IC IE N C Y 94

I A LC O H O LISM 95

< O TH ER FA C TO R S 97

'ill М М Л R Y 97

8 . Factors Contributing to
Sexual Deviation
A. C O N S T IT U T IO N A L F A C T O R S
Sexual m aladjustm ent depends on constitutional m ake-up (physical and
m en ta l), culture and special cond itioning experiences (B ow m an , 1938).
V ariou s factors operate; in som e cases hereditary inadequacy was im ­
portant (Pollens, 1938). (See C ase 43.)
N o sexual perversion is incurably congenital (W o rtis, 1939)-
C o n stitu tion al m ake-up cannot be ignored. T h e tendency to em brace any
neurotic sym ptom is based on a constitution al predisposition (B rill,
^ T h e sex offender is the result o f endogenous and exogenous factors
^ Paraphilias, no less than neuroses, have their constitution al bases, b u t
these are surely no m ore frequent than, nor significantly different horn
those w hich w e find in neuroses (K arpm an, 13, 1942 );
T h e sexual psychopath seems to be of constitutional origin, b u t environ­
m ent, hom e training, school, associates, parental attitudes, neighborhood,
play an im portant part (B onner, 1948).
Som e personality traits lie in the genes, others are environm ental C o n ­
stitutional elem ents determ ine am bitions; early environm ental conditions
determ ine w h at w ill be done w ith inherent abilities and weaknesses (Abra-
ham sen, 1950 ). ,
In sex deviation, hereditary factors per se have n ot been shown to play
any specific role. T h e final em ergence of the pattern depends on w hat the
life experience does to or w ith the inherited poten tial (M ich igan R ep o it,
1 9 5 1 ).
Case 43: W h ite . M ale. A ge 52. O ffense: Im pairing morals of a fourteen-
year-old boy. Physical exam ination revealed a non-m asculine endocrine
make-up; you th fu l appearance, scant body hair, high-pitched voice, l i e had
been over-protected b y th e m other; his first and only heterosexual experi­
en ce was at tw enty-one. l i e was o f high intelligence, b u t satisfied w ith
Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation 77
1
1 niploym ent as a m essenger and errand boy. H e attended movies daily;
l i L d to associate w ith young children; his entire attitud e toward adult
и "ponsibility was childish and vacuous; h e presented th e picture o f an old
"young ch ild .” C on stitu tion al and glandular make-up probably were an im-
I>01 hint factor (Pollens, 1938).
I i isc 44: E arl M cF arlan d . M urder. B efore th e age o f eleven, he had been
',!< ding candy and chew ing gum . H e was arrested for housebreaking, steal-
111,", autom obiles, and was sentenced to reform atory. H e escaped three times.
At thirteen he enlisted, b u t deserted. H e boasted of having been in tw enty
In twenty-five prisons. A t tw enty-tw o h e enlisted in the M arin e Corps; he
married a seventeen-year-old girl. In 1944, he was arrested for knifin g a
Navy L ieuten ant. H e picked up an eighteen-year-old girl w ho was later
tumid beaten, raped and strangled. H e was a constitution al psychopathic
Inferior, doom ed from birth to be a m enace (W itte ls, 1948).
< 1/vi' 45: A lexander M eyer. A g e 19. M urder. B efore sixteen he had been
111 trouble for burglary, arson, stealing from his parents, P eeping T o m acts.
Ih shot girls w ho w ould not enter his car. H e deliberately drove a truck
at a girl w ith the intent to kill or cripple her; drove her away uncon-
'.1 и ms, stripped and raped her and threw the b od y in a w ell, then exploded
dynam ite in th e w ell. H e should have been confined for life from th e т о ­
нна it he was pronounced a constitutional psychopathic inferior (W itte ls,
1948 ).
U nions (See C ase 119) was also a constitution al psychopathic inferior,
II .11 schizophrenic, also obsessive-compulsive, psychoneurotic and a sexual
I ' l i vnl . H e cou ld n ’t control him self. A t sixteen he had accidentally wit-
III i'.cd an abnorm al sex act. H e told his teacher; she grew upset, scolded
Iiiiii a n d washed his m outh out w ith soap. His constitutional psychopathic
111I11iority could have been detected w hen he was under fourteen, due to
hr. apparently m otiveless burglaries (W itte ls, 1948).
Nut all constitution al psychopathic inferiors b ecom e rapists or sex of-
1. udns; the pattern is determ ined b y w h at crim e he com m its first. H e w ill
1 Hiiiiiiit 011c crim e and keep on w ith the same (W itte ls, 1948).
b E N V IR O N M E N T A L F A C TO R S
I Unhealthy Background Influences: N o single factor of background
"i personality determ ines a b oy’s general behavior for good or bad in later
hi rally life; m orbid personality factors stem m ing from unhealthy back-
........ influences determ ine juvenile general offenses w hich are in conti­
nuity with later general crimes (D oshay, 1943). (See Cases 46-51.)
1 1r.r 4(>: W h ite . M ale. A g e 11. H is m other filed th e com plaint that
us In was becom ing m orally depraved. H e was the oldest o f five. T h e father
78 Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation
had not been in the hom e for several years; th e m other was an unprotect-
ing, selfish person, well-dressed, w ith jewels, though the children were in
rags. She was alleged to b e sexually prom iscuous, and to have had sexual
relations in the presence o f her children. She claim ed the patien t was a
b other and a nuisance to her; she w anted him pu t into an institution. T h e
hom e was in a neighborhood w ith a high delinquency rate, H i e boy was
know n as a m ale prostitute; he solicited m en. H is first con tact was at
nine, w hen he was threatened and forced to sodom y b y three m en. H e ad­
m itted prostitution; he had been attracted b y the offers of m oney. H e felt
disgusted, but believed it the norm al type o f sexual relation. H e was u n ­
happy at hom e; his m other beat him . T h e m ain reason for her bringing
the com plaint was to rid herself of a burden and to seek revenge on a m ale
friend w ho was involved. N o h op e was seen of reorganizing th e hom e
(W a gg o n e r and B oyd, 1941)-
C ase 47: W h ite . M ale. A ge 16. O ffense: Sodom y on younger boys. H e
took three boys, aged four and five, into a barn, threatened them till they
subm itted to sodom y. Previous arrests inclu d e stealing an autom obde,
b reaking and entering, larceny, thefts at school and at hom e. G ran d fath er
and father were alcoholic and died of tuberculosis. The m other was feeble­
m inded. H e was the eldest o f four siblings. A t four, a serious fall was fo l­
low ed b y a speech defect; stam m ering. Sch ool work was difficult, and stam ­
m ering continued. T h e h om e situation was very poor. The b oy superficially
was cooperative and responsive b u t was o f defective intellect. l i e appeared
gullible, suggestible, easily led into m isconduct. H e had had sex experience
w ith older m en, and occasionally substituted such activity for m asturbation.
A violent tem per indicated he was capable of aggressive and cruel behav­
ior. H is personality pattern was shaped b y the antisocial attitudes and vio­
len ce o f his h om e and com m u nity and b y his lim ited intelligen ce ( W a g ­
goner and B oyd, 1941)-
C ase 48: W h ite . M ale. A g e 12. O ffense: Perversions w ith tw o older
crim inal siblings. Parents had separated. T h e father was alcoholic, had a
prison record and deserted. T h e m other had been in prison for larceny,
the hom e was filthy, im m oral, full o f conflict and vulgarity. I w o siblings
were in feeble-m inded institutions, one in an epileptic institution, tw o in a
crim inal institution; these last tw o were vicious sex perverts, w ho induced
their tw o sisters into sex relations, one becam e pregnant. T h e b oy was w ell
behaved; he attended school regularly and seemed w ell adjusted at school
b u t b it his nails. H e was docile and seem ed n ot happy. W h e n he was
placed w ith his grandparents, he adjusted w ell, due to th e radical shift in
environm ent (D osh ay, 1943)-
Case 49: W h ite . M ale. A ge 26. O ffense: In decen t exposure. T h e patient
was an incorrigible rogue w ith five previous convictions. H e had been m ar­
ried about fifteen m onths and had norm al relations w ith his w ife; they had
Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation 79
had relations tw o years before the marriage. H e was the fourth o f seven
siblings. Sexual experiences began at five; h e saw his sisters exam ine
and handle each other; h e also frequently heard his m other refuse his
father. T rea tm en t was successful. H e claim ed his weakness was due to
nasal obstruction (sym bolically h e associated nasal weakness w ith the sex
organ (E ast, 1939) •
( 'ase 50: W h ite . M ale. A g e 9. O ffense: F orcin g a little girl to m anipu­
late his sex organ. H is father had deserted and his m other lived in
a com m on-law relationship. T h e child was neglected and had undesirable
com panions. H e becam e a truant and class problem . H e was unstable, ex­
citable, a follow er, rather docile. Subsequent behavior: he was ungovern­
able, participated in sex play w ith boys and girls and peculated at hom e,
lie was sent to C h ild ren ’s V illa g e where lie had som e difficulty in adjust-
114;. l i e had, how ever, an interest in music. H e overcam e his sex habits,
and was considered honest. H e is adjusting w ell b u t continues nervous, in-
intrespective, seclusive. T h ere is no further record of trouble (D oshay,
"H3)-
< '.use 51: W h ite . M ale. A g e 10. O ffense: Sodom y forced upon him b y
adolescents. M o th er was syphilitic, m elancholic, suicidal. F ath er cruel and
IHufane. H e cam e from a poor hom e in th e slum section w here he had lit­
tle supervision. H e served as panderer for his eleven-year-old sister. H e re­
appeared at C h ild ren ’s C o u rt for stealing, truancy and deserting. H e was
diagnosed as psychopathic personality w ith epilepsy, possibly related to
latent congenital syphilis. H e had m ajor convulsions and m ental signs and
was sent to state hospital. A younger brother is in C h ild ren ’s V illa g e , a
isler is in the state hospital for m ental illness. T h e parents are totally
1111 sponsible and uncooperative (D oshay, 1943).
( a/se 32: P atient was a young w om an w ho cam e for treatm ent. She
Miiiplained o f deep depression, anxiety, fear of going insane. H er father
di.ink heavily and abused his w ife and children. T h e patien t had frequently
>n 1ni sscd sexual relations betw een the parents and gained a sadistic idea
nl sex relations. She sought to reform her father b u t her superego was
b и incd 011 the m other, w ho bore b rutality w ith meekness. A t sixteen, she
In г..111 sexual relations w ith her brother, w hich increased her feelings of
guilt Her brother represented the father, th e original incest object; her
illiliidc to the brother betrayed active castration wishes. As her sadism
hi id wish to castrate him increased, her anxiety and fear of vengeance
(hi w After nine m on ths’ analysis, she gave up relations w ith th e brother;
w illi prolonged analysis her sym ptom s im proved. T h is is only one o f m any
1 a .1л where neglected children in crowded quarters are given the oppor­
tunity for sexual know ledge and seduction w hile they are subjected to nar-
fim moral prohibitions and strict denials (R eich, 1938).

8o Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation
2. Socio-Economic: W o lb a rst believes th at perversions are fostered by
moral agencies— clean-up drives drive prostitutes from segregated districts
into expensive apartm ents and perversions. Sexual perversions are prevalent
am ong rich and poor. T h e phenom enon is inherent in the hum an race and
is k ep t alive b y stress and strain and unrest (W o lb arst, 1931)-
B efore the first W o r ld W a r w om en w ere satisfied to be housewives. A fter
the war, they enjoyed independence, they lived and w orked as m en did.
M e n lost their jobs ow in g to w om en ’s com petition and found it hard to
build up a fam ily because of w om en ’s independence. M illion s of men
w ith ou t jobs, w ith ou t m oney, w ith ou t hom es and mates, w ith ou t abil­
ity to work off surplus energy, w ith enforced idleness and sexual urge
ungratified, m any w ith anim osity toward w om en in general, com m itted an
unusual num ber o f sex crim es or rape (K ercher, 1938).
In some cases environm ental influences were determ ining factors (I 01-
lens, 1938). (See C ase 53.)
Sex offenders are products of socio-econom ic restrictions as m uch as
other offenders are. T h e slum is a cause of m uch delinquency (H enry and
Gross, 2, 1940).
Society provides inadequately for the inculcation of norm al sex habits
in its mem bers; it deliberately undertakes to obscure and b efu d d le the
problem for the young and frequently denies opportunity for the practice
of norm al sexuality in m arriage (W o rtis, 1939)-
E con om ic m otives lead som e into hom osexual relationships and may
culm in ate in larceny, robbery or extortion. E con om ic conditions m ay de­
prive som e o f steady association w ith girls, constitute a controlling factor
in the attitud e tow ard m arriage and determ ine livin g conditions. The eco­
nom ic factor can be over-stressed; it cannot fully explain personality, the
core of the problem ( M a y o r s C om m ittee, 194°)•
Offenses m ay b e due to personal cond itioning or to special circum ­
stances. C ertain conditions are peculiarly conducive to offenses; crowded
lodgings w ith several in a bed; little girls attach in g them selves to the
ow ner of a can dy store; teachers in isolated rural areas w ho enter upon
crim inal erotic relations w ith their pupils; superstitions, as th a t intercourse
w ith a virgin w ill cure venereal disease or rejuvenate old m en (L eppm an ,
Sex offenders are frequently th e product of abnorm al environm ental sit­
uations, particularly in th e hom e (A p felb erg, Sugar and Pfeffer, 1944).
N o m atter how repulsive or ridiculous deviations m ay appear, at some
tim e and at som e place alm ost all have been socially approved and ac­
ceptable. T h e A m erican sexual culture is repressive and inconsistent, nor­
m al sexual adjustm ent is often difficult (C ason , 1947).
C ase 53: W h ite . M a le. A g e 36. O ffense: A tte m p t to rape stepdaughter
w hile drunk. H e had had a difficult existence b u t fairly steady em ploym ent
at low wages. I l c had m arried at tw enty-eight; his w ife had tw o children
Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation 81
%
In a previous marriage. H e was 011 hom e relief, W . P. A.; he in.derw ent
hardship and privation. H e was sexually im m ature; his sexual tendencies
ur i c never integrated on a norm al plane. H eterosexual relations were in-
licqucnt; there had been som e passive hom osexuality b u t sexual behavior
u as fairly norm al till financial deprivations set in. T h e n he quarreled w ith
ln\ wife, got drunk, and attacked the twelve-year-old stepdaughter w ho re-
1 mbled his w ife. U n em ploym en t, fam ily quarrels, drink and loss of morale
n il used energies w hich had been pent up b u t lay dorm ant under norm al
conditions (Pollens, 1938).
I Parental Attitudes:
a nc.c l e c t : Som e are stunted in sexual d evelopm ent because o f neglect
in Ilie hom e and lack of training (Pollens, 1938). (Sec Cases 50, 51.)
I Iic life history often reveals broken hom es, lack of supervision, too lit-
llc discipline. T h e child becom es rebellious and non-cooperative at a tim e
u lieu conform ity to rules is essential. T h e record first involves m inor, then
1111не serious offenses and sexual m isbehavior (B onner, 1948).
All o f those studied suffered from some type of em otional disorder. A i­
nu isl all had had an unfavorable childhood, w ith severe em otional depriva-
liuii All felt they had suffered from n eglect or rejection. T h e ir parents
in ic usually dom inating, often brutal or over-indulgent. As a result of
I aily hom e conditions, they w ere confused as to their sexual role. T h e y
ivcic im m ature, under-developed and often sought out small children, corn-
niilliiig on others th e cruelty and rejection they felt they had suffered
(hill)', Sing, 1950).
\ contributing cause is negligence of parents— lack of proper training
1'I children in self control, avoidance of danger and constructive habits
II if Report, 1950).
1 ,c.c 34: W h ite . M ale. A g e 15. O ffense: Solicitin g and engaging in hom o-
■siial acts as livelihood. T h e hom e was crowded, the father dead, the
im Иher gave little supervision. T h e boy had d elinquent com panions and be-
iiiic involved in pilfering and truancy. B ecam e involved w ith hom osexual
и lulls; lie was n ot a fixed hom osexual b u t prostituted him self for adven-
I in с and profit. H e sought and engaged in heterosexual practices. I. O . 91.
I f was p u t on probation b u t appeared again for hom osexual practices
Mini was sent to state reform atory. H e was paroled b u t tw o years later was
-ии ,1ciI for petit larceny (D oshay, 1943).
I I me cep W h ite . M ale. A g e 19. O ffense: Im pairing morals o f eleven-
\1 и 1ild boy. I l c had been neglected b y an alcoholic, sadistic father. H e
1 in 1alcd with a tough gang and showed early signs of m aladjustm ent;
In w.c. disobedient, stubborn, abusive. H e was in continual trouble in
li hi ml I Ic was arrested seven times; sentenced to juvenile institutions five
(п т . where lie had bad records. H e showed no insight, rationalized his

82 Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation
acts and projected his difficulties on others. H e showed a paranoid, per­
secutory trend. Elis im pulses seemed uncontrollable: there was excessive
m asturbation. H e related num erous hom osexual experiences. A n y form of
sexual activity was apparently satisfactory. A t ten he had been taken pris­
oner b y rival gang and boys com m itted sodom y on him as punishm ent.
Since then he had felt strong desires for com m ittin g sodom y on those he
disliked. H e k new sodom y and crim e are wrong, “ because it s against the
law .” H e showed evidence of m oral or social concepts. E nviron m en t and
psychic traum a contributed to his em otional im m aturity. D iagnosis: P oly­
m orphous perversion, em otional instability, psychopathic personality, nor­
m al intelligence, poten tially very dangerous” (Pollens, 1938).
b. a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s e x u a l m a t t e r s : A bnorm al sex behavior in ch ild ­
h ood and adulthood w ill result not from norm al curiosity and transient
childhood sexual activities b u t from th e notions the child develops regard­
ing them . If the c h ild ’s thinking abou t anatom y and sex is done in a secre­
tive and unguided m anner, he is likely to develop m isconceptions, d here is
un fortunately n othin g th at parents react against in their children w ith as
m uch intensity o f em otion as sexual m atters. It is little w onder that sex
becom es associated in the ch ild ’s m ind w ith all sorts of em otional distor­
tions (Piker, 19 4 7). (See C ase 56.)
T h e re is little evidence th at organic or constitutional factors are even a
m inor cause of deviation. Strictness or laxity of fam ily attitudes toward
sex condition behavior; sexually-deviated acts, like any others, w ill b e cop­
ied (H artw ell, 1950).
C ase 56: B ill. A g e 15. O ffense: W in do w -P eepin g. A bright and well-
developed boy; his m otivation in clim b ing fire-escapes and trees was the
hope of view ing naked w om en. H e is asham ed of his behavior, tries to con ­
trol it, b u t gets “ all excited inside” and has to look. In his hom e, the sub­
ject of sex has been carefully avoided. Elis m other has studiously inhibited
any interest on his part. H is biological tensions h ave found expression in
passive, pathetic attem pts at experiencing sexual gratification (R ab in ovitch ,
M ich igan R eport, 19 5 1 ).
c. r e j e c t i o n : Sexual offenders are w h at they are because o f denial to
them of tw o fun dam en tal hum an needs: security and affection (H enry and
Gross, 1940). (See Cases 57-59.)
A ll displayed hostility, resentm ent tow ard authority; all suffered from
em otional deprivation in childhood, all had been affected b y one or both
sadistic, dom inating parents. A n unbroken continuation of unhappy em o­
tion al experiences, or no feelin g o f independence leads to fearfulness and in­
security w hich form th e basis for abnorm al delinquen t behavior. E m otion al
needs and desires are largely responsible for th e tendency to com m it o f­
fenses. In m ost cases there was no norm al superego developm ent. Since
they had been u nable to identify w ith their parents, they were unable to
Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation 83
identify w ith society. M a n y had been m odel children; the later offenses
uei c an expression of repressed fear and rebellion (Abraham sen, 1950).
( )nc group o f children engage in overt sexual activity as a part of their
general disorganized and non-social behavior. T h is is the group, fortunately
1ml large, to w hich “ psychopathic personality” m ay be applied. T h e term is
и'.ed far too loosely, and should b e restricted in relation to children to a
specific type o f behavior. T h ese children dem onstrate little or no anxiety,
linvc little capacity for depth of feeling, can not identify w ith social stand-
111 Is. T h ey are basically em pty, have no richness of inner life and behave
m a disorganized and im pulsive m anner. O n ly a small percentage of chil-
•li<ii and adults w ho com e into conflict w ith th e law com e from this
gmnp, b u t they present serious com m unity problem s and am ong them sex-
11. il delinquencies are com m on. T h e y are difficult to treat, b u t the condition
1. picventable, arising from gross lack of m othering in th e first year or
two of life. Proper nourishm ent and aseptic handling arc not sufficient to
ensure norm al growth. A warm , continuous, stim ulating and gratifying
и l.ilionship w ith a m other or m other substitute is an essential biological
need of th e infan t (R ab in ovitch , M ichigan R eport, 1951) • (See C ase 59.)
< ./sc 57: W h ite . M ale. A g e 13. R epeated delinquency, including h om o­
sexual relations and indecent liberties w ith small children. H is hom e situa-
I ion was unfavorable; the father was shiftless and sexually prom iscuous,
iind a burglar w h o deserted after im pregnating his w ife. T h e m other was
infantilc, irresponsible. A fter his birth, she rejected the child, w ho was
placed w ith his grandm other until the age of five. T h e n he returned to his
niiillicr’s hom e b u t his stepfather resented him and he was only tolerated
Il i e u . A fter a stepbrother was born, lie was com pletely rejected. H is first
iinest was at six, for breaking store w indows, truancy from hom e and
1 Itool, being unm anageable and unruly. A t six, he began exhibiting him-
■II to sm all girls and this pattern continued. F or several years he per-
l>nined fellatio for m oney. H e was unhappy at hom e because o f his step­
father. H e found fellatio pleasurable and profitable. H e was know n to
|n\t uile and ad u lt delinquents; he was either shunned or sought out for
1 sual purposes. H e was reconciled to a life o f perversion (W a g g o n e r and
Hnyd, 1941).
( 4 m! 58: K . W h ite . M ale. A ge 34. M urder and dissection o f tw o w om en.
I h had been placed in orphanage at five or six b y authorities. H e had lit-
lli u'collcction o f his m other w ho died when he was fifteen. T h e father
m i . dead. M asturbation began in childhood; his first heterosexual inter-
II miisc was at abou t sixteen. H e was in th e armed service abou t ten years,
и 1 rived a m edical discharge for sexual psychosis. H e married; practiced
• 11111111iiigus w ith his w ife. H e had had hom osexual contacts, b u t received
Hu in satisfaction from fem ales. H e first felt the urge to destroy w om en
11и1111 four years previously. H e resented th e fact that he had been placed
m an orphanage and th a t his parents did not visit him there. H e felt no
84 Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation
love and affection for his w ife, although they lived together two-and-a-half
years. T h e hom osexual affairs were m utual fellatio. T h e urge to kill was
never directed toward m en. H e had no desire for intercourse w ith his vic­
tim s but perform ed cunnilingus w ith one. T h e fem ale victim s were sym bolic
o f the m other; th e love th at was denied him turned to hate. H e was sen­
tenced to be executed (D eR iver, 1949).
Case 59: Joe. A ge 11. C h arge: M o lestin g sm all girls and hom osexual
involvem ents. H e had first com e to the attention o f the courts at six, w hen
he was truanting from school, stealing, destroying com m unity property.
T hrou gh th e years the delinquen t pattern continued. Since th e age of ten,
he had im pulsively attacked sm all girls w ith intention of genital m anipula­
tion and had repeatedly been involved in hom osexual acts w ith older men
for w hich he received m oney. H e revealed no guilt, no anxiety, no com ­
prehension o f the significance of his stealing. H e had no m eaningful rela­
tionships; no capacity to establish any. l i e had spent his first years in a
hospital crib, rarely picked up, given no opportunity to establish a relation­
ship w ith a m other figure. H is capacity to establish later relationships and
to id en tify w ith the social realities of the w orld was im paired. D elin ­
quency represented th e actin g out o f a disorganized and unrelated person­
ality (R ab in ovitch , M ich igan R eport, 1951 ) .
d. o v e r -p r o t e c t i o n : Som e are stunted in sexual developm ent because
o f too m uch training, repression, over-sheltering (P ollens, 1938).
O ver-protection b y th e m other tends to keep the child longer at the in­
fantile level; m ost such children show difficulties in sexual developm ent
and adjustm ent. Such m others are them selves poorly adjusted sexually.
Over-protected children’s dem ands, disobedience, heigh tening of aggressive
trends m ay lead to asocial, antisocial behavior (L evy, 1943, quoted by
Karpm an, 2 4 ). (See Cases 60, 61, 152, 155.)
Case 60: W h ite . M ale. A g e 16. O ffense: Arrested w h ile soliciting a
m an (w ho turned out to be a d etective). T h e b oy offered the m an the ac­
tive role in sodom y. A fter arrest, he adm itted indulging in perversions
since th e age of ten. H e was the only livin g child of his parents, w ho were
older and w ho over-protected him , especially the m other, w ho treated him
like a girl. H e had good school reports. T h e parents were devoutly re­
ligious. H e slept w ith his m other un til he was ten. H e had been given no
sex inform ation and attem pted to learn from books. T h ese were discovered
b y his parents and labelled “ un clean .” H e had an I. Q . of 120 and was
otherwise o f superior ability. His first sexual con tact had been at age six
w hen in the school lavatory an old m an persuaded him to m asturbate him .
U n til age ten, he th ou gh t o f this, believing it to be th e norm al relation.
His m other m ade him stay hom e and play w ith girls; he was allow ed few
norm al relations. W h e n he was ten, a cousin m ade him take the passive
role in sodom y. T h is practice continued until he was apprehended by the
Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation 85
I>*ilit’c. H e felt gu ilty b u t apparently intended to continue in the same way.
I t had been m ism anaged from earliest childhood, reared as a girl, and
a lien sexual drives appeared he responded in a fem inine way. T h ere was
1 uusidcrable inner conflict, b u t he w ill n o t b e able to discard his fem inine
lifi pattern; he has had no preparation for a m asculine role (W a gg o n e r
' Boyd, 19 4 1).
1 ust■61: W h ite . M ale. A ge 15. Fetishism . H e was referred to clinic w hen
In . parents discovered him stealing his m other’s lingerie to wear w hile
•111 -1111bating. T h e father was a college graduate b u t tense and unstable,
ill,и alcoholic. T h e m other was neurotic, unstable and had had several
nervous breakdow ns.” A n older brother was satisfactorily adjusted. A s a
III >y lie had nursed for extrem ely long periods and was irritable w hen
illIrmpts were m ade to stop him . H e was a thum b-sucker and nail-biter,
и Iallied in w alking and talking. A t the pre-school age, he always w anted
In u m ain w ith his m other and upon starting school he becam e irritable,
' 1m l, he hurt oth er children. School adjustm ent was unsatisfactory, he was
dull, inattentive, unable to learn. H e was im m ature and childish; other
1 lull Iren w ould n ot play w ith him b u t drove him away. Lie was always at-
i n lird to his m other; he w ould hug and kiss her, occasionally try to fon d le
In 1 breasts, slept w ith her w hen the father was away. F rom early ch ild ­
hood he had indulged in auto-eroticism and during th e past year had used
In . m other’s underwear in m asturbation. T h ere had been som e stealing
миге lie was five. T h ere was a tenden cy toward fem in ine habits. H e was
1 Hir.lantly bid d in g for atten tion and approval and w hen he did n o t receive
il, would have tem per tantrum s. H e was resentful o f his brother. H e had
had no correct sex inform ation. His em otional im m aturity was marked as
« г. I lie lack o f any w orthw hile habit form ation. H is I. Q . was 79. T h is
lum igstcr w ould present a difficult problem in adjustm ent under th e m ost
ilr.I actory program and environm ent, due to the low intelligence level
and endocrine im balance. T h e hom e situation added to the problem . T h e
mother unconsciously fostered a deep attach m ent to herself and his sex
lillvt's were directed toward her (W a g g o n e r and B oyd, 1941).
■ I'AiiEN TAL p e r s o n a l i t i e s : T h ere are four psychopathologic fam ily types:
A ' T h e m other is m asculine, restricting, depriving; th e father is weak,
пи llcctive, w ith strong laten t fem in ine drives (II) T h e m other is neu-
l o l n . narcissistic; father tyrannical (See C ase 63) (III and I V ) O n e par-
1 nl r. missing (See C ase 6 2). T h ese all have in com m on th at th e deepest
in id most im portant identification takes place w ith the m other (M enaker,
i'U 9 )'
I 'list' ()2: B ill. A ge 12. H e had had difficulty at hom e and in th e с о т ­
ни mil у , Iwice attem pted to kill his m other. F or m any m onths he had been
in 1 lai c o f extrem e tension, unable to go to school, w andering aimlessly
а!" ml Iown, had m ade earlier attem pts against m other’s life. H e was admit-
 Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation 87
86 Factors C ontributin g to Sexual D eviation
Case 64: W h ite . M ale. A g e 27. O ffense: C harged w i t h rape (since his
ted to a psychiatric hospital and seen to b e in a state of
victim s w ere always m inors); case is actually th a t of c rim in a l pedophilia.
I Ic was arrested three tim es for im proper behavior w it h fem ale children.
O n the first arrest he was held insane and spent a year in State H ospital;
011 the second offense he was sentenced to jail for one year; on the third
offense he was com m itted to St. E lizabeths. H is h e r e d ity was essentially
negative. H e com pleted three-and-a-half years o f high s c h o o l. H e was tw ice
married, once divorced. H e frequently changed jobs. H i s first sexual ex­
perience had been traum atic; at seven a neighbor w o m a n stripped him and
herself, forced him to lie on her and go through m otio ies of coitus; he was
terrified b y th e am ount of pubic hair. “ It seem ed to m e I was going to be
swallowed up w ithin this mass o f hideous hair . . . I w a s so frightened I
& — <R" h’ was unable to talk or m ove.” H e was unable to have in tercou rse w ith his
M ichigan R eport, 1951 ) • wife in th e daytim e; cou ld n ’t bear to sec her naked; m a d e her shave the

ss= sS = S
6 ,- X W h ite M a le A ge 22. O ffense: H eld up a girl w ith a toy pubes. B etw een first and second marriages, he tried t o get other girls to
li t him shave them b ut was not often successful. H is secon d w ife w ould
not consent to his shaving her pubic hair. Interest in im m a tu re girls was
Ilie result o f the forgotten episode w ith the neighbor w o m a n ; they repre-
c n tcd the absence o f w hat he unconsciously feared; they- had 110 abdom inal
hair. A sid e from the effects o f phobia th e personality p ic tu r e shows little

S»SHS»aH£S
out of ordinary. H ad it not been for th e terrifying ex p erien ce w ith the
neighbor w om an at a tender age his developm ent w o u ld probably have
been norm al. C rim in al inten t was alm ost n on-existent; crim inal involve­
ment was due to unconscious fear, causing sexual in terest to be displaced
110111 m ature w om en to im m ature girls. T w e n ty years after the analysis
there had been no recurrence (Karpm an, 25, 1950).

( 'ase 65: W h ite . M ale. E xhibition ism . P atien t was te m p te d to expose

himself w henever b y chance he saw the naked part o f th e b od y o f a
Sing, 1950). woman. A t age o f five he had indulged in “ m ilking c o w s ” w ith other chil-
1h 111— the girls stroking the boys’ penises, and exp erien ced intense pleas­
4 P sychic T r a u m a : T h e harm ful effects o f sex experiencessi" ure The connection betw een sym ptom and special e v e n t in childhood was
are psychological and vary “ й !"8 threats in c h i l i I «impulsive reaction to a certain stim ulus. T h e event w a s n ot intentionally
II pressed into the unconscious b ut was forgotten and cam e out in situ­
,n others nnportant factors re-
a t i ons where the stim ulus was similar to that in situ ation s o f childhood.
Exhibitionism could have arisen from a situation p resen t in adult life and
■ " t ^ r r ^ S ^ y ^ ’c ^ s in early child-
11к I not necessarily arise from th e repressed u n con scious (G old stein ,
hood is im portant (B onner, 1948 ); f hildren brought to •939)*
1 66: M ary. A ge 11. U n ab le to remain in school b ecau se o f persistent
iltempts to enter into sex play w ith boys. She was sed u ctive in the street,
lib Ially threw herself at men; her phantasies w ere a ll conn ected w ith
adults is often inordinate once t le pa e occurred m any tim es
« Mia I assault; w henever possible she gave free and activ e play to her
onr eases, th e sexual experience or ^
phantasies. Since age o f seven she h ad lived in foster hom es, in tw o of
^ s ^ & u o » (R ahinoviteh, Пиле she accused the foster father o f raping her. (T h is w a s shown, through
u n d id investigation, to be ph an tasy). H er earlier h isto ry revealed that
(S ee Cases 64-67; 218-221).
88 Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation
betw een th e ages of four and six she had been exposed to repeated play
b y an uncle w ho lived in the hom e (R ab in ovitch , 1 951 ) .
Case 67: E d . A g e 11. Sexual attacks on little girls. H e was fou n d to
b e v e r y bright, very responsive, in a state of acute anxiety. H e k new w hat
he d icf was terrible and he hated him self for it b u t felt a com pulsion to
a ct as he did. H is history revealed a series of repeated genital relatio
w ith a sister, six years older, betw een the ages of six and nine She had
initiated th e pattern; he had continued the pattern w ith other gi .
he was th e aggressor.
C. P H YSICA L F A C TO R S
1 O rg a n ic C han ges: T h e re are a considerable num ber of old m en in
w h om senile changes have set 111, perm itting th e laten t sexual pathology to
CXI Icnninker’s stadyrevea?s3a five percent occurrence of senile m en am ong
all types of sex offenders. Seniles accou n t for tw elve percent of th o e
accused of sex offenses against children. T h e increased num ber of senile
individuals is due to the increased life span. A ttem p ted rape, R e c e n t
sault exhibitionism or indecent cond u ct are frequently indicative of seni
ity in the m ale. M a n y senile offenses m erely consist of sex play or gem ta
m anipulation. T h ere is seldom evidence of previous delinquencies. Ib e se
sex offenses are perpetrated m ostly against those of th e age of those who
were love ob ject! at th e period to w h ich th e offender is regressing R e g ^
sion to a hom osexual level is n ot uncom m on. O ffenses against m ature
w om en are alm ost totally absent. Prognosis is difficult; there is no associa­
tion betw een the degree of deterioration and th e likelihood of com m ittin g
sex offenses. R ap id ity of deterioration is variable. T h e unsuspected senile is
more likely to com m it serious crim e. T h o ro u g h investigation is necessary.
W e m ust consider th e degree o f deterioration, th e severity of th e psychosis
the question w hether or not institutional incarceration is necessary, th e m at­
ter of custodial care (Idenninger, 1939). (See Cases 68-74, 229).
Sexual proclivities in old m en m ay b e th e result of organic brain
changes b u t these degenerative changes are no different from those of
other childish older people (H irning, 3, 194 7).
O f indecent assaults on small girls, a m inority are co m m itted b y senile
individuals or those suffering from organic bram changes (C u sh m g, 1950).
C ase 68: W h ite . M ale. A g e 69. H e was n ot considered dull or abnorm al
b y his fam ily or associates. C h arge: statutory rape; h e played w ith ti e
genitalia o f an eight-year-old girl. H e showed m arked deterioration, arte-
riosclerosis. H e was sent to a m ental hospital (H ennm ger, 1939).
Case 69: W h ite . M ale. A g e 69. H e was reported to b e quarrelsom e and
irritable. N o m ental abnorm ality was noted by his fam ily b u t he showed
Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation 89
1 special affection for his young granddaughter. C harge: girl, fourteen,
several tim es com m itted fellatio on him for twenty-five cents. H e played
vvitli the genitals o f a b oy of ten. H e confessed guilt b u t was unable to
account for his recently-developed desires. T h ere was a slight m em ory
defect b u t no evidence o f deterioration; he was o f superior intelligence.
I here was m oderate arteriosclerosis but no evidence of psychosis. H e was
mil com m ittable. H e was sentenced to a short incarceration w ith prolonged
parole supervision. T h ere w ere no later difficulties (H enninger, 1939).
Case 70: W h ite . M ale. A g e 74. C harge: Statutory rape, really indecent
assault, laying hands on a girl’s genitals. H e denied th e charge. H e was
markedly deteriorated, disoriented as to tim e and place, w ith severe mem-
m у im pairm ent. H e was directed to live on a farm where there were no
‘•mall children. H e is unlikely to be a serious m enace due to his physical
condition (H enn inger, 1939).
( lose 71: W h ite . M ale. A g e 68. C harge: In decen t assault; hugging, kiss­
ing, p u ttin g his hands on the hip of an eleven-year-old girl. H e showed
mental deterioration, th e first ravages o f senility; he was physically in poor
I ondition b u t w ould adjust satisfactorily outside an institution (H enninger,
>939 )•
( 'use 72: W h ite . M ale. A ge 68. H e had been married forty-three years;
lie was childless, had had no erection in th e past ten years. H e attem pted
Intercourse w ith a fourteen-year-old girl; stated that she attem pted to se­
duce him. H e showed evidence o f arteriosclerosis. H e was put on probation
with adequate supervision (Llenninger, 1939).
< use 73: W h ite . M ale. A ge 55. O ffense: A ttem p ted sodom y 011 fourteen-
vc. 11 old girl. H e looked only thirty-five; was an effem inate type. H e had
lived with his m other till he was forty-two w hen he married a w om an of
In . own age; this was an unhappy marriage that lasted on ly a year. H e
curl y had sexual relations w ith a w om an. H e had always been quiet, se-
■lusive; recently he began drinking heavily and showing evidence of child-
hlincss. O b viou sly he never integrated em otionally on a m ature level b ut
I I pi ou t o f trouble un til senile changes set in releasing infan tile drives
( I'ollens, 1938).
1 me 74: W h ite . M ale. Laborer. A g e 75. O ffense: M u tu al m asturbation
" ''Ii lourtccn-year-old boy. T h is was his first arrest on a sex charge. H e
Imwcd psychosexual im m aturity, had reached only th e third grade in
и liool, never married, was never self-supporting. Lie deserted from N avy
■ми! served a year for petit larceny. Intelligence was borderline feeble-
ulcd; I here was physical evidence of senility and arteriosclerosis; dis-
l i " 111иIj Iу and im pairm ent o f m emory. Senility and alcoholism com bined
in pm duce a regression into infan tile forms o f sexual behavior (Pollens,
идН).

go Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation
2. Physical In jury or Handicaps: T h ere seems to be som e relation
betw een exhibitionism and epilepsy (Stekel K arpm an, 3, 1926).
W o lb a rst quotes K rafft-E bing and C asper to th e effect that there is a
pathological basis in m any cases; idiocy, head injuries, apoplexy, epilepsy,
syphilis, hysteria and paranoia. Also certain physical abnorm alities contrib­
ute. Cases have been recorded in w hich operative measures brought abou t
disappearance o f perversions (W o lb arst, 1931)-
O n ly tw enty-tw o out o f 150 consecutive males w ho passed through psy­
chopathic clinic and recorder’s court evidenced glandular disease; there
w ere no m ajor defects o f adrenals or parathyroids; only one undescended
testicle three testicular atrophy, tw o testicular injury. T h e fa ct that this
num ber of cases o f dim inishing fu n ction can be detected, indicates th at
disease o f the testicles w hich m ay cut dow n poten cy w ould not be inh ibi­
tory to sexual crim e or th at hyperfun ction is n ot the reason for crimes
T w en ty-tw o had physical appearance such as w ould be repulsive or w ould
m ake them think them selves repulsive to girls— as crippled lim bs, strabis­
mus, etc. (Selling, 1, 1938). (See Cases 75-77).
M e n w ho lack opportunity for norm al intercourse, as cripples and stut­
terers, those rejected b y w om en, m ay becom e offenders (L epp m an , 1941) .
(See Cases 78, 79, 105).
A num ber o f disorders of the genitalia is noted in th e sex offender more
than in the general population (Selling, 4, 1942).
C ase 75: W h ite . M ale. A ge 14. R epeatedly enticed small girls into his
house, w here he undressed and fondled them and exposed him self before
them . T h e father was stern and dom ineering. T h e m oth er was dead; the
children were supervised b y an aunt. T h e econom ic situation was satisfac­
tory T h e b oy had had infan tile paralysis w ith residual atrophy o f one leg,
a brace was necessary. H e w en t to a school for crippled children. H is only
activity was radio program s and b u ild in g m odel airplanes. H e ha n ° ac"
tive play. N o sex inform ation. H e was sensitive abou t his disability, lw o
years b efore he had begun to b e sexually interested in small girls and
had m asturbated. H is aunt, discovering the m asturbation, had threatened
him w ith insanity and feeble-m indedness. Since the m oth er’s death th e boy
had been lon ely, sensitive and despairing; he had no recreational outlets
except m utual m asturbation w ith his only m ale com panion. H e had no
adequate way to sublim ate his norm al desires (W a g g o n e r and Boyd, 19 4 1).
Case 76: W h ite . M a le. A ge 15. Arrested for exhibitionism . H e exposed
h im self before a girl o f four and put his hand under her clothing. H is par­
ents were friendly, cooperative b u t had no understanding o f his problem s.
H e was an on ly child; his developm ent was norm al. A t five, h e was badly
burned and large scars rem ained on face and head; one ear was alm ost
destroyed. Since then he had been quiet, w ithdraw n, had little recreation.
H is parents thought he had forgotten abou t the deform ing burns. H e had
felt increasing sex interest in th e last tw o years; was confu sed regarding
Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation 91
мл. He had little else to occupy his attention. H e felt embarrassed and
m Icrior w ith others and m ore at ease w ith sm all girls (W a g g o n e r and
Boyd, 1941).
( 'ase 7 7 : W h ite . M ale. A g e 15. R epeated episodes o f overt hom osexuality;
incorrigible in school, stealing. H e was extrem ely obese and genitals were
under-developed. T h e father was chronic alcoholic, com pletely irresponsi­
ble I fie m other was carefree, m asculine in tem peram ent, indulgent, in-
1 upnble o f m anaging the fam ily. T h e boy was always obese and becam e
more so at eleven. His father had laughed brutally at his genital retarda­
tion l i e felt rejected by all but his m other and sister; he felt ridiculous,
unable to participate in sports and games. H e turned to reading, housework
mid association w ith older individuals w ho did not laugh at him . His
v bool adjustm ent was unsatisfactory; he was unpopular w ith classm ates
due to his effem inate m anner and hom osexual approaches. T h e condition
" ' • due to adiposogenital dystrophy. D u e to his rejection b y others, he
b id im itated his sister; there was no effort to identify w ith the father. A t
Hi 111ecu, he had been given m oney for fellatio; this gave him satisfaction
iind approval from a certain group. His aberrant sex behavior had con-
I limed for three years. His w hole life pattern prepared him for th e fem i­
nine role. H e accepted his hom osexuality; there was little possibility of
1 liangc (W a gg o n er and Boyd, 19 4 1).
1 w.'.v 7 8 : W h ite . M ale. A ge 9. O ffense: Pullings off girls’ bloom ers in
1 Imol, exposing him self, using vulgar language. Parents had separated;
fillin' was alcoholic, cruel and had a crim inal record. T h e hom e was poorly
Iwpl. The boy was aggressive, im pulsive, restless and had tem per tantrum s.
I'mancy and peculations were reported. T h ere was a history of a head in-
|ui\ and a fractured skull tw o years before. H e was diagnosed as a post-
I i.uimatic personality. Pie was sent to C h ild ren ’s V illa g e where he re-
I'undcd well to routines. Later he m ade a good adjustm ent at hom e, due
In a controlled, constructive program of supervision and training during
* oly adolescence (D oshay, 1943).
1 <<■«• 79; W h ite . M ale. A g e 15. O ffen se: M o lestin g a young w om an.
I In background was unfavorable. O n e older sibling was a psychopath with
•in adult court crim inal record. T h e boy was a problem at school and had
if bnqiicnt com panions. D iagnosis: brain injury resulting from previous
I" nl injury, unstable personality, epilepsy. His subsequent adjustm ent was
I He was sentenced to the penitentiary for robbery (D oshay, 1943).
I' PSYCH OSES
I' и buses account for a small num ber of sex crimes. T h e m ajority are
by persons not legally insane w ho could not have been com m it-
l*iI In hospitals even if they had been exam ined before the crimes oc-
•lin'd ( Bow m an, 1938).
 Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation 93
92 Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation
( )nly abou t four percent o f convicted sex deviates are m entally ill in
{lie legal sense (M ayer, 1950).
I'.levcn percent of sex offenders are legally irresponsible. In the psychot-
of disease ( W ile , 1939)-
11 . I here is no significant correspondence betw een the type o f psychosis and
^ ™ ? т ? ^ ,Г р 1 : Ы е Г о ( psychoses and their « £ * * £ £ Hu type of sexual offense (G u ttm ach er, 1951 ) .
Л small percentage o f sexual delinquents are victim s of schizophrenia
т \ " ж : ^ и . .uni hospitalization is indicated for them (R ab in ovitch , 1951 ) .

( :,m 80: W h ite . M ale. A g e 42. C rim e: Self-m utilation, m urder. H e

ш ш
т ш
- is constitutionally weak and led a sheltered life. T h e re was a history of
Iit Iling fits, a fractured skull and epileptic seizures. H e married at twenty-
1 \i’ll b u t separated; his w ife said he was frigid. H e claim s he is h a lf m an,
hull wom an. H e has not worn w om an ’s clothes b u t wishes to. H e feels an
1111•!- for castration; he attem pted self-m utilation then attem p ted to prac-
llir on som eone else, resulting in th a t person’s death. H e was diagnosed
т
1 psychotic (Y aw ger, 1940).

1 iisc 81: W h ite . M ale. A ge 63. O ffense: Parading nude before windows
in daylight. W h e n aw aiting trial he behaved unusually; talking, shouting,
т т ш т т И lliug irrelevant stories. H e insisted on sleeping n ude in his cell. H is w ife

SSrSSH SH SsS 2 S S w ith - c e p h a h t i U e t h a g a b ^ Л с , .m et

ml lie never bu tton ed his pants. T h e re were no m arital relations; this was
dm to the w ife. T h e re was a history of num erous m anic-depressive attacks
In one of w hich he had been unable to work for three years (G u ttm ach er,

1951).

1 iisii 82 : W h ite . M ale. A g e 19. O ffen se: E xposin g him self in a store.
I lu re was a history of frottage. In jail, he was unattractive in appearance;
ary 15, 194 > 3 . onset of psychosis, lh e r e was a strong
In had acne, was dirty, left his fly un buttoned. H e had been expelled
(ими parochial school in the sixth grade; finished seventh in public school.
Ili had been a truancy problem . H e was discharged from the A rm y for
ineptitude. H e had a poor w ork record. H e answered questions slowly
Г Г ^ o 'c ^ o s e s ,% Г ео ,
im I smiled inappropriately. Pie said that he spent m uch tim e looking at
s " S le S d arteriosclerotic, ro.8 percent; psychopathic pornographic pictures. H e attended church regularly. T h ere had been one
picvioiis arrest for stealing a shirt. H e began m asturbation at fourteen and
psychosis, 8.5 is * * “ *•
indulged daily. A t four he indulged in active heterosexual play. Pie
Fill lied his thirteen-year-old sister bathe; at fifteen h e indulged in passive
lillalio several times. Pie had a heterosexual experience at fifteen w hen
tlv 1 hoys had relations w ith one girl. Frottage generally produced erection,
Jersey D iagn ostic 0 - ^ - ^ nmi'l imes ejaculation. Pie was diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenia. I. Q .
hi (G u ttm ach er, 1951 ) .
^ e n t (Frankel,
1 т . ’ ,43: C harles. W h ite . M ale. A g e 14. O ffense: In decen t exposure and
' I n ’ over 90 percen t o f th e eases th e deviates are legally sane (C ard - linli 1 cnl liberties w ith small girls. H e showed preoccupation w ith his inner
1111и1;’111s, talked to him self, was unable to identify w ith the reality at
“ c o m p a ra tiv e ly few psychotrcs w ere trac sexual deviates b efo re develop- Im iii I. I ’or the past tw o years he had had hallucinations, hearing the voice
nl llu D evil tellin g him to do evil things. His sexual delinquencies stem m ed
ing psychosis (H artw ell, 19 5 °)-
 Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation 95
94 Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation
now knows they were because “ they lock you up.” M a n y neurotic sym ptom s
directly from these experiences and because of his illness he could exert
were evident. H e was fixated on a low em otional level. Factors: (consti-
little control (R ab in ovitch , M ich igan R eport, 19 5 1 ).
lulional) poor m ental endow m ent and tainted fam ily tree; (glandular)
immature physical developm ent, scant hair, broad hips, high-pitched voice;
E. M E N T A L D E F IC IE N C Y (environm ental) im proper hom e training, dependence on m other, oc­
casional alcoholic excess, undesirable com panions (Pollens, 1938).
W eak -m in d ed persons are frequently found am ong those convicted of in­
decent exposure (D ep artm en tal R eport, 1925).
T h e feeble-m inded as a group are no m ore likely to com m it sex offenses I A L C O H O L ISM
than are others (B ow m an , 1938). , ,
Alcohol as an exciting factor does n ot appear to play a constant role in
M en ta l deficiency plays a m inor role (Frosch and Brom berg, 1939) -
Ilie developm ent of the (exhibition istic) com pulsion although w ith alcohol,
F ew are feeble-m inded (W o rtis, 1939)-
individuals m ay develop w ith increased intensity the anxiety sym ptom s so
M en ta l defectives probably do n ot com m it crim es m ore often than other
characteristic and are then overw helm ed by an irresistible im pulse to ex­
groups, in proportion, b u t they get caught m ore frequently. In telhgen ce is
pose them selves. Som e seem to strengthen their courage b y drinking, the
no factor in th e com m ission of crimes though one m ust have some
impulse then b ecom ing uncontrollable (K arpm an, 3, 1926). (See C ase
gence, an I. O . of about forty, in order to com m it crimes. N o r are m ental
No. 85).
defectives given to th e com m ission of only certain types of crim e. у
Alcohol as a factor stim ulating sexual offenses appears to have been ex-
com m it as w ide a vanety of crim es as people of better m tellfgeBcc arid
,11-aerated (Frosch and Brom berg, 1939).
th e m otives are em otional. T h e low er intelligen ce often puts an individual
A lcohol serves as a release for inhibitions controlled w hen sober (H en-
at a great disadvantage in relation to th e environm ent, resulting m em o­
II mger, 19 4 1).
tional conflicts th a t m ay lead to crim e. W it h som e m ental defectives as
A lcoholism is often no m ore than th e surface expression of an under­
w ith more intelligen t individuals crim inality often represents either a. pno-
lying neurosis, the treatm en t of w hich m ust be directed toward the neurosis
test against social pressure or an escape from th e neurosis. H e is basically
md not toward alcoholism per se (K arpm an, 12, 19 4 1).
a neurotic crim inal even though m en tally he is defective (K arpm an, 11,
Alcohol was a contributing factor in tw enty-eight of 100 cases o f ex­
1040I. (See C ase 84). (
hibitionism (A rieff & R otm an , 1942).
Feeble-m inded or borderline feeble-m inded predom inate am ong sex of­
In alcoholics one observes quite universally th e presence o f a large h o ­
fenders; still there are a num ber of norm al individuals in any sex ofFcn
mosexual com ponen t w hich does n ot give them rest and w hen the hom o-
t o t L m offense is .„d e c e n t exposure. M o re than sexnal com ponen t begins to press too heavily to th e surface, the individual
I In n escapes in alcohol in the hope of thus stilling the paraphiliac trends.
two-thirds of these offenses are due to carelessness, i^ if f e r c n c e o r b .o lo g -
<>11си this on ly makes m atters worse because alcohol has a tenden cy to
ical urge; m asturbating or urinating in an exposed place, l l i e s e offenders
Imnk the pow er of sublim ation and therefore allows the individual w hile
are m ildly feeble-m inded. Arrest, trial, etc., seem to teach them to be more
under the influence o f alcohol to indulge in hom osexual and other para­
ph 1line practices w hich he w ould never dream of in a sober state
03 W h ile ^mental r’i f X t n rs n o t ... itself a cause for sexual dclinrprerrey
we m eet a good m any eases in w hich sexual disturbance rs on e » am festa - (I tirpman, 13, 1942).
Alcohol allows th e em ergence of w hatever laten t hom osexual impulses
tion of the m en tally retarded ch ild ’s m aladaptation (R ab in ovitch , M ic
1 ir.l in an individual. T h is causes a reaction characterized by struggle o f
gan R eport, 1951 ) . IIm ego to keep th e hom osexual com ponen t from view. T h is takes th e form
ul auger outw ardly expressed b y assault (B rom berg, 1948).
C ase 84: W h ite . M a le. A ge 28. O ffense: A ctin g suspiciously w ith nine-
A lcohol is associated w ith or is a precipitating factor in m ore than h a lf
year-old boy in park. H e adm itted oral perversions, m utual m asturbation
w ith boys and perversions w ith colored prostitutes. H e was borderline Ilie eases (Abraham sen, 1 951 ) . (S ing Sing, 1950 ). (See C ase 86).
feeble-m inded. A n older brother had dem entia praecox w ith epilepsy, ail ( )l 230 cases studied at D iagnostic C en ter, N . J., 3.6 percent are diag­
aunt and sister w ere in institutions for m ental defectives. H e was retarded nosed as “ aberrant behavior associated w ith alcoholism w ith ou t psycho-
in school. H e was scclusive, h ad no friends, was abnorm ally fon d of has xi’i" (Frankel, 1950).
m other, took no interest in girls. H e had no desire for and was unable to Alcohol is associated w ith a great m any crimes and appears to b e a
perform norm al intercourse. H e did n ot realize his acts were w rong but pin ipilant in m any cases (M ich igan R eport, 1 951 ) .
 Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation 97
q6 Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation

Case 8c: W h ite . M ale. A g e 28. C ase o f a you n g m an h ospitalized for

chronic alcoholism . H e had served several sentences for assault w ith C. O TH E R F A C TO R S
w eapon, bad check charge, several other m inor sentences H e was the
Usually th e essential thing is an absence of a constructive cast in careers
youngest o f three children, th e younger o f tw o brothers. T h e father was
(M ayor’s C o m m ittee, 1940).
stern and religious, th e m other kind ly b u t nervous. T h ere was no close
W olb arst quotes Iwan B lock as to factors: (1 ) sensual impressions
relation betw een the brothers. T h ere was possibly an em otional attach m en t
.11id chance occurrences in early childhood (2) individual needs for va­
to brother and sister and a deep attach m ent to the m other w ho died w hen
i nl y (3) frequ ent repetition converts an experience into a real perver-
he was sixteen. H e did n ot finish high school: his occupational adjustm ent
.1011— as m asturbation (4) genuine hom osexuality, possibly congenital,
was poor. H e had fourteen m onths A rm y service during w hich h e was
occurring in perfectly healthy individuals (5) suggestion and im itation
“ put in th e observation ward for th e m en tally ill.” A t fourteen h e had at
( I Icllenic pederasty) (W o lb arst, 1931).
least tw o hom osexual experiences; his first heterosexual experience was a
East classifies causal factors o f sex offenses:
sixteen. H e indulged in excessive venery over fifteen years. H is develop­
a) E th n ic and geographic— national habits such as alcoholism lead
m en t was bisexual. H e was conscious o f an increasing desire for cunnilingus
more easily to sexual offenses.
w hich he finally yielded to. T h e conflict incid en t to bisexual developm ent
b) C lin ica l and environm ental— neurotic, no sublim ation in life.
precipitated flight into alcoholism . H is dreams reveal hom osexuality, sado­
e) B iological and anthropological— exhibition as a sexual tem ptation .
m asochism , fellatio, cunnilingus. A n tisocial developm ents; bootleggin g, nar­
d) Physical— attractiveness of victim , alcoholic senility.
cotics, kleptom ania, increasing hatred against society— sym bolic o f hatred
c) P sychological— fixation at sexual stages as presented b y Freud. Past
against fam ily. T h ese, plus his conflict betw een hom osexual and heterosex­
liaiunatic experiences and learned responses.
ual drives, plunged him into a state o f torm en t from w hich h e repeatedly
f) Psychiatric— repressed personality (E ast, 1946).
sought release in alcohol. T h e circum stances o f his m other s death, a false
Illiteracy is non-existent. E ducation , occupation, econom ic status, living
accusation o f em bezzlem ent, difficulty w ith his brother over property rights
1 uiiditions differ little from those of other delinquents (M a y o r’s C om m it-
jail sentences and brutal punishm ent for attem p ted escape strengthened
fear and hate. H e is an individual suffering from deep-seated anxiety Itr, 1940).
neurosis flow ing ou t o f hom osexual and bisexual difficulties (K arpm an,
12, 1 9 4 1).
SU M M A R Y
C ase 86: B. Z. E ld erly w h ite m ale. O ffen se: C arn al abuse o f little girls.
H e has been in prison eight years; his w ife doesn’t w ant him back. H e was
born in E urope; was destitute physically and em otionally^ H is bru a A CONSTITUTIONAL FACTORS crimes, another that moral agencies,
father was a drunkard; his m other an overw orked drudge A t tw elve he clean-up drives, etc., are influential.
I In great majority of authorities Economic motives lead some into ho­
was apprenticed; he w orked from early to late and never had enough о
Igirr that sexual deviations may have mosexual relationships and may de­
eat- h e was beaten. A t seventeen he w en t ou t to w ork at his trade. H e
II hi .1 itutional bases but that environ- termine attitudes toward marriage.
cam e to th e U n ited States as a you n g m an, a few years later h e was con ­
ни n l nl influences are important. W it- Another believes that race and nation­
victed of second degree rape; h e said it was the girl s fault. H e m a m с ality exert influences. Several mention
|i I-., in an article in a popular maga-
an older w om an w ith tw o children. H e lived a nom adic existence, w orking neglect in the home, broken homes,
iiir, labels his cases “ constitutional
in different cities, periodically returning to his w ife. H e becam e alcoho ic, 11 >,i lmpathic inferiors.” lack of supervision and discipline.
was drunk m uch of th e tim e and a burden to his fam ily. H e w a s c r u e lt o There is considerable evidence that
his w ife; his stepdaughter le ft hom e to avoid his advances. In m iddle-age II I NV1HONMENTAL FACTORS sexual deviation may be the result of
he was sentenced for im pairing morals; a few years later th e present о -■ \1111111g the background influences are repressive attitudes in the home;
fense occurred; h e says th e girls insisted. H e blam es alcohol forHus di .- economic factors; the American though Hartwell points out that laxity
м Mi ll cultural pattern which is re- of family attitudes may condition be­
culties. H e never grew up em otionally or socially. H e is afraid o f people
Iк• v.ive and inconsistent. One be­ havior; deviated acts, like others, will
and hostile. H e seeks little girls because they constitute no threat. H e 1
ll ■'. *, that the fact that women are be copied. Lack of security and affec­
typical o f alcoholic deterioration. A fte r his fivc-to-tcn-year term expires, ie
пн иe independent fosters sexual tion in childhood, inability to identify
w ill be released, a danger to society (S in g Sm g, 1950).
98 Factors Contributing to Sexual Deviation

with the parents, influence offenses as minded predominate. T h e feeble­

an expression of repressed fear and minded as a group are no more likely
rebellion. According to one report, all to commit sex offenses than arc others
the offenders studied suffered from but they get caught more frequently.
M O T I V A T I O N S
severe emotional deprivation in child­ Lower intelligence often puts an in­
hood. Over-protection of the child by dividual at a disadvantage in relation
the mother, masculine mothers with to the environment, resulting in emo­
ineffective fathers, or neurotic moth­ tional conflicts that may lead to crime. E M O T IO N A L ASPECTS OF C R IM IN A L
ers with tyrannical fathers are men­
tioned as determining factors. Sex ex­ F . ALCOHOLISM
M O T IV A T IO N 100
periences, exposure to perverted be­ T h e writers differ as to the part that
havior by older companions or by alcoholism plays as a precipitating fac­ M O T IV A T IO N OF P A R T IC U L A R
adults may be important. tor. Abrahamsen found it associated
C. PHYSICAL FACTORS
with more than half his cases; others O FFEN SES io i

believe, as Frosch and Bromberg, its 101

Foremost among the physical factors 1. O b scen ity and Pornography
importance has been exaggerated. It is
mentioned are senility and organic claimed that in alcoholics a large ho­ 2. Incest 102
brain changes. Others may be head in­ mosexual component is universally 3. Pedophilia 104
juries, epilepsy, syphilis and certain present; alcohol allows the emergence
physical abnormalities. M en who are of these impulses, causing a reaction 4. Sodom y 111
rejected by women, as cripples and characterized by a struggle to keep the 5. Transvestism 112
stutterers, may become offenders. Sel­ homosexual component from view.
ling found a small proportion evi­ This takes the form of anger, out­ 6. V oyeurism 1 1 4
denced glandular disease. wardly expressed by assault. Or, alco­ 116
7. Fetishism
hol breaks the power of sublimation
D. PSYCHOSES 8. Sadom asochism n 9
and allows the individual to indulge
Psychoses account for but a small in homosexual and other practices he 120
9. R ape
number of sex offenders, the esti­ would not dream of when sober.
mated percentage varying from four 10. Lust-M urder 122

to eleven percent; although psychotic G. OTHER FACTORS 11. N ecrophilia !25

individuals may be guilty of any type
of offense. Ruskin’s study of psychotic Am ong other factors listed are indi­ 12. Prostitution 129

sex offenders shows a distribution not vidual needs for variety, suggestion
1 3. W h ite Slavery, Bigam y 4 1
markedly different from that of the and imitation. East has made an at­
tempt to classify causal factors, as eth­ 14. Bestiality 132
general hospital population.
nic and geographic, biological and an­
E. M EN TAL DEFICIEN CY thropological, etc. The Mayor’s
O C C U L T SEX U AL P SY C H O P A T H Y 43
M ental deficiency also plays a minor Com m ittee Report mentions the ab­
role. Selling alone finds that feeble­ sence of a constructive cast in careers. 1. Sexual M o tivation of N on-Sexual C rim es 43
2. Substitute O ffenses 43
A. C R IM E S O F V IO L E N C E

1). STEALING
C . P Y R O M A N IA

D. B R A ID -C U TTIN G

E . SW IN D L IN G

MMA R Y 43

9 . Motivations
A. E M O T IO N A L ASPECTS OF C R IM IN A L
M O T IV A T IO N
Insecurity is im portant in crim inal m otivation. E m o tion al, econom ic or
environm ental situations threatening th e integrity of the individual are
productive of restlessness, dissatisfaction and failure of conform ity or sta­
bilization . T h is results in the d evelopm ent o f hostility, th e seed of anti­
social trends. C u ltiva ted hostility turns into aggression; th e individual hates
society and strikes back at it. A lso im portant is the struggle for power;
frequently the struggle for pow er is no m ore than th e struggle for ex­
pression, for individualization. T h e struggle for pow er has varied m otiva­
tion. In som e instances crim inality is a struggle for power. Seeking to m ake
society pay for a w rong is another w ay of im posing on e’s w ill on society
and trying to obtain m astery over it. M o st cases are produced in a set­
ting of em otional privation and hostility (K arpm an, 16, 1944)
O n e contributing cause o f crim e is th e attitu d e of th e parents tow ard the
child; refused love generates hatred w hich is repressed only to reappear
later as crim inal behavior (K arpm an, 15, i 929 ) -
Im m aturity has com e to b e regarded as a personality abnorm ality and
as a m ajor factor in hum an m isbehavior. E m o tion al im m aturity is frequent
am ong you th fu l offenders and psychopaths. T h e num ber o f you th fu l of­
fenders is out of proportion to the incidence of youths 111 th e popula­
tion. A frequent cause of yo u th fu l law-breaking is the conflict betw een
im m ature aims and th e lim itations of m ature standards. E m o tion al stress
arises from frustration in infancy and childhood (B rom berg, 1946) •
M o st of these offenders display extrem e hostility and resentm ent against
authority. T h is is a carry-over from earlier unexpressed resentm ent against
parental authority. O ver-indulgence is as bad as strict parental authority.
F ourteen o f the 102 were once considered m odel children. Thirty-tw o
others seem ed to b e good boys. T h is is a defense m echanism . T h e offense
expresses a long-suppressed resentm ent and rebellion. E m o tion al m alad
justm en t is n o t characteristic of sex offenders only; there is no distinct
dividing lin e betw een sex offenders and oth er offenders. T w o factors are
com m on to all; early em otional deprivation and consequent hostility. Sex
10 0
Motivations 101
offenders differ only because of society’s concern about their acts (Sing
Sing, 1950).
H M O T IV A T IO N OF P A R T IC U L A R O FFEN SES
I O b scen ity an d P orn ograp h y: Pornography is sym bolic o f unde-
veloped sexuality. It has reference to the period o f childhood developm ent
belore differences betw een sexes are clearly understood. Em phasis is placed
on secondary erogenic parts of the b od y w ith failure to get the feelin g of
(lie whole. Pornography is probably prepared and consum ed b y frigid
women and im poten t m en. Psychosexual im m aturity is often com bined w ith
narcissism. T h e tenden cy to pornography is conn ected w ith psychosexual
iclardation. M a n y indulging in pornography suffer from disorder in h et­
erosexual contacts, m ostly frigidity in w om en, individualizing im potence in
Ilie male, w ho can have intercourse w ith casual partners b u t not w ith the
wile. M any oth er disorders of urogenital functions and functions o f cyclus
may lrc involved. Pornography is a sym ptom , n ot a disease. A n alytic treat­
ment is called for (Eliasberg, 1942). (See Cases 87-90).
( '.use 87: R . Y . W h ite . M ale. A ge 33. O ffense: Possession of pornographic
111<1ature and drawings. H e was a lawyer w ith eight years of college train­
ing I lis father died w hen he was three, his m other w hen he was eleven,
lie was an only child. T h e re was a negative history o f insanity, epilepsy,
lie was raised by his grandparents. Fie m asturbated at nine or ten and
Iи к t iced m utual m asturbation w ith other boys. H e had heterosexual rela-
I ions at eighteen w ith a prostitute. H e denies hom osexual inclinations. H e
с. divorced. H e practiced cunnilingus w ith his w ife, fellatio w ith prostitutes
a nd I here was one act of passive sodom y at nine or ten. H e states that
u In n lie was not drinking, his sexual life was norm al b u t he worried
bn .mse lie was sexually w eak and im poten t. Lie m ade excessive use of al-
iiilnil. T ow ard th e end o f his married life he had trouble m aintaining
1 " 1 lion; after the divorce he becam e preoccupied w ith sex. H e began to
dwell on the fact th a t his w ife had not been a virgin w hen he m arried her;
le I bought this caused his frustration. H e drew pictures of teen-age girls
Inn mg intercourse or having perversions practiced on them ; these draw-
i i i ! s t i mu l a t e d him to th e point o f erection. H e adm its draw ing pictures
ol ,1 sadistic nature; the torture of fem ales, perversion of corpses. H e
0 m edically and legally sane. Because o f his intelligen ce and understand-
nii' of his problem he is able to prevent transference o f sadistic urge from
iiibjeclivity to objectivity (D eR iver, 1949).
1 1с.)' 88: W h ite . M ale. A g e 34. O ffense: M a ilin g obscene letters to
(imminent w om en. P atient was strongly attached to an aggressive m other
■tud bad an aversion to his dreamy, inefficient father. As a child he was
к a brave, effem inate; he did not care for the usual pastim es of boys. A t
|Mitн 11у lie showed signs of em otional instability; later sexual weakness,

102 Motivations
prem ature ejaculation, incom p lete and delayed erection, unsuccessfi
tem pt at marriage, suggested hom osexual panic. A ttach m e n t to th e m ot
blocked the norm al avenues of sexual expression. U n ab le to reconcile i
self to inferiority his attem pts to com pensate failed, finally culm inating in
the w riting and m ailing o f obscene letters and pictures. Ih e se constituted a
com pensatory and exhibitionistic substitute for his inferiority in sexual ex­
pression (K arpm an 1, 1923).
Case 89: W h ite . M ale. A g e 30. O ffense: C arryin g obscene pictures ph oto­
graphing him self nude w ith erect penis. H is heredity was tainted: there
was an abnorm al attach m en t to and em otional dependence upon m other,
he slep t’ w ith her till nine, occasionally thereafter un til sixteen. H e ma e
unsatisfactory school and occupational adjustm ents. Persistent prom iscu­
ous overt hom osexuality developed b y tw enty, causing him conflict for so­
cial reasons. N eu rotic reactions: hypochondria, syphilophobia fears im ­
planted by m o th er), anxiety, suicidal tendencies, inferiority (definitely
related to hom osexuality; consciousness of hom osexuality is basis tor in­
feriority feelings), m asochism , som nam bulism . P araphiliac reactions: mas­
turbation, hom osexuality, voyeurism , exhibitionistic tendencies pedoph.hac
tendencies, cannibalistic phantasies, one zooplnlia episode. T h is case il us
trates th e dom ination o f the pleasure principle; th e desire for a state о
com plete irresponsibility (K arpm an, 13, 194 2)-
Case no: M r. R . A g e 22. M arried. O ffen se: L ew d telephon e conversation
A n anxiety-driven ex-veteran becam e em otionally disturbed w hen stoppe
at a traffic light. Feared his buddies (w hom h e had cheated at cards)
w ould catch up w ith him and k ill him . H is w ife was frigid. H e saw a w om an
w ho he thought deliberately sm iled to excite him . H e worried over venerea
disease w hen he had an extra-m arital affair. H e felt a loath in g for him self
(C on n , 1949).
2 Incest: Incest usually involves older m en; father and daughter, b u t
a fair num ber are brother and sister. It is m ore frequent than is revealed
b y statistics b u t is not always associated w ith as m arked a degree of psy­
chopathology as w e w ould suspect. Factors like propinquity in crowded
quarters, adolescent sex curiosity are im portant. It often occurs m poorer
^ M o re cases occur f f i a n ^ L b rou ght to court. Incest b etw een father and
daughter is m ost frequent; even m ore com m on are relations betw een fa­
ther and stepdaughter. Influences are chiefly cultural and sociological,
identified w ith prim itive fam ily organization; th e father occupying the posi­
tion o f patriarch. Incest offenders do n ot h ave th e neurotic reflections of
other sexual crim inals; responses are less clouded b y evasion and com plete
denial. T h e y seem to consider incest as essentially norm al not so repre­
hensible as perverted sexuality b u t a m ature form of heterosexua lty
(B rom berg, 1948).
Motivations 103
Statutory rape and incest show a high correlation w ith th e culture level
of the social group. I11 low er socio-econom ic levels incest is m ore com m on
Ilian is thou gh t. M a n y cases do n ot com e to th e atten tion of th e police,
brother-sister incest is m ost com m on. M other-son relations are rare,
lalher-daughter relations are more com m on (G u ttm ach er, 19 5 1 ). (See
Cases 91-93).
( 'ase 91: W h ite . M ale. A g e 26. P atien t sought treatm en t voluntarily,
com plaining o f gastro-intestinal sym ptom s. It developed th a t since the age
of six, th e patien t had indulged in sexual play w ith his five-year-old sister;
110111 the age o f fifteen to tw enty he had had intercourse w ith her. A t th e
same tim e, he had hom osexual cravings; he practiced fellatio and sodomy.
The parents had been incom patible; the father died w hen the patien t was
'.ixlcen. H e was m uch attached to his sister. H e was taught to m asturbate
a I five. H e rem em bered b ein g impressed b y th e size of his father’s penis.
Ilis first hom osexual act was at age nine, w hen h e was introduced to
fellatio b y a m an o f abou t thirty-five; later he was stim ulated to num er­
ous hom osexual experiences; he picked up m en in taverns and pub lic
loilcts. O n e experience involved a man w ho also had intercourse w ith the
patient’s sister. T h e patien t preferred a passive role. H e had overheard
parental intercourse at age nine. T h ere were m asochistic and urophiliac
tendencies. H is personality make-up was passive, m asochistic; he was con ­
scious of physical inferiority. C o ita l experience w ith his sister served as a
psychic traum a. H e w ished to assume th e role of a w om an, due to passive
identification w ith his sister. A fter analysis, he began to associate w ith the
opposite sex, convinced him self he was n ot im potent, becam e able to con-
Iml liis hom osexual desires, felt less inferiority, and his pains w ere re­
lieved (L on d on & C ap rio, 1950).
< '.1isc 92: N egro. M ale. A g e 54. O ffense: Incest. Im pregnated sixteen-year-
old daughter. H e had frequent relations w ith his daughter over two years.
Difficulty w ith vision increased until he was alm ost blind. H is w ife had a
lover and was m uch away from hom e. H e first gave a com plete confession
Ilien claim ed h e was n ot guilty. T h e n he becam e depressed and confused.
I lc was n ot psychotic. Sentence: T w o years in prison (G u ttm ach er, 1951 ) .
<'ase 93: Jerome. W h ite . M ale. A g e 27. O ffen se: Incest and rape. H e
was separated from his w ife and lived w ith his m other, age fifty-four.
Allci a social evening w ith friends he burst into his m other’s room and
lim ed her to relations. T h e act lasted fifteen m inutes to h a lf an hour re­
sulting in ejaculation. She ordered him from th e house and called her
utlici son w ho tried to choke him . N eighbors called th e police. T h e father
Inn I died w hen th e son was four or five. T h e m other w orked to support
Ни |wo sons and a daughter. R elations betw een th e tw o had apparently
I" i n quite norm al. T h e m other was short, stout, showed her age and was
mil attractive. Jerome was a bed-w etter till thirteen. H e had been a school

104 Motivations
truant H is I. 0 . was 83. H is work record was steady. T h e fam ily
th ough t him sullen, unfriendly; he had few friends and b e g a n d r m k m g a t
thirteen. A lcoh ol increased his aggressiveness. H e m asturbated as a child
had heterosexual experience at fifteen. A t tw enty he m a rrie d jr gnl
sixteen: they had tw o children b u t his relations w ith her were stormy.
H is w ife bore an illegitim ate child w hen he was overseas. H is history^re­
vealed tw o brief psychotic episodes. H e is a poten tial m enace u gcession to a hom osexual phase (A p felberg, Sugar & Pfeffer, 1944).
he is separated from alcohol he im proves so the hospital feels has
riah t to hold him (G u ttm ach er, 1951)-
T h ese m ilder cases present m uch greater problem s as to disposition
than m ore flagrant cases (G u ttm ach er, 1951 ) -
3 P e d o p h ilia : T h e desire to repeat an experience, to repossess an object
or an object substitute as near like the one w h ich erotically claim ed him
in childhood is of particular significance to th e understanding of th e pedo-
Pl T h ere m e ^ types o f pedophiliacs; those influenced b y * eJ ea" in |
traum a and those w ho effect identification w ith th e m other and becon
' ’'M l l l y 'o l t r 'o f f e n d e r s 'are9 thm d, w ith feelings of sexual in a d e q u a c y
H om eless or single older m en have handicaps w h ich force th e^ o j eek: less
discrim inating sexual objects. T h e y are tim id m approaching prostitutes
other available sexual objects (Frosch and Brom berg, 1 939 ) •
K ielh olz decided that in a certain case of pedophilia, con d u ct was not
due to perversion b u t to infantilism . T h e act was only one of m any sym p­
toms; exhibitionism , voyeurism , m asochism , autoerotism cunn. g ^
T h e m an was polym orphous-perverse. H e showed evidence of m fantihsm in
the form of cryptorchidism . P unishm ent and therapy « e h q x t a s . T h ™ >
after release, volu ntarily placed him self under guardianship (K ielholz,
9E xhibition ists and pedophiliacs show basically th e sam e psychiatric p ic­
ture. O f ten there is a strong m other attach m ent or inadequate b eg nn ng
of sexual life; th e m other caused gu ilt feelings, the individual was caught
m asturbating b y a father w ho threatened him , or his first sexual expe 1-
ш е е was traum atic. A n individual w ho has had a traum atic experience
w i h a prostitute w ho m ade fun of th e size o f th e penis m ay go through
life w ith a laten t affective disturbance. T h e difference b etw een th e ex-
h ibitionist and th e pedophiliac is in the com bination of
do w ith social control, opportunity and deterioration ( S ^ g 4 > ^ )•
A A B rill is quoted as saying, “ Sex crimes are com m itted only b y peo
pie of defective m entality. A ll m ental defectives have either active or po­
tential sex abnorm alities. A distinction m ust be m ade betw een a m ental
d efective w ho has com m itted sex crim es (or has the poten tiality or
crim es) and the m an of norm al m entality w h o at som e particular tim e has
Motivations 105
some u ncontrollable sex craving. In these crim inals (pedophilia) w e find
two types: those w ho always craved children because of som e em otional
fixation in their ow n childhood, and those w ho have some un controlled im ­
pulse and happen on children. T h e latter are not really pedophiliacs. N o r
ue those w ho seize upon children because o f a feelin g of “ in fe rio rity ’
(T im e, 1947). W h e n pedophilia occurs late in life, it is regarded as re-
Pedophilia m ay be due to influences w hich delay or prevent form ation of
ordinary social and sexual relationships (E ast, 19 4 6 ).
Sex offenses against children all have in com m on some fun dam en tal or­
ganic or fu n ctional psychopathology w hich prevents the individual from
■.coking sexual con tact w ith a m ature individual of either sex. A num ber of
homosexual males fasten their sex interest alm ost or quite exclusively on
immature boys. F or them the m ature fem ale is tainted w ith their ow n un-
1( solved conflicts: the O edipus com plex. T h e m ature fem ale im plies the
mother, th e forbidden sex object. A lso there is in these cases a strong
narcissism; the pederast seeks one w ho is as lie w ould like to be, a beauti-
lul child. H e is frequently unable to rise above th e adolescent level. T h e
older the individual the harder it is for him to find expression for his
ml crest in adolescents and for this reason, as w ell as guilt, his sexual in-
Icrests becom e m ore pervasive (H irning, 3, 1947).
In practically all cases of m olesting children the m olester is im potent
(Selling, 5, 194 7).
Pedophiliacs are particularly afflicted w ith anxiety regarding sexual po-
II 1icy. T h e y are often im potent or partially so. Inferiority feelings lead
IIk-iu to seek younger, less form idable love objects w hose ignorance pre-
vcuts their deficiencies from b ecom in g obvious. T h e child sexual object
ivcs the ego from blows. P edophilia develops from a background of neu-
i" 1. T h e m ainspring appears to be the wish to be a child again; regression
In ,111 earlier period. D isap po in tm en t w ith th e w ife stim ulates infantile
(i imings; the spouse represents b oth mother-figure and w ife. A n other
I 1- lor is the unconscious hostility o f em otionally-im m ature m en for their
wives based on old patterns of sibling rivalry. Pedophilia is a sign of
■lions neurotic conflict (Brom berg, 1948).
O ld m en w ho are apprehended and sentenced to penal institutions as
■ч offenders are usually charged w ith contributing to delinquency b y fond-
line minor girls or boys; often they are charged w ith attem p ted rape. A
к finable num ber insist that they are im potent, m any give a history of
Im 11; landing im potence. T h ere is evidence in the history that m any are
in. apable of erection. T h e usual professional interpretation describes these
..Hi mlers as sexually-thwarted, incapable of w inn ing atten tion from older
fi hi ilcs and reduced to vain attem pts w ith children w ho are unable to de-
fi ml 111c*111selves. A n interpretation w hich w ould m ore nearly fit our under-
1 miling of old age w ould recognize the decline in erotic reaction, loss of
. ipiu it у to perform , reduction o f the em otional life of th e individual to

ю6 Motivations
such fon dlin g as parents and grandparents bestow upon small children
(^An adult m ay attack a little girl n ot regarding h im self as a m an. H e m ay
have been unable to id en tify adequately w ith his father and
are a threat to him . A n oth er m ay attack a you n g b o y because, fearing
father he cannot achieve full m asculinity. T h e m an w ho attacks a you n g
w om an m ay b e endeavoring to prove Ins m anliness or to seeb revenge on
the m other w ho rejected him (Abraham sen, 1950). (See C ase 9 . )
In d ecen t assault' on small girls is frequently the result of external c *
cum stances and aggressive drive. F requ en tly th e m an is not young and
his sexual c a p a c itie f are weak. H e has a drive to b e accepted b y som eone
w ith w hom he could b e im poten t w ith ou t feeling
com m itted by senile individuals or those suffering from organic brain
change. O th e r offenses b y adults on young children are based upo
nants of norm al in fan tile curiosity (C u sln n g, 1950). (See Cases 94- .)
M a n y sex murders of children are com m itted b y p ed op h ik s; th ey ate
n ot sadistic b u t com m itted in order to destroy evidence. F requ en tly the
offender is aged and physically im potent. C h ro n ic > № m ay produc
im potence. T h ere is a b elief am ong ignorant people that s e x r e l a t ons
w ith a fem ale child w ill restore poten cy or cure venereal disease (
1'^Pedophilia is a variant of hom osexuality; th e strivings are focused on
children Tt is a belated actin g out of unresolved childhood experiences,
he acts tow ard the chrid as he w ished his m o ,h e , to act t o w a r d t a A
child already disabled b y his own experience is a m ore likely ry
^ Y o u n ’g ^ e d o p h ilia c s are frequently passive, i i i u n a t u r c
lack courage for sexual con tact w ith their contem poraries T h e senile group
i l e v e S e a s m g due to longer longevity. O thers are those w hose wives
are frigid or have died (G u ttm ach er, 1951) •
Case 94: W h ite . M a le. A ge 53. R elation s w ith fem ale m inor He: claim s
he “ C a n ’t recollect.” H e is o f norm al intelligence, clear and oriented. is
vin d ictive and em otionally unstable. H e has been n npoten t m any years was
never able to satisfy w ife. D iagnosis: P sych opath ic personality (Shaskan,
1 939 -
C ase 95: M ale. A ge 64. O ffen se: Pedoph ilia. A m an of ^ b lem “
reputation, a retired carpenter, w h o k ep t a hardware store w here all the
children played. H e was charged w ith tou chin g th e genitals o f a temyear-
оИ girl and having an eight-year-old girl tou ch his perns. H e denied the
offense H e had been asthm atic for years. H e was orphaned at seven
had been married thirty-five years and h ad five grown children. E rection
was n ot as adequate as'prcviously and he seldom had intercourse. T h e e
was no evidence of intellectual deterioration. Sex behavior was organically
Motivations 107
determ ined. T h ere is no correlation betw een th e degree o f deterioration
and the com m ission o f sex offenses (G u ttm ach er, 1951 ) .
Case 96: M ale. A g e 52. O ffense: C arn al know ledge, girl o f seven. H e was
Hie youngest o f a large fam ily and w eanin g was difficult. A t fifteen he at-
lem pted coitus b u t failed to get an erection. H e was called a sissy and be-
l am e suspicious o f w om en. Sexual relations were rare. Flis m ain m otive
was to lure w om en w ith his charm s then desert th e scene o f action, thereby
tevcnging him self on w om en. Fie regards h im self as superior to other
men. H e claim ed th e child was the aggressor. In taking a child as love
object h e seeks revenge for the deprivations o f w eaning and finds gratifica-
1ion of his pent-up erotic feelings. M arriage was m erely an attem p t to
meet society’s dem ands. His heterosexual adjustm ent was inadequate b u t
onl y in recent years has pedophilia developed (C assity, 192 7).
( ,’ase 97: W h ite . M ale. E gan. A g e 52. O ffense: Sexual perversion w ith
several girls from tw elve to fourteen. H e m arried at tw enty; after the
death of his w ife h e remarried at twenty-six and had six children. H e sep-
iirated from second w ife. H e had no close em otional bond w ith children or
wile. H e had no recollection of his father w ho was said to have been alco­
holic. His m other was a gypsy w ho lived in squalor and poverty. T h e pa­
ar in nt was in an orphan hom e from eight to fourteen. M asturbation began
,il Iwclve; he was guilt-laden, considering it a m ortal sin. A t twenty-one he
w a s introduced to cunnilingus b y a prostitute and practiced it thereafter.
Л1 forty-three there was an episode of bed-w etting. Fie always had difficulty
willi m icturition and felt he could n o t urinate before another m an. H e had
contact w ith prostitutes once or tw ice a week. H e w anted his partner to
mma t c on him . H e regarded w ith pride his excessive sexual drive b ut his
nisccurej they
ilieams revealed anxiety. T h e sexual drive represented a search for a
loving, protecting m other on w hom h e could vent his retaliatory fury
while invoking love. T h e conflict raged betw een hostile impulses toward
Нм m other and dependency on her. T h is conflict becam e associated w ith
IIn' psychosexual function; he could not love or experience sexual satis-
liii lion w ith ou t perversion. T h e urinary perversion is an expression of
111 Inutile hostility (Brom berg, 1948).
1 '«/•.<• 98: M ale. A g e 29. O ffense: B rutally assaulted and raped a child
ol eight, also forced her to fellatio. H is w eaning was prolonged and diffi-
1 nil. At eight h e lost his parents; his foster parents were unjust and over-
I" mug; he hated them . O ral cravings were satisfied through cunnilingus
iiihI nursing sim ulations. Fie had castration obsessions (C assity, 192 7).
1 h e 99: M ale. O ffense: Pedophilia. H is w eaning was sudden and pre-
111,iliue (fou r w eeks); his m other displayed a great affection for a girl of
In , own age, a neighbor; he developed a bitterly jealous and m orbid an-
lip,illiy l o little girls. A t puberty he engaged in com petitive m asturbation
n il 11 .mol her boy. A t sixteen lie first com m itted pedophilia w ith a girl of

io8 M o tiv a tio n s
six; he practiced this frequently thereafter. H e was hospitalized, discharg
as “ cured of m ental deficiency.” H e married, a child was born b u t relations
w ith his w ife were unsatisfactory; they separated and he remarried. H e
required his w ife to keep the pudendum free from hair. H e substitute a
nursing sim ulation for the ad u lt sexual act. A t tw enty-tw o he ravished a
child of nine and spent a year in prison. H e con tin u ed m asturbation,
was arrested for cunnilingus w ith a girl of eight. H e was loquacious, m anic
in reaction; his tongue protruded in talking; he evidenced the desire to re­
m ain a nursling. H is resorting to pedophilia was a revenge on the dis­
placed wrath ob ject and th e discovery of a love ob ,ect m ade to order
his psychic im potence. T h e antipathy to pubic hair suggests fear of im po­
tence. Factors were the w eaning traum a, psychic em asculation and narci -
sistic effort (C assity, 192 7).
Case 100: M ale. A g e 69. O ffense: Pedophilia. H e was th e father of a
fam ily b u t often ineffective heterosexually. H e practiced m asturbation in
preference to coitus and was divorced at forty-five. D eath of the m other
w hen the patient was sixty was follow ed b y deterioration; it m ay have
been senile disintegration w ith no relation to the m other H is m em ory
failed, he had visual hallucinations. A t sixty-eight he had relations w ith a
p-irl of eight. Psychic im potence was of lon g standing, possibly related to
a nursing traum a. T h e psychic m echanism s are not clear (C assity, 19 2 7).
Case ю г T h ere were apparently no w eaning hazards. H e always had a
m arked preference for the father, w hose death occurred abou t puberty.
H e was am bivalent to the m other; he showed aversion and a paranoid
projection on m other. B efore puberty he had a preference for boys. H e
was able to fix love only on objects w hich had no conn ection w ith th e fa­
ther and no resem blance to th e m other, w hich called to m ind no castrati
fears H is love fixed on an object like h im self at the narcissistic period
(H oppel, C lara. F rom the Analysis of a C ase of Pederasty. Internationale
Z eitschrift fur Psychoanalyse. 19 2 5). (C assity, 1927.)
Case 102: A g e 26. O ffen se: C arn al abuse o f three-year-old neighbor girl.
H e was an effem inate type, slightly lam e as a result of m fantile
h e was pam pered b y an over-indulgent neurotic m other. H e was ashamed
of frequent m asturbation. Sex relations were infrequent, he felt th e ex­
periences were “ unclean.” H e was rem orseful abou t the abuse of th e child,
claim ed it was due to an un con trollable im pulse. F ixation was in the nar­
cissistic stage, due to the O edipus situation. H e is a deep-seated neuro 1
w ho “ needs a lon g period of re-education and guidance. H e m ay give evi­
dence of antisocial psychopathic behavior 111 future (1 ollcns, 193 ) •
Case w r W h ite . M ale. A g e 25. O ffen se: Pedophilia. S tu d en t in a gradu­
ate school. N u rsin g period had been prolonged; h e retained conscious im ­
pressions of w eaning to w hich he reacted w ith all lus energy in b lin d rage.
T h is was duplicated again and again w henever lie was balked. A s a little
Motivations 109
child he was attracted to a n eighbor girl his own age; he practiced w ith
her cunnilingus and fellatio. H e first sought her breasts then was disap­
pointed in them . C un n ilin gus was a direct substitute for the m other. Pie
..I Iisfied his cravings w ith her for m any m onths un til about the end of
Ins fourth year. Shortly after, he slept w ith another little girl, w ho per­
il m ned fellatio upon w hich he had a violen t erection. Pie was now m ore
it 11crested in w hat she perform ed than in w hat he was doing. H e hurt her
ii she cried b u t he felt no remorse. H e had sexual phantasies regarding a
baby. H e indulged in sex play w ith his cousins, sucked at his ow n anatom y,
practiced m utual fellatio w ith another boy. A t seven or eight he attem pted
coitus w ith a girl, w ith anger and hate. Pie m asturbated w ith phantasies of
little girls. A t tw elve, practicing cunnilingus, he experienced his first ejacu­
lation; an attem p t to penetrate was unsuccessful. L ater attem pts were also
unsuccessful. A ttem p ts w ith prostitutes or w ith girls of his ow n class re-
sulted in prem ature ejaculation or failure o f erection. H e was unhappy,
depressed and dissatisfied. H e developed a definite pathological interest in
Ins little nieces, indulged in sex play w ith them w ith phantasies of rape
and murder. T h e basis for his aberration was th e prolonged mother-
nilant relationship, perhaps the m other’s early erotic interest in the child,
lie was disappointed in the little girl’s nipple. T h e erection of a physical
barrier to the continuation of the m outh-nipple union w ith the m other was
added to the incest barrier. T h e direction of the love im pulse was m odi­
fied b u t h e was com pelled to repeat the experience. T h is could be called a
regressive m echanism b u t he has never progressed higher. P edophilia is
iml most frequent in the senile. T h is m ethod of sex expression relates to a
.14ge in th e psychosexual developm ent w hich m ight be a dom inant force
llu ou gh o u t life. H e annihilates in phantasy all th at stood betw een him and
I lie fulfillm ent of his desires. H is desire to kill little girls m eans to kill
nicest. Sadism was revealed in his attitud e toward little girls. H e belonged
In an auto-erotic phase of love of self. T h e desire to kill the object of af-
b cli on seems rooted in his fear of incest (H adley, 1926).
( use 104: W . W h ite . M ale. A g e 32. O ffense: R ap e and m urder o f little
guls, ages seven, eight and nine. E du cation : A b o u t fourth grade and bar-
lici school not com pleted. F ather was deceased; he was raised b y foster-
iiiollicr and father. H e had tw o siblings. T h e fam ily history is negative,
lie had been married two years; had no children. Intelligence: Borderline
deficiency w ith low I. Q . E m o tion ally unstable. H e began m asturbation at
eleven or tw elve. A t eighteen he first had intercourse. H e denies hom o-
м \11:11 practices b u t adm its perversions. H e always liked girls, never cared
fin older w om en. H e always w anted som ething “ tight and young. The
Idea of getting young fem ale children had been going through his m ind
bn years, gettin g worse. H e definitely planned the crim e several days in
advance. H e w on the confidence of the children, took them to a lonely
1a vine w here he strangled each one separately w hile the others w aited

no M o tiv a tio n s
nearby. W it h each killin g he b ecam e m ore excited sexually; he perform ed
coitus on each victim , sodom y on tw o. T h e pain h e experienced excited him
m ore and produced th e greatest sexual pleasure. H e had to use great
force. Afterw ard he felt sexually satisfied, ate and slept w ell. D u rin g inter­
course w ith his w ife h e had phantasies of th e children. H e had definitely
w anted at least three and w ould have taken a fourth. H e was tried, con ­
victed, and executed (D eR iver, 1949).
Case 105: W h ite . M ale. A ge 29. O ffense: In ducin g a n eighbor’s four-
year-old girl to sex play. H e was the only child of a dom ineering step­
father and over-protective m other. T h e re was constant conflict in th e hom e.
T h e patien t was of superior intelligence b u t gave the im pression of a m en­
tal defective. H e was repulsive in appearance w ith ape-like features. H e
felt self-conscious about his appearance and was teased b y other children.
H e felt rejected, inferior; alone, w ith no friends, he resorted to phantasy
and im agination. H e had m asturbated since eleven, was afraid to approach
w om en. H e preferred th e com pany of little girls; they alone loved him
or treated him like a hum an being. Factors were the unfavorable hom e
influences and unesthetic personal appearance (Pollens, 1938).
Case 106: M r. C . A g e 31. O ffense: F orced girl to com m it fellatio. H e
claim ed he could n ot control his sexual em otion. H e had intercourse only
tw o or three tim es a week, m asturbated tw o to four tim es a day, had
w et dreams tw o or three tim es a week. H e was subject to anxiety states
and anxiety dreams; he was under pathological tension. H e had requested
a girl of seven to b ite his penis or cu t it off; his girlhood sweetheart used
to treat him th a t way. H e suffered from psoriasis and th ou gh t of him self
as a freak. T h e psychiatrist used hypn otic relaxation. H e began under
treatm en t to experience satisfactory sexual relief w ith m arital relations
tw ice a w eek. T h e clue to his sexual tension was his anxiety over losing his
girlhood friend w h om he idealized. F rom fifteen to twenty-three h e had
had continual m asturbation and fellatio relations w ith this girl. H e thou ght
of h im self as oversexed, had “ an over-charged feelin g.” A lth o u gh married,
h e continued to dream of his form er sex partner. H e was encouraged to
see her and take a good look and found th a t in reality she could n ot com ­
pare w ith his w ife. A fte r ten weeks m ost o f the tension had disap­
peared, he slept soundly, had no fearful dreams, p u t on w eight and was
m ore at ease. U n der h ypn otic suggestion he was told to think his skin was
clear; he did n o t develop lesions at the usual tim e (C o n n , 1949).
Case 107: С . O . W h ite . M ale. O ffense: C arn al abuse of a child. H e served
four years; is in treatm ent w h ile on parole. H is m other was too busy to
give him attention; she died w hen he was ten. H e lived w ith an aunt w ho
preferred her ow n children; she denied him clo th in g and the fun that they
had. Later h e lived w ith a grandm other. A long history o f rejection by
w om en resulted in distrust and fear of them . l i e m arried and lived w ith
M o tiv a tio n s 111
his mother-in-law w ho was dom inating and caused his w ife to reject him .
I Ic left hom e; w orked industriously as a chauffeur. Several years after he
left hom e he entered upon com m on-law relations w ith a w om an w ho took
care of him like a sm all boy. W h e n she rejected him physically, due to an
internal condition o f w hich he was unaware, he felt again rejected b y
women; he felt beaten , revengeful, desirous of asserting h im self and forced
his seven-year-old godchild into sex play. H is therapist is a w om an; this
is im portant; for th e first tim e he trusts a w om an. T h e outlook is prom is­
ing; he is able to stop drinking and is actin g constructively. If he attains
em o tion al m aturity, he w ill probably marry his com m on-law w ife (Sing
Sing, 1950).
I. Sodom y: M o st individuals charged w ith this arc hom osexual (H irning,
3- 4 4 7 ) •
I'he professed hom osexual usually has few contacts w ith the law. T h ose
who becom e involved in cases of sodom y or im pairing th e morals of minors
have strong neurotic conflicts revolving abou t the perversion w hich impels
I hem to expose them selves to possible injury in quest o f sex objects. T h e
less neurotic hom osexual remains in th e com pany of his kind. Feelings of
inferiority and gu ilt cause them to seek con tact w ith m inors. T h e seeking
ol minors marks fear o f public censure and indicates exhibitionism aimed
nl exposure o f the guilty feelings (Brom berg, 1948). (S ee Cases 108, 109.)
( 'ase 108: A n aggressive prize-fighter arrested on a charge of sodom y in­
volving you n g boys. H is aggressive tactics in the ring were a reaction to
In lings o f inadequacy and fear o f injuring him self. P erception o f his
hom osexual urges cam e at a tim e w hen lie was less able to carry his ag­
io rssiveness to the op pon en t in the ring. T h e hom osexual impulses broke
I Inough, rendering his physical aggressiveness ineffective (Brom berg,
1946).
( 'ase 109: W h ite . M ale. A g e 49. U nm arried. O ffense: Assault; sodom y on
two m essenger boys. H e had a good reputation and was successful in busi-
111 '.s. lie left school at fourteen. T h e eighth of n in e children, he lived w ith
1 .ingle brother and sister. T h e m other had died a year before the offense.
Homosexual impulses were first noted abou t three-and-a-half years before
Ilie present offense. H eterosexual experiences started at nineteen; h e was
unc om fortable because his sexual partners jibed at his sm all genital organ.
Ilr also had phimosis. C o n ta c t w ith prostitutes occurred ab ou t on ce or
In ice a m onth though they had been less frequent for five years preceding
1In' offense. H e had had one platonic love affair at twenty-five. H e was given
a suspended sentence on condition th a t he receive psychotherapy. H e re-
4 ilcd gu ilt feelings because o f concealm en t of his hom osexual desires.
There was a relation betw een childhood insecurities and current anxieties.
I f revealed m asturbation anxiety and hom osexual feelings centered
о11 m 1id his brother. H is had been a life-long struggle w ith sexual inade­
112 M o tiv a tio n s
quacy and a strong hom osexual drive, w ith fears o f social castigation and
castration anxiety. A fter five m onths of treatm ent, anxiety and depression
were reduced and he m anaged a few heterosexual experiences (Brom berg,
! 94 8) •
5 . T ran svestism : T h ere are three different types of transvestite m en:
( 1 ) hom osexuals, w ho dress up to increase or vary their attraction to m en
(2) fetishists, w hose pleasure is increased and phantasy stim ulated by
looking at them selves in mirrors (3) the transvestites proper; they seem
more fem inine than m asculine (E ast, 2, 1939).
Transvestites are m en w ho obtain sexual gratification b y dressing as or
pretending to b e w om en. Transvestism is related to hom osexuality; b oth
are derived from the same physical type, a type m ore attractive to h om o­
sexuals. Transvestites have n ot been seduced early (E ast & H ubert, 1939)-
Transvestism is a vicarious expression of a pow erful hom osexual drive
w hich is unconscious and dares not seek overt expression (K arpm an, 11,
1940). (See Cases 110, 111.)
H irschfeld classified transvestism as hom osexual, bisexual, narcissistic and
asexual. L ond on believes that punishm ent by forcing a child to w ear clothes
of th e opposite sex m ay be a cause o f transvestism . H e considers this a
neurosis and curable. Stekel has proved to his ow n satisfaction th at cases
of transvestism b elon g to laten t hom osexuality (Yaw ger, 1940).
Transvestism occurs m ainly in people w ho seem ingly are constituted on
a heterosexual basis. It has an interlocking relationship w ith other para­
philias, as exhibitionism , fetishism , etc., and as in other paraphilias the
problem o f unconscious or laten t hom osexuality loom s large. As in all
paraphilias, the problem o f m asturbation is crucial and central. T ransvest­
ism and m asturbation are concom itan t, m asturbation appearing either at
the b egin n in g o f the episode or, usually, at th e end (K arpm an, 18, 194 7).
(See Cases 1x2, 113.)
Transvestism is closely associated w ith hom osexuality and fetishism . (See
C ase 1 1 1 ) . T h e transvestite exhibits his garb rather than his genitals.
H e seeks reassurance against in fan tile anxiety; the fem ale transvestite
plays at being m an or being the father; this is associated w ith infantile
envy of the m ale genital (R o ch e, 1950).
Case 110: W h ite . M ale. A g e 37. M arried b u t separated, th e father of
tw o children. A partially-studied case o f transvestism . O f significance in
the patien t’s fam ily relationships are father attach m ent, sister attach m ent
and m other identification to take father’s place. A fte r a few years of rela­
tive im potence, confined m ostly to m arriage, he gave up heterosexuality in
favor of transvestism , usually accom panied b y m asturbation. T ran svest­
ism appears to be used as an expedient to effect m asturbation, the cen ­
tral factor. Transvestism appears as a sexual drive o f its own, independent
o f norm al sexuality. H e showed fem inine characteristics and evidences of
M o tiv a tio n s 113
latent hom osexuality; in m assaging his breast, shaving the chest hair, using
rouge and in fem inine occupations, cooking and sewing. H e was fascinated
by fem ale impersonators; he wished to be a trained nurse; he w ished for the
physical developm ent o f a wom an; dream ed of being the m other o f a
child. H e also shows reactions found in frank hom osexuals; he admires
acrobatic stunts and m uscular display, is interested in books on homosex-
u.'lity. M ascu lin e traits appear to be defense reactions developed to over­
come basic fem ininity. O ver eighty percent o f his dreams are concerned
with transvestism and hom osexuality; m asculinized w om en and fem inized
men or o f m en m aking love to him as a passionate w om an. O th e r evidences
ol paraphiliac trends appear in his fetishism and cunnilingus. Transvestism
appears as a factor w hich helps the patient to m aintain a fiction o f hetero-
•icxuality though his trends are hom osexual (K arpm an, 18, 19 4 7).
( dse 111: M r. S. A g e 31. C rim e: A rm ed robbery (thirty-year sentence).
Mis father was rough, frequently drunk and cruel to his w ife. T h e fam ily
was poor and resorted to petty thieving. T h e patien t had four siblings b ut
lie lias seen only one o f them . H e was adopted by foster parents o f about
lil Iу with a son twenty-one years older than he. T h e foster father was
'.mall, quiet, insignificant, devout; th e m other large, ignorant and dom ineer­
ing. She alternately spoiled the child and nagged and threatened him . She
illcm pted to bring him up as a girl, always dressed him in girls’ clothes;
lie played girls’ gam es and w ith girls. H e was n ot told of his real parents
Iill lie was eight years old. H e suffered an injury to his eyes as an infant;
also an accidental injury to his head and several serious illnesses; lie lost
Ins speech and did n ’t speak till ten; he still stammers. H e attended public
'.1 Imol till age eight. H e liked to wear girls’ clothes and to play w ith girls;
III is caused trouble when he started school for the boys picked 011 him and
1 .illcd him a sissy. H e had fear dreams, talked and walked in his sleep,
was nervous, m oody and restless. Played alone, had tem per tantrum s. H e
vms untruthful, unstable and severely m aladjusted. H e stole from his
iimlher and from others at five to six. From five to seven, there was sex
' vperim entation w ith girls and w om en. A t eight h e practiced fellatio and
sodomy w ith older men. H e was interested in sex; he joined other homo-
si'xual boys, he m ade deliberate efforts to be picked up and indulged in
n live fellatio or passive sodom y once or tw ice a day for some tim e. From
lime Iо sixteen he was still w earing girls’ clothing. H e was alm ost always
i" iy from hom e. Lie ran aw ay and lived for four m onths in a house of
piuslifution w here he witnessed an unusual variety of sexual acts. H e had
til.ilions w ith different girls, one in particular w ith w hom he practiced
1 nunilingus. H e returned hom e, stole from his m other and left hom e again.
Mi becam e a fem ale im personator in a n igh t club, later he joined a circus
bill was injured in a bad fall. A t fifteen he was doing a strip-tease in a
New 'l ork n ight club. H e returned hom e and was locked up after a fight
" i l b his foster m other. From nine to sixteen he indulged in abnorm al

ii4 Motivations
sexual acts three or four tim es w eekly, three-fourths of these w ith m en
A s he grew older he dressed m ore like an older girl or w om an. A t about
sixteenb h e was sentenced to th e reform atory for stealing a car H e
continued fem ale im personation in exhibitionistic shows. H e stole from
narked cars and was sent to jail for stealing a car. H e was a behavior pro -
fern ta Si. L ate r h e becam e one o f a m ob o f five men; h e was strll dressmg
like a girl. H e m arried at tw enty-one a girl m em ber of his m o . 1 01 adult genitals (R o ch e, 1950). (S ee Cases 114-116.)
lations w ith her w ere peculiar. H e seems to have been em otionally attached
to her though h e b ea t her and had no heterosexual relations withH xer^Es­
caping th e law h e dressed in m en ’s clothes, h a d his hair cu t and fled to
Australia and M exico b u t was caught w hen he returned to t i c m autom obile. H e then felt guilt and was com pelled to look away immedi-
States H e was sentenced fifteen to thirty years. In prison he was a behavio
problem H e was classified as psychopath and transferred to Leavenw orth.
H e was n o t at first classed as hom osexual u n til he becam e m or^ conSP1C
nus then he was returned to M ed ica l C en ter as hom osexual H e had an
effem inate appearance and m anners. A n active hom osexual h e has taken up
w ith claim s that he shows no love or affection. H is intelligen ce is a bov
I rag b u h e reveals suspicious attitudes. H is behavior seems to b e com ­
pensatory feelings o f inferiority began e a r ly - in fe r io n ty abou t his body
£ out b d k g dressed as a girl, how others treated him , etc. H e felt a drive
to m ake a success o f his life (C aso n , 19 4 7).
C ase 112■ M a le A g e 40. O ffense: Soliciting. H e lived w ith a married
fe h tio n . H is firs, sexual experience was as a b oy o f fourteer, w r.h о he
bovs H e b o u gh t com plete sets o f w o m a n s clo th in g in w h ich he dressecl
b e f o r e m asturbating. T h e year before Ins arrest, for the first trme, l.c wen
“ w o m e rA cloth in g. H e wore a m an's
un dergarm en ts and accosted hom osexuals in urmals. H e had no sex
Г о п Г м Г w om en. H is first transvestism was sim ply for auto-eroticism
later " w a s a sexual invitation to other m en. H e claim ed h e was n ot a
hom osexual (E ast, 1939)-
C ase n r M ale. A g e 30. O ffen se: Breaking and entering. T h e patien t was
th e eldest of tw o children. H is hom e was happy; hrs p a r e n t s ^
daughter b u t h e never felt unw anted. H e m arried and had norm al sex
laL on s till th e b irth of his last child; since then relations had been urn
satisfactory. H e had prom iscuous intercourse w ith m any « n ’ n0
m en A t ten h e dressed in his m o th ers underw ear L ater he boug
w om en ’s un derclothin g and dressed in those o f h is_■
w « 1x A e m te 3
house to steal underwear, also outer clo th in g and ]ewelry. H e dressed u
to stim ulate phantasies during m asturbation. The: elem ent о gm (s
in g) and possible d etection added to his sexual delight (E ast, 9 39).
<i. V o y e u r is m : P r o h ib itio n is an in d isp e n sa b le p ro viso fo r th e v o y e u r
p leasure. H e m u st b e a b le to lo o k w ith o u t b e in g seen. The c x c itc m c i
M o tiv a tio n s 115
i.mges from no genital response to com pulsive exhibitionistic m asturbation
(O berndorf, 1939)-
Frequently voyeurs are fixated on experiences that aroused their cas­
s a tio n anxiety b y either prim al scenes or th e sight o f adult genitals (Feni-
chcl, 19 4 ;).
Voyeurism is looking or peeping at sexual objects. T h e basic antecedent
is Ihe ch ild ’s gu ilt anxiety, usually stim ulated b y seeing adults in copulation
< 'use 114: M ale. A g e 26. A business m an. V o lu n ta rily sought treatm ent,
lie felt a com pulsion to look at every girl on th e street w hile riding in an
nlcly w ith headache, dizzy, agonizing pain in eyes, confusion. Llis voyeuris­
tic com pulsion constituted a desire to exhibit him self. T h e basis o f his
com plaint was castration anxiety, passive identification w ith th e m other
(O berndorf, 1939).
( use 115: W h ite . M ale. A g e 23. Arrested for voyeurism . H e com plained
ol inability to concentrate, indecision. H e w en t from one analyst to an-
nllicr. H e failed college, did no work, behaved peculiarly. H e had a feeling
lie should n ot be in the situation w here he found him self. T h e basis was
Icminine identification w ith m other; castration anxiety. H e had a h abit of
r u i n g to a hotel lobby, staring at some refined, m odest w om an, becom ing
inlcnsely excited and m asturbating under his coat. H e was arrested look-
II 1g in the w indow o f a girls’ college dorm itory. T h e case was discharged
III rough th e fam ily’s w ealth and influence. C o u rt officials have no interest
111 m otivation (O b ern d orf, 1939).
<kvc 116: John W . A g e 30. V oyeu r. H e attem pted to peep under w om en ’s
skirts by mirrors attached to th e sole o f his shoes. H e was also a frotteur;
In touched w om en in public conveyances. H is b rief case bulged w ith care-
Inlly kept records o f every phase o f his activity. H is father was a m inister.
V. 1 child he had been bathed b y th e father. T h ere was discord betw een
In , parents. A t tw enty-tw o he had been throw n out o f the house. H e care-
11111V budgeted his m oney, practicing strictest econom y in order to spend
money on entertainm ent. A t school he had practiced m utual m asturbation
mIIi an older girl b u t she had refused to let him see her vulva; this need
In m i becam e com pulsive. H e m asturbated continually; had practiced bes-
lliilily and had incestuous phantasies. H ad had heterosexual relations in his
11I1 l i ens b u t preferred m asturbation. H e had induced tw o girls to live
ivill 1 him in com m on-law relations. A s a child he h ad w an ted to see his
11111IIn i’s vulva, he tried to see this and was reprim anded. W h e n this desire
h i . repressed, h e becam e a frotteur. O n his voyeuristic expeditions, he
lilcil to view the privates o f wom en; he had no erection b u t becam e ex-
j 1 l ied, his pulse throbbed and his heart b eat as it had w hen as a child he

n6 Motivations
tried to see his m other's vulva. H e was a laten t hom osexual (L o n d o n and
C ap rio, 1950).
7 Fetishism : A n intim ate relationship exists b etw een sado-masochism
and fe S h is m . Sado-m asochism is th e root of fetishism C o m m o n to both
are- the predom inance o f phantasy life; depreciation of th e sexual partn
and desire to flee from him or her; onanism w h ich is universal and ac­
com panied b y phantasies. T h e h abit of m asturbating before a mirror 1
characteristic- incestuous attach m ents are universally present * е relatron
to hom osexuality and the obsessional neuroses; the origma у sa is i
l d ” ul,y and penance; there is unhehevahle condensatm r, m th e
fetishistic sym bol, the fetish b ein g the focus o f all th e rays ot
iCC' r L P d l t o m i n L t ^ r L t i s h i s m is^ h e necessity to m ake defenses against
archaic aim - t h e aim being to kill th e love object. Fetishism is only on
m anifestation of a pathological m ental state. T h e fetish
from perverse sexuality. T h e fetishist has m o r e c o n s c r o u s a n x ie ty a
than th e person w ith established perversions. T h e psychology o f the
ist is dom inated b y castration fears (P ayne, 1939) • ivc im -
O n e im portant determ inant m fetishism is m the ora gg
nulses directed to th e father’s penis incorporated in the m other. 1 lie es
o f an adm ixture o f certain oral and anal trend ( P ’ | was not psychotic; o f average intelligence b u t had a deep sexual perversion
Fetishism is adoration of som ething serving as a substitute for th e с g
by
screen m em ory; it is a m anifestation of th e eastrat.on com plex (C u tl
m acher, 19 5 1)- (See Cases 117-119-)
„ W h it e M a le A g e 15. Arrested for m olesting small girls.
^^^t^t^dr’lone'^rl^He^hme^rom^'middleaaM^fami^yf'tbe^motber
Motivations 117
jected because it was dirty and because of the conn ection w ith th e m other
and sister. L ater he becam e sexually excited b y touchin g the hair o f small
girls w hen it was dressed like that o f his sister. T rea tm en t was progressing
satisfactorily un til his m other decided th e treatm ent was punitive and in ­
convenient; she denounced the authorities, m aintaining his activity was en-
lircly inn ocen t and refused to cooperate. T w o years later th e boy was ar-
u sted again on th e sam e charge. Fie was em otionally b ound to his hom e,
w hich excluded all other interests. T h e sex drive was first directed toward
members o f his fam ily; this was m orally unacceptable and he adopted a
Iclish. T h e behavior o f four years probably established a perm anent sexual
pattern (W a g g o n e r and B oyd, 1 941) .
( -Vise 118: W h ite . M ale. A g e 17. O ffen se: Stealing ladies’ clothing. H is
1.11 her was killed w hen the child was tw o. T h e m other remarried w hen he
was four. She had tw o daughters b y th e first husband, eight children b y
I lie second. T h e patien t left school at tw elve. H e w orked at different trades,
slolc m oney, a cycle and ladies’ underwear. H e had been pilfering a long
g l ime b u t the stealing of underwear was a later developm ent. H e took gar­
ments from a clothesline; he kn ew the owner. H e was too shy for a girl
liicnd b u t w anted heterosexual relations. H e m asturbated w ith phantasies
nl a particular girl. T h e garm ents were used in m asturbation (E ast, 1939).
« 'use 1 1 9: W h ite . M ale. A g e 17. Offenses: M urder, burglary (fetish ism ).
Wi l l i am Heirens, seventeen-year-old college student confessed th e m urder
nl six-year-old Suzanne D egnan, other murders and m any burglaries. H e
and was em otionally insensitive and unstable. T h e fam ily history was nega­
tive l i e was a feed in g problem from the beginning. H e suffered a head
Injury at seven m onths. H e was a solitary child and youth; form ed no
■lose relationships, indulged in excessive daydream ing. H e had no sex in-
hl motion b u t there was no display o f sexual curiosity. His first arrest was
II iliiilccn for housebreaking; he adm itted nine burglaries in the preceding
' m onths. H e was sent to training school for one year; he was not a
'li .eipline problem b u t was cooperative. T w o m onths after his return he was
.ii'.iim charged w ith burglary and placed on probation. H e entered college
m 1945. His record was average or below ; he had m any absences. H e had
A w dates w ith girls and no close friends. H e was apprehended after an
illi'inpt at housebreaking in the sum m er of 1946. A t nine he was inter-
• l'd in the feelin g and color of w om en ’s underclothing. H e began stealing
Hu 111 110m clotheslines, then from basem ents, then from strange houses
u In n lie found doors open. H e was n o t interested in th e undergarm ents of
I" im m ediate fam ily. H e put on panties or drawers and experienced ex-
id incut and sexual com pletion. U sually he threw the garm ents away; some
in " к placed, som e saved. Som e forty pairs were found where h e stored
...... At twelve or thirteen he secured these by going through w indows;
Hu Iim iished m ore excitem ent. A fte r three such expeditions h e began

n8 Motivations
takin g other objects rather than undergarm ents; this added stim ulation
Interest in underclothes was replaced b y the excitem ent caused b y going
through th e w indow . H e experienced sexual excitem ent w hen seeing t
w indow ; the act of entering through the w indow brought emission, о
accom panied by urination or defecation or b oth . T h e urge to go оч
these expeditions was often ushered in b y a desire to go to stool. T h e urge
could often b e abolished by satisfying this desire b u t he often neglected
to do so. O ccasion ally h e locked up his ow n clothes to prevent b s goi g
out Som etim es h e w en t out in w inter in bath robe and slippers. H e sub
fered from headaches w hen he tried to resist the urge to burglarize H e
denied m asturbation; denied sex play w ith girls; later said th at tw ic e p la te r
eight tim es) h e h ad tou ched girls on th e breasts and pressed on th e leg
after doing this, he burst into tears, was upset and unable to sleep,
gave th e im pression th a t he considered sex worse than burglaries or m ur­
der- he apparently experienced no em otional disturbance after the m u -
ders T h e m urders occurred w hen he was surprised in burglaries; he
stabbed the B row n w om an and th e Ross w om an, strangled the• D egn an girl
A mysterious individual nam ed G eorge was invoked as havin g th e re
sponsibility for th e crimes; lie reported conversations w ith G eo rge and
w rote letters to and from G eorge, w ould n ot rem em ber w riting th e an­
swers. A fter arrest h e m ade several feeble theatrical
cide. H e showed im m ense egocentricity; he had no lack o f " on “
his abilities and powers; h e collected pictures of H itler Goering, G oebbels.
Sis power to appreciate painful stimulation as such was Д 1 mated at age ten or eleven b y boys w earing uniform s. T h is was felt to
duced- it deepened as a result of suggestion; a clear proof of liystcnc.
personality. H e pleaded guilty to thirty charges; including w enty-four
burglary, three of m urder (K en n ed y, H offm an, Haines, 1947).
C ase 120■ A g e 45. O ffense: E m b ezzlem en t. (F etish ism ). H e had been
raised b y an eccentric m aiden aunt and slept w ith her u n til age eighteen
H e never m ingled w ith other children. A t age tw elve he was placed
-b o a rd in g school. H e was fascinated b y illustrations of harem w om en and
dressed in his au n t’s veils. A t twenty-three h e m arried. A fter four children
were born , he had no further relations w ith his w ife; he som etim es had
her sit dressed in a veil. A n oth er w om an w ith w h om he h ad platom c
b t a , w o S d also wear veils fo . h im . In order to con tin u e tins relatton-
ship w ith her, he em bezzled funds (Y aw ger, 1940).
C ase 121: M r. A . Fetishism . A sleep-walker he was troubled b y an anxiety
dream in w h ich he was sw allow ing som ething and m ust vom it it or PTC^U1
its going dow n. H e loved talking. H e felt guilt and obligation m relation
to his parents; they seem ed frightfu l to him . H e had an oral relation о
objects; w hen confronted b y anxiety situations he r e a c te d b y eating, U
pecially sausages and eggs, or drinking to excess H e ha p
cu ts’ room till five. H e w ould not urinate or defecate anywhere
Motivations 119
he seen or heard. H e found no satisfaction in intercourse. His parents
separated w hen he was eleven. H e reported childhood phantasies of con-
liol over his parents b y urinating, defecation or eating faeces. His sexuality
was bound up w ith sadistic phantasies. T h e prim al scene was the core of
Ins neurosis. His in fan tile sadism was aroused b y jealousy and fear and
discharge in excretory acts. H e was unable to establish adult genitality;
lie regressed to fixation in oral-anal phases. H e had been bottle-fed, was
not allow ed to w alk un til two. His aggression had to be focused on ex-
cu'tory discharge w hich was also his m ain erotic outlet. H e revealed
M-optophiliac and coprophiliac interests. H e identified him self som etim es
u ilh one parent, som etim es w ith the other in active or passive phantasies.
11 is fetish was a m ackintosh; he m ust have one present in room w hen he
masturbated and preferred a stolen one. It stood for the father’s penis
hi a w om an’s genitals, nipple, b od y, anal tract or parents’ faeces (Payne,
•939)•
I Iisc 122: A m edical student. A g e 21. T h ird o f three children. C o m p la in t:
M asturbation o f a fetishistic nature. F ather had been a soldier and the
I'.ilicnt saw little of him un til he was three; the parents separated again
finally w hen the patien t was tw elve. Such separation is not un com m only
finind in cases o f fetishism . T h e patien t was bottle-fed. T h e m other was
dynam ic, dom inant, vivid, alert, the father m ore passive and placid. T h e
patient was confused as to the difference betw een the sexes. H e was fas-
I" forbidden (th e m other was a pacifist). A t tw elve he felt conflict over
|<nuing R O T C . B ein g m ade a soldier m eant being m ade a w om an. H e tied
up dolls, his dog, and him self. H e experienced emission at seventeen; he
dirsscd in a black m ackintosh and tied him self up. L ater he practiced
com plicated tying and gagging; he tied him self in a sack and played
»il 11 ideas o f annihilation. Lie was depressed, hypochondriacal. Plypochon-
1I11.I was a w eapon against his parents. Pie com plained of abdom inal pains,
11" equivalent o f labor pains. T h ere were no early attachm ents to girls,
lir. lust attach m ent was at seventeen. T h e them e of the affair was mis­
understanding and quarrels; he translated his phantasies into reality. T h is
■1 ,c is the apotheosis of th e frustration type o f fetishism . H e experienced
pit е щ е in bonds, in tight lacing. T h e character o f his phantasies was homo-
iihiiI, scoptophiliac, coprophiliac, sadistic and m asochistic (G illespie,
"PI11)-
n Sadom asochism : Sadism and m asochism are m anifestations o f the
"in instinctual force; in the form er it is directed to external objects; in
Пи Litter it is directed against th e self. In sadism, infliction of pain is an
1 iid 111 itself. T h e abnorm al expression of sadism represents inner tension
ind anxiety for w hich the act is attem p ted relief. H e relieves fear by do-
lii(! In another w h at lie fears m ight b e done to him . M asochism , the inverse
120 Motivations
o f sadism, is the need for punishm ent and suffering as sexual experience.
T h e extrem e is suicide (R o ch e, 19 5 °)• (See Cases 123-125.)
Case 123: D . W h ite . M ale. A g e 23. C o llege student. O ffen se: Flagellan t.
Parents were living; th e fam ily history was negative. Flis first act of inter­
course was at eighteen, h e had intercourse three tim es since then w ith d if­
ferent w om en. Fie had been a confirm ed m asturbator since tw elve. H e had
taken severe punishm ent from father and m other, principally m other, un til
about fifteen w hen his parents separated. H e w en t to the house of strange
w om an and begged her to w hip him . H e was apprehended by police. H e
adm itted that he becam e sexually excited w hen he was strapped. H is fancies
during m asturbation related to acts of corporal punishm ent. Pleaded guilty
and was granted probation on condition th a t he place him self under
psychiatric care (D eR iver, 1949)-
Case 124: N . W h ite . M ale. A ge 40. A rch itect. O ffense: F lagellan t. His
m other died w hen he was four or five, of cancer. H e m asturbated at eleven
and continued this interm itten tly. H is first intercourse was at sixteen.
H e had been m arried sixteen years and had one child. H e answered
the advertisem ent o f a w om an seeking em ploym ent as governess or m aid
and suggested she w hip him as a dem onstration of h er disciplinary ability.
She notified the police w ho apprehended him . H e had received corporal
punishm ent in school in Russia and b oth parents w hipped him . D u rin g
childhood he associated pain w ith sexual pleasure. B eing strapped by a
fem ale seemed to satisfy his sexual desire. H e was granted probation w ith
psychiatric help as condition (D eR iver, 1949).
C ase 125: A g e 23. T h e patien t was th e only b oy of six children. His
h eredity was not prom ising. H is I. Q . was sixty-four. H e was unm anage­
able at hom e b u t tidy, neat, nervous and sensitive. l i e was unable to read
at thirteen. H e was hospitalized for depression w ith tenden cy to self-
m utilation. T h ere had been a series of petty charges and assault w ith in­
ten t to rob (unloaded g u n ). H e had a lon g history of psychopathy, tan­
trums; a head injury at four. T h ere seemed a possibility of epilepsy. He
had perpetual headaches and disliked noise. H e frequently scarified him ­
self w ith pins, glass, wires. Fie intended to punish his enem ies, relieve his
m en tal torture by bearable suffering, give satisfaction to his persecutors,
escape continuous w atch in g and provide punishm ent for self-release. He
had a prim itive superego and revealed castration desires. G u ilt qualms
seek redress and torm enting aggressiveness seeks an ou tlet in external m u­
tilation. Causes of obsessive conversion in self-m utilation go back to oral-
cannibalistic levels of ego-superego accom m odation (G o ite in , 1944).
9. R ape: In some m en on ly th e resistance o f the w om an makes them
potent. T h is is probably the m echanism of rape (K arpm an, 19, 19 3 4 )'
(See C ase 128 ).
Motivations 121
Sexual deviations are fixations at various levels o f infan tile sexuality,
some are m otivated b y sadism, m asochism or narcissism or com binations
(Pollens, 19 3 8 ). (See C ase 126.)
1 here is no specific personality type or sexual psychopathology peculiar
In forcible rape; m any psychopathic individuals are in this category (Hirn-
ing, 3, 194 7).
I lie victim o f sexual crim e is placed in an inferior, degrading role to
"'lisfv the crim in a ls need for a position o f sexual dom inance. T h rou gh
Ilie sense of dom inance, he belittles the sexual object and satisfies hostile
impulses directed toward w om en. Rapists show distrust and misogyny. A g ­
gressive sexual crim e sym bolizes th e inferiority feelings of the crim inal
and expresses his hostility toward th e objects o f his lust; these tendencies
lire integrated in th e personality o f th e sexual psychopath as a result of
long-standing em otional conflicts and stresses. In forceful rape or assault,
sadistic im pulses are com pensation for feelings o f sexual inadequacy. T h e
greater th e age o f th e crim inal, the greater the chance o f force or per­
il ision in the rape. T h e neurotic m echanism in rape is based on inferior­
ity feelings, the concealed fear of the usual m asculine sentim ents and a t­
titudes regarding w om en. Rapists are unable to accept social standards of
m asculinity because o f fear o f sexual inadequacy. W e frequently find un-
1 (inscious fem in in e tendencies in crim inals convicted of forceful rape
(Brom berg, 1948).
I lie aggressive-destructive im pulses o f the nine-year-old are pleasurable
111 themselves, n ot m anifestations o f counter-aggression. W c expect the
<liild to attain gradual control o f his aggressive im pulses, to replace pleas-
111e in murderous impulses b y socially-useful expressions. T h e aggressive-
1Instructive sexual deviate enters puberty deriving equal pleasure from
' vpicssions o f killing, m utilating impulses and from sexual im pulses (G a rd ­
ner, 1950).
I licie are three types o f rapists: (1 ) T h ose in w hom assault is an ex­
plosive expression o f pent-up sexual im pulse: this is th e true sex of-
I' 1к hr, (2) sadistic rapists: m asculine sexual activity is aggressive; in som e
IIns is exaggerated until it dom inates th e picture, and (3) the aggressive
Ciiminal, not a true sex offender w ho is out to pillage and rob and for
whom rape is just another a ct o f plunder (G u ttm ach er, 1951 ) .
( </m 126. Y . W h ite . M ale. A g e 30. O ffense: R ape. H e com pleted the
иml h grade. H is fam ily history was negative. H e was married, th e father
ol .1 fifteen-m onths-old child b u t separated from his w ife. H is past record
included rape, kidnapping, fon d lin g parts o f child, use o f m outh on pri-
1I1 parts and assault w ith deadly w eapon. H e had five previous arrests
fin indecent exposure (he served about three years for this offense); for
I('s| 4 lg g h b on street, for vagrancy and for profanity. H e m asturbated
• I Cl у day from the age o f nine or ten to about sixteen. A b o u t this age
I" played wi t h other boys and girls, practicing fellatio and cunnilingus.

122 Motivations
A t eleven he had heterosexual experiences. C u n n ilin gu s was frequent; he
claim s he w anted to please the girls. H e feels depressed and sorry for his
crim es; does n ot know w h at m akes him m olest w om en, som e sort o f urge
or force m akes him lose control o f him self. H e desires treatm ent; is
happ y that he was caught (D eR iver, 1949).
Case 127; James F rench. O ffense: R ape. H e was a native N ew E nglander,
w hite, P rotestant, m arried w ith tw o children; he had m ade a fair m arital
adjustm ent. H is father was killed in an accident; his m other re-married;
he know s n oth in g o f her. H e had a fourth-grade education. H is w ork rec­
ord was steady un til his marriage, then he began to deteriorate econom i­
cally. H e was of dull norm al intelligence; psychiatric findings w ere nega­
tive; he was n o t psychotic nor defective. Fie had an extended crim inal
career; was undisciplined, frequently visited prostitutes, rebelled against
authority (H enry & Gross, 2, 194°)-
C ase 128: W h ite . M ale. A g e 19. O ffense: R ape. H e entered a w om an ’s
room and forced her to intercourse at th e point of a knife. H e stated she
was a prostitute; he had m oney to pay her b u t preferred this form , he
derived pleasure from her anguish and fear. H e was fixated on an infantile,
sadistic level; the desire for sexual relations was dom inated b y th e oppo­
site feeling, th e desire to inflict punishm ent. Factors were: borderline
feeble-m indedness, unfavorable hom e environm ent; h e was neglected and
never taugh t precepts o f m orality. G a n g life, sexual prom iscuity, no ethical
standards. H e had m ade a poor occupational adjustm ent, stealing, gam ­
bling, soliciting for prostitutes. H e could not be com m itted to an institution
for m ental defectives because his I. Q . was just a few points above the
dividing line. H e m ust b e released, under th e law , to prey on society
(P ollens, 1938).
10. L ust-M u rd er: C lin ica lly, w e are acquainted w ith the individual who
can perform satisfactory coitus only if it is preceded or accom panied by
strong em otion; fear or hate. T h e heightened em otion acts as a powerful
stim ulus for the entire central nervous system, the newly-gained energy
b ein g released on the object. Som etim es injury m ay accom pany such ac
tivity; it m ay lead to m utilation and even vio len t murder as a condition
for poten cy (K arpm an, 10, 1938).
In rape-murder, the m urder is often to prevent discovery (H irning, 3,
1 947 )-
Rape-m urders result from aggressive sexual reaction to inner fear. R ap
ists w ho m urder their victim s are m otivated b y fear of social consequences
and b y fear o f the strength o f their ow n sexual aggression. M urder is 11
response to th e pressure o f gu ilty feelings, not a true lust-murder, since
k illin g is n ot a sadistic aspect o f the sexual act. Such crim es occur am ong
individuals w ho are schizoid or neurotically-inhibited in search for an ac
ccp ta b le sexual object. In schizoid individuals, rom antic coloring remains
Motivations 123
unrelated to sexual impulses. In true lust-murderers m ental disease is fre­
quent. W e have little precise know ledge o f the psychological factors. Sev­
e r al form s o f personality disturbance m ay be responsible; com pensatory
behavior, schizoid w ithdraw al or intellectual dissociation due to insanity
(Brom berg, 1948). (See Cases 129-133).
T yp ical lust m urder is characterized b y: ( 1 ) periodic outbreaks due to
recurring com pulsion or paroxysmal sexual desire (2) nearly always
11111 ing or stabbing, particularly of the busts or genitals; frequently w ith
sucking or licking o f the w ounds, b itin g o f the skin, som etim es a desire to
1I1 ink the blood and eat th e flesh (3) som etim es erection and ejaculation
followed b y violation o f the victim ; often there is no attem p t at inter­
course (4) Karpm an suggests an affective storm w hich clouds conscious­
ness; there seems to be no evidence of this (5) behavior is usually nor­
mal until the next paroxysm (C . A llen , 1940).
( iise 129: F . W h ite . M ale. A ge 20. O ffense: R ap e and murder. H e was an
o n l y child. Flis father died when he was sixteen; his m other is livin g and
well. Fie began to m asturbate at eleven or twelve; there were num erous
'Hairs w ith girls during his early sex life. l i e married at nineteen, a girl
ol Iwcnty-three. H e denies hom osexual practice. A t sixteen he was sen-
b need to reform school for attem pted burglary. H e confessed to several
oilier rape cases and to a m urder. H e knows right from w rong b u t has lit-
110 depth o f feeling. H is penis is small; he is sensitive about his sexual
developm ent; does not indulge in norm al intercourse w ith w ife b u t sub-
•lilnlcs cunnilingus. U sually he used a 2 x 4 to slug his victim s. H e
pit keel ou t you n g girls, always blond and attractive. H e suffers from organ
mb 1iority; feels hatred and antipathy toward fem ales other than his w ife
Hid close relatives (D eR iver, 1949).
< IISC 130: J. W h ite . M ale. A g e 20. O ffense: R ape and murder. H e raped
two girls, m urdered one and left one for dead. H e was discharged from
' 1vice w ith an adm irable record. H e com pleted high school. M o th er and
I ilhci were divorced w hen he was two; his father died seven years ago.
'i 1 child he m asturbated occasionally. First intercourse was at seventeen.
II" denies hom osexual practices. H e is married b u t separated from his
wil" l i e claim ed amnesia; denied th e crime. H e had a hair fetish; his
ni l " and girl friend had red hair; he hates dark-haired girls w ho are
dad haired like his m other. H e hates his m other, the O edipus com plex has
1 11led to find a logical adjustm ent. H e was a student of jujitsu and killed
lm. victim b y strangulation. H e was convicted o f first-degree m urder (D e-
l l i ' i i . 1949).
< m." 131: R. W h ite . M ale. A g e 21. O ffense: R ape and m urder. A t tim e o f
И'" I lie was in the arm ed forces. Fie was a high school graduate. His
II " " i ds arc living and well. Л11 aunt was once in a m ental institution b ut
««с. cured. l i e m asturbated at about five. A t eighteen he began living w ith

1 24 Motivations
a girl w h om he claim s as a com m on-law w ife; they have a four-months-
old child H e had an excellent reputation. H e boasted o f sexual conquests,
often picked up you n g girls in n igh t clubs or bars. H e picked up th e vic­
tim and offered to w alk h om e w ith her. H e attem pted to kiss her; she
struggled; he overpowered her, rem oved her cloth ing, raped her severa
tim es and slam m ed her head against concrete. F in ally h e called police,
tellin g them he had killed a girl. T h e act of brutality was inflam ed by
th e resistance o f th e victim . H e was convicted and sentenced to life im ­
prisonm ent (D eR iver, Г 949).
Case 1 32: B . W h ite . M ale. A ge 23. O ffense: M urder. H e attended school
to th e seventh grade. O ccu p ation : B utcher and slaughter-house em ployee.
M asturbated at n ine or ten; at eleven or tw elve he had intercourse w it r a
girl slightly older. H e has had m any girls and w om en for sexual pur­
poses. H e denies hom osexual tendencies b u t adm its experiences w ith fe -
latio. H e m et a you n g girl at dance hall; they drank together he accom ­
panied her hom e. She was later found brutally m urdered, strangled, gem ta s
cut; she had been attacked, her vagina and perineum slashed. H e showe
little remorse. H e had a record of sexual attacks on young girls, l i e pleaded
guilty and was sentenced to life im prisonm ent (D eR iver, 1949).
Case 133: T. S. A d u lt colored m ale, m ixed M exican and Indian. O ffense:
R ap e and m urder. T h e father, a m inister, was cruel to the m oth er, pa­
tien t claim ed; they separated w hen h e was fourteen. O n e sister was epi­
lep tic. A t fourteen he joined the Arm y, was court-m artialled at tw enty
for larceny. H e m arried and com m itted bigam y. H e was arrested for as­
sault w ith dangerous w eapon, for bigam y and for rape. H is last arrest was
at age thirty-seven. H is landlady was found dead on his bed; she had
been strangulated and crim inally assaulted. H e m ade a good prison adjust­
m en t b u t was seclusive; eventually he assaulted an orderly w ith a knife
and was given m axim um custody. H e becam e sullen, irritable and was
sent to St. E lizabeths. H ad fights w ith inm ates in w hich he used a knife,
said he heard whispers, etc., b u t there was n oth in g actively psychotic, t
projected all his difficulties onto his environm ent. H e gave the impression
all was n ot right w ith his sex life; knives figured in all his arrests excepl
th a t for rape. H is aggressiveness indicates his hostihty is expressed 111 as­
saults and in rages. H is behavior suggests a fun dam en tal irregularity 111
w h ich abnorm al sexuality and sadism play a part (K arpm an, 23, 1949).
C ase 1 34- G eo rge A lexander N eill. O ffen se: M urder. H e was th e youngest
o f four girls, tw o boys. H is m other was frequently ill; his father was often
unem ployed. H e was a problem child from th e tim e he could w alk. I k
lied, his school record was bad, he played hooky; there were episodes
w hen h e becam e furiously angry and fou gh t w ith everyone A t fourteen h
ran aw ay from hom e and hitch-hiked W e s t. H e got a job for a short >mo
on a ranch, w here he found satisfaction in dom inatin g horses. F rom there
Motivations 125
lie drifted on; finally w en t hom e w here h e was m ore o f a problem than
ever and was sent to a school for m aladjusted boys. H e was a serious
behavior problem and refused to cooperate w ith the psychiatrist. H e had
lo be let loose. T h ere is am nesia regarding his next jobs. H e was in the
m erchant marine; at sixteen he enlisted in th e M arin e C orps. H e boasted
In the psychiatrist o f how tough he was. H e was taugh t judo. H e saw
service in th e front lines and suffered an hysterical episode after killin g a
|ajr w ith judo. L ater he killed another Jap w ith judo. T h e next tim e he
used it was on his eleven-year-old niece. H e cracked up under heavy ar-
lillcry fire and was placed in a strait-jacket in th e psychopathic ward,
fie was discharged for “ psychoneurosis, m ixed hysterical type— traum atic.”
lie was also diagnosed as a “ constitutional psychopathic inferior.” A fter
liis discharge he felt cheap and let-down; h e married at eighteen b u t the
marriage broke up in a m onth. H e returned to his w ife b u t she divorced
liim later. H e drifted aimlessly, drinking, w ith occasional visits to his sis-
lers and brother w ho w ere married; he enjoyed taking care o f their chil-
drcn. His niece Isabelle was his favorite. H e suffered several attacks said
lo be “ sim ilar to fits; he lost control o f his arms and legs, it w ould take
live m en to hold h im .” Fie once tried to k ill his brother in the course of
an argum ent. H e took his niece for a w alk b u t returned w ith ou t her. H er
body was found in a vacan t lo t som e days later. H e had fled b u t left a
clear trail; apparently he w anted to be caught. H e said he knew he had
dime w rong bu t said he could not rem em ber killin g the child. Fie only re­
membered taking her for a w alk and huggin g and kissing her. H e said
II11I when he was sitting beside her he becam e conscious o f an odor w hich
и m inded him o f the Japs h e had killed. It was im possible to say w hether
in not the child had been abused sexually. T h e doctors th ough t this to be
a 1 ase of confusional insanity b rought 011 b y th e particular odor. H e was
Iniiiul legally sane, sentenced to death; one appeal was turned dow n, a
M'urnd is pending. H is superego was too weak, he could n ot resist the
1'iimilive instincts and urgings of th e id (W itte ls, 1948).
1 i c 133: R obert C oom b es. O ffense: M urder. B efore the age o f fourteen
I" 11 ul been arrested for inten t to rape a ten-year-old girl. H e was sen-
I' need and released. A few weeks later h e was arrested and sentenced
fin indecent assault on a seven-year-old child. Fie was released eight
mmillis later. T e n m onths later he was sentenced for assault w ith a knife;
In was freed eleven m onths later. T h re e weeks later the b od y o f an
i'll veil year-old child was fou n d on a vacan t lot, the scene o f his previous
nil с I (W itte ls , 1948).
(I N ecro p h ilia: T h e m ain reason for th e strong suppression o f sex is
lliiil .iiice sex is a prim ordial instinct, any expression o f it had to b e kept
mulct rigid control; it m ust be repressed, m ade unconscious. T h is is only
|m ■ ililc when it is endowed w ith disgust. Repression can n o t altogether an-

126 Motivations
n ihilate the repressed impulses; they break through and com e to the sur­
face distorted (B rill, 19 4 1)- , 1
It has been suggested that som e sadists are necrophihacs for fear ot be­
com ing assassins (E ast, 1946). (See Cases 136-140.)
Case 136: W h ite . M ale. A ge 50. N ecrophilia. T h e subject began visiting
fem ale corpses after the death of his foster-m other. H e had been first stim u­
lated b y an au n t’s corpse; looking at the breasts he w ondered if h e had been
nursed as a baby. H e was interested in th e breasts of corpses of middle-
aged or elderly w om en; he w ould touch breasts, kiss th e lips and later
m asturbate. H e had had no heterosexual experience; his concepts of sex­
uality and reproduction were infantile. T h e instinctual drives w ere prim i­
tive oral and anal in character. T h e death o f th e foster-m other, learning
of his adoption and w rangling over th e estate released infan tile aggressive
drives. T h e perversion was an attem p t to overcom e loss of the love object
through con tem pt and disparagem ent of th e form er love ob ject (R apoport,
Г94 2 )-
Case 127' D W . W h ite . M ale. A g e 21. M orgu e attendant. O ffense:
N ecrophilia. T h e father was killed w hen the subject was ten; th e m other
was sickly and nervous. H e never married. H e was a confirm ed m asturbator
b u t denied hom osexual acts. H e perform ed one act of heterosexual inter­
course, at eighteen, w ith a slightly younger girl w ith w hom h e was in love
and w ho died several m onths later. U pset by her death ic wis ice о
buried w ith her. H e m asturbated w ith phantasies o f intercourse w ith . brother. H e had m any girl friends w ho treated him as one o f them selves.
W ish e d to enter m edical school b u t was financially u nable so h e entered
a school of undertaking and em balm ing. F o r som e tim e he fo u g h t^ o ffa
desire for intercourse w ith fem ale corpses. H e finally yielded and p
form ed cunnilingus resulting in em ission. F requ ently he had to remain
alone in the m orgue at night; he violated scores of c043ses' Pract^ 1IJ8
various perversions; from infants to elderly w om en; sucking the: breasts
perform ing cunnilingus and coitus. T h is occurred as m any as our 0r f iv
tim es w eekly. O n one occasion he drank b lo od and urine; b it th e flesh of
th e buttocks, com m itted sodom y. H e was sent to a hospital for the crim i­
nal insane (D eR iver, 1949)-
C use 138: B rill quotes a case given b y Tsheryaskin (Zur F rage der N ekro
philie. Zeitschrift fur Sexualw issenschaft und Sexualpolitik, c.
19 B oth parents,' b o th siblings were psychotic. T h e p atien t at five to six
foun d pleasure in torturing cats, dogs and later his com panions H is in­
telligence was norm al. H is sex life began at fourteen; this was loose I I
he foun d no gratification. H is sadistic im pulses turned on him self l i e
took pleasure in cuttin g, pinching, beating, etc., him self. In you th h
m ade frequent trips to the cem etery w ith Ins psychotic m other, he Щ
Motivations 127
a m orbid desire to see dead people and to read o f murders, suicides, etc.
A t sixteen he tried to poison him self. H is desire to see corpses increased.
I le could n ot tear him self away from corpses b u t felt m arked anxiety. Fie
look a course in anatom y. T h ere is no accoun t of overt acts. T rea tm en t was
lem porarily helpful. H is condition was traced to constitution and environ­
ment. Fie was unstable, im pulsive; h e witnessed constant fights betw een
jiarents; his father was sadistic. O n e m orning the father w oke the m other
and beat her w ith a heavy rope. Tsheryaskin believes necrophilia develops
011 basis o f psychopathic constitution (B rill, 19 4 1).
Case 139: W h ite . M a le. A g e 30. O vert hom osexual. Arrested for using
Ilie m ails for im m oral purposes and w riting love letters to a m an; he
served three years. Fie was the fourth o f eight children o f w hom tw o died
in infancy. H e was o f average m entality and h ad a high school education.
There were som e secondary fem in ine sex characteristics; he was helpless
and had a girlish appeal. Fie was very religious. Analysis lasted tw o years
resulting in a fair heterosexual adjustm ent. M o th er was “ nervous,” fa­
ther aggressive. T h e fam ily was poor and supported b y a prosperous uncle.
Between his third and fourth years he practiced active fellatio w ith a
cousin. T h is continued off and on over a period o f years. H e never gave
il up b u t practiced it later w ith older m en. F ellatio represented an in-
hintile craving for m other’s breast; he identified him self w ith the m other
and lent h im self passively to pederasty. H e also practiced any other per­
version. H e had been always in the com pany o f girls; he had on ly one
I le was told in childhood th at his fear o f the dead could b e cured b y
lunching a corpse; this turned his phobia into a strong attraction. H e
licquented undertakers’ establishm ents, played tricks on his friends by
fixing him self like a corpse in a coffin. Fie becam e undertaker’s paid as-
.1 .taint and practiced fellatio on corpses. Passive hom osexuality and necro­
philia were a by-product of a w eak sexual constitution. H e was m asochistic,
lb s sex desire was n ot restricted to corpses; he preferred livin g objects.
The dead played a great part in his phantasies; based on m other and
г i uidm other fixation. Corpses represented th e dead m other or th e uncon-
•k ions infantile m other w hose breast he craved. H e was fixated at an in-
1,ml ilc polym orphous-perverse stage: he rapidly overcam e conscious loath-
mi; N ecrophilia in this case is m erely a variation o f form er practices. H e
" .is a tim id personality; it was hard for him to obtain sexual gratifica-
lion: he had been thrashed and disgraced w hen he sought hom osexual con-
1,hT,. Is necrophilia a perversion in th e same sense as sadism and maso-
1 11ism? A perversion represents an anatom ical transgression from the parts
"I Ihe body destined for sexual union or tarrying at interm ediate stage
( Fi end) . F ellatio, cunnilingus, pedicatio are true perversions; th ey abro-
1 ilc norm al sex aim. Fetishism is an unsuitable substitute for th e sex
object. T h ese are perversions only w hen they are exclusive and fixed.

128 Motivations
D estruction of the dam of sham e, disgust and m orality in necrophilia re­
quires more psychic labor than in th e construction o f any other perversion
(B rill, 19 4 1).
Case 140: W h ite . M ale. A g e 32. N ecrophilia. H e was alm ost blin d from
birth and had no vocation. H e was the eighth o f thirteen children o f w h om
five died early. T h e father was unstable, a profligate, im provident; e
rarely w orked b u t forced th e children to w ork. T h e patien t was attached
to the m other w ho was hard-working and healthy. H e had a high schoo
education, was w ell read, loved m usic and art. H e com plained of a m or­
bid desire to k ill to get a dead body. H e w ished to m u tilate it, w a low in
it eat it. H e was w illin g to substitute a dead horse or large anim al. O n ly
once had he gratified his desires, w ith a dead chicken. A ll his senses w eic
keenly developed. H e was fixated at a pre-genital level; he never attained
genitality and ob ject finding in th e norm al sense. In early ch ildh ood he
was in delicate health; he liked to steal away from others and look for
m anure, garbage or a body. H e had a phantasy o f b akin g his m other,
grandm other and sister in a b ig cake. W h e n a little girl friend died lie
w anted to drink th e blood; h e tried to sneak m to th e corpse; w anted to
b e buried w ith th e body. H e had a desire to drink b lood . H e lived near
a slaughter-house; h e w anted to lie naked, catch the anim al b lood. His
craving was never m anifest as a direct sexual gratification. A t twenty-seven
he visited a prostitute b u t this resulted in a fiasco. H e was interested 111
other b od ily secretions; h e liked to lick off sweat, to devour hum an anc
anim al excreta. H e had a breast phantasy, th a t the breast w ould burst and
the b ab y fall in. H is m orbid desire was based on ungratified desire tor
m other’s m ilk. In childhood his hunger had been rarely satisfied. C o P™'
philia and necrophagism w ere associated w ith his enhanced sense of sme .
H e spent m uch o f his childhood in cellars, evil-sm elling crude pits; he
enjoyed th e odor of carrion. T h e filthy cellar was a safe retreat from play
mates; he was alert for noises, dripping w ater or of eatm g or drinking
som ething soft. T h is is like the anxious expectation of neurotics who
have observed the prim al scene. T h e cellar sounds caused pleasure and
anxiety. T h e scream o f a w om an w ould create an im pulse to rush a t her
and finally crush ou t life. In childhood he hugged and kissed girls and
sisters or m other. W h e n th ey objected he w ould say, “ If you were dead
could kiss and hu g you as m uch as I liked.” T h e m ore resistance encoun­
tered, th e greater was his w ish th a t they b e dead or passive. H e slept
w ith brothers and sisters till he was fifteen. H e craved epiderm al contact}
there was no genital eroticism . O ral and auditory incorporation and respir­
atory introjection are closely connected. T h e prim acy of th e penis wax
never established. H is sister offered herself to him b u t th e attem p t resulted j
always in failure; she finally becam e convinced that he w anted only a dead
b od y H e asked his grandm other to leave him her body. M asturbation at
tw elve was a tem porary antidote. H is conflict over m asturbation wa»
Motivations 129
not great. H e had no genital needs; hardly any erogenous feelin g w ith
I lie penis. Som e phantasies showed a desire to return to th e w om b. H is
erotic outlets w ere as dissimulated as in th e new-born. H is sex aim differs
even from that o f th e average pervert, w ho is usually fixed in som ething
and has good ego and superego organization. T h e patien t gave no impres­
sion of neurosis. H e sought help from fear o f m urder and consequences.
II is m orbid personality was m ainly due to blindness. A ll other organs re-
lained their pristine sensitiveness or over-developm ent. T h e skin possesses
Ilie quality o f assum ing erogeneity; w hen the predestined zon e is inhibited
another can take its place. H e craved oral, auditory, respiratory contacts
bill principally derm al. H e had no superego; was m orally idiotic. N ecro ­
philia is perhaps n ot so deeply determ ined psychogenetically as other per­
versions. N atu ral developm ent is based on constitution and fate. H e did not
have to overcom e sham e, disgust, m orality because h e had no superego.
N ecrophilia is m ore frequent than is recognized (B rill, 19 4 1).
111. P rostitu tion : P rostitution is m ore a com m ercial than a sex problem .
D estitu tion offers tw o dangers, venereal disease and destruction of the
sexual capacity in an im m ature, inexperienced or incom petent m ale through
udicule, etc. L ittle can be offered in th e w ay o f therapy to cure prostitu­
tion. M o st prostitutes com e from inferior social groups; m any are of in-
leiior intelligence and could n ot hold better jobs (Selling, 5, 1947)-
Prostitution is a socio-econom ic problem (G u ttm ach er, 1 951 ) . (See
Gases 141-143.)
( 'use 141: W h ite . F em ale. A ge 16. She was apprehended in a taxicab
where she was having relations w ith the N egro cab driver. She was know n
o’, a prostitute and m arijuana addict. F ath er was a chronic drunkard, dull
and illiterate. T w o aunts were sexually prom iscuous. T h e m other had died
Inflowing a self-induced abortion. She was th e third of four children; all
llic others had served tim e in prison or reform school. H er parents had
■' pa rated w hen she was small; she stated that from the age of seven her
■ i rpfal hcr had had relations w ith her; it is not know n w hether or n ot this
Is line. A fte r her m oth er’s death, she lived w ith an un cle in a noisy,
11111 nkcn, disorderly hom e; she probably had sex relations w ith him and
с illi a roomer. A t thirteen she becam e pregnant and induced abortion. A t
luiirleen, she was livin g w ith a m an and occasionally prostituted for extra
lands; at fifteen she was livin g w ith various m en and began cunnilingus;
I hr. brought satisfaction. A fter that she prostituted for funds, b u t carried
mi hom osexual activities for sexual satisfaction. She was n ot cooperative,
mil intelligent. She had always desired to be a boy; she hated m en. She
мах disinterested in altering her behavior; intended to con tin ue prostitu-
I и hi Factors were her dull intelligence and difficult life situation w ith no
•tiling fam ilial relations. She w ill probably never have a norm al love life
(W aggon er and Boyd, 1941) .
i зо Motivations
Case 142: P atient was a w om an of thirty-two w ho had been a prostitute
b u t had later m ade a m ore satisfactory social adjustm ent. A secretary, she
cam e for treatm ent because absentm indedness interfered w ith her work;
she frequently typed tw o lines on th e same space. She was th e daughter
o f a judge, one o f three siblings. She had been carefully educated and
supervised, b ut at seventeen was seduced. She m anifested aggression against
her parents b y indiscrim inate sex relations w ith m en. She left hom e and
was hired by a tavern as prostitute. She claim ed to enjoy the life. She fell
in love w ith a w ealthy farm er, left her job and lived w ith him ; b u t w hen
h e had to leave her to return hom e to marry, his approaching marriage
aroused anxiety, tension, th e old desire to becom e prom iscuous. I11 the last
rendezvous she shot him fatally, then herself. She recovered, was tried,
acquitted. She k ep t the clippings of the w idely-publicized trial and showed
them proudly. She becam e secretary to her law yer w ho was also a dog
breeder. She avoided intim ate relations w ith men; her interest in sex
petered out and she led a conservative and respectable life. T h e basic
factor was father fixation and h ate o f the m other. H er first lover was a
father im age. E xhibition ism was satisfied b y th e pu blicity of the trial.
Strong laten t hom osexuality was revealed; she was proud o f the affair w ith
the m an she killed, a w ell-know n D o n Juan. A girl w ith a strong father
fixation m ost frequently becom es a nym phom aniac or prostitute. H o m o­
sexual tendencies are shown in her hatred to m en, her psychosexual in ­
fantilism . H er lover fitted into the bisexual pattern. H is betrayal brought
about narcissistic injury, he becam e th e target of violent hatred; he rep­
resented the w hole m ale sex. Elom icide discharged her hate and restored
narcissism. T h e hom osexual com ponen t was sublim ated in dog breeding.
T h e typew riter spacer represents an unconscious desire to relive the dra­
m atic experience, to alleviate intolerable guilt. She reproduced symboli
cally her last m eeting w ith her lover b u t this tim e did not pull th e spacer,
i.e., refrained from pulling the trigger. Som etim es a m orally responsible
individual is driven into an antisocial w ay o f life b y personal cataclysms;
here catastrophic events hastened recovery and social adjustm ent (W en -
graf, 1943).
C ase 143: W h ite . F em ale. A ge 26. A poten tial prostitute. T h e youngest
of five sisters. H er parents died early and she was brought up b y an
older sister. She lived w ith a m arried sister; was unable to w ork due to
agoraphobia and claustrophobia. She kept com pany w ith a m arried man
for five years w ith heterosexual relations; w ith another, eligible m an for
tw o years. She suffered from anxiety, anorexia, fear o f phthisis and
insanity, desire to reduce cocktail intake. H er dreams revolve around pros
titution, m olestation, cleaning out, C inderella phantasies, seductive females
or w itches, flight and m asturbation phantasies, fellatio. A t sixteen she
found her “ sister” was really her m other; her w orld illusion was shat
tercd. T h e general picture shows am bivalency o f libido and retreat into
Motivations 131
liom oerotic desire, conflict regarding food assim ilation and the need for
' liildren. T h e unconscious fight against pregnancy and presence o f ano-
icxia represents resistance to oral desires, perm its regression to homo-
11otic attach m ents and release or aggression against all m en. T h ere is a
■ I1ift from oral cannibalism to anal sadism, sado-necrophilia. H er environ­
ment was destitute o f men figures; her entire m ental w orld until sixteen
was bu ilt on a lie. T h e m ajor conflict regarded frustration desires. Ano-
icxia was a conversion sym ptom . T h e libid o em phasis shifted to m other
identification. She needed to reach th e m other’s level, preserve th e com ­
pensatory idealized goal and yet depreciate it. T h e prostitution w ish was
ultim ately incestuous. She defended self against the prostitution w ish by
denying her appetite and starving herself. She reverted to pre-genital love.
II the drunken father seduced th e eldest daughter and he is really the
patient’s father, the pattern is established for a lon g chain o f com pulsive
needs. In such cases there is a need for unconscious exhibitionism and
prostitution. A lco h o l is th e illegitim ate satiation o f appetite w hich she
Ind its in obsessionalism based on sado-necrophilia. Anorexia is designed to
piescrve th e link w ith the m other through psychic innocence, the accep t­
ance of a passive hom osexual role (G o ite in , 1942).
I I. W hite Slavery, Bigamy: B igam y, w h ite slavery and violation of the
Mai m A c t universally included w ith sex crimes do n ot usually b elon g there.
W h ite slavery is essentially a predatory crim e, the individual w hite slaver
d< living no personal sexual satisfaction from th e procedure (K arpm an,
1(1, 1944). (See Cases Г44, 145.)
In bigam y sexual disturbance is less prom inent than other factors. M ale
hipamists are either em otionally im m ature or they are swindlers for w hom
mu triages are a w ay of appropriating m oney from wives. T o the neurotic
hiq.iinist, bigam y is a search for th e ideal w ife, a mother-figure. T h e m otive
1 em otional dependence. In sw indler bigam y th e m oney gained is one
I•к 111 of gratification; another is th e w itnessing o f pain and hum iliation
hi Hie wives. A pattern o f unconscious hostility, derived from infan tile
1 onllict, causes him to b e in a special psychological position in w hich he
m u st injure one o f his w om en. T h e fem ale bigam ist’s background is often
1 difficult m arital situation w ith ou t em otional satisfaction. C o m p ellin g
i m otional needs, protection, sexual gratification, need for kind, affectionate
I<11 <111 surrogate, dem and im m ediate satisfaction (B rom berg, 1948).
1 if.i- 144: Irish. W h ite . F em ale. A g e abou t 27. O ffen se: B igam y (eight
iages, also lived w ith several param ours). S he m arried at thirteen
li'cling that her parents w anted to be rid of her. T h ere was no sexual life
rilid si ic left her husband. A t sixteen she bigam ously married another man
vs Iki becam e the father o f her four children. She m ade six other marriages
illi frequent returns to the second husband. She was the on ly child of
p.mails who were in em otional difficulties; they were divorced w hen she
132 Motivations
was tw enty-two. B o th rejected her. H er marriages she regarded as play-
marriages; no m arriage was real; her husbands were only m en “ w ho took
care of her.” A p parently she interpreted her m other’s concurrence to th e
first m arriage as an order; obedience to her m other is a m ode o f seeking
th e m other’s love; the marriages w ere a search for a protecting, lovin g
parent (B rom berg, 1948).
C ase 145: W h ite . M ale. A g e 28. O ffen se: V io la tio n o f th e M an n A ct;
he forced his w ife into prostitution. M atern al ancestry shows a suspi­
cion of a psychotic strain. H e is near-illiterate. T h e re were early indica­
tions o f d eveloping neurosis; enuresis, pyrom anic reactions, suggestibil­
ity; he was susceptible to th e antisocial suggestions of older m en w ho
encouraged him to fight and steal. H is accou n t o f his m other intim ates
that she regarded him incestuously; this is probably th e projection of his
ow n desires. T h e m other had him com m itted to th e state reform atory w here
he experienced b ru tality and was trained along crim inal lines. H is career
included stealing, hold-ups, un detected murder, counterfeiting; he finally
forced his w ife (w hom he had been forced to m arry) into prostitution.
T h is is the on ly offense for w h ich h e was convicted. H e never was able
to separate him self from hom e; at the first opportunity returned to his
m other. U p o n a psychotic episode o f the situational type h e was sent to
St. E lizabeths. His sex life was precocious b u t consistently heterosexual.
His sex life was apparently split into tw o com ponents, physical and spirit­
ual, th e latter was reserved for his m other. H e form ed no b in d in g attach­
m ents tow ard th e opposite sex. H is sex life, perhaps also his crim inal life,
was characterized b y alternating periods o f aggression and depression. His
callous attitu d e tow ard his w ife is explained as a projection upon her of
his hatred toward his m other for refusing his love; revenge for the forced
marriage, hopelessness o f defective occupational adjustm ent and brutality
in hom e and reform atory. It is possible th a t h e looked on w om en as de­
graded, inferior creatures, only fit to b e prostitutes. H e showed many
psychopathic traits b u t th e picture is neurotic; h e lacks predatory aggres­
siveness, is w eak rather than bad (K arpm an, 21, 1948).
14. Bestiality: A n im al contacts in th e northeastern quarter o f the
U n ited States are largely confined to rural populations and are primarily
activities of pre-adolescent and younger adolescent boys (K insey, Pom eroy
and M artin , 1948).
Case 146: B. G . W h ite . F em ale. A g e 19. O ffen se: Bestiality; intercourse
w ith pet dog. C om p leted high school; one year of college. Parents arc
living, in good health. F am ily history is negative. She was raised 011 .1
farm; at an early age w itnessed sex act betw een m are and stallion; this
impressed her very m uch. A b o u t this tim e she began to m asturbate. She
felt great interest in th e sex life o f farm anim als. R elations w ith a m ale
dog continued over several years (D eR iver, 1949)-
Motivations 133
G. O C C U L T SEX U AL O FFEN SES
I■ Sexual M otivation of Non-Sexual Crim es: C rim in als should be classi-
licd on the basis o f m otivation rather than o f behavior; the legal classifi-
cation o f crim e (against property, against person and against m orals) has
no basis in reality. W h a t appears to be a predatory crim e m ay have a m oti­
vation not entirely predatory; a crim e seem ing to be assault on a person
may turn out to b e sexual. Psychiatry shows that crim inal behavior has its
origins in the long past; instant crim inality is b u t the end result o f a long
train of events (K arpm an, x7, 1946).
“ Sex crim es” include crimes w h ich are sex substitutes. A sex-substituting
ciim inal m ay have a dream state o f relaxation follow in g a crim e w hich is
1 substitute for m asturbation. A s there is guilt, it is n ot rem em bered. Sane
persons can not recall truly their w ilfu l wrong-doings; the option is either
aiicide or poor m em ory recall, w ith distortion. T h is is n ot a true amnesia
but lack o f atten tion — “ I d on ’t care to try to rem em ber.” T h e greatest
IIn ill, so great that there is a com pulsion to repeat, is th at w hich com es to
Ilie non-duty killer w ho gets his victim ’s blood on his hands. O fte n there is
oigasm, a super-orgasm. A ction s are sem i-autom atic, semi-purposeful; the
purpose is to m ake possible a repetition o f th e thrill. Such persons are not
IInly am nesic (H ulb ert, 1946).
In m urder cases, the victim m ay be a sym bolic representation o f the
murderer’s self. T h e conflict w ithin a schizoid person is so intolerable
H1.1I suicide seems the only solution. Self-destructive im pulses becom e
distorted in their aim; tendencies toward self-injury are projected onto
I lie victim . O fte n the basic conflicts are related to unconscious fear o f in­
jury because o f sexual guilt. A n xiety is directly related to fear o f injury of
ll"' sexual organs, castration fear, arising in response to strong uncon-
miis gu ilt feelings (Brom berg, 1948).
M any crim inal acts are substitutes for unconscious perverse impulses
I Koche, 1950). (See C ase 148.)
Substitute Offenses:
1 cium es o r v io l e n c e : R obbery w ith a gun represents a hom osexual
ill и к upon and coitus w ith th e father. T h ere is a strong phallic elem ent
hi Ilie gun. R obb ery o f a certain type is often m ore oral than anal, repre-
i nl mg m ore o f an assault, m ore closely conn ected w ith the m other and
Hu breast. In burglary the oral com ponen t predom inates over the anal;
ib' phallic com ponen t is less prom inent. T h e youn g burglar often be-
• limes a robber b u t progression from robbery to burglary is rare. W h e n the
bmglary is n ot elaborately planned, the house is often a sym bol for the
Mini her. O n e w ho has com m itted a robbery is a relatively safe individual
in I lie com m u nity as far as w om en are concerned (F oxe, 193 6). (See C ase
х 34 Motivations
Assaults, m utilations and m urder m ay serve as stim uli for th e genital act
and b ecom e equivalents o f th e same, the deed b ein g accom panied by
erection, ejaculation and orgasm. D u rin g th e perpetration o f th e deed,
the strength o f the perpetrator m ay rise to enorm ous heights, conscious­
ness seeing n oth in g b u t the chosen victim . A cts o f injury and sight o f vic­
tim ’s blood stim ulate lu stfu l feeling. Phantasies of such individuals often
play w ith pictures of b lood, m utilation, torture and rape (K arpm an , 10,
^Sexuality is a factor in m any crim inal cases. M u rd er m ay have sexual
roots (K arpm an, 23, 1949)- (S ee Cases 148, 151, 152, 153) .
Sexual elem ents are probably present in m ost hom icides b u t are rarely
b rought to view (R o ch e, 1950). (See Cases 147, 154» г 55 ) ’
Case 147: W h ite . M ale. A ge 18. O ffense: S tabbing a strange girl in neck
in a m ovie theater. T h e assault was apparently purposeless. F ath er was
alcoholic and dom ineering; h e was h ated b y the patient, w ho often
planned to stab him to death b u t lost his nerve. T h e father forced the pa­
tien t to stop school and go to w ork at sixteen. A fte r an unpleasant scene
he left hom e, slept in parks and b ou gh t a k itch en k n ife for spreading
bread. Fie decided to go to jail b u t th ou gh t he m igh t as w ell get som e tun
out o f it so decided to stab som e girl. H e had never m asturbated, never ex- j
perienced orgasm. H e reported an early preoccupation w ith his perns;
he w anted to hurt it and forced in pins, toothpicks, a needle. FIc had hac
no sex education, showed no curiosity. H e developed a grow ing hatred tor
w om en; he had grotesque and horrible phantasies o f torturing them , in­
volvin g exhibitions of superhum an strength (com pensatory m echanism 1
W o m e n w ere an unconscious sexual object; h e was never indifferent to
them . T h ere was no localized sexual excitem ent. In the hospital lie began
to attem p t to produce erection and emission by m asturbation. W r e n al
last he was successful he began to lose interest in his sadistic phantasies.
Possibly in the background m ay b e an originally sadistic conception 0
parental intercourse. H e had no record of really crim inal activity, most ot
his crim inality was a m atter o f phantasy like his sadism Psychotherapy
was lim ited b u t beneficial; th e phantasies disappeared, he b ecam e able Iо
“ get along all right” w ith girls. W h a t appeared on the surface as a crime
against the person was m otivated b y purely sexual m otives, therefore il
was a sexual crim e (K arpm an, 17, 1946) •
Case 148: Irwin. W h ite . M a le. A g e 29. C rim e: M u rd er of three women
and a m an. T h e m other was fanatically religious; tw o brothers had served
lon g penitentiary sentences. M o th er and brothers were congenitally
syphilitic. H is first delinquency was at tw elve. H e w orked as a s c u l p t o r ,
was considered a talented artist. H e com plained of insom nia and inability
to concentrate; he becam e a patien t in a psychopathic hospital w here lie
was som etim es depressed and suicidal or quarrelsom e and assaultive. Щ
was diagnosed as a psychopathic personality and released after improve
Motivations 135
m ent. H e was later readm itted w ith a self-inflicted laceration a t the base
of the penis; castration was part o f a plan for sublim ating sexual energy
into creative channels. F requen t hospitalizations follow ed. H e murdered
Ins m other, his form er landlady, her daughter and a m ale boarder; th e
boarder he killed w ith an ice pick w h ile asleep; he strangled the w om en.
T h is is a case o f slowly progressive schizophrenia. A s the self-assurance
behind his hopes for an art career began to fade h e was forced to face his
inferiority feelings. H e had rationalized th at he could develop artistic
visualization beyond that o f any other artist. M asturbation w ith guilt
leclings had always troubled him . T h e solution that appeared to him was
I ustration, to release the sexual tensions w hich he im agined obstructed
IIis artistic achievem ent. R ejectio n b y his ego of his “ weak fem ale” attri­
butes influenced him to turn his self-destructive impulses to w om en
(Brom berg, 1948).
( inse 149: W h ite . M ale. O ffense: H old up w ith a dangerous weapon.
I’atient was seventh in a C ath o lic fam ily o f eleven children. T h ree broth-
( is were in m ental hospitals, the m other was a victim of dem entia prae-
cox. Patient had an I. Q . o f seventy. Fie le ft school at sixteen. H e was un­
m anageable, a rebel; led a life o f petty crim e. T h e father was stern and
ngid. T h e patien t practiced active fellatio. H is childhood recall dw elt
mi scenes o f torture and revenge. H e disliked a show o f authority, despised
people. H e was preoccupied, defiant, a hom osexual. H e reacted w ith
apathy, prison stupor, paranoid suspicions. H e had delusions o f m agic
powers. O ral traits were persistent. O ral features are shown in the love o f
•■eiisationalism and crim inal success. T h e inten t was that o f urethral sad-
I 111. F ellatio is closely related to oral restitution phantasies. T h e crim i­
n a l ' s reality levels o f fun ction in g coincide w ith laten t aggressive phanta-
•ucs. U rethral destructive phantasies o f the praecox illustrate regressive
levels. T h e schizoid split represents th e unintegrated com ponen t o f in-
•I met. E rotism derives from aggression, p o ten cy from m asochism . T h is
I ase centers on the unresolved oedipal conflict, sym ptom ized in stealing and
b llatio. T h e gun is identified with phallus and nipple (G o ite in , 1943).
( 'ase 150: W h ite . M ale. A g e 18. H e follow ed an unknow n girl hom e and
IIik к her in the face. T h e subject was obviously over-worked. H e had
IIn inerly shunned girls. H e denied heterosexuality, hom osexuality, mas-
1111 bation. Fie was tense w ith little insight. H e claim ed he lost control
(Sliaskan, 1939).
( 'ase 151: W h ite . M ale. A ge 27. O ffense: M urd er and robbery. D eath
■и Icnee for murder com m uted to life im prisonm ent, later to tw elve years
nl confinem ent, com m uted to eigh t years for good behavior. W h e n he
I' ani cd be had been adopted he felt there was som ething w rong about him ,
Id I Ibat he was an orphan, a bastard, son of a prostitute. FIc hated all
women. H e began at about six to steal, often fem ale articles; these were

1 36 Motivations
revengeful acts directed against th e m other. P unishm ent w ould increase his
hostility. H e felt his folks did n ’t love him and he b ecam e attached to his
aunt; he turned to m asturbation w ith incestuous phantasies. H ate for
m other and love for aunt constituted a double barrier to heterosexual inter­
ests. C o n trib u tin g factors were early pam pering, the b low to his pride in
learning of his birth, inferiority and hum iliation, hate and search for re­
venge. T h e hate he could n ot centralize and release on th e real m other was
projected on every w om an. H is libido was directed into m ore infan tile
activities; hom osexuality, incestuous phantasies, auto-erotism . C rim in al acts
w ere substitutive, never reaching th e original goal b u t serving as an out­
let for antipathic em otions (K arpm an, 5 ).
C ase 152: T h e crim e discussed b y Bachm eister took place in th e 18th
century. A s a you th o f seventeen th e patien t com m itted acts of bestiality
on various animals. A t twenty-six he was troubled b y a bad conscience, a
C ath o lic, he confessed and was absolved. A t thirty-tw o he married; doubts
continued to trouble him , he resorted to alcohol and contem plated sui­
cide b u t had n ot enough courage. H e abandoned his fam ily and started to
lead a vagrant life; this too failed. H e felt he could n ot expiate his crim e
except b y k illin g som eone. H e considered one child, then another, finally
decided upon a neighbor’s child , a b oy, w hom he stabbed to death, then
w aited to b e arrested. H e confessed readily and w anted to die. H is irre­
sponsibility was recognized and he was condem ned to life im prisonm ent.
T h e au thor’s interpretation is that the patien t needed to be executed for a
m ajor crim e and that he had first selected his ow n child as the victim . In
th e opinion o f th e abstractors (1943) this does n ot m eet th e situation
adequately (B achm eister, 1940).
Case 1 53: X . M ale. A g e 15. O ffense: K illed twelve-ycar-old girl w ith m u lti­
p le stab wounds. T h e subject had com pleted th e ten th grade and was a
good student. F ath er, m oth er and brother age thirteen are livin g and well.
H is history is negative. Fie is w ell-oriented, his w ealth of know ledge is
good b u t judgm ent poor. H e is lacking in affect. H e had k now n th e girl
for ten years; he denied th e crime; said he had entered her hom e and she
was lyin g on th e floor dead. H e showed no remorse, no feeling. Stah
w ounds w ere inflicted abou t breast and posterior thoracic region. T h e giil
was w ell-developed, a virgin. H e was tried, convicted and com m itted to
penitentiary (D eR iver, 1949).
C ase 154: G regorio C ardenas strangled four w om en in little m ore than
a m on th w ith no apparent m otivation. D r. L a Fora, testifyin g for th e dc
fense, stated C ardenas was the victim of pathological im pulses o f an cpi
leptic nature, that he lost conscious control, claim ed m ore or less com plete
am nesia for the acts and later in full awareness attem pted to cover them
up. H e claim ed an inherited tenden cy to epilepsy w ith epileptic equiva­
lents in infancy. H e called atten tion to the explosive, u nprem editated 11a-
Motivations 137
lure of the hom icides, follow ing th e same pattern in every detail. H e
claim ed the R orschach protocol was typical of epilepsy. A second diagno­
sis by official psychiatric experts appointed b y the court considered
Cardenas a neurotic w ith an active O edipus com plex. H e had a careful
prolonged psychoanalysis. T h e acts were considered to be the result o f a
conflict betw een a strong instinctive tenden cy and a social setup w hich
provided no outlet. T h ird opinion: schizophrenia. A d van ced in support
of this were: psychic free association, inner insecurity, lack of initiative,
disordered consciousness, schizoid withdraw al. C eniceros believes possibly
other opinions could have been added. W h e n the M exican psychiatrists
appointed by the court issue their final opinion to th e court, it w ill prob­
ably clarify th e w hole problem (C eniceros, 1944).
Case 155: Peter K iirten (K arl Berg: T h e Sadist. Library o f A bnorm al
Psychological T ypes. L ond on , 1938). O ffense: M urder; arson. G ran d fath er
was an alcoholic and had served sentence for theft. F ath er was a drunkard
and violent; had been im prisoned for incest w ith his daughter. M o th er
was norm al. T w o sisters had m ade incestuous advances to him . T w o
brothers were in prison. A t nine, cruelty was pleasurable. H e saw a dog
catcher hurt dogs and was shown how to interfere w ith them sexually. A t
lliirteen he com pressed the neck of a squirrel and ejaculated. H e was fa­
miliar w ith sex and w ith th e prim al scene. H e com m itted bestiality w ith a
sheep; achieved orgasm by stabbing it. H e was gu ilty of em bezzlem ent.
I11 intercourse he stim ulated him self b y pin ch in g th e girl. Intercourse
w ith a w om an was successful only w hen he mistreated her. H e threatened
10 kill her and was im prisoned. His first murders were o f children of ten. H e
■I1angled them , fingered th e genitals, cu t their throats. H e was im pris­
oned for arson. H e married b u t continued prom iscuous affairs. A fter four
years he abandoned sadistic violence for arson and set eighteen fires. In
I’cbruary he attacked a w om an w ith scissors, stabbed and killed a m an. In
March, he killed a child. In July he tried to kill three people. In A ugust he
killed tw o girls, tw o children, stabhed three girls and a m an and tried to
11angle a girl. In Septem ber he tried to kill tw o people. In O cto b er he
killed one, tried to k ill tw o more. In N ovem ber he strangled and stabbed
' child w ith scissors. H is heredity was bad; he him self blam ed his environ­
ment, the drunken incestuous father, etc. H e stated he had com m itted
murders as child; this was n o t confirm ed. H e was stim ulated by flow ing
blood and killed for this purpose. H e experienced sexual excitem ent from
return to th e scene o f crim e. In some cases he had orgasm at th e graves of
Ilie victim s. H e did n ot usually attem p t to violate the victim s. H is potency
was weak unless he was stabbing. Fie was narcissistic in his dress. Fie
showed no sadistic cruelty to his w ife ( C . A llen , 1940).
b ste a lin g : A disorder o f the sexual instinct m ay express itself in k lep to­
mania o f a fetishistic type. T h e patient m ay steal w om en ’s underwear
13 8 Motivations
w hile in an ordinary case of kleptom ania he m ay steal trinkets or things of
little value, b u t m any needless duplicates (G lu eck , 192 7).
M o st cases of th eft have little or n othin g to do w ith the predatory im ­
pulse. A s w ith other delinquencies; the nam es truancy, assault, th eft, etc.,
m ean nothing and if w e are to diagnose crim e correctly w e m ust turn our
a tten tion away from labels and toward th e real causes and their remedies.
A little boy at school stole spectacles, n othin g b u t spectacles. It was found
th at he felt th at because he practiced m asturbation it was visible in his
face to those w ho looked closely. H en ce he deprived his neighbors of their
spectacles (Gorden, 1928). , .
K leptom ania is looked on as a sym ptom atic act th e m otive ot w hich is
unconscious. S tekel’s thesis is th at ungratified sexuality is an etiologic fac­
tor. K leptom ania m ay b e related to frustrated love, jealousy and rivalry
to im potence, frigidity, to hom osexuality, sado-m asochism , fetishism and
other fixed ideas. O ccasion ally cases have been found in w hich th e act is
follow ed b y an orgasm. T h e presence of secondary em otions, anxiousness,
excitem ent, som atic tension and release suggests the presence of the sex­
ual situation (K arpm an, 8 , 1930) • (^ee ^ ases 157' 159-) . ,.
F requently delinquen cy is substituted for sex activity. Thus stealing
m ay be an outlet for sex tension (R ich m on d , 1939)-
T h e pickpocket has a fixation in the same phase as the burglar, the oral
phase w ith added anal com ponent. Scoptopliilia and furtiveness are seen
in the burglar (F oxe, 193 6). . i .
S tealing represents th e a ttem p t to solve th e desire for bisexual gratifica­
tion fixation at pre-genital level, on the m other and inability to com plete
identification w ith father figure. It results from a conspiracy betw een
pow erful constitution al oral and anal instincts and w eak ego, resulting
from the operation of libidinal forces in psychopathological fam ily con ­
stellation. In tw elve cases o f stealing in boys, 7 to 19, each case presented
fem inine character traits, m aladjustm ent and disturbed fam ily relations.
T h e re was no m asculine genital expression fitting the age. Repressed im ­
pulses were incorporated into th e structure o f stealing sym ptom s. In these
cases the unconscious con ten t of the sym ptom was an attem p t to retrieve
from the m other that o f w h ich she deprived him (M enaker, 1939). (bcc
C ase 156.) . lo apartm ents where w om en lived alone; his purpose was to steal intim ate
N o b etter proof is needed th a t genetically the kleptom an iac and pyro-
m aniac and the sexual offender are m uch alike than that throughout, the
same em otional problem s found in one are strikingly found in the other.
T h e dream and phantasy life of th e kleptom an iac and pyrom am ac, like
th at o f m any other neurotics, teem s w ith scenes of a sexual nature such as
exhibitionism , hom osexuality, etc.; w hile th e dream life and phantasy life
of the sexual offender is n ot at all un like that fou n d in other neuroses
(K arpm an, 11, 1940).
A m o n g th e sym bolic sexual acts is kleptom an ia, l l i c kleptom aniac
Motivations 139
steals th a t w hich is denied b y an artificial m oral code w hich cannot be re­
ceived in any other way. T h e true kleptom an iac belongs in the impulse-
ridden and com pulsive group. F em ale kleptom aniacs are believed to b e
sexually unsatisfied w om en w ith trem endous hostility (G u ttm ach er, 1951 ) .
Case 1 76: B en. A g e 15. O ffense: Stealing. A lon g history o f stealing began
at six. F ath er was a com pulsive neurotic b u t lived a happy m arital life.
Ben was the oldest of three siblings. S ince the age of tw elve he was a
chronic stealer, usually from cellars. H e took books, tools, bicycles, sold
them and spent the m oney for sweets and movies. H e hated the opposite
sex; disliked his sister. H e was unable to accept his father as ego ideal. H e
had been nursed until fourteen m onths and was always an eating problem .
11 с was toilet-trained at six m onths and has been constipated ever since.
T h e m other was a depriving person; she threatened to take his penis
away if he m asturbated resulting in castration fears and in thoughts of
woman as a castrator. F ath er told him h e w ould be sterile if lie m astur­
bated. T h ese threats resulted in regression from the phallic level, fortified
by the denials of the m other. H e had overt hom osexual relations w ith a
Negro, passive fellatio; this kept him from m asturbation. H e can not toler-
alc the fact that the w om an has no penis because o f his fear of castration.
I lom osexual acts and stealing represent attem pts to retain the concep t of
I lie w om an w ith a penis and avoid castration by identification w ith her.
Stealing represents an attem p t to retrieve from the m other the object she
deprived him of— breast, faeces, penis— and the satisfaction they repre­
sent. Identification w ith the phallic m other w ho robbed him is an attem pt
Iо get from th e father the satisfaction denied him b u t w hich the father
gave to the m other. H e w anted to be loved b y the father as th e m other
was. Stealing expressed the wish to be the possessor and recipient of the
penis. In this case the m other was narcissistic, the father was also narcis­
sistic w ith hom osexual impulses. T h e result is a fem inine personality in
1 boy w ith the desire to receive reversed into active taking (M enaker, 1939).
( \tse 157: K . D . A d u lt. W h ite . M ale. O ffense: Burglary. H e had served
a num ber of sentences for the same offense. In prison he m alingered in-
■a 11it у and was sent to St. Elizabeths. It was found there that he w en t only
b niininc garm ents w hich he used for m asturbation. H e was a fetishistic
I leptom aniac. His sex life had been detoured into abnorm al channels. H e
bad tried to m ake a heterosexual adjustm ent b u t could not; he married
bid bis w ife divorced him (K arpm an, 23, 1949).
1 'use 158: M arried w om an. A ge 37. She com plained o f hysterical re-
iii lions, attacks o f anxiety, suicidal attem pts. She was dissatisfied and suf-
b ling because of her husband’s apathy and im potence. She had once dis­
covered him having relations w ith another w om an. Fler husband’s
140 Motivations Motivations 141
younger brother had hegun to pursue her w ith attentions. P atien t began fiic. She was in a trance-like state, lacked will, power. F ath er had been ex-
to steal from her husband, trying to get ahead of the brother’s w ife of trem ely severe w ith her and m ade all decisions; now her husband took his
w h om she was jealous (Stekel-K arpm an, 8, 1930 ). place. A s a child she had been preoccupied w ith fire, excited sexually b y
Inc. Since th e age o f four, she had played w ith fire. She had experienced
Case 1 59: A girl of tw enty-tw o had since childhood been stealing from
pleasurable feelings w hen her father rocked her on his knee and had mas-
friends and stores. T h e im pulse was stronger than her w ill pow er b u t her
Inibated from her sixth year un til recently. T h ere had been sexual epi­
conscience did not trouble her. T h e stolen m oney was used to bu y gifts for
sodes w ith her brother; there was a hom osexual attach m ent to th e sister.
others. She felt no attraction to m en although craving their atten tion . A t
She had strong narcissistic tendencies; she stood before her looking-glass
puberty she had been attach ed to a w om an teacher in a sensual relation­
m asturbating. A t sixteen she had been seduced b y an arm y officer w ho sat
ship. She professed a lack of affection for her m oth er w ho had denied her
her on his lap. She married at eighteen against her ow n w ill and was
the love she w anted from her. T h e im pulse to steal was due to ungratified
anaesthetic. She had no m aternal feeling for her children. She was absent-
cravings for affection not to repressed sexuality. F ailin g to enjoy m other’s
m inded, due to phantasies. W h e n her brother cam e to live w ith her she
love, she avenged herself at her m other’s expense. T h is drove her into
had new phantasies; she craved repetition o f infan tile episodes. In that
hom osexuality. C on n ection s w ith hom osexuality (particularly m other or
■I. 11с o f m ind she set fire to his bed. A fter analysis the m orbid sym ptom s
sister) are frequent in fem ale kleptom aniacs. She b ecam e a crim inal be­
and pyrom ania disappeared (Stekel-Karpm an, 8, 1930).
cause she hated som eone. Stealing and giving away go together; stealing
satisfies a particular em otional need; there is no further need for th e object ( ase 162: M r. F . O ffense: Pyrom ania. Pleaded gu ilty to setting three
stolen (Stekel-Karpm an, 8, 1930). 11res, later he recalled setting sixteen in the year before arrest. Fie was the
( ighth o f eleven children. H e suffered from an inferiority com plex. E very
c. p y r o m a n i a : Pyrom ania has abou t the same basic m otivation as k lepto­
wc ck-end he w ould stay up to two a. m. and drink to get m ore nerve. H e
m ania. It m ay be part o f a larger neurotic constellation w ith a m ultiplicity
fill shy, afraid to take up for him self. H e gave in to everyone. Fie had an
o f m otives b eh in d the act. A prom inent etiologic factor is revenge; but
I. Q . o f 78. H e “ felt b ad .” A t six to seven he com peted w ith other boys to
there is a lack of correspondence betw een provocation for hatred and the
sec w ho could urinate farthest. A t eight to n ine he was leader o f a gang.
deed itself. O fte n arson is com m itted either prior to or during the tim e
Al l ci he was left behind in school (he repeated fifth and seventh grades)
o f m enstruation or during pregnancy. Pyrom ania belongs to a particular
lie was convinced he was n ot as smart as other boys. A t thirteen he expe-
developm ental phase in psychosexual developm ent. A w aken in g and un­
1ii nc cd m utual m asturbation; at sixteen he k new others w ere having
gratified sexuality often im pel neurotic persons to seek a sym bolic solution
liclcrosexual relations b u t was afraid to im itate them . A t fourteen he saw
o f th e conflict betw een instinct and reality. M a n y persons w ith pyro­
Hie genitals o f a colored w om an and felt disgust. H e had a fear o f being
m ania have enuresis; there is a relationship betw een pyrom ania and mas­
hooked and having his privates cut off. H e reported a num ber o f experi-
turbation. F ire m ay stim ulate to m asturbation or tend to free one from
i i i c c s o f older m en hand ling his genitals. M asturbation phantasies were
the habit, or m asturbation m ay b e a defense against setting fires. F ire is a
homosexual. T h ere was one experience o f passive fellatio. H e w anted to
sym bol o f sexuality. Paraphiliac persons are always ungratified; their im ­
jnin the fire departm ent b u t was too short. H e was arrested as a firebug
pulses m ust undergo transform ation o f ob ject before finding an outlet.
while drunk. His first fire was set w hen he overturned a lam p in a house of
T h e re is a relation betw een im potence and frigidity and pyrom ania.
prostitution; b y this act he defended him self against the sexual act. H e
H om osexual, sadistic or other regressive m otives m ay b e at w ork. Orgasm
I Nought h im self a pu b lic benefactor for burning dow n the houses o f pros-
m ay b e achieved during conflagration (K arpm an, 8, 1930). (S ee Cases
lil 11tion. W h e n e v e r he w anted to go to a prostitute he set a fire to be dis-
160-163.)
II•" *cc^- ^ ie hose rem inded him o f his childhood urinary contests. H e was
C ase 160: Arsonist. H e knew th e act was w rong and tried to argue him ­ ii Ii 1и id individual. N eed for alcohol and castration fears are tied together.
self out o f it. H e becam e w eak, cold, sweating, trem ulous, nauseous, Ih had seventy-eight interviews. In th e course of treatm ent he becam e
vom ited b u t felt m iraculously b etter w hen h e gave w ay to th e impulse, мине talkative, happier; felt no need for alcohol. H e was satisfied hetero-
H e felt no need to rem ain at the fire; he w en t hom e and to sleep ( Gul l •" xnally, becam e gain fully em ployed and six years later was socially and
m acher, 1 951 ) . ii'Mially adjusted (C o n n , 1949).

C ase 161: A married w om an. A ge 31. C om plain ed o f com pulsive thoughts 1 'ase 163: G eo rge B. N egro. A g e 18. O ffense: Arson. Soaked his ow n bed
o f setting beds or hom es on fire. O n ce she set fire to her brother s bed. She " ' I h kerosene and set fire to it. H e was a bed-w etter till tw elve. H e had
en tertained ideas of revenge tow ard her sister, w anted to set her hom e on in 11 Is. A blood test at fourteen was positive, he was successfully treated
 Motivations 143
142 Motivations
for syphilis. H e did poorly in school and was difficult. O ccu p ation : D ish ­ effect devaluation o f the F rench franc and to m arket a m achine to trans­
w asher and porter. H is m oth er fainted easily. She was th e ch ief discipli­ m ute base m etals to gold. H e was fastidious in dress, o f superior in telli­
narian, b eat him w ith b elt. H is m other was an active C a th o lic 1 atien t was gence. T h ere was one previous arrest for bigam y. H e paid for his house
th e fourth o f seven children. H e denied special interest m fires; said he lurnishings w ith bad checks. Elis parents were strict church people w ho
w en t to w atch th e engines. H e said he never m asturbated. A t thirteen he neglected h im for church activities. A t eight or n ine he practiced m utual
was picked up b y police w ith boys engaging in hom osexual practices; he m asturbation w ith boys and girls; w ith one b oy this activity continued
into adult life. H e had had hom osexual relationships. H eterosexual life
claim ed he was n ot involved. T h is was his on ly previous arrest H e had
began after college. H e cared only to m anipulate partner m anually; did
heterosexual experiences at thirteen or fourteen; tw ice m on th ly w ith a
not care for th e usual sexual relationship. H e had regarded his father as
girl friend. H e cam e hom e from work in bad hum or, quarreled w ith his
C ruel, stern, harsh and was never friendly w ith his m other; he had a feel­
sister and tried to h it her. She threw a b o ttle at h im b u t missed. T he
m other fainted, th e sister ran for a doctor and w hen she cam e hom e saw ing o f strangeness w ith her. A s a child he had phantasies of an aggressive
sm oke from his bed. H e had a h azy m em ory of th e fire-setting I. U . and sexual nature. P lay frequently involved a b oy about to be executed.
was 72- his atten tion and concentration poor. T h e R orschach showcc W h ile phantasying executions he experienced sexual excitem ent. Aggres­
deviant phantasy, poor con tact w ith reality, no capacity for em otional sive phantasies continued throughout adulthood. H is dreams w ere fu ll o f
rapport. H e was sentenced to th e state hospital. E E G showed definite a - castration fears and gu ilt for attem pted sexual contacts. H e alternated
norm ality. H e m ade an excellen t hospital adjustm ent for eight m on ths so between m asochistic and sadistic attitudes. Sexuality m eant punishm ent
was returned to jail for trial. W h e n given sodium pentothal h e revealed and not pleasure to him . C astration anxiety was probably th e basis for his
hom osexual relations; he had been involved w ith a m ale friend w ho was desultory and ungratified sexuality. E m o tion al conflicts and repressed ag­
shot in a crap gam e. A p p aren tly conflict over hom osexuality was a m otivat­ gression were expressed in terms o f sw indling behavior and perverse sex­
ual practices. H is strong fear o f b od ily injury, derivative o f castration anx­
ing force b ehin d arson (G u ttm ach er, 1 951 ) •
iety, was projected upon w om en w hom he desired to injure and b elittle
d b r a i d -c u t t i n g : Braid-cutting com bines a sadistic attack w ith a fetish- through perversion and bigam ous marriage. H e desired to excel his father;
istic preference for hair and is m ainly due to identification w ith th e ag­ many victim s o f his sw indling were older persons, countrym en o f his father
gressor. Sym bolic castration appears in a thin disguise (F en icliel, 1945)- and associated w ith him . T h e sw indling techn ique served th e purposes o f
iclaliation against parents and gratification o f passive, m asochistic tend­
e. s w i n d l i n g : Swindlers and pathologic liars show deviations in then- encies (B rom berg, 194 8).
sexual life; m ore than h a lf th e swindlers reported dim inution of hetero­
sexual impulses. Sexual im potence, dim inished libido, marriages for con ­
venience and frequent change of sexual partners were com m on findings
Som e swindlers had fem in ine or hom osexual tendencies in dress and SUMMARY
m anner. It is indicated that th e adoption of a passive role tow ard the vie
tim enables th e swindler to overcom e him . Analysis of a swindler sugges s
A H M O T IO N A L ASPECTS O F C R IM IN A L ards. According to one report most of­
th a t taking som ething from th e victim is an unconscious re-enactm ent 0
M O T IV A T IO N fenders studied had extreme hostility
an older pattern of taking som ething from th e parent. In th e case ol
and resentment toward authority.
swindlers the profou nd disturbance o f psychosexual organization is repri Insecurity is important in criminal Emotional maladjustment is not char­
sented in non-sexual behavior; h igh ly developed ego-orgam zation allows 1Motivation; insecurity results in hostil- acteristic of sex offenders only.
m ore successful repression of abnorm al im pulses. T h e sexual psychopath il\ which turns into aggression. The
B. M O T IV A T IO N OF P A R T IC U L A R OF­
is under greater social pressure than is the swindler G u ilt reactions an ill Iitilde of the parents toward the
FEN SES
stronger, he suffers from pressure of conscience and society s contem p • 111Id is important; refused love gener­
C o n d em n a tio n and fear are th e constant public attitudes. Im patience al' s hatred which is repressed only to Pornography is symbolic of unde­
against sexual offenses is w ritten into the law . Legal and m edical descnp appear later as criminal behavior. A veloped sexuality. In two cases given,
tions o f phenom enology of sex crim e do n ot coincide (B rom berg, 1 9 4 W In ipient cause of youthful law-break­ the basis was over-attachment to the
ing which is out of proportion to the mother.
(S ee C ase 164.) Incidence of youths in the population Incest, according to Hirning is not
Case 164: Francis P. O ffen se: C o n victed o f grand l a r c e n y on six counls 1. conflict between immature aims always associated with a marked de­
H e joined a group operating an international m oncy-pool calculated to and the limitations of mature stand­ gree of psychopathology; Bromberg
144 M o tiv a tio n s
and Guttmacher find the influences to
be mostly cultural and sociological.
Sex offenses against children— all
have in common some psychopath­
ology which prevents the individual
from seeking sexual contact with ma­
ture individuals. Pedophiliacs are af­
flicted with anxiety regarding sexual
potency, according to most authori­
ties; others regard pedophilia as a re­
gression to or a variant of homosexual­
ity. Cassity finds two types; those who
are influenced by the weaning trauma
and those who effect identification
with the mother. Hadley, Kielholz and
Bromberg believe the basis is regres­
sion to an earlier period. Abrahamsen
mentions inability to identify with
the father. According to Hartwell, the
offender is frequently aged; Cushing
believes a minority are committed by
the senile or those suffering from or­
ganic brain changes.
Transvestism is closely related to
homosexuality and to fetishism. Karp­
man finds transvestism and masturba­
tion concomitant. East and Hulbert
believe homosexuals and transvestites
derive from the same physical type;
but that transvestites have not been
seduced early.
Voyeurism, according to Roche,
arises from the child’s guilt anxiety
which is usually stimulated by seeing
adults in copulation or adult genitals.
Fetishism is generally believed to be
a manifestation of castration fear.
Karpman (Stekel) finds an intimate
relationship between sado-masochism
and fetishism.
Sadism is a form of psychosexual in­
fantilism, traceable to particular in­
fluences in childhood. It is frequently
turned into masochism as the result
of a deep religious sense of guilt.
Rape seems to be motivated by the
need to dominate and to belittle
the sexual object, to satisfy hostile
impulses toward women. Bromberg
Motivations 145
finds the neurotic mechanism based with the father. Frequently delin­ Pyromania has about the same basic
on inferiority feelings, frequently un­ quency is substituted for sex activity; motivation as kleptomania; orgasm
conscious feminine tendencies. In stealing may be an outlet for sex ten­ may be achieved during conflagration.
those who can perform coitus only if sion; in certain cases it represents an There is a relationship between pyro­
it is preceded or accompanied by attempt to retrieve from the mother mania and masturbation. Homosexual,
strong emotion, fear or hate, m uti­ that of which she deprived him. Klep­ sadistic or other regressive motives
lation and even murder may be a tomania may be related to frustrated may be at work. Swindlers show de­
condition for potency. T h e aggressive- love, jealousy and rivalry, to impo­ viations in their sexual life; taking
destructive sexual deviate enters pu­ tence, frigidity, homosexuality, sado­ something from the victim may be an
berty deriving equal pleasure from masochism, fetishism and other fixed unconscious re-enactment of an older
expressions of killing and mutilating ideas. According to Foxe, the pick­ pattern of taking something from the
impulses and from sexual impulses. pocket and burglar are fixated in an parent.
Bromberg, however, finds that many oral phase.
rape-murders are not true lust-mur-
ders but occur from fear of social con­
sequences and that mental disease is
frequent in such cases.
Necrophilia is explained as the re­
sult of an attempt to keep sexual im­
pulses under rigid control by endow­
ing them with disgust. Repression
cannot altogether annihilate the im­
pulses; they break through and come
to the surface distorted. Brill believes
necrophilia may not be as deeply de­
termined psychogenetically as other
perversions.
Prostitution is more a commercial,
a socio-economic, than a psychiatric
problem. In bigamy, sexual disturb­
ance is less prominent; white slavery
is essentially a predatory crime. The
male bigamist may be a swindler; to
the neurotic bigamist, bigamy may be
a search for the ideal wife, a mother-
figure. T h e female bigamist’s back­
ground may reveal compelling emo
tional needs.
C. OCCULT SE X U A L O F F E N SE S
M any criminal acts are substitutes for
unconscious perverse impulses. As
saults, mutilations and murder may
serve as stimuli for the genital act and
become equivalents of the same. Ac
cording to Hulbert, a sex substitute
crime may result in a super-orgasm.
Robbery with a gun may represent a
homosexual attack upon and coitus
10 . H O M O S E X U A L I T Y

Л. E T IO L O G Y Ч 8

1. R etardation 148

2. F am ily Situation 151

3. C o n stitu tion al Factors 154

4. Seduction 135

B. TH E H O M O SE X U A L AS A P E R SO N A L IT Y
TYPE 155

C. L A T E N T H O M O S E X U A L IT Y 156

I). H O M O S E X U A L IT Y AND D E L IN Q U E N C Y 157

1. G en eral D elin q u en cy 157

2. H om osexual P rostitution 159

I*:. TH E H O M O SE X U A L IN THE A R M Y 163

L. T R E A T M E N T 163

SUMMARY a64

. Homosexuality
A. E T IO L O G Y
1. R e t a r d a t io n : H om osexuality is a sign o f retarded em otional develop­
m en t (P ollens, 1938).
T h e regressive group are blocked in the heterosexual fun ction b y obses­
sional reactions of inadequacy. T h e y give evidence of conflict and tension;
there are com pulsive and obsessive trends. 1 hey are com pulsive-obsessional
neurotics. T h is is th e only group w hich, in civilian life, w ould benefit from
psychotherapy (Loeser, 1945).
T o o m uch em phasis is placed on overt sexual acts and too little on per­
sonality characteristics. N orm al sexuality is a psychological subject; the
more im portant aspects of sexual deviation are psychological and psy­
chiatric. T h e causes o f hom osexuality are psychosexual, n ot somatic;
hom osexuality is n ot influenced b y organic and endocrine factors to the
degree assumed. T h ere is no sharp lin e of dem arcation betw een m en and
w om en (C ason , 19 4 7).
Som e hom osexuals show sexual im m aturity, lack of com prehension of
sexual drives (Selling, 5, 194 7).
Sex begins at birth. Infants have erotic feelings b u t th e ego is n ot yet su f­
ficiently w ell-developed to understand them . W h e n children becom e
aware o f their parents as sex objects, th e m ale wishes to replace th e father,
th e fem ale, the m other. Identification w ith th e parent of th e sam e sex is
in order to b e close to th e other parent. E n forced discipline on a sexual
level m ay cause repression, resulting in displacem ent of sexual objects and
m ay brin g on hom osexual trends. A ccord in g to Perloff, “ G en etic factors
exert no influence on choice o f sex object. Plorm ones do n ot influence
choice of ob ject o f affection. C h o ic e o f sex ob ject is determ ined b y learned
experience. H om osexuality is a purely psychologic p h enom enon ” (M ayer,
1 95 0 )-
T h e period of laten cy is essentially hom osexual; w ith puberty individ­
uals n orm ally turn to th e opposite sex. F o r som e this is too difficult; sonu
rem ain behind or return to pre-pubertal phase. In th e total m ale popula
tion, 6.3 percent orgasm s are from hom osexual contact. T h e extent of le-
m ale hom osexuality is n ot know n . M a le hom osexuality is a flight from the
idea o f genital con tact w ith a w om an. (See C ase 166.) Boys w ho have
148
Homosexuality 149
had a strong attach m ent to a m an m ay rem ain at this level. (See C ase 165.)
Boys w ho had a w eak or no father, tend to id en tify w ith th e m other. T h e
problem is m ore difficult for wom en; the prim ary hom osexual attach m ent
lo the m other, com m on to all w om en, m ay b e revived if the heterosexual
path is blocked (R o ch e, 1950).
Case 165: T h e patient, a m ale, age 27, had been married tw o years. H is
appearance was m asculine; he was physically healthy. H e was im potent.
I le was secretly b u t m arkedly hom osexual, indifferent to w om en. T h e
m other died w hen th e patien t was four. H is only m em ory o f her was the
scene of her death; he did not recollect sorrow or agitation. H e was fearful
of his brutal father; there were frequent beatings from w hich his step­
mother had to save him . N oticeab le from the beginning o f the analysis was
his burning hatred o f his father. A t seven or eight he practiced m utual
m asturbation w ith another boy. H e was a frequent observer o f erotic
scenes am ong th e farmers and showed an interest in m en and the penis.
I Ic had also had as a child heterosexual impulses; had attem pted coitus
hut was punished b y the father. T h e m arriage o f his father to his step­
mother had m ade a strong impression on him ; h e spent hours trying to
visualize the bedroom scenes, under constant excitem ent. A t one tim e he
had been his fath er’s favorite, had slept w ith him , played w ith his erect
penis until his father’s marriage. U pon recognition of this factor, patien t’s
homosexual im pulses and phantasies disappeared b u t he was still indif-
Icrent to w om en. H is dreams revealed his father had forbidden m arriage
and sex life. H e recalled his anger and disgust at th e stepm other’s daugh-
h 1 who had stolen his father’s love and w ho was th e cause o f his punish­
ment and beatings and for his hate for father. W h e n she first cam e, they
were friends; their games gradually took a m ore sexual character; this was
discovered and th e patien t was beaten. She apparently tem pted and tried
lo seduce him , then denounced him . H e developed a burning hate for her.
lie lurned to other girls b u t was again beaten b y his father. F in ally he
l ui ucd to m ale objects. T h e part played b y the m other was sm all. T h e re­
td ion to the father was strong and sensual. D u rin g th e phallic phase he
laid experienced love for father’s penis. T h ere was no outspoken narcis-
101 b u t tw ice his love life had undergone repression and love was trans-
l oi mcd into h ate (W u lff, 1942).
1 use 166: M ale. W h ite . A ge 37. O ffense: Pleaded gu ilty to sodomy, anal
I oral acts w ith boys of eleven and thirteen. A n alyzed in prison over
Iu о a nd-a-half years, 515 hours. H e was morose, tim id, chunky; a boyish
Ivpc l i e was born in Europe. H e suffered from increasing deafness of
Mm Iу t wo years duration (m astoiditis and otitis m edia) b u t w h en analysis
" 1 - com pleted, he heard better than th e average. H is first m em ory at four-
md a half was o f seeing his m other nurse his brother. H is sister was one
и iii older, his brother three years younger. T h e children were cared for by
iinr.rs. A t four or five he had scarlet fever, measles and diphtheria all at
1 50 Homosexuality
once. H e was in bed m ore than a year; liis ear difficulties now began. From
six to seven he was m ischievous and aggressive. H e resented the lack of
atten tion from his parents and was frequently punished. H is dream ph an ­
tasies of this period represent m ostly heterosexual approaches m eeting
w ith severe punishm ent; one phantasy was hom osexual, resulting n ot in
punishm ent b ut in secrecy and evasion. A p parently w om en were m ore
dangerous than m en. A t seven-and-a-half the fam ily cam e to the U n ited
States. D u e to financial reverses th e m other w en t to w ork, the children
w ere sent to their grandparents, th e patien t was sent to an un cle and aunt
on a farm . B etw een eight and nine he was m ade to m asturbate a farm
hand; he was to get m ilk from th e penis; h e identified th e penis w ith the
breast. H e was told n ot to tell and he was given candy. O n the trip to the
U n ited States, there was a hom osexual episode w ith a firem an on th e ship.
F am ily livin g quarters were confined, the father was irritable and the
m other w orked hard. T h ere w ere quarrels; the m other was fearful and his
fears were like hers. H e refused to share th e household duties; inserted a
m atch into his urethra; learned to study on the toilet bow l. H e feared his
father b u t was friendly w ith his sister. Flis outside social adjustm ent was
poor; he felt inadequate, was called a “ sissy” and “ teacher’s p et.” Fie still
b elieved in th e stork. H is m other bathed him till h e was ten. H e gave up
school and began to sell papers. W h e n he was abou t thirteen, at his first
job at a newsstand, he had a hom osexual experience. H e told his sister and
m other w ho said to keep it a secret from th e father. H e indulged in mas­
turbation w ith a b o y his ow n age. H e attem pted to peep at his parents.
H e was warned b y his father regarding m asturbation. Fie joined an aggres­
sive group; indulged in m asturbation, fellatio and anal intercourse; he
saw others in coitus w ith girls b u t dared n ot im itate them ; however, lie
m asturbated before girls. Fie touched one girl; her brother b eat him . 1 Ic
rationalized th a t he avoided girls through fear o f venereal disease and
pregnancy. H e w orked steadily. Betw een sixteen and tw enty-three lie
learned to be approached b y m en b u t did n ot reciprocate. H e preferred
giving the penis in fellatio; did n ot accept m oney. Fie was over-clean, sensi
tive. H e was curious abou t w om en and indulged in peeping. H e had
heterosexual phantasies. A t sixteen h e did not notice that his m other was
pregnant; a sister was born. A t eighteen he was livin g alone. H e held nil
merous jobs b u t preferred driving vehicles. Fie was drafted, was only in
arm y cam ps b u t felt he lost his spunk. Fie becam e interested in boys'
groups. H e was interested in sports and popular w ith you n g groups. 'I Iicy
had th e kind o f b oyhood h e had been denied; he protected them from
hom osexual acts. T w o w om en m anipulated his penis, this was his only
contact. H e had n ot yet seen the fem ale genitals. A t tw enty-nine he had an
appendectom y and found pleasure in being given an enem a b y the nurse,
A t thirty-six there were difficulties in th e boys’ club; his educational back
ground was not sufficient. W e n t to a boys’ cam p as caretaker; an aggressive
boy, Jack, follow ed him . H e lost his job, saw a boy rubbing his broi l " i
Homosexuality 151
with th e penis in a public place, w rote the boy a love note and was ar-
u stcd . H e was placed on probation. Fie contacted Jack; they practiced
m utual m asturbation, fellatio and anal penetration, other boys also par-
Iie ipated. D u e to a skin rash am ong the boys the story becam e know n and
lie was arrested. In prison he was depressed and had suicidal thoughts.
G radually under treatm ent he lost his fear o f m en. H e learned the rudi­
ments o f new trades, his attitud e tow ard w om en changed and his plans be-
( nine m ore m ature. H e probably could have been analyzed w ithout in­
carceration w hich increased his repression and regression. H e m ight have
broken through the w all of restraint into kidn appin g or m urder. Society
Unit sends a m an to prison by rule o f thum b takes on itself a terrific re­
sponsibility (F oxe, 1 9 4 1).
fa m ily S itu a tio n : H om osexuality is an expression o f abnorm al per­
sonality. T h ere m ay b e glandular difficulties w hich aggravate th e condi-
I mu but in m ost cases it is apparently developed in neurotic children by
early experiences (R ich m on d , 1933). (See Cases 173-176.)
l ausative factors in hom osexuality are: lack o f effective males; lack o f
\111lity in father; identification w ith m other; identification w ith sister;
"h e llio n o f aggressive daughter against excessive m asculine dom ination;
continuous em otional stress; lack o f person w ith w hom to identify. (See
t uses 167-170.) Parents are generally chiefly responsible for hom osexual
(Ii velopm ent in children. Boarding schools and non-coeducational
1 Itools, any segregation is m ore favorable to d evelopm ent of homosexual-
ill Boys should not be exposed to situations in w hich they w ill be defeated
nor dressed in fem in ine attire (H enry, 1937).
I lom osexuality is nearly always due to psychic origins, usually abnor­
mality in the fam ily situation (A pfelberg, Sugar & Pfeffer, 1944) .
In some cases hom osexuality is environm entally determ ined. T h e etiol­
ogy licrc is the O edipus situation, etc. (Loeser, 194 5).
I lie fam ily constellation o f broken hom e and w eak father are o f impor-
1 nil " in hom osexuality. O th e r factors are boarding schools, parents w ho
Ining up boys as girls and incidents w hich render heterosexuality unpleas­
ant. as venereal disease (E ast, 1946).
It lias always been assumed th a t hom osexuality and heterosexuality
i" diam etrically opposed. A b solutely n othin g proves this to b e so.
( i c i i di c and endocrine factors can not be other than ancillary. Som e other
ind more pow erful cause m ust be at work; this w e believe to be psycho-
l"i;aal. Factors are: ( 1 ) hostility to m other (2) excessive affection to
lliolher (3) hostihty to father (4) affection for father w hen father
dm s not show sufficient heterosexual traits (C . A llen , 1940).
I aw 167: W h ite . M ale. A g e 28. (L ack o f m asculine ideal— identification
Hilli m other.) T h e re were 110 effective m asculine males in th e fam ily.
II" m other was selfish, dom inating, w ith a tem per. T h e grandm other
1 52 Homosexuality
was unyielding and dom ineering. T h e patien t was attached to the m other
but afraid o f her. She drank, dissipated. P atien t has shown preference for
his own sex since early childhood. H e becam e alcoholic; his sexual inter­
ests w ere concentrated on m en. H e m ade one suicide attem p t (H enry,
ЧЗП)-
C ase 168: W h ite . M ale. A g e 24. (Identification o f brother and sister.)
M o th er was n ot intelligent; she was submissive. P atien t was the on ly boy
in the fam ily. T h e father had been anxious for a son. T h e patien t slept
w ith his m other till he was seven. She died w hen he was tw elve. A n older
sister, dom inating and aggressive, was the dom inant influence in his life.
T h e b oy was dressed in girls’ costum es to am use guests. H e was unable to
accept his hom osexual friend’s attach m en t to and relations w ith his sister
(H enry, 19 3 7 ).
C ase 169: W h ite . Fem ale. A Lesbian. (R ebellion against Paternal Stand­
ards and D iscip lin e.) T h e paternal grandfather was a puritan. Lie was
stubborn and had a b alefu l influence over th e children. T h e grandm other
was m ean, unpleasant, stern and rigid. T h e father was aggressive, dom i­
neering, stubborn, irresponsible. T h e m other was neurotic, dainty, an in­
valid. T h e patien t was given no preparation for m enstruation. She was
not on good terms w ith th e m other. She associated w ith boys as one of
them . H er father was sure she was n ot a virgin and insisted on a m edical
exam ination; in indignation she then le ft hom e. She married; her hus­
band was a failure and she developed a contem pt for m en. H er first hom o­
sexual experience was at thirty-seven; this was unsatisfactory; the first sal
isfactory hom osexual experience was at forty-three. H er present lover is
dictatorial, aggressive (H enry, 19 3 7).
C ase 170: N egro actress. A ge 50. (D isillusion in m arriage.) S h e was ille­
gitim ate; her grandm other was also illegitim ate; th e father and great
grandfather were w hite. T h e m oth er was dissolute, a grandfather was in
jail for m urder. T w o marriages were failures. R ealization of hom osexual
tendencies cam e at forty-one. She had no regrets. She w ould have rc
m ained conven tion al had n ot her second husband neglected her (Henry,
1 937 ) -
Case 171: D ale. A g e 15. T ru an cy, running away from hom e and spending
nights on th e street. Since th e age o f fourteen he had been havin g ovcil
hom osexual relations w ith m en and boys. H e felt gu ilty b u t experienced
a com pulsive drive tow ard such relations; h e had phantasies o f dressing
h im self as a girl, im agined him self w ith a girl’s nam e; dressed in wom en ч
clothes w hen alone at hom e. H e had failed to establish a m asculine ideal i
fication. A n older sister was m ore gifted and m ore loved. T h e father’s onlv
interest in D a le had been critical. A lw ays in com petition w ith the sister for
the parents’ approval, w ith his norm al m asculine aggressive strivings frux
Homosexuality 153
Irated b y th e fath er’s attitude, he had taken refuge in phantasies, pattern­
ing him self after his sister (R ab in ovitch , 1 951 ) .
< 'use 172: C harles. A g e 14. O vert hom osexual behavior w ith older m en.
11is father was brutal and sadistic, hostile and abusive to his w ife. C harles
was unable to id en tify w ith his father and was driven into closer relation­
ships w ith his m other. U ltim ately he identified him self w ith her, in his
sexual phantasies he played th e part o f a w om an, later actin g these o u t in
homosexual activities (R ab in ovitch , 1 951 ) .
1 'ase iyy. O n e inm ate had been seduced b y an older brother w hen very
young. A t eight he indulged in sexual practices w ith boys his own age. A t
eleven he was severely punished for sex play w ith a girl. A t fourteen he
was attracted to another girl, there was no sex play b u t he was repri­
manded for his interest. H e felt guilty for his norm al desires and returned
lo the previous pattern (A braham sen, 1950).
< 'ase 174: W h ite . M a le. O ffen se: E n tic in g you n g boys. H e rebelled
igainst a strict stepfather; showed early signs o f belligerence; stole from
Iho stepfather and from others. H e played truant and took up w ith hom o-
Mxuals w ho supported him in grand style; he enjoyed their attention.
W h e n he was sentenced, he becam e rem orseful; w hen he was released he
Itied to reform b o t his fam ily refused to accept him , regarding him as de­
generate. D iscouraged he resumed his form er activities, violated parole
uni was returned to the reform atory (P ollens, 1938).
I 'ase 175: W h ite . M ale. O ffen se: Slashed w ife in face w ith kn ife. H e
Inn I been educated in E urope to fear w om en as source o f all evil. H e cam e
lo this country at fifteen; he was m aladjusted and was called “ pansy” and
.risy.” H e was seduced by a hom osexual and found peace and happiness
in being treated b y hom osexuals as an equal. H e was no longer interested
in women; he had found “ a w ay out.” W h e n he began to feel the oppres-
II hi o f public opinion he decided to marry. H is w ife discovered his hom o-
1 x1inlity and threatened to expose him ; in th e ensuing quarrel he slashed
11* 1 (Pollens, 1938).
1 'ase 176: W h ite . M ale. A g e n ot given. O ffense: S olicitin g m an on street
1 inner. H e had an un fortunate hom e environm ent; at seven he ran away
In escape his fath er’s beatings. H e was placed in an orphanage b u t was un-
iible lo adjust there and was transferred to a reform atory. T h ere he was
ml induced to hom osexual practices; forced to subm it to anal intercourse
ami learned to enjoy it. Lie had been starved for love all his life and en­
joyed the love and affection th e hom osexuals gave him . A chronic mas-
1111 bator, he never had norm al sex relations; was not aroused b y w om en.
Epileptic fits were hysterical m anifestations for th e purpose o f securing
alb 111ion. T h e on ly people w ho gave him affection were the hom osexuals.
 Homosexuality 155
1 54 Homosexuality
There are som e males w hose hom osexuality is un doubtedly the product
Psychotherapy and proper guidance w ould probably relieve his m aladjust­
of inherent or acquired tim idity or other personality traits w hich m ake it
m ent (Pollens, 1938).
difficult for them to approach other persons for any sort o f social contact.
Such males find it easier to m ake contacts w ith persons o f their ow n sex.
3. Constitutional Factors: H om osexual patients show a constitutional
(Kinsey, Pom eroy and M artin , 1948).
deviation from the general average w hich is greater than those w ho are
heterosexually adjusted. T h e hom osexual m ale shows a fem in ine carry­
Case 177: 3/c U .S .N .R . A g e 22. T h e subject is th e son o f a reputable
ing angle o f arm; lon g legs, narrow hips, large muscles, deficient hair on
businessman. H e showed an early, fervent interest in m usic, avoided the
face, chest and back, fem in ine distribution o f pubic hair, high-pitched
pastimes o f boys and played games w ith little girls. D u rin g his m ilitary
voice, small genitals, scrotal fold. O fte n he has excess fat on shoulders, b u t­
career he trained in the chap lain ’s school and served as assistant to the
tocks, abdom en. O ccasion ally th e penis is very large, th e hips unusually
chaplain; he had an excellent record. H e taugh t m usic and seem ed well-
w ide (H enry & G alb raith , 19 3 4 ).
adjusted. A sth en ic habitus; delicate skin; scanty beard; effem inate
A m inority w ho succum b seem fun dam en tally predisposed. T h e tend­
■.pcech, bearing, m annerisms. H e was adm itted to the sick list on discovery
ency m ay be inherited b u t it is rare to find overt cases in m ore than one
ol his sexual activity. H e was keen, alert, intelligen t b u t smug, superior
generation. M u ch m ay b e constitution al b u t there are other determ inants.
.nul petu lan t like a spoiled child or a pam pered fem ale. Since childhood
Boys are m ore vulnerable than girls. A large proportion of hom osexuals
lie had esteem ed w om en; he identified them w ith his m other and was un­
appear predisposed by constitution and environm ent. In m any cases the
able to associate them w ith the sexual act. A t sixteen he had been at-
obstacles to heterosexual adjustm ent were overw helm ing. M an y could have
' ached to a boy; since then he had had frequent crushes b ut had perform ed
been prevented (H enry, 19 3 7). homosexual acts only in th e past tw o years. T h ere was no indication of
T h ere is no satisfactory evidence th at the basis o f hom osexuality is an al­
guilt, no alibis. H e felt that if his activity was acceptable to him , lie did not
teration o f secretions o f sex glands b u t the problem needs m ore study
appreciate society s criticism . Ih e re was none of the antagonism o f the
(B ow m an , 1938). psychopath; none o f the em otional instability o f th e neurotic; no evidence
T h e sex attraction o f the true congenital hom osexual is based on en­
ol psychosis (G reenspan and C am p b ell, 1945).
docrine im balance. T h e true hom osexual is congenital in m ost cases;
hom osexuality probably originates in fetal life at the tim e of sex determ i
I Seduction: Seduction in youth is the com m onest environm ental fac-
nation and is m arkedly influenced b y the endocrine glands. H orm one
Iih in hom osexuality. T h e tendency is believed to be inherited and there is
assays of urine show excessive proportions o f estrin or fem ale horm one in
a physical type w hich is predisposed toward early seduction. M u tu al mas-
hom osexuals (W r ig h t, 1939). 1111 bation is the com m onest form , fellatio is less com m on; intercrural and
M a n y hom osexuals develop abnorm al m other attachm ents. A t puberty,
anal intercourse is n ot infrequent. T h e more hom osexuality is associated
som etim es lon g before, the individual is convinced he is different. It is er­
"'ill' other perversions the m ore it is associated w ith other undesirable so­
roneous to assume this can be acquired. It can not b e induced through en­
cial activities. Cases caused by environm ent are m ore am enable to treat­
vironm ental exposure. L ate m anifestations occur am ong individuals who
in' nl. T h e psychiatrist can help the patien t to understanding (E ast, 1939).
are laten t hom osexuals or sexually perverted (psychop ath s). In support
Seduction in youth is the m ost likely explanation or con d ition in g or
of the congen ital nature o f hom osexuality th e authors argue th at a greate r
paiental attitudes. T h e condition m ay be reached for the first tim e at
pressure is exerted upon th e individual b y environm ental forces to become any age (E ast, 1946).
heterosexual. T h e predom inance o f fem inine characteristics, manner,
appearance, tem peram ent, interests, delivery o f speech, m ovem ents, voice,
configuration, po in t to congenital origin. Androgen-estrogen urine levels I' THE H O M O S E X U A L AS A P E R SO N A L IT Y
indicate th at hom osexuality is constitutional. C on clu sion : hom osexualily TYPE
is a relative condition. It is n ot an acquired vice b u t a biological anom aly
I In hom osexual is usually intelligent; his m ental processes do not differ
(Greenspan and C am p b ell, 194 5). (See C ase 177.) I' those of the norm al individual. E sthetic interests are particularly
E ndocrin e or constitution al cases show the fem in izin g influence of hor­
niion: poetry, art, music, drama. M o st like m usic. T h e y are egocentric,
m on e activity, in body fat, voice, m ovem ents, etc. T h e y constitute about
nl'llc, satirical; m uch of their thin kin g is pseudo-philosophical, ethereal.
thirty percent of the hom osexuals (Loescr, 1945)- I In n sensitivity is sim ilar to that of the average wom an. H om osexuals are
H om osexuality m ay be constitutional or acquired. In m any acquired
»uiisidcred as a personality type in them selves, not a sub-group o f other
cases a constitution al elem ent seems to be present also (E ast, 1946).

156 H omosexuality
personality types. H om osexuality is exclusive o f th e disorders to w hich
th e condition is attributed. T h e hom osexual is usually patient, resigned,
philosophical, long-suffering. H e is capable of deep w arm th. T h e h om o­
sexual person is a psychopathological type. T h e I. O . is near or above nor­
mal; he is unlike the psychopath, though occasionally the psychopath w ill
ad m it hom osexual acts; this is perversity, n ot true hom osexuality. H e is
n ot psychoneurotic; there are n o som atic com plaints or anxiety. 1 he neu­
rotic is excitable, im patient, irritable, restless, im petuous; neurotics never
display true hom osexuality. T h e schizoid’s hom osexual trend is repressed
rather than latent; schizoids have hom osexual tendencies b u t do n ot suc­
cum b. H om osexuality is n ot psychosis, though psychotics m ay show h om o­
sexual activity. It is d ou b tfu l th a t a true hom osexual personality can de­
velop schizophrenia (G reen span & C am p b ell, 1945) •
H om osexuality is a personality type different from psychiatric disor­
ders and n ot com ing under psychopathic personality (C ason , 1947) •
C. L A T E N T H O M O S E X U A L IT Y
T h e problem of disturbed poten cy is close to hom osexuality.
Feren czi believes th a t in m odern society hom osexuality is so repressed
th a t m en becom e obsessively heterosexual. It is possible even w ith in hetero­
sexuality to be adjusted in a hom osexual focus. T h e greatest tensions are
observed in laten t hom osexuality. Repressions m ake it im possible for the
libido to assert itself except through heterosexuality b u t the tension of
hom osexual com ponents narrows the heterosexual m argin. Heterosexuals
w h o are laten t hom osexuals take tw o form s: ( 1 ) those w ho resort to para
philia and (2) those w ho resort little to paraphilia b u t their erotic behavior
evidences pathology: poten cy variations, lack of balance in love and hate
reactions, groundless jealousy, excessive heterosexuality. T h e presence of
h ate is pathological. O fte n hate becom es th e condition o f potency. In
hom osexuality, open or laten t, anxiety persists throughout, often pre­
ven tin g adequate consum m ation o f th e act (K arpm an, 10, 1938). (See
C ase 178.)
Case 178: W h ite . M ale. A g e 34. A case o f acute hom osexual panic
(K em p f’s disease) treated successfully b y m ediate psychotherapy. T h e
patien t was depressed, introverted; h e had ideas of reference, hallucina
tions and was violent. Fie was uncooperative; analysis was ou t of th e qucs
tion. FI is w ife was the dom inan t partner; in her presence he was m eek and
submissive. T h e w ife agreed to cooperate; th e physician prepared qucs
tions for w hich she secured answers from th e patient. T h e m eaning of llifl
m aterial secured was explained to the w ife; she acquired a fairly good psy
chotherapeutic training and insight into the m eaning o f th e p a tie n ts be
havior; she was invested w ith a transference relation. T h e patient was
discharged five m onths later as a social recovery; there has been 110 rccm
Homosexuality 157
rcnce in eight years. T h e benefits o f such psychotherapy are lim ited b u t
Ihe patien t was enabled to m ake an adjustm ent at a health y social level;
insight into the em otional life of the patien t was provided. H e was th e old ­
est of three siblings; he had a brother and sister. T h e father was rigid, ex­
acting, fault-finding, the m other haughty, egotistical and a strict discipli­
narian. She was affectionate to the patien t as a child b u t punished him
severely and unreasonably. P atien t felt she neglected him . T h ere was sex
play at tw elve to fifteen w ith the sister w ho died in her teens. T h e patient
was jealous o f the m other’s affection for th e sister and brother; he felt that
his brother was m ore pam pered. Fie was em otionally involved w ith every
m ember of th e fam ily; he was obedient, subm issive, dependent upon his
father’s judgm ent in every respect. H e had a bi-parental fixation. P atient
adm itted he had a “ m other com plex,” yet he felt relieved after her death.
There was a history of tw o broken engagem ents. M asturbation was a seri­
ous problem . H e experienced overstrain due to overwork and friction b e­
tween patient and brother, his w ife and his m other, and worry over extra­
marital adventures. M u ch friction was due to fam ily interference. T h ere
were apparent hom osexual links to th e father and brother; incestuous
attachm ent to the m other. D u rin g the w ife ’s absence, he had sexual en­
counters w ith prostitutes in th e com pany of other m en. T h ere was possibly
some indulgence in perversions, though this is n o t clear. H e had ideas of
reference in regard to perversions; failure to erect in intercourse or mas­
turbation threw him into a panic; he accused him self of b ein g pervert
and claim ed th at his w ife, son, father, m other were all perverts. H e had
hallucinations of b eing divorced from his w ife and married to his m other.
T h e healthy libido outlet provided b y relations w ith his w ife had held un­
conscious perverse interests in check b u t w hen the conflict becam e too
acute, it was im possible to effect healthy intercourse. Im potence breaks the
healthy chain o f sexual events; libido becom es fragm ented into original
infantile com ponents; resulting in th e em ergence in true m ental con ten t
ol all sorts o f perversions. T h e over-developm ent of the hom osexual com ­
ponent com es from an unresolved or inadequately resolved O edipus
1 nmplex w h ich is held in check as lon g as the heterosexual life is healthy
and socially acceptable. Paranoid projections were tied up w ith hom o-
'.cxuality and perversions. T h e acute sense of gu ilt seems to be tied to mas-
111ibation phantasies, incestuous in nature, w hich now express them selves
in hallucinatory form . Panic represents th e inability to resolve th e conflict
111 lavor o f social dem ands (K arpm an, 15, 1943).
I) H O M O S E X U A L IT Y AND D E L IN Q U E N C Y
I G e n e ra l D elin q u en cy: U n derprivileged hom osexuals fall into three
groups: th e orderly hom osexual w ho works, the exhibitionistic fairy or
male prostitute, the hoodlum w ho belongs to the crim inal class (See Cases
1Hp 198). T h e hom osexual universe is divided into strata on socio­
158 H omosexuality
econom ic lines b u t individuals m ay pass from one level to another. A m ong
underprivileged hom osexuals, conflict w ith the law is m ore pressing, due
to public search for gratification, leading to association w ith other crim i­
nals (H enry & Gross, 1, 1938).
A study of hom osexual delinquents reveals no specific circum stances as
basis for crim inal careers. In four cases presented, th e ch ief com m on factor
was social and econom ic insecurity. H om osexuality am ong delinquents is
a sym ptom of personality m aladjustm ent m anifested in other departm ents
o f life than sexual. E very hom osexual act is legally a delinquency. T h e law
is severe, th e penalty m ay run up to tw enty years im prisonm ent (H enry
& Gross, 3, 19 4 1).
H om osexuals are not as apt to com m it non-sexual crimes as are other
deviates. T h ere are probably m ore hom osexual w om en than men b u t they
are seldom charged w ith sex crimes. In m any states, the particular acts pos­
sible only for m en are the only form s of hom osexuality considered crimes.
W o m e n are alm ost never convicted or even accused. E ven w here there arc
old and severe laws against all hom osexual acts they arc seldom enforced
against those w ho privately and inoffensively live in hom osexuality.
W h e re they are accused, it is frequently due to blackm ail. T h e modern
tend en cy is to consider this a m edical, m oral or religious problem . H om o
sexuality far exceeds, in social im plications, all crim es of sex deviates
(H artw ell, 1950).
F ew hom osexuals are arrested; they constitute little danger (Suther­
land, 1950). (S ee Cases 179-182.)
Case 179: A g e was given as 4 ;; he was probably m uch older. H e cam e of
good N ew E n g la n d stock; he was a college graduate, a newspaper editor
and had prospered till the depression; now he was on hom e relief. H e was
an overt hom osexual of m any years’ standing. Form erly he had been able
to b uy th e sexual com panionship of adolescents, now he was im pecunious.
H e gravitated low er in the social scale. O n e sentence was suspended; he
was later arrested for m anipulating th e organs o f an adolescent in a
theater. Prognosis is poor (H enry & Gross, 3, 19 4 1).
C ase 180: Drug-addict-hoodlum -hom osexual. A g e 25. H e used drugs for
relief from the excessive dem ands o f hom osexual activity. H e strove In
preserve the appearance o f m asculinity. H e had a record of m any arrests
for drugs, vagrancy, disorderly cond u ct bu t no sex arrests. H e had been
seduced b y an older boy w h en you n g and later turned his physical attrae
tiveness to account. G u ilt feelings were never far b elow th e surface. I le
en joyed th e m asculine role in hom osexual activity b u t was convinced lie
was not hom osexual. H is sexual problem s were secondary to those of dnif,
addiction (H enry & Gross, 3, 19 4 1).
Case 181: C rim in al psychopath. A g e 35. Fie tries to im prove th e moral
and intellectual status o f his fellow prisoners; reads religious, psychologi
Homosexuality 159
eal m aterial. In early adolescence there was some sex play w ith a brother.
1 Ic has never been able to hold a job lon g and has been sentenced to in ­
creasing prison terms. T h ere is progressive involvem en t in other than
sexual delinquency. H e denied hom osexuality b u t this is w ell-known. H e
com pensates for inferiority b y setting him self up as an ethical leader. H e is
attracted to younger m en (H enry & Gross, 3, 19 4 1).
( 'use 182: A g e 20. O ffen se: Im pairing morals o f a twelve-year-old boy.
llis early life was unstable and insecure; three siblings had been in some
institution. H e was unruly and undisciplined; a t eight he was sent to a
luster hom e, at tw elve to C h ild ren ’s V illa ge; there he was aggressive, dis­
obedient and incorrigible; he escaped ten times. H e was seduced b y a
I ramp; he was pleased w ith the experience and repeated it w ith younger
boys. H e was segregated because o f his aggressive hom osexuality and dis­
charged a t sixteen as undesirable. H e w orked only periodically; com-
111 il ted m any th efts and burglaries; was a m ale prostitute. A t tw enty, he
looked only sixteen; he had a baby face w ith scant b od y hair, a silly, ir-
w sponsible attitude, though above average intelligence. Flis braggadocio
altitude was a defense m echanism for a feeling o f insecurity. D u rin g ob-
M’rvation he becam e depressed and attem pted suicide. Factors in fixating
I lie case at the hom osexual level were constitutional and environm ental;
pernicious early influences plus extensive institutionalization (Pollens,
1938).
Homosexual Prostitution: Thirty-eight m ale prostitutes soliciting
in Ilie square o f a large city were studied. T h e reason m ost frequently
given for their a ctivity was th e desire for m oney. F ew adm itted pleasure
Imm hom osexual relations; m ost found them repulsive. T h e y charged
IIinn two to fifty dollars a night; were asked to b e com panions as w ell as to
pci form all sorts o f perversions; active and passive anal sodomy, fellatio
mil algolagnia. F ew w ere fixed inverse. T h e y are prim arily m aladjusted,
Unhappy boys, trying n ot to think o f their future. Broken hom es and
In imes w ith b oth parents are about equally represented b u t there was a
general feeling o f n ot being w anted or o f b eing m isunderstood at hom e.
<Inly a few had no other occupation; seven w ere in high school, three in
college (B u tts, 1947)- (S ee Cases 183-200.)
• u с 183: M a le prostitute. H om e relief client. A ge 30. Subject com es from
и rood middle-class background and was econom ically self-sufficient. H e lost
In job through hom osexual difficulties; his jobs becam e briefer, more
pimily paid, interspersed w ith periods o f idleness. H e descended to still
lower grades o f hom osexual society, supplem enting a scanty hom e relief
allowance by prostitution. H e dresses and acts to call atten tion to homo-
ni sii.ility ( I lenry & Gross, 1, 1938).
| ./'.с 184: M ale prostitute. Low er middle-class background; his first
I101110,sexual experiences were w ith young m en o f his own class. In adoles­
160 Homosexuality
cence he was attractive to older m en o f m eans and was introduced into so­
cially acceptable circles. H is career is on th e upgrade; he is supported as
m ale mistress to an older w ealthy m an. H is only fear is th a t he m ay lose
his good looks (H enry & Gross, 1, 1938).
Case 185: M a le prostitute. A g e 28. H is parents died in his infancy; he
was brought up by a relative, a bishop. C h ild h o o d and youth were appar­
en tly norm al. H e had no hom osexual experience un til college w hen he fell
into hands o f hom osexuals and radicals. H e is a C om m u n ist, works at
a m enial job, econom izes to spend m on ey on com m unism and hoodlum s.
H e has no wish to return to a m ore norm al w orld (H enry & Gross, 1,
1938).
Case 186: M a le prostitute. A southern w hite, he cam e to N e w Y o rk for
an op portun ity to work at a trade. H e becam e part o f a group of young
hoodlum s. H e attem p ted begging, p etty crim e, prostitution, b u t was not
overly successful. H e found a patron to w hom he was sexually satisfying
and is reported living in luxury in M ia m i am ong gam blers, racketeers and
racetrack figures (H enry & Gross, 1, 1938).
Case 187: W h ite . M ale. A g e 9. O ffen se: Perverted practices w ith elderly
degenerates and older boys. H is parents separated, his m other lived with
a param our and neglected th e boy. H e lived in a gang-ridden section. He
was placed in various foster hom es. H om osexual practices w ere forced
upon him at first, then he accepted them w illin gly for m oney (D oshay,
*943)■
Case 188: M a le prostitute. A g e 18. Prostitution has been his vocation
since age thirteen. H e has served at least four w orkhouse term s. H e is
effem inate and looks like a boyish girl. H e com es from an underprivileged
hom e w here his hom osexuality is accepted. H e has few inhibitions. Prog
nosis is poor; he has little insight and w ill continu e in his career w ith in
creasingly long sentences. H e is n o t robust and w ill b e a likely victim ol
disease (H en ry & Gross, 3, 19 4 1).
Case 189: M a le prostitute. A g e 18. P u blic high school education. H e is
th e younger o f tw o brothers. H e is slightly effem inate w ith no interest in
girls. A t fifteen he lost interest in young boys and developed an aggressive
interest in older boys and m en. H e was introduced to m asturbation by an
older boy w ho also introduced him to prostitution. H e is interested prin­
cipally in the experience and selects his custom ers on basis o f attractive­
ness, n ot pay. H e has no plans for the future. G u ilt feelings are evident; lie
fears his older brother w ith w hom he lives w ill find out (B u tts, 19 4 7).
Case 190: M a le prostitute. A g e 20. Appearan ce is norm al. Pie is the only
son o f divorced parents. H e ran away from hom e. Friends showed him how
to pick up m oney. A fte r a m arriage to an eightecn-ycar-old girl he renewed
his earlier contacts in order to m ake m oney. It is a business proposition;
Homosexuality 161
lie charges ten to twenty-five dollars. H e has no plans for the future b u t is
мне he can always m ake m oney w ith ou t w orking (B utts, 194 7).
( 'ase 191: M a le prostitute. A g e 17. B oth parents are living. H e has three
islcrs, no brothers. D u rin g a long illness as a child he was babied. H e felt
Ins father was disappointed that he was sick so m uch; after an argum ent
lie took m oney from his m other and left hom e. H e got a job dish-washing
mid was introduced to hom osexual activity and prostitution. H e lives in
constant fear o f being caught; feels no pleasure b u t is often hurt. W h e n
lie gets enough to repay his m other, he w ill go hom e (B utts, 1947) -
( 'ase 192: M a le prostitute. A ge 22. R obust, m asculine appearance. H e
whs left an orphan at nine, raised b y his grandparents b u t left m uch alone.
There was frequent m asturbation w ith fear of his health and o f hell. H e
Inis had heterosexual and hom osexual experience. H e takes m usic les-
мms and is doing w ell. A n o th er student introduced him to pederastic ex-
Iи'lienee. H e frequently takes m en to his room, accepts m oney, b u t that is
Mroudary (B u tts, 19 4 7).
I 'ase 193: M a le prostitute. A ge 16. A n only child. H is parents work. H e
г. nervous, suspicious. H e was always interested in his ow n and other
boys’ bodies. H e has m asturbated ever since he could rem em ber. H e had
dl lon dream ed o f hom osexual relations— w hen he was offered m oney he
Iell it was beyond his dreams (B utts, Г947).
( ase 194: A g e 18. H e is o f norm al appearance and attractive. A n only
г liiId, he was orphaned at ten. H e is a college freshm an, responsible to his
giandm other. She insists th a t he train for th e law b u t he is interested in
n'lonautics and refuses to work in college. Sex play w ith boys began early.
I b enjoys hom osexual activity, w ill n ot take m oney and refuses to subm it
In many perversions (B utts, 194 7).
1 ase 1 95: M a le prostitute. A g e 17. E ffem inate m anner and appearance.
I t is the oldest of three siblings and lives w ith m other and two sisters in a
li in incut. H e is in high school. H e participated in sex play w ith a man
wlien about ten, later w ith older boys. H e was never accepted b y his school
lie m akes fair grades b u t is unhappy; they m ake fun of him for his
■lb minate ways. H e is not particular abou t his customers; w ill cooperate
In any hom osexual activity (B utts, Г947).
( -'.im1 196: M a le prostitute. A g e 16. A ppearance is norm al. H e is the
loungcst o f four siblings. B oth parents are living. Elis m other discovered
I and another boy exploring each other’s bodies and sham ed him be-
bin Ihe fam ily. Sex relations are repulsive to him ; he avoids going to
•«Minis and confines his activity to fon d lin g in m ovies as m uch as possi-
bl> 11 is self-respect is low , he is convinced he is n ot hom osexual. H e is bit-
l' i against his m other b ut hom esick; he wants to “ m ake good ” then go
Inline ( Butts, 3947).
162 Homosexuality
Case icfj\ M ale prostitute. A ge 23. A ppearance is dissipated, dress is
flashy. H e is out for easy m oney. H e acts also as pim p and bookie. H e
holds o u t for all h e can get. H is on ly worry is that he is getting too old to at­
tract the best-paying custom ers (B utts, 19 4 7).
Case 198: M a le prostitute. A ge 18. H e is poorly dressed and w eak in ap­
pearance. H e is the third oldest o f n ine siblings. T h e m other is in a m ental
hospital, the w hereabouts of father and an older brother are unknow n. A
younger sister is in an institution. His childhood was spent in a dirty
crowded hom e; his parents drank to excess. T h e children learned to earn
m oney how ever they could; he had frequent sex relations w ith girls, boys,
m en and w om en. H e failed in school. H e prefers heterosexual relations
(which have been frequent) b u t hom osexual relations are w h at bring in
the m oney. H e is o f poor m en tality (B u tts, 194 7).
Case 199: Jerry F lyn n . W h ite . M ale. A g e 23. C h ro n ic p etty delinquent
and m ale prostitute. H e had a lon g list o f delinquencies b u t was never
convicted on a sex charge and the authorities never suspected he was an
overt hom osexual. Idis childhood was neglected, he was a product o f slums
and a broken hom e. Fie was brought up a strict C ath o lic. Fie was m yopic
b u t glasses were a handicap. H e b ecam e a bell-boy and elevator operator
in a hotel; was introduced to passive fellatio. H e was essentially weak;
m en were more satisfying to h im sexually. H is m other married; she and his
stepfather and sister m oved to an upstate village w here they lived an or
derly life. H is later career showed constant deterioration. A t twenty-three,
he was a hom eless vagrant and syphilitic. In cooperation w ith Flom e R e
lief, a plan for treatm ent, relief and work was m ade (H enry & Gross, 2,
г 94 ° ) .
Case 200: W h ite . M ale. A g e 19. O ffense: M a le prostitution. Arrested
w earing a naval uniform . H e was from a poor environm ent. H e had been
neglected by his parents; th e father was alcoholic. A t fourteen h e cam e to
the atten tion of the M e n ta l H ygiene C lin ic for truancy, b eggin g and oh
taining m oney under false pretenses. H e had a peculiar pattern of aggrcs
sive hom osexuality; in an aggressive m anner he pursued and persuaded
boys to use him as the passive partner. H e was com m itted to Industrial
Sch ool where he caused difficulties and had to be given sleeping quarteis
away from the others. H e underm ined the m orale o f th e others and be
cam e im possible to m anage; he was taken hom e b u t was soon arreslcd
and jailed for soliciting funds for In fan tile Paralysis C am p aign . H e went
from one trouble to another. H e le ft hom e and w en t to N ew Y o rk whcui
he form ed his pattern of hom osexual prostitution; h e m et his custom ers in
T im es Square and took them to his h otel room . H e preferred m en in 11111
form . O fte n he b ecam e friendly w ith them . Ffc disliked drinking. 11c cot)
tracted syphilis, developed anal fistula. H e neglected his illness aftci ,1
short hospitalization and resum ed his activities un til his arrest. H e will
Homosexuality 163
( igcr, active, never at a loss to occupy him self. H e stole from other pa-
licnts; he had a talen t for taking advantage of them although his intellect
was dull. Fie had no special interests; his social concepts w ere crude; his
judgm ent inferior; he was undependable and dishonest. H e stressed th at
lie was not sorry for past experiences, rather proud that he averaged an
income of forty dollars w eekly in N e w Y ork. A t fourteen he had been
seduced by an uncle. Fie was never interested in girls; he had already dis­
covered he could m ake a living b y hom osexuality. H e had no inner con-
llict, no self-criticism; a psychopathic personality make-up. H e lives for the
m om ent, does not care about the future. H e is proud of his ability to
ill tract other m en. T h is type o f psychopath is as displaced in a m ental in­
stitution as in a penal. B u t there is no other place for him . Social re-
luibilitation m ight be attem pted in a special re-educational institution
where he could learn a trade and the fundam entals o f com m unity life
(Freyhan, 194 7).
I THE H O M O SE X U A L IN THE A R M Y
<)l 270 cases o f sexual psychopathy studied in an arm y hospital, th e great
majority were cases o f hom osexuality. Thirty-seven percent entered hos-
julul of their ow n volition. T w o hundred ten were considered to be true
homosexuals; th e other sixty were found to have no disease, b u t had indulged
in homosexual acts on single occasions. T h e true hom osexual is infrequently
brought to trial; first offenders are usually court-m artialed. Seven percent
woic colored; this indicates that the reported hom osexual is less com m on
uiinng N egroes. U rban backgrounds were predom inant. Forty-one percent
1 one from broken hom es. M en tal age and education were above the
1 1 1age for the army. T h e y received higher ratings than th e average of the
h i my. Thirty-five percent adm itted th e excessive use p f alcohol; tw o per-
1 n il were chronic alcoholics. T h e health o f th e group was good. It is the
In Ici 11 of the W a r D ep artm en t th a t hom osexuals be discharged, or if of-
ln 1 is. lie perm itted to resign. T h e y m ay be court-m artialed if the miscon-
'liii I is aggravated. C ertain first offenders m ay b e returned to duty b u t not
In Ilie original unit. W h e re charges are filed, the psychiatrist plays an ad-
1 [dory role. D iagnosis is based on statem ents, history, behavior under obser-
vill ion, appearance and mannerisms; hom osexual vocabulary; investiga­
tion of dreams and m asturbation phantasies; narco-hypnosis and truth
thugs (Loeser, 1945).
I TR E A TM E N T
fin ellcctive m edical, legal or social means o f dealing w ith the under­
pin ilcgcd hom osexual has been discovered (H enry and Gross, 1, 1938).
I i cal mcnt of hom osexuality is not encouraging. E ndocrin e treatm ent
MiiU lie helpful (W ile , 1 941 ) .
164 Homosexuality
Homosexuality 165
F or confirm ed and obvious hom osexuals th e prognosis is poor w hether those whose erotic behavior evidences mitted pleasure from homosexual rela­
th e treatm ent is punitive, m edical or psychiatric (A p felb erg, Sugar, pathology without recourse to para­ tions.
Pfeffer, 1944). philia.
E . T H E H O M O SE X U A L IN T H E A R M Y
T rea tm en t is of little value. O n ly the obsessional-com pulsive can be o f­
D. H O M O S E X U A L IT Y AN D D E L IN Q U E N C Y
fered definite results, and these are n ot true hom osexuals. T h e psycho­ M ost cases of sexual psychopathy stud­
therapeutic goals should be overall adjustm ent, treatm ent of the under­ Every homosexual act is legally a de­ ied in an army hospital were of homo­
linquency but laws are seldom en­ sexuality. T he homosexual is not
lyin g neurosis. F ew ask for treatm ent (Loeser, 1945).
forced against those who inoffensively wanted in the army; he is discharged,
Psychiatric therapy is h elp fu l in controlling the offender and directing
live in homosexuality. Homosexuals or, if an officer, permitted to resign.
his interests into heterosexual activities (Selling, 5, 194 7).
are not as apt to commit non-sexual T hey may be court-martialed if the of­
crimes as are other deviates, according fense is aggravated. T he health of the
to Hartwell. Henry and Gross group group was good; intelligence and ed­
underprivileged homosexuals into three ucation above the average for the
SUMMARY groups: the orderly homosexual who army.
works, the male prostitute, the hood­
F . TREATM EN T
lum who belongs to the criminal class.
I)ue to public search for gratification, The general opinion is that treatment
A. E T IO L O G Y finds homosexuality to be constitu­ conflict with the law is more pressing of the homosexual is not encouraging,
tional and based on endocrine imbal­ among the underprivileged homosex­ although Selling believes that psychi­
T he causes of homosexuality are be­ ance. Henry and Galbraith find a con­ uals. O f male prostitutes studied by atric therapy may help to control the
lieved psychosexual; homosexuality stitutional deviation from the general Butts, most gave as a reason for their offender and direct his interest into
usually is considered a sign of retarded average as to physical features. East activity the desire for money. Few ad­ heterosexual activity.
emotional development. Mayer be­ distinguishes between constitutional
lieves enforced discipline on a sexual and acquired homosexuality. Greens­
level may cause repression resulting pan and Cam pbell argue for homosex­
in displacement of sexual objects and uality as a biological anomaly, a con­
may bring on homosexual trends. stitutional condition that cannot be
It is generally believed to be due to acquired. East claims that the com­
abnormality in the family situation. monest environmental factor is seduc­
C . Allen says the factors are hostility tion in youth; he believes there is a
or excessive affection for the mother, physical type which is predisposed to
hostility to the father or affection for ward early seduction. Kinsey believes
a father who shows too few hetero­ that in some cases it is the product of
sexual traits. Henry finds the causative timidity or other personality traits.
factors to be lack of effective males,
lack of virility in the father, rebellion B . AS A P E R S O N A L IT Y T Y P E
of aggressive daughter against exces­
Greenspan and Cam pbell claim that
sive masculine domination; continuous
homosexuals are a personality type in
emotional stress; lack of person with
themselves; homosexuality is not psy­
whom to identify. East says the broken
choneurosis nor psychosis.
home and a weak father are important.
Roche believes that boys who had a
C. LATENT H O M O S E X U A L IT Y
strong attachment to a man or those
who had a weak or no father may re­ It is possible even within heterosex­
main at this level. uality to be adjusted in a homosexual
Henry thinks that many seem pre­ focus. T h e greatest tensions are oh
disposed by constitution and environ­ served in latent homosexuality. There
ment. M uch may be constitutional but are two forms of latent homosexuals;
there are other determinants. W right those who resort to paraphilia and
1 1 . E XH I B I T I O N I S M

Л. TH E E X H IB IT IO N IST 169

1. Classifications of E xhibitionists 169

2. Personality 172

3. Path ology 172

4. Syndrom e x74
5. Sex *74

It. E T IO L O G Y *75
1. O rganic Factors *75
2. E nviron m en t *75
A. CH ARACTER OF PARENTS

D. O E D IPU S SIT U A T IO N

C. PRUDERY

D. P S Y C H IC T R A U M A

3. Precipitating Factors

( TH E A T T A C K 84

F requency and O n set 84

Place of O ccurrence 84

Prodrom al Sym ptom s 85

Parts E xhibited 85
Consciousness 85
M asturbation 85
A ccom panyin g A ctions 85
i68 Exhibitionism

8. Recovery 18 6

9. V ictim s 186
A . W H O A R E T H E V IC T IM S ?

B. E F F E C T

C. E FFE C T
O F W IT N E S S ’ R E A C T IO N ON E X H IB IT IO N IST

ON C H IL D V IC T IM S
1 1. Exhibitionism

D. FA C TO R S IN E X H IB ITIO N ISM 187

1. M echanism s 187 A. TH E E X H IB IT IO N IST

2. C astration 188 I. Classifications of Exhibitionists: T h ere are tw o main groups: psycho­

pathic, including psychosis (also undeveloped psychosis), psychoneurosis,
3- D efiance and Frustration 18 9
mental defectives, subnorm als, visionaries, alcoholics. (T o ta l 1 01 ) . Sec­
4 - H om osexuality 190 ond group— depraved: those in w hom exhibitionism is prelim inary to an
attempt at carnal know ledge or an attem p t to debauch children or to ex­
5- Im potence 19 1
cite or attract th e fem ale. (T o ta l 4 9 ). E xhibition ism may be psycho­
6. Incest 192 pathic and depraved in the same individual. W h e n it is due to depravity
Ilie individual merits im prisonm ent. V isionaries constitute the largest
7 - M asturbation 196
group (fo rty ), the m ost easily cured b y im prisonm ent or fine. T h is teaches
8. Narcissism r 97 them to appreciate th e value of reality and the vanity of phantasy form a­
tion. Psychoneurotics com prised only five cases. R epetition of tim e and
9 - O rality 199
place, etc., is usually n ot evidence o f obsession b u t an attem p t to attract
10. R eligious C o n flict !99 .1и11c particular fem ale. T h o s e w ith m ental deficiency num bered thirty-
llncc; these are certain to repeat unless institutionalized. V isionaries find
11. R evenge 200
sexual gratification from exposure and phantasies preceding or result­
12. Sado-m asochism 200 ing in erection, som etim es m asturbation. Exposure can result in ejacula-
Iinn. Exposure stim ulates phantasies (E ast, 19 2 4 ).
4 - Inferiority 201
Fast and H u b ert (1939) have six different groupings: (1 ) true exhibition ­
14. Progression 202 ists; exhibitionism is th e preferred means of sexual relief. (See C ase 201.)
(a) T h e intention is to excite and invite the fem ale. O b jects are adult
women or adolescents. T h e w om an is usually alone in a secluded spot. E x ­
E. R E L A T IO N TO S C O P T O P H ILIA AND posure is accom panied by erection an d /or m asturbation. T h is group is not
O T H E R PARAPH ILIAS 203 so com m on. (See C ase 202.) (3) T h ese are unable to com plete or
illi.iid of norm al intercourse. T h e y ask n othin g b u t have a sense of relief
F. D ISG U ISE D E X H IB IT IO N ISM 206 ■ iiid satisfaction at the tim e of exposure. O fte n they expose before several
women. T h ere m ay or m ay not be erection. T h ree said they feared vene-
G. T R E A T M E N T 206 II d disease. (See Cases 203, 206-208.) (4) T h e largest group. Isolated
1. T ech n iq u e incurrence is due to sudden tem ptation. T h is group includes alcoholism ,
20 6
physical excuses, those w ho denied offense. T h e object is not fixed, the site
2. O bstacles 207 1. varied, often near a public urinal. M o st had had no previous convic-
3. Prognosis 207
Iions. (See C ase 204.) (5) (Sm all gro u p ). Subnorm al or defective.
(See C ase 205.) (6) E xhibitionism is precipitated by the com m ence-
11и ol of ordinary heterosexual life (E ast & H ubert, 1939).
SUMMARY 20Я
169
170 Exhibitionism
M aville, F. and D ubois-Ferriere, H. (E tu d e sur l ’exhibitionism e
Schw eiz A rch. N eurol. Psychiat. 19: 79-84 (Jan.) and 575 (July 1938)
classify exhibitionists as: ( 1 ) hypersexual (2) hyposexual (3) feeble­
m inded (4) chronic psychotic (5) epileptic (6) constitutional psy­
chopath in tw iligh t states (7 ) exceptional cond ition as delirium of ma­
laria, etc. (8) nudists, not so n aive as they pretend (9) pseudo­
exhibitionists— involuntary ( C . A llen , 1949)-
Rickies classifies all types of exhib ition ism : ( 1 ) E xpom ania— due to
com pulsion neurosis (2) D epraved— w ith carnal know ledge as th e in­
tent (3) Psychosis (R ickies, 1942).
H. E llis quotes M aed er’s three types of exhibitionism : ( 1 ) infan tile ex­
hibitionism , desire to gaze and to b e gazed at (2) senile, im potent
(3) definite virility, exhibitionism an invitation (T aylor, 194 7).
R ickies (1950) distinguishes the depraved individual w ho is usually im ­
m ature, w ho exposes him self as a m eans of procurem ent for com pletion of
th e sex act or for excitation to the point of m asturbation and emission.
T h ese (depraved) individuals exhibit them selves to children and plan the
act so as to be partly concealed. T h e y are m ore cautious in selecting locale
and audience. T h e y are able to control them selves; exposure is only part
o f the act w hose purpose is com plete sexual gratification. T h e neurotic ex­
hibitionists are not furtive, they have no control, they expose themselves
in broad daylight, in public places, w ith great chances of apprehension.
N orm al exhibitionism occurs in children, prim itive people, nudists, adults
as prelude to th e sex act. A bnorm al exhibitionism occurs am ong the de­
praved, psychotics, feeble-m inded, epileptics and psychoneurotics
(Rickies, 1950).
Case 201: W h ite . M ale. A g e 61. O ffen se: E xhibition ism . H e had had
seven previous convictions for th e same offense. l i e was a charm ing old
gentlem an w ith good education and pleasant m anners. In d ecen t expo
sure had occurred at puberty and ever since it had ruined his career. 1 le
was married and had three children. R elations w ith w ife were never good.
H e first exposed to ad u lt w om en, later to children. T rea tm en t had been
sought frequently b u t no cure had been effected. H e tried to exhaust him
self b y frequent intercourse to no avail. H e remarried a younger girl bid
was im potent. H e was a voluntary patien t in a private m en tal hospital; lie
le ft the court and on w ay back to th e hospital exposed before tw o female
children age eight. H e was cooperative, suggested castration. H e reported
a feeling o f excitem ent at the tim e o f exposure, follow ed by guilt; lie had
th e same feeling of gu ilt follow ing sexual intercourse. H e was fearful ol
enclosed spaces; som etim es started disrobing on tu be and bus. H e had a
strong gu ilt com plex. H is exhibitionism was obsessive ( lay lo r, 1947).
C ase 202: W h ite . M ale. A g e 27. O ffense: E xhibition ism . H e had had
four previous convictions for the same offense. l i e was m arried but scpa
Exhibitionism ly i
rated. H e had a voracious sexual appetite; frequent intercourse. H e b e­
cam e a volu ntary patien t in a m ental hospital follow ing im pulsive acts
o f violence to others, an attack on a m ale nurse. In all cases his behavior
was identical; he w ould approach an attractive w om an, tw enty-thirty, in
the woods, expose him self w ith intercourse as th e objective. H e claim ed he
had been tw ice successful. D iagnosis: early, non-eertifiable schizophrenic
(Taylor, 19 4 7).
Case 203: W h ite . M ale. A g e 29. O ffense: E xhibitionism . N o previous
conviction. H e was married w ith tw o children. His w ife refused all inter­
course; w ished for 110 m ore children. H e had been discharged from the
service due to “ nerves.” T h a t m orning he had indulged in some love play
with w ife b u t no intercourse; w h ile dressing he exposed him self in his
bedroom w indow . H e was em otionally unstable, a poorly-integrated per­
sonality (T aylor, 19 4 7).
Case 204: W h ite . M ale. A ge 53. O ffense: E xhibitionism . N o previous
conviction. H e was married and on excellent terms w ith his w ife. T h ere
was no history o f m ental disorder. H e felt a sudden desire to em pty the
bladder, stepped into bushes, urinated, saw tw o girls and exposed before
Ihern w ith no erection. T h e act was im pulsive and there was no conscious
satisfaction (T aylor, 19 4 7).
Case 205: W h ite . M ale. A ge 28. O ffense: E xhibition ism . T h ree previous
convictions for the same offense. P atient had a m ental age of eleven-and-a-
lialf years. H e exposed him self to a fourteen-year-old girl; she aroused
bis desire b u t lie did not really wish intercourse. H e had done the same
thing before (T aylor, 194 7).
Case 206: W h ite . M ale. A g e 30. O ffen se: E xhibitionism . M arried. H ad
indulged in m asturbation and pederasty at ten. H e felt tension and anx-
iety. H e perform ed th e act always in the same place, a public escalator.
II с was shy, tim id and sensitive. H e practiced coitus interruptus w ith his
wife: was attached to his m other. T rea tm en t consisted in chan gin g th e na-
Iure o f his sexual life, giving him contraceptive inform ation (Rickies,
1942 ).
( 'ase 207: W h ite . M ale. A ge 32. O ffense: E xhibitionism . M arried. H e
had intercourse w ith his w ife every n igh t until an old case o f G .C . flared
up, necessitating stopping relations. T h is case shows the difference be-
Ivvccn true com pulsion and over-sexed (R ickies, 1942).
( 'ase 208: W h ite . M ale. A ge 29. O ffen se: E xhibition ism . M arried, b u t
piacticed coitus interruptus. H e felt a com pulsive urge w ith relief after
exposure. H e was an introvert and had been over-protected. T h erapy
((insisted in adjusting his m arital life, giving contraceptive inform ation,
e|e. (R ickies, 1942).
172 Exhibitionism
2. Personality: T h e exhibitionist is quite often a young m an o f rather
good intelligence, high culture and education, frequently from the b etter
social strata (K arpm an, 3, 1926).
Sex offenders are no m ore hom ogeneous than salesm en, physicians,
etc. E xhibitionists com prise m any personalities: the adolescent w ho m ay be
teased b y his colleagues to expose him self, w ho finds the resulting furore
agreeable and repeats th e act; the married m an w ho is unsatisfied sex­
ually and feels inferior, finds his poten cy dim inishing and needs the stim u­
lus of the shock. Som e are inadequate psychopaths w ith poor records,
m arital m aladjustm ent, general inadequacy; alcoholics; psychotics; senile.
O th er types o f sex offenders also com prise m any different types (Selling,
* 939 )•
T h ese cases o f exhibitionism fall into the group described b y H enninger
as em otionally unstable. T h e y are passive com pulsive, reticent, som ewhat
schizoid. T h e y do not realize w h y they expose them selves. T h e ir moral
standards are strict; th e conflict is so severe that they go to any lengths to
deny disorder. F o r this reason treatm ent is often im possible. T h e cases
com prised men w ho lacked aggressiveness, showed heterosexual im m atur­
ity, feelings o f inferiority; passive schizoid type o f personality structure.
N o n e knew w hy they exposed them selves. T h e ir morals were strict; m any
denied the charge (Silverm an, 1941).
E xhibitionists are usually shy, tim id, retiring, conscientious, usually
w ell-educated and o f high intelligence (R ickies, 1942).
G en ita l exhibitionists are apt to be tim id, shy, unaggressive sexually and
in other aspects o f personality (Ilirn in g , 2, 19 4 7).
M o st m en arrested for indecent exposure (m any in the sixteen-twenty
five group) are tim id, inh ibited w ith exceedingly proper sexual attitudes;
m ore so than those w ho indulge in sex play w ith children. T h e y have
strong superego form ation; indecent exposure assumes th e aspect of coin
pulsive behavior. T h e y are frequently attached to hom e and to one parent,
usually th e m other. T h e y are insecure in social relations. Aggressiveness is
at a m inim um ; only five o f the group showed any. T h ere had been no pre­
vious sex offenses of any other type except in one case. In only fifteen on I
o f sixty cases was alcohol involved (Flirning, 1, 194 5).
3 . Pathology: T h e exhibitionist is always a sick person. T h e fam ily
history is frequently tainted; often another m em ber o f th e fam ily is sub
ject to the sam e com pulsion. U sually there are neurotic com ponents in the
early history. M a n y appear to be norm al b u t secretive and bashful. O th cis
appear to b elong to the laten t hom osexuals. T h e sexual life invariably
shows marked pathology as com plete abstinence, excessive m asturbation,
frequent emission dreams, priapism , absolute or relative im potence, ejacu
lation at sight of w om en, ejaculatio praecox or sexual incom petence. T h ey
are often cold, im poten t in norm al sex relations. O fte n m arried men arc in
this group, fathers. Cases 201, 203, 234, 237. M arital intercourse may not
Exhibitionism 173
even openly satisfy their needs. E xhibition ism satisfies an urge different
from that of norm al intercourse. T h e ir dreams express their exhibitionistic
tendencies. O n ce an exhibitionist, always an exhibitionist; even during lucid
intervals he is not free from regressive phantasies, gaining in m om entum
till m otor discharge is foun d in th e act. T h ere is no conscious crim inal in­
tent or w ilfu l prem editated m otive. Fie has tem porarily lost norm al m en­
tal functioning; there can be no question o f any responsibility. N o punish­
m ent w ill rid the individual of regressive burdens responsible for the act or
prevent repetition. T h e only hope of cure is through analysis o f the psychic
m echanism s underlying com pulsion (K arpm an, 3, 1926).
I he m ale genital exhibitionist is a post-pubertal catastrophe. U sually
they are free from inhibitions as children b u t w hen the natural partner
w ould be an ad ult w om an they recoil. It is a regressive post-puber-
lal phenom enon, m obilized secondarily w hen m ature genitality should be
m anifested ( C hristoffel, 1936).
T h e fact that th e exhibitionist usually makes no effort to conceal his
identity lends support to a b elief in th e com pulsive nature o f m otivation
(Howling, 1950).
Exhibitionists show a com pulsive character. T h e y are distinguished
from the pervert w ho thinks hedonistically and seeks b od ily pleasure w ith
goal or orgasm. T h e exhibitionist is n ot looking for bodily pleasure or per­
sonal gain, he is driven to the act by pow erful unconscious drives; there
is 110 necessity to reach a sexual clim ax. Fie depends for satisfaction on the
и action of the w om en to w hom he exposes him self. Flis overw helm ing
need is to find o u tlet for frustration set up b y his forbidden goal, incest.
I Ic gains no real sexual pleasure; th e act is a violent a ttem p t to deny the
buried incestuous drive, unconscious choice of lesser o f tw o evils. H e is a
com pulsive neurotic b y all definitions: he is rigid, isolated, sheltered, or­
derly, all for one purpose, protection. H e is shy and overly-conscientious,
loo good so no one m ay suspect he is bad. Fie is subservient to m other b ut
inwardly rebels. H e does n ot engage in sexual excess, therefore seems to be
ol high m oral character. H e has never learned adult sexual conduct. T h e
relief from tension is the same as other com pulsives obtain from obsessive
1ilcs. A n al characteristics shown are orderliness, frugality, obstinacy.
I here is often stubborn refusal to accept treatm ent or the desire to avoid
paying for it. In treatm ent he persistently pits his w ill against that of the
therapist. O fte n they can not bring them selves to accept advice. T h e y leave
Iherapy because they prefer the com parative safety of com pulsive defenses
in I lie ordeal of facing their unconscious drives. O f th e exhibitionists,
1in 11с than seventy percent reveal definite evidence o f m ental disturbance
Imm severe psychoses to com pulsive behavior disorders. E xhibitionists are
'.и к men w hose abnorm al antisocial behavior is only the facade o f the real
disorder w hich is basically neurotic. T h e y b elon g am ong the psychoneu-
II iscs, colored by com pulsive personality traits (R ickies, 1950).
The distinction betw een the accidental and th e deliberate offender is
174 Exhibitionism
n ot always easy. T h e true exhibitionist is fun dam en tally abnorm al, n ot
generally dangerous, a nuisance bu t not a m aniac. H e is n ot usually insane
or psychotic (Ploscow e, 1951 ) .
C ase 200): W h ite . M ale. A g e 26. E xhibition ism . Single. H e sought psy­
chiatric help volu ntarily because he felt insecure. A college graduate, th e
oldest of three brothers. His father was steady, hard-working, recessive,
his m other rigid, religious and discontented. Sexual adjustm ent betw een
th e parents was poor; th ey rarely spoke to each other; th e m other rejected
all sex b u t sought com panionship from her sons. T h e fam ily was extrem ely
m odest. T h e patient received no sex instruction. H e had m asturbated
since fourteen w ith guilt feelings b u t was unable to stop. H is only hetero­
sexual experience was in a house of prostitution. H e had an intense desire
to see stim ulating pictures; occasionally practiced voyeurism . H e ex­
hibited him self four times; m ore frequently his act was sem i-exhibitionism ,
apparently accidental. H e ranted against w om en; had few fem in ine con ­
tacts since his m other disparaged them . C ourse of treatm ent: he w ould not
adm it his exhibitionism ; his talkin g was perfunctory, he exercised strict
control over the ch oice o f subject. F in ally he confessed. Sodium pentothal
was used; w hen his m other w en t away 011 a trip he started discussing her
critically and finding excuses for his father. P entothal was gradually de­
creased, he continued to talk freely. H e ran out of m aterial to say and be­
gan bringing in dreams so lon g th a t no tim e was left for associations.
T h ere was an anal conn ection in his concern w ith bow el m ovem ents. He
was basically insecure, w ithdraw n, narcissistic. E xhibition ism appeared
also in his speech. H e was over-suspicious and stubborn. H is dreams re­
vealed an incest drive and anal-sadistic urges. H is was a com pulsive neu­
rosis w ith sexual im m aturity, close to borderline schizophrenia (Ricklcs,
1 9 5 ° ).
4. Syndrom e: N early always there is a history of frequent m asturbation
from puberty or before. M a n y exhibitionists also have other perversions.
M o re cases show general crim inality. T h e elem ent o f h abit seems im por
tant. It persists after marriage, running parallel to norm al intercourse. A
history o f heterosexual play in childhood is im portant (E ast, 1939).
E xposure is frequent, repetitive; heterosexual perform ance is lim ited
and stereotyped. P sychological dependence on m edicine is com m on; there
m ay b e sprees o f alcohol or analgesics. Prolonged enuresis is frequent. A
com m on explanation for the act is urinary urgency. T h e exhibitionist is
superficial and transient in social relations. Exposure frequently follows
feelings o f defiance and disappointm ent. Integrations are non-verbal on
psychological tests (C ru van t, M eltzer and T artaglin o, 1950).
5. Sex: W o m e n are less given to exhibitionism . T h e y have m ore oppor­
tun ity to express it in acceptable social channels (K arpm an, 3, 1926).
Exhibitionism 175
Exhibition ism usually occurs in males. It consists in exposing the geni­
tals. W o m e n exhibitionists are rare, though one had this along w ith obses­
sional anxiety ( C . A llen , 1949).
O f fifty-one cases studied, on ly one was a w om an. She was a m oron, th e
exposure was probably due to carelessness. T h e sublim ation of exhibition ­
ism in clothing, etc., probably results in few er offenses am ong w om en
(Henninger, 1 941) .
E xhibitionism never occurs in w om en; they have n othin g to expose.
T h ey are asham ed o f the lack and seek to hide it. T h is reveals the differ­
ence betw een m ale and fem ale castration com plex: she replaces infan tile
wish to show genitals w ith th e wish to show all b od y except genitals
(Harnik, quoted by Rickies, 1950).
E xhibitionism is rare in w om en (R o ch e, 1950).
B. E T IO L O G Y
I. Organic Factors: O rganic defects are n ot constant in exhibitionism
and w hen present do n ot appear to play either a dom inant or contributory
mle. Stigm ata o f degeneracy m ay or m ay not be present, m ost often not
(Karpm an, 3, 1926).
O n e factor is som e local physical abnorm ality, hypospadias, unde­
scended testicle, scrotal hernia, etc. (E ast, 1939).
No single factor is responsible for exhibitionism ; num erous factors,
constitutional and environm ental are involved; each case m ust be evalu­
ated on own m erits (T aylor, 19 4 7).
1!. E n viron m en t:
a. c h a r a c t e r o f p a r e n t s : M o st m others o f exhibitionists have striking
similarities. T h e y are frequently narcissistic w om en, unconsciously m oti­
vated b y strong penis-envy and unable to adjust to the fact o f fem ininity.
T h e m ale child represents the phallus o f w hich they w ere deprived.
M others o f exhibitionists identify them selves fu lly w ith their sons. Self-
exposure is an unconscious attem p t to break th e identification, cut the
1 oid, affirm oneself as a separate, m asculine individual. T h ese m others are
m asculine in behavior, som etim es in appearance. T h e y are strong-willed,
nggicssive, hostile to all males b u t sons, or they are clin gin g vines, capi-
lalizing on their im agined woes, playing a dom inan t b ut “ h u rt” role in the
Emi l y, usually m arried to weak, passive m en. T h e y have a prudish attitude
toward sex and ignore or discard th e husband. M others com e from reli-
rmiis fam ilies dom inated b y stern father. T h e m others o f schizophrenic
patients arc sim ilar in m any ways b ut they reject children. Strong identi­
fied ion w ith m other m ay preven t schizophrenia. T h e father plays a role
hid il is m inor and negative. H e is frequently industrious, passive, meek,
willing to relinquish th e duties and privileges of household head to w ife;
iy 6 Exhibitionism
the boy feels no com petition for his m other’s affection. Incestuous drives
are thereby fostered and th e sense o f narcissistic om nipotence is nurtured.
T h e castration com plex is due to fear o f the dom inating m other (R ickies,
1950). (See Cases 210, 211. )
Case 210: W h ite . M ale. A ge 35. O ffense: E xhibitionism . Arrested for
exposing self in departm ent store before a blond salesgirl; later he m ar­
ried. T h ree years later he was arrested for exposure and tou chin g w om en ’s
buttocks. H e was an only child; his parents separated w hen th e patien t was
six. T h e m other dom inates the house w here the patien t lives w ith his w ife.
T h e w ife is w eak and easy-going. T h e m oth er is large, brusque w ith m an­
nish traits; dom ineering; revenging herself on all m en for her disciplinar­
ian father. She has dom inated the life o f her son, plann ing all his activi­
ties and collecting his salary. T h e patien t is restless, defensive, w ithdraw n.
H e adm itted infrequent m asturbation; before m arriage he had one failure
in heterosexual relations. H e had phantasies of large m ature w om en, par­
tially undressed, pressing him against their breasts. In his first treatm ent
he expressed his respect for his m oth er b u t began to doubt her judgm ent.
H e was able to see how developm ent was conditioned b y her attitudes. In
the course o f th e treatm ent he married; his w ife was told it was im perative
the couple have a h om e and life aw ay from the m other. L ife was har­
m onious for a w hile. T rea tm en t was suspended due to war activities. Sec­
ond arrest occurred after th e m other had m oved back into his hom e and
usurped the w ife ’s place, taking over the m anagem ent of the household.
T h e ir lives changed com pletely; sex relations alm ost ceased. T h e patient
spent m ore and m ore tim e w ith his m other, neglecting his w ife. H e was re­
arrested for exposure; referred b y court b u t was antagonistic; refused
therapy and suggestions. H e received a suspended sentence. H is present
cond ition is unknow n. P robably his difficulties w ill continu e and he will
eventually receive a prison term . C om pu lsive characteristics are revealed
in neatness, stubbornness and rigid w ay of life. H e was detached, defensive,
sexually im m ature. H e clings to his m other in the narcissism of youth.
T h ere are m any elem ents of a schizophrenic pattern b u t no psychotic
phenom ena (R ickies, 1950).
Case 211: W h ite . M ale. A g e 22. O ffense: E xh ibition ism . Single. P ublic
exposure at th e fo o t o f a public escalator. H is father was a successful busi­
nessman w ho took little part in fam ily life. A forceful m other ruled the
household. T h e parents w ere polite b u t distant; they occupied separate
bedroom s; the m other had an intense personal interest in th e sons, plan­
n in g their activities and supervising th e details o f their lives. T h e y felt a
m ild affection b u t little respect for the father. T h e exposure at the foo t of
an escalator was habitu al behavior. H e adm itted frequent m asturbation
w ith fears o f insanity or o f castration. H e felt a strong attraction to the
m other; he felt close to her in a physical, alm ost lover-like way. E very­
thing lie did was designed to please her. U n der therapy, lie saw the effort
Exhibitionism 177
of this relationship on his life and m ade plans for new endeavors; got a
new job, m arried, becam e increasingly self-reliant and m ade an excellent
adjustm ent, he rose to m ajor, was a high-ranking ace in th e Pacific, w in ­
ning citations and was killed in action. H is behavior was com pulsive but
aggressive; he had a positive attraction to and identification w ith his
m other. H e was rigid, punctilious and controlled. B y m aking radical
changes in his w ay o f life his narcissism was turned outward, his drives
icdirected. The m other also found other outlets and did not put up a
stubborn battle. T h e patien t had the benefit o f a strong w ife w ho was not
easily influenced. D iagnosis: com pulsive behavior disorder. T h e aggres­
siveness was probably evidence o f strong anal-sadism. Ilis narcissism was
sublim ated successfully; it found expression in m arriage, child and m ili­
tary life (R ickies, 1950).
I), o e d i p u s s i t u a t i o n : Narcissism som etim es becom es abnorm ally stressed
during childhood. T h e naked child m ay be played w ith, fondled b y an
enraptured m other thus form ing a strong psychic association betw een
nudity and charm . T h e child assumes a passive role b u t the individ­
ual w ho shows so m uch affection becom es a source o f libidinous interest;
developing along w ith narcissistic tendencies is a strong psychosexual at­
tachm ent to m other. W itn essin g bedroom scenes impresses on his m ind
that in exhibitionism one has th e best m eans o f gettin g the love o f the
woman and also stim ulates voyeuristic tendencies. A typical O edipus situa-
I ion develops; jealousy toward father and genital inferiority. U n til the age
ol four, all children are plainly exhibitionistic. From then un til puberty
the tendency is repressed. In puberty there is an explosive eruption o f ex-
liibitionistic tendencies (K arpm an, 3, 192 6). (See Cases 212, 213, 221,
^23, 226.)
( 'ase 212: A g e 28. V eterin ary surgeon. O ffense: E xhibition ism . T h e pa­
tient was an extrem e neurotic; exhibitionism was only one of m any mani-
leslations; there were also com pulsions, obsessions, phobias. A s a child he
hequ cntly urinated in the presence o f his nurse, this left a vivid impres-
M011 on him . T h ere were early exhibitionistic episodes in the presence of
I lie m other. H e had m asturbated since the age o f eight in spite o f m any
attempts to resist. H e felt inferiority regarding his genitals. H e was
Im ngly fixated on th e m other, hated and was jealous of father and
hint hers. His life was a struggle for the love o f his parents. A n attem p t to
ГУ I married to a desirable young w om an was frustrated b y the m other; he
' oiild not love against the w ill o f th e m other. T h is appears to have been
llir precipitating factor in exhibitionistic attacks w hich took the form of
in urge to m asturbate in th e presence of w om en. Prevented from satisfac­
tory sexual adjustm ent he regressed to infantilism ; behind each wom an
Mnod liis m other before w hom he craved to exhibit self as in early years
(S lckcl, quoted b y Karpm an, 20, 1948).
178 Exhibitionism
C a se 213: W h ite . M ale. A g e 23. O ffense: E xposure to tw o you n g w om en
in a m useum am ong G reek statuary. I his was his first-known offense. H e
had a psychotic, abusive father; his parents had separated w hen he was a
child o f seven. T h e stepfather was indifferent, th e m oth er over-protective;
there were strong bonds to her. H e was of superior intelligence b u t had an
unstable work record. A t nineteen he m arried a girl three years older and
was divorced. H is w ife was com pletely under th e m other’s dom ination.
H e was im m ature in his attitudes, dependent on the m other. H e denied
th e offense. T h e basis for exhibitionism lay in gu ilt feelings, infantilism
and an unresolved O edipus com plex (H enn inger, 19 4 1).
c. pru d er y : T h e m ost constant finding is a puritanical attitu d e toward
sexual m atters in the offender and in his fam ily ( Elirning, 2, 1947) •
C o n sta n t factors are prudery as th e rule in the hom e and a strict m oral
code. E xhibitionists m ostly show a history o f having been ideal children
(Rickies, 1950.) (See Cases 214, 217, 224.)
Case 214: W h ite . M ale. A ge 39. Arrested on com plaint o f several wom en.
H e was subdued, m eek, tearful and said he w ould do anythin g to rid him ­
self of th e “ curse.” t i e first exhibited his genitals to girls at ten, shortly
after the birth o f a brother and after his introduction to m asturbation.
Since then he had felt an u ncontrollable desire and had exposed him self
once or tw ice a m onth. Prodrom al sym ptom s were a sense of exhilaration,
nervousness, cardiac palpitation . H e resolved n o t to give in b u t knew lie
w ould; there was an intense struggle. F in ally he threw caution to the
winds; as if in a trance he u n bu ttoned his trousers and exhibited w ith no
care for the consequence. l i e felt no conscious desire to attract w om en, to
talk to or touch them . O fte n he did n ’t care if they saw him . H e exhibited
to unknow n w om en of varying ages. E xposure was often part o f mas­
turbatory activity. Som etim es he had no erection. A fterw ard he felt relief
o f tension b u t remorse and guilt. T h e only w ay to forestall the impulse
was to have som eone w ith him . In th e past seven years the attacks had
been increasing, always occurring w hen he was alone in a car. H e had been
arrested four times. T h is was th e only tim e he pleaded guilty. H e was the
sixth of ten siblings, the only boy till he was ten. T h e father was m ild, the
m other strict; he was greatly indulged. N u d ity was forbidden in the fam
ily. A t six he peeped at his sisters taking a bath; h e was beaten b u t voyeur­
ism continued. T h e first heterosexual experience was at seventeen, from
then on was infrequent till m arriage at twenty-six. H e said his marriage
was happy; he had tw o children in their teens. H e had practiced coitus in
terruptus for ten years due to his w ife’s health, therefore, relations w ith 11is
w ife were not entirely satisfactory. T h e re was a m asturbatory conflict. 1Ie
was m eticulous, clean, w ith high m oral standards. H is interpersonal rela
tionships were n ot w arm b u t rather com pulsive. H e had daily psychothn
apeutic interviews; his w ife accom panied him at all tim es in the car bill lie
took little real interest in the treatm en t and broke off after several weeks
Exhibitionism 179
directly follow ing dismissal o f his case by the court. T h ere was no exhibi­
tionism w hile he was undergoing treatm ent. M an y d otin g w om en sur-
rounded him as a child; he had developed strong narcissistic trends.
Taboos and punishm ent for peeping aroused castration fears. T h e birth
of a m ale rival and introduction to m asturbation precipitated a sym bolic
denial of castration and an infan tile show ing off. T h e neurotic conflict
was great during the act h e was in an alm ost dissociated hysterical state.
11c felt trem endous anxiety. It is believed he profited from therapy, ca­
tharsis, th e plan for protecting him self b y having a com panion and contra­
ceptive inform ation; he has n ot been reported to police in a year (Silver­
m an, 1941).
d. p s y c h i c t r a u m a : Psychic traum a is frequent in cases of exhibitionism :
the prim al scene, relations w ith a stepm other or w ith brothers or episodes
with the father are frequently revealed as factors. A num ber of psychic
traum a involve incestuous situations (K arpm an, 20, 1948). (S ec Cases
215-222.)
Case 215: W h ite . M ale. A ge 47. V io lin ist. O ffense: E xhibition ism . T h e
patient was a bust fetishist; as a child he had been fascinated by fem inine
arms and podex. A s an adult he becam e a frotteur in order to touch
w om en’s breasts or podex. H e seldom indulged in coitus b u t in frantic
sucking o f w om en ’s breasts. His m other and father w ere also som ew hat ex-
liibitionistic. His first expression of exhibitionism occurred at about fifteen;
lie was m erely aping his father. His penis was flaccid and sm all. H e had a
marked sense o f shame. His play on the violin was a continuation o f the
phantasy o f intercourse w ith the m other— the violin was the m aternal
body, the bow th e penis. H e exhibited him self before w om en thin kin g they
did not care for him unless they could see and be fascinated by his penis.
E xhibitionism took the place of intercourse. T h e outstanding etiology was
.1 hom e environm ent w ith m any bedroom scenes. Inferior physically, he
attem pted through exhibition o f the penis, th e m ost beautiful th in g he
11.is (narcissism ), to captivate and arrest the w om an ’s attention as his
lit her held th e love of his m other. Ide had a m other fixation, also a strong
homosexual com ponen t (Sadger, D ie L ehre von den G eschlechtsverir-
ningen. C h . V I . pp. 377-458, quoted by K arpm an, 20, 1948).
• ase 216: A g e 24. T ech n ologist. E xhibition istic tendencies. Periodic pa­
in lysis was a defense reaction against exhibitionistic tendencies. W h e n he
was a child his m other played w ith his genitals; he enjoyed exhibiting his
penis before her. E xhibition ism began at fifteen. H e once interrupted
coitus betw een his parents. T h e play o f his m other w ith his genitals, cul-
Iivating his exhibitionistic and narcissistic tendencies, was in large meas-
111 с responsible for th e p atien t’s later activities (Sadger, D ie Lehre von den
G cschlechtsverirrungen. C h . V I . pp. 377-458, quoted b y Karpm an, 20,
1948).
18o Exhibitionism
Case 2iy: M ale student. A g e 21. E xhibition ism . E xhibition ism was traced
to an over-prudish m other. H e had shown exhibitionistic activities since
th e age of three. A t ten and fourteen h e had m arked exhibitionistic and
voyeuristic cravings. H e had been threatened w ith castration for bed­
w etting. D u rin g childhood h e frequently w atch ed sexual relations be­
tw een his parents. T h e m other was not entirely innocent; she was also
exhibitionistic even w hile she was a com plete prude. W h e n th e patient
was fourteen-fifteen the m other had backaches and had the boy rub her
b ack w ith linim en t. H e slept w ith his m other till he was six and shared his
parents’ room until he was fifteen. E xhibition ism was stim ulated partly
by the m other and partly by num erous bedroom scenes. H e exhibits him ­
self before his m other in fancy as his father did. T h e sense of sham e in­
stilled by the m other as a defense against the exhibitionistic activities of
b oth only stim ulated the urge (Sadger, D ie L ehre von den Geschlechts-
verirrungen. C h . V I . pp. 377-458, quoted by K arpm an, 20, 1948).
Case 218: Artist. A ge 39. O ffense: Arrested for exhibiting him self before
a girl of ten. F ather remarried w hen patient was eleven; th e stepm other
was the aggressor in establishing intim ate relations w ith the boy, reaching
a stage of sexual intercourse. A fte r leaving h om e she occupied an im por­
tant place in his m asturbation phantasies; he had no interest in other
w om en. A t seventeen the father died, the stepm other remarried; the pa­
tien t becam e suffused w ith jealousy and developed a hatred toward
wom en; he becam e hom osexual in his tendencies th ough n ot overtly so.
M asturbation was a safety valve against crim inal instinctive drives. H e a I
tem pted to fight m asturbation b y abstinence; exhibitionism appears aftei
tw o m onths abstinence from m asturbation. T h e hom osexual period gave
w ay after tw o years to heterosexual prom ptings; he showed interest only in
girls betw een eight and fourteen. H e, the m an, chose to represent the step
m other; sm all girls represented him self as a boy. T h e urge was irresisli
ble. T h e process was consum m ated in a dream-like condition. T h e step
m other cultivated his narcissistic tendencies and incestuous fixations,
closing the road to norm al heterosexual adaptation. In exhibitionism fir
was re-enacting in phantasy the old scenes w ith her (Stekel, quoted by
Karpm an, 20, 1948).
C ase 21C): M ale. A g e 42. C o m p la in t: A n urge tow ard exhibitionism not
carried out in practice. A dipsom aniac and dissolute m other had allowed
him to be a witness in childhood to num erous scenes betw een herself ami
m any lovers. H e com plained of a violent urge to unm ask his penis in
church and to utter indecent, obscene words. H e avoided church, though
he was very religious. H is m other’s nam e was M ary, w hich established 1
psychic oneness betw een her and the m other of Jesus. H e felt an urge to
desecrate everything that stood high. His profanity in church was a vela
m ent moral reaction against his m other’s relationships and desecrations ol
the m other ideal. H is attitude toward his own children had a marked sex­
Exhibitionism 181
ual color; he w ished to do w ith his children w hat he expected from his
m other (Stekel, quoted by Karpm an, 20, 1948).
Case 220: F em ale teacher. A g e 35. She was subject to hysterical attacks
with the urge to rem ove all her clo th in g and run about nude before the
children. T h e attacks seized her m ostly w hile she was dressing or undress­
ing. W it h one hand she attem pted to tear the clo th in g from her body;
w ith other hand she attem pted to keep it on. She w ould run naked into the
corridor and attem p t to reach the street and w ould w ake w ith amnesia
from the perform ance. She had had incestuous relations w ith two brothers
since the age o f nine. W h e n the opportunities for these experiences were
gone, she resorted to m asturbation practices, im itating the practice o f her
brothers, particularly picturing her own nakedness. T h e exhibitionistic
.11tacks gave expression to her cravings to m asturbate naked before the
children, herself taking the place o f th e brother w hile a child took her own
place; thus repeating in phantasy th e early scenes w ith her brother (Stekel
quoted b y K arpm an, 20, 1948).
Case 221: M ale. A g e 28. E xhib ition istic urges. R elationship w ith m other
had always been very intim ate. F rom four he had been a frequent witness
of sexual relations betw een the parents. H e had dreams o f intercourse w ith
his m other from fifteen to eighteen. T h e im pulse to m asturbate in public
places, especially in cafes, com pelled him to leave such places in flight.
I his was w hen alone w ith the proprietress (his m other also ran a tav­
ern ). H e felt inferiority as regarded his penis, and narcissism; he w ould
exhibit his penis to him self before the mirror. H is syphilophobia was an
excuse to look at his genitals. T h e etiology lay in the O edipus situation, a
strong fixation on the m other and jealousy toward the father. T h e
m other had cultivated his narcissistic tendencies; his exhibitionism was o f
Ilie narcissistic type (Sadger, D ie Lehre von den G eschlechtsverirrungen.
( Hi. V I . pp. 377-458, quoted b y K arpm an, 20, 1948).
t. Precipitating Factors: In som e cases the onset appears to develop
idler the death o f the m other or disappointm ent in a love affair (K arp­
man, 3, 1926).
In every case there is a precipitating trauma; a broken engagem ent,
death o f the m other or her m arriage after divorce (R ickies, 1950). (See
Cases 222-224.)
< 'use 222: A g e 45. Single. T w o arrests for exhibitionism . T h e parents were
dead. T h e patien t was th e youngest in a fam ily o f four. H e and m other had
Iteen inseparable until her death. T h e fam ily was m oral, strict and reli­
gions. T h e patien t was quiet, m odest, retiring. H e stated he exposed only
when intoxicated; claim ed to drink m oderately b u t denied he was aware
of w hat lie was doing w hen he exhibited him self. H e had had no sexual
contacts. H e claim ed he had never been sexually aroused, never m astur­
182 Exhibitionism
Exhibitionism 183
bated. H e had no interest in w om en. H is m other’s death precipitated the
who was peculiar m some ways; seclusive. She dressed the boys in aprons
initial act of exposure w h ich led to his first arrest. H e was n ot interested
H e had been over-protected; the m other was strict. H er death was a great
in therapy. D iagnosis: psychoneurosis w ith im m ature sexual drives lead­
•shock. As a child he had been given to peeping at his aunt and others;
ing to exposure. H e had no desire to change or to accept treatm ent
there were exhibitionistic episodes. T h e first heterosexual activity was at
(R ickies, 1950). 1 cen and frequently afterward. H e was successful w ith w om en. H e had
tad one opportunity w ith an older w om an w h o looked like his mother- he
Case 223: A d u lt. C olored m ale. A g e 41. (F irst ad m ission). H e was m ar­
n use 01 that reason. T h e attack: he w ould feel restless, worry as if a
ried w ith tw o children. T h e fam ily history was negative. A t nineteen he en­
i-,1cat calam ity were going to happen, his heart w ould beat fast, his breath
listed in th e A rm y and was discharged two years later. H e entered govern­
wou d be short, he w ould go out on a sudden im pulse and urinate before
m ent service and rem ained there till M arch 19 17 w hen he re-entered the
any w om an in the street. H e cou ld n ’t think o f right and wrong. T h ere was
service w here he rem ained till Septem ber 1918. H e was overseas from April
no erection, no desire for intercourse, no pow er to think, he just had to
19 17 to A p ril 1918 and received a gunshot w ound in the arm. D u rin g his
obey. A fterw ard it seem ed as if the strain had passed; he felt as if he had
first n ight in th e trenches a shell burst near him ; although he received no
! ! olen t cxercise- T h e fee]ing w ould com e on in the house, he felt
injuries he was frightened, confused and partially unconscious b u t he re­
som ething was going to happen, he w ould go in the street w ith his trousers
fused to report him self sick, fearing others w ould learn o f it, so m ain­
open. A t tim es he felt like cursing. T h e first word w ould push out, then he
tained service w hile controlling terrific fear. H e began having spells of
t It relieved. D u rin g the attack when the w om en were gazing at him he
worrying. H e received news th a t his m other had died; this upset him more;
с t chilled, excited, blind, his muscles were fixed, he cou ld n ’t m ove. H e
he lost all interest in the service; becam e confused and lost control. He
aid no desire to expose before children under fifteen; he w ould think of
showed physical and m en tal sym ptom s, b ad m em ory and was always
Ins own little girl. A fte r the attack he felt relief b ut no conten tm en t. D u r­
tired. A fter his discharge his w orry and peculiarities continued. H e was
ing l e attack he had no pow er to perform sexual intercourse. Basic fac­
forgetful and heard his m other’s voice. H e had bad dreams in w hich he
tors were th e antagonism toward his father, an unusual attach m ent to the
was always getting the worst of it. H is w ife n oted a m arked change in his
mother: a typical O edipus situation. H e was em otionally dep en den t on
disposition. T h ere was a lon g list o f charges against him ; intoxication,
( m \ " ature o f th e con flict was incestuous. It was repressed dur-
carrying deadly weapon; four charges o f indecent exposure in one m onth.
с u с 100c t i e peeping and exhibitionistic activities began early
Fie had been annoying w om en o f a certain n eighborhood for tw o years;
probably conditioned b y w itnessing o f bedroom scenes and all the m ajor
exposing continuously before w h ite and colored w om en, old and young,
•к tors w hich ordinarily condition developm ent o f exhibitionism as a
every night. FIc did n ot attack anyone. W h e n arrested th e first tim e Ik
morbid reaction. W h ile his m other lived he was able successfully to repress
m anaged to run away b u t was found h a lf an hour later on a bench in a park
Ins anti-social incestuous cravings. D eath produced a profound reaction;
b reathin g heavily, his trousers still u n buttoned. O n e w om an testified thal
n u b le to adjust him self he regressed, repeating in phantasy early child-
w hen he exposed him self he seem ed strikingly abnorm al; his face writhed
SCf eS’ ckl™ g the ^ ta c k I feel youn g and free.” H e had a strong
in agony, his body was shaking w ith excitem ent as he m asturbated befote
* niving for his m other; his phantasies o f her assumed a m arked hallucm a-
her. H e pleaded gu ilty b u t stated it was im pulsive, he could n ot help him
|"\ с laracter. W a r m ay have served as a secondary contributing factor b ut
self. O n admission to the hospital he was confused, dazed, had no recollce
the m o th ers death was th e acute factor (K arpm an, 7, 1929).
tion o f th e offense b u t had some insight; he realized he was n ot normal
H e had been subject to am nesic spells since 1919. H e felt everyone had a
' 'T C, W h ite . M ale. A g e 36. M arried. H e w ould open his car door
grudge against him b u t realized it was im agination. H e was scared of his
exhibit him self and m asturbate. H e was tense, subdued, m ildly depressed.
w ife and w ould hide from her. Fie had delusional ideas of hearing Ins
I Ic said he could not get sex out of his mind; he w anted to be cured, had a
m other’s voice. Six m onths after admission he had im proved a great deal
"ircrc desire for treatm ent. E xhibition ism began at twenty-nine. H e
D u rin g interviews he had to leave th e office m any tim es to urinate. I Idj
itwaited the m om en t w hen it was “ safe.” W a tc h e d faces for favorable reac-
traced the onset of his trouble to b ein g scared out of his senses; until u
’ never aPProached the w om en. H e m asturbated w ith phantasies o f
cen tly he had been unw illing to adm it b ein g frightened. T h ree yrats
Ihe victim s exposing to him , resulting in coitus. T h e prodrom e consisted
later he again appeared at the hospital. H e had again been arrested 011 I In'
"I a sense o f expectation and exhilaration. A fterw ard he felt guilty
charge o f exhibitionism ; he had been freed b u t h e volu ntarily sought u
is "im cd, depressed. D u rin g the past m on th he had been attracted b y an
lief. T h e father had been unreasonable, irritable, capricious; there was
ml" cscent girl and drove past her school to exhibit him self about tw ice a
friction and m isunderstanding. T h e patien t had been close to th e mot hi 1
IIe was lh c third o f six siblings, all married and well-adjusted. T h e
184 Exhibitionism
Exhibitionism 185
father was even-tem pered and stern; th e m other lovin g and over-
indulgent. H e feared his father. T h ere were strict rules against nu dity in results in the taking o f the num ber, this indicates a need for punishm ent
(G u ttm ach er, 19 5 1 ).
the fam ily. H e had m asturbated in adolescence. H e was shy w ith girls, con ­
sum ed w ith desire to see th e fem ale genitalia. H is first sex experience was
w ith a prostitute at tw enty-tw o. H e m arried at twenty-six after a three S. Prodrom al Symptoms: Prodrom al sym ptom s: T h e patien t is restless,
weeks courtship. Soon after his peeping desires revived. H e had an extra­ excited, fearful, apprehensive, in a state o f anxiety; physical sym ptom s are
m arital affair over a period o f three years. H e was obsessed w ith a de­ oppression, headache, w arm th or hotness, perspiration, diarrhea, prick­
sire for intercourse w ith other w om en than his w ife. H e had phantasies of ing m urethra, palpitation, vertigo, vague feelin g o f increasing sexual ex­
citem ent (K arpm an, 3, 19 2 6 ). (See Cases 214, 223.)
girls naked and coitus. H e was neat, orderly, passive. His only difficulties
w ere m asturbation, exhibitionism and obsessive thoughts of sex. H e cam e
w eekly for three m onths for one-half to one hou r and found relief in talk­ d. Parts Exhibited: T h e part usually exposed is th e penis, less fre­
quently entire genital organs. T h e penis m ay or m ay n ot be erect. T h e ex­
ing about him self. H is w ife was obstinate and dom ineering. H e felt irrita­
posed portion is always the seat o f strongest erogenic functions (S tek el).
tion w ith her; intercourse was n ot satisfactory; there was prem ature ejacu­
(K arpm an, 3, 1926).
lation. She was m ore aggressive sexually. Soon relations im proved; he took
O ccasion ally the gluteal region, n o t the genital, is exposed (E ast, 1939).
a m ore active role, there was less fighting and m asturbation ceased. Six
m onths later he was free from exhibitionism though he felt occasional
tem ptation b u t this roused no anxiety and was easily dismissed. T h e
5. Consciousness: T h e attack takes place in a state o f daydream- the
exhibitionist m erely executes the scenes o f his dreams. Consciousness is
etiologic factors are n ot definitive since there was insufficient data from
im perfect: he denies forethought and prem editation. H e is in a dream or
childhood. M arital m aladjustm ent was th e precipitating factor; th e w ife
.1 tlance-like, happ y state. Som e w alk or run about planlessly and aim ­
em asculated this passive, som ew hat castrated p atien t and forced him into
lessly, exposing the dam p m em ber anywhere. Q u ite often, w hen excite-
an infan tile depen dent role (w hich he partly d esired ), rousing hostility
m cnt is n ot so m arked or so evident, the act impresses one as more deliber­
and anxiety. It is not suggested that th e underlying neurotic conflict was
ate or planned (K arpm an, 3, 1926). (See Cases 218, 223.)
resolved and he was “ cured,” b u t the acuteness o f problem was lessened
E xhibitionism only occurs in males w ho are unusually m odest and have
and brought under control (Silverm an, 1 9 4 1).
strict m oral code. A ll are embarrassed and go to great lengths to deny or
disown. T h is accounts for assum ption o f stupefaction, a dream-likc state
C. TH E A T T A C K or amnesia. T h ere is conscious awareness at all tim es (R ickies, 1950).

1. Frequency and Onset: E xhib ition istic episodes m ay com e on as early

<>. M asturbation: T h e act is not necessarily nor frequently accom panied
as five years and reach into th e late senium . T h e y m ay occur every day for
by m asturbation; fu ll satisfaction is foun d in the perform ance itself
weeks or m onths or regularly or m ay be lim ited to only one episode. T h e
(karp m an 3, 1926).
onset may be acu te or m ay have a period of laten cy (K arpm an, 3, 1926).
Ejaculation at or after the act is n o t unusual ( C . A llen , 1940).
In every case, exhibitionism started in child hood , usually markedly.
<)f ninety-eight cases, thirty-one adm itted, sixty-seven denied m asturba­
A ccom p an yin g exhibitionism was a voyeuristic tenden cy, starting at the
tion. Forty-three adm itted th e penis was erect (T aylor, 19 4 7).
begin nin g o f puberty (R ickies, 1950). (See Cases 214, 215, 216, 217, 223.)

2. Place of Occurrence: Som etim es exposure takes place indoors from
a w indow ; less com m on ly in a railw ay carriage, tram or bus. It is frc
quently repeated in the sam e district at the sam e tim e of day to the same
person (E ast, 1924).
U sually the exhibitionist seeks som e favorite spot ( C . A llen , 1949).
M o st cases of exposure took place in or near the hom e; seventy-four pci
cen t took place in broad daylight (A rieff & R o tm an , 1942).
U sually it takes place in a secluded spot (H irnin g, 1, 194 5).
O f 471 cases o f exhibitionism in Los A ngeles in 1949, 267 acts took
place in autom obiles. In view o f the fact th a t exposure from an auto often
7. A ccom p an yin g A ction s: D irect lascivious remarks are seldom m ade.
A llcm p ts at rape are seldom made. In som e the act consists in m erely ex­
posing the genitals, in others it is accom panied b y urination; in others,
m asturbation. T h ese secondary phenom ena depend on the early setting!
Exhibitionistic acts rarely lead to aggression because th e underlying psy­
chology is that o f passivity, o f only seeing and being seen. T h e strongest
dem onstration encountered is a vehem en t act o f m asturbation w hich
'•peaks for its infan tile character (K arpm an, 3, 1926).
In less typical cases the w om an is addressed more or less obscenely
,S om etim es there is a m inor assault (E ast, 1939).
Sexual excitem ent in scoptopliilia and exhibitionism m ay culm in ate
1 86 Exhibitionism
in ejaculation before it is possible to do m ore than peer or expose. T h e sex­
ual act can not be attained because ejaculation has already taken place.
T h is m ay be the result of excess excitem ent w hen suffering long sexual
deprivation ( C . A llen , 1949).
Som etim es there are suggestive gestures, som etim es m asturbatory a ctiv­
ity (H irning, 1, 19 4 5 ).
T ru e exhibitionism seldom if ever goes beyond sim ple act o f exposure.
T h ere is no attem p t to attack or m olest; the exhibitionist is n ot actually
dangerous to society, it is not a physical threat. T h e psychic traum a is n ot
serious unless m ade so b y th e reaction o f adults (R ickies, 1950).
8. R eco very: U pon recovery th e exhibitionist is in a cloudy state; he
experiences remorse, hum iliation. H e is unable to advance any reason be­
yond follow in g a b lin d im pulse w hich was overw helm ing. Som e say that
exhibitionism is a com plete equivalent o f ordinary sexual enjoym ent;
others, th at they expose in hope this w ould lead victim to expose in re­
turn; others are satisfied b y havin g the genitals looked at. In any case
there is great relief from trem endous tension (K arpm an, 3, 1926).
F o llo w in g exposure th e exhibitionist is depressed and resolves never to
repeat the act (R ickies, 1950 ). (See C ase 223.)
9 . V ictim s:
a. w h o a r e t h e v t c t i m s ? V ictim s o f exhibitionism are usually w om en
and children. Som e persons w ill occasionally expose b efore m en or even
exclusively before m en. T h e victim m ay be any passing w om an, a particu­
lar type o f w om an or even one particular w om an. T h e age of the victim
does not appear to be a constant factor. C haracteristically the victim of
exhibitionism m ust be a perfect stranger or th e act lacks its entire sig­
nificance for the exhibitionist. Som e prefer small children partly because
o f their helplessness and partly because exhibitionism is in itself a regres­
sive reaction (K arpm an, 3, 1926).
Som etim es a hom osexual w ill expose to other men; som etim es this is not
a hom osexual invitation b u t true hom osexual exhibitionism . T h e object
is always a stranger, usually a girl in her twenties; occasionally girls about
puberty (E ast, 1939).
H om osexual exhibitionism m ay occur ( C . A llen , 1949).
E xposure usually is to w om en, som etim es to children o f b oth sexes
(H irning, 1, 1945: 3, 194 7).
T h e reaction o f the w itness is im portant; th e selection of an im m ature
fem ale reflects the exhibition ist’s tim idity, inadequacy and need for reas
surance b y im pressing th e w itness (H irning, 2, 194 7).
T h e object is always a stranger; som e cases exhibit before a crowd. Adult
w om en are m ost frequently in the tw enties (T aylor, 19 4 7 ).
T h e usual witnesses of exhibitionism are w om en and children. T h e e f­
fect on them is n o t always dam aging (R o ch e, 1950).
Exhibitionism 187
T h e victim s are always strange w om en or children. T h ere is no relief of
tension un til there is definite indication th at th e genitals have been seen
(Rickies, 1950).
I), e f f e c t OF w i t n e s s ’ r e a c t i o n o n e x h t b i t i o n i s t : T h e reaction o f the
person toward w hom the act is directed is sufficient to intensify fascination
and produce a state o f heightened sexual excitem ent (Karpm an, 3, 1926).
I he exhibitionist is shy and tim id, seldom makes dem ands on w om an,
may have no erection and seldom masturbates; the w om an m ay be fright­
ened, take to flight, indignant, abusive or express pleasure and am use­
ment, this last is m ost pleasurable to th e exhibitionist (E llis, quoted bv
I ay lor, 1947). n 1
E m otion is greater if the w om an is shocked ( C . A llen , 19 4 9 ).
I he m axim um excitem ent is not necessarily at the tim e o f exposure
Em otional experience is directly related to th e effect on the wom an. T h e
most unsatisfactory reaction is a lack of interest on the w om an ’s part (T a y ­
lor, 194 7).
W h e n exhibitionism is pathological, there is the desire to surprise, o f­
fend or shock. M o st are disappointed and lose interest if th e ob ject is’ cas-
11 ' М а п У> lf a response is forthcom ing, cease and run away. F ew people
arc harm ed (H artw ell, 1950).
r e f e c t ON c h i l d v i c t i m s : If children are given good sex education, if
they have seen the bodies o f their parents, seeing an exhibitionist is harm ­
less unless they are confused and frightened by adult attitudes. T h e man
who exhibits to children is frequently not a true exhibitionist b u t is at­
tem pting to interest a child in a further sex act— this type is m ore danger­
ous to children (H artw ell, 1950).
П F A C TO R S IN E X H IB IT IO N ISM
I M echanism s: T h e child, unable to exhibit to th e m other or seeing
her exposed, seeks a substitute. T h ere is frequently a history of exhibition ­
ist ic episodes probably sought by reason of earlier fixations. T h e individ-
11.1I reaching adolescence is often inadequate to norm al ad ult sexual life.
\n eruption o f exhibitionism is usually precipitated b y an acute em o­
tion. 11 situation; the m other’s death or an unsuccessful love affair. Repres­
sions and inhibitions give w ay and th e infan tile personality steps to the
trout, l i e attem pts through exhibition o f his penis to captivate and arrest
tin w om an’s atten tion as his father held the love o f his m other. Overesti-
"' ilioii o f the body leads him to consider genitals the m ain portion of the
I'ody because these parts were frequently stim ulated and appeared to him
to play the leading role. E xhibition ism appears as a repetition o f certain
in W il'd scenes of bygone days o f childhood, a regression into the period of
tnInutility. T h e regressive nature explains w hy the act so frequently takes
11 ' 1,1 th e presence o f children (K arpm an, 3, 1926).
i88 Exhibitionism
Exhibition ism is invariably a form o f regression, a retreat from the de­
m ands o f adult sexual life into phantasy an d /or sym ptom atic acts con ­
nected w ith childhood. It is psychogenetically related to other form s of
regression: sadism, m asochism , fetishism , transvestism . O th e r m echanism s
are apparent: identification is universal though n ot always direct; d if­
ferentiation and repetition com pulsion. T ran sferen ce is at w ork as w hen
an individual exposes him self before you n g girls w ho represent a transfer­
ence from the original m other im ago. E xhibition ism as a com pensation
for sexual inferiority is n ot found in literature beyond statem ents of the
Adlerian school (K arpm an, 20, 1948).
C ase 225: W h ite . M ale. A g e 25. O ffen se: R epeated exposure to small
girls. H e was single, a college graduate, em ployed. H e was quiet, shy and
reticent; he had b een restrained and inh ibited b y over-indulgent parents.
A definite purpose in life was lacking. H e had failed to attain ad u lt sexual­
ity and failed to synthesize other aims. In fantile reactions and inferiority
were shown in the fa ct th at h e exposed him self only to children (Ifen-
ninger, 19 4 1).
2 . Castration: A function o f exhibitionism m ay be to bring to view the
genitals of the sexual ob ject (K arpm an, 3, 1926).
T h e exhibitionist em ploys m agic; he denies castration b y show ing his
penis, dem ands th at the w om an expose herself to him . Pie attem pts to
dispel his castration fear b y reaffirm ing an unconscious phantasy of a
w om an w ith a penis (R o m m , 1942).
Exhibition ism is a com pensation for inadequacy— a castration m echa­
nism (Selling, 1942).
Reassurance against castration can b e attained b y unconsciously saying
to the audience: “ Reassure m e that I have a penis b y reacting to the sigh I
of it” : “ Reassure m e th a t you are afraid of m y penis, then I do n o t need Iо
be afraid m yself” ; or: “ I show you w h at I w ish you could show m e.” D c
nial o f castration is attem pted b y a sim ple over-cathexis o f a partial in­
stinct (F en ichel, 1945) •
T h e behavior is com pulsive. In m ost cases it is related to m asturbation,
T h e root o f th e im pulse is an a ttem p t to allay castration anxiety aroused 1>v
m asturbation; m any report th at m asturbation is not pleasurable w ithout .1
fem ale witness (H irning, 2, 19 4 7).
T h e castration com plex is evident in m any analyzed cases (K arpm an, 20,
1948).
T h e exhibitionist is arrested b y a nam eless fear, actu ally o f exposure at
im potent, of castration b y th e fem ale. Exposure dem onstrates castration
fear, an over-com pensatory attem p t to prove m asculinity (R ickies, 1930)'
O u t of tw enty-tw o exhibitionists only one was a N egro. T h e father n
less a threat to th e N egro boy; there is less castration fear. T h e Negro
penis is considered longer (K in sey ).
Exhibitionism 189
I here is a low inciden ce o f N egroes am ong exhibitionists and pedophiles
(C u ttm ach er, 1 9 5 1 ). (See C ase 223.)
Defiance and Frustration: E xhib ition istic tendencies are present in
many in laten t form , som etim es m anifesting them selves as reactions to
Ilustration (Sperling, 19 4 7).
T h e behavior is am bivalent, m otivated partly b y a desire to free oneself
from the m oth er’s yoke. E xhibition ism is an attem p t to break aw ay from
1lie m other, to show th a t th e penis belongs to him self alone. It m ay also
he a wordless plea for help, assistance from authoritative figure to replace
I he father (R ickies, 1950 ). (See Cases 218, 219, 226, 227.)
' ‘ist 226. A professional m an. Single. A g e 29. W a s arrested for exposing
himself in a subw ay train. A t the police station h e attem pted suicide. His
sentence was suspended; he continued to expose him self once a week. H e
was apprehended again a year later; the same psychoanalyst insisted he be
treated. H e was th e oldest o f four children. T h e father was dom ineering;
the m other m ade him help w ith housework. H e was strictly brought up,
Ihere was a sex taboo in the hom e. A t tw elve he m ade his first acquaint-
.11 icc w ith sex. A t fifteen he pushed against a girl and experienced excite­
ment; from then on he indulged in frotteur and exhibitionistic activities.
I h was caught as a boy b u t n ot reported. H e started m asturbation at
thirteen. W it h girls he practiced p ettin g and m utual m asturbation. H is first
1111ci course was at twenty-five; it was always unsatisfactory, there was
either prem ature ejaculation or he was im poten t. H e had courted his first
love till he found she preferred another; this was a frustrating experi-
1 . As a child he w anted to jum p ou t o f th e w ind ow to m ake his parents
мшу. H is sister induced him to m asturbate before her, then reported
him. E xhibition ism was thereby linked w ith frustration and disappointm ent,
lie had sadistic and punishing impulses for w om en, these were responsible
lot Ins fear o f them . T h e hom osexual con ten t was a defense against th e
<h'dipus situation. H e needed to punish girls to revenge him self on wom en;
he was u nable to give. H e felt inferiority in regard to th e father; resent-
im nl of his m other, envy and jealousy o f his brother. H e measured love
иin I affection in terms of food. T h e breast and penis w ere inter-changeable
hi his m ind. H e showed disappointm ent in the analyst w ho deserted him
(fin a vacation) as his m other had done. H e could n ot work for his
mol her and for the analyst on th e sam e day. In his dreams he exhibited
himself w ith a trem endous penis. H e had exam ination dreams in w hich
IImre was always one subject in w hich he was n ot prepared. H e resisted
'" Ilysis, cam e late for appointm ents and tried to escape analysis. D urin g
Una Ivsis, a real change in his feelings was indicated b y his b u yin g a wrist-
Wtilch, then a ring for his girl friend; a valuable gift for his m other and
line,sting m oney in bonds. H e suddenly married. Analysis cam e to an end.
I lie deep roots o f the perversion sprang from th e early relationship and
190 Exhibitionism
identification w ith the m other. T h e greatest obstacle in his exhibitionism
was his narcissism. E xhibition ism was a reaction to frustration. In early
childhood he had w atch ed one child after another take his place at the
breast. l i e identified w ith th e lost object. H e teased others b y show ing the
penis (b reast), n ot giving it. H e preferred intercourse b etw een th e breasts;
soiling, w asting, not giving. Penis equals breast, sem en equals m ilk. In
analysis he was able to relinquish exhibitionism for food. H e reacted to
frustrating situations w ith exhibitionism . Physical sym ptom s b efore expos­
ing: m outh and skin w ere dry, heart b eat fast, he felt feverish, tense, felt
he had to exhibit. A fterw ard he was exhausted and sweating. H e had h om o­
sexual tendencies b u t did not becom e really hom osexual. Since the penis
equals the breast, th e w om an is n ot really castrated. H is fear was n o t so
m uch o f castration as of losing his life because o f b ein g abandoned b y the
m other. H e had a w eak ego and was u nable to tolerate frustration. H e de­
nied fear and felt drawn to danger. H e denied castration b y show ing the
penis; this constituted a denial o f th e earliest frustration— th e w eaning
traum a. H e attem pted to w ork w ith his denials and over-com pensations
(Sperling, 194 7).
Case 227: W h ite . M ale. Single. A g e 29. A n engineer, he lived w ith a
dom ineering m other and a sister. Pie had had several heterosexual affairs,
was m asturbating up to the present tim e. T h e act was com pulsive, an at
tem p t to free him self from th e m other. T rea tm en t consisted of environ­
m en tal adjustm ent, insistence th at he handle his ow n paycheck and be
com e more sociable (R ickies, 1942).
4. Homosexuality: E xh ibition ism is a m anifest expression o f repressed,
unconscious hom osexuality. T h e exhibitionist seeks th e “ m ale” woman
(C hristoffel, 1936).
T h e exhibitionist denies hom osexuality because he fears it (R o m m , 1942).
H om osexuality is not necessarily connected w ith exhibitionism b u t hom o
sexual inclinations m ay play a part in the d evelopm ent o f exhibition is Iic
behavior. It is usually n ot a prim ary factor b u t m any cases show hom oscx
ual histories, hom osexuality b ein g usually associated w ith narcissistic and/01
m asochistic tendencies. (K arpm an, 20, 1948).
A lm ost every exhibitionist shows evidence of som e laten t to overt hom o
sexual tendencies (R ickies, 1950). (S ee Cases 215, 219, 226, 228, 231,
234, 237, 238, 240, 244 and 250.)
C ase 228: M r. W . W h ite . M ale. M issionary. O ffen se: E xhibitionism
resulting in a scandal and loss o f position. H e was o f nervous make-up;
he reported am nesic states relating to unpleasant events and m asochisl i<
tendencies. T h ere had been excessive m asturbation betw een twelve-ciglil
een. A t six an older girl exposed herself and rem oved his trousers to his cm
barrassm ent. H e was happily married, a missionary in th e F ar East. H is first
im pulse to exhibitionism occurred tw o m onths b efore his m arriage be
Exhibitionism 191
fore a n ative w om an. H e gave in to it at once. A n oth er episode occurred a
m onth later. F ollow in g marriage the urge ceased w holly for a while; for
several years it appeared rarely then increased in frequency averaging
about once a m onth over a long period. T h e im pulse cam e on suddenly
and he surrendered w ith ou t a struggle. A certain setting was required; he
must m ake sure they saw his genitalia and preferred that they thought
him unconscious of the act. T h ere was no orgasm, no definitely sensual
sensation b u t a relief of tension. Rem orse follow ed exposure. H e found in
exhibitionism a form o f sex expression n ot found in norm al sexual rcla-
fions. His neurotic make-up, strong repressions, hom osexual dreams and
phantasies, excessive and pathological m asturbation, indicate a sexual
pathology finding partial expression in phantasies connected w ith exhibi-
I ionistic acts. A n exceptionally strong sexual drive was apparently con-
t rolled b y repression. W h e n suddenly thrust into an O riental environm ent
he was faced w ith th e sexual problem in its crudest form . A d ju stm en t b y
u pression was no longer possible. Psychotherapy of tw o m onths was fol­
lowed by no recurrence in three years b u t it is probable th a t deep-seated
influences tow ard recurrence still rem ain (P eck, 1924).
Im p otence: E xhibition ism m ay be a com pensation for phallic in-
Iciiority or for psychic im potence (K arpm an, 3, 1926).
Exhibitionists often suffer from inferiority, inadequacy, im potence. T h e y
need to dem onstrate their m asculinity and potency. O n e was satisfied only
when he asked th e w om an “ D id you ever see so large a penis?” M o st are
quiet, docile, submissive; they have m ade few attem pts to adjust hetero-
usually (A p felb erg, Sugar & Pfeffer, 1944).
T h e exhibitionists usually believe their poten cy is declining (Selling, 5,
1947). (See Cases 201, 229, 230.)
( use 229: W h ite . M ale. A ge 68. O ffense: E xh ib itin g self 011 subway plat-
1..... . before w om en. H e had had five arrests during th e past tw o years.
E.ich tim e he shed tears and felt remorseful; he claim ed the act was due
In an un controllable im pulse. H e was a hard-working m an w ith high moral
l.i 1ubirds, married w ith tw o children. F ie had always felt inferior because
11I iclative im potence. H is friends had six to tw elve children; he had only
Iwo. In his circle, a m an’s w orth was judged b y th e num ber of his children.
I'licre were evidences o f senility; he was forgetful, childish in his ways. H e
had regressed to infan tile levels o f behavior. T h e exhibitionistic tenden cy
had probably been present in repressed form all his life (Pollens, 1938).
< i isc 230: M r. P. A g e 21. O ffense: In decen t exposure. A victim o f rheu-
uiulic cardiovascular disease, he was vocation ally lim ited, intellectually re-
luidcd ( 1. O . seven ty). H e had inferiority feelings and felt inadequate
м 4iLilly. T h ere had been previous exposure; he now felt an uncontrollable
luge lo exhibit genitals. H e had w anted to be a girl. H e was th e second of
I luce children. M other and sister w ere obese, th e father and another sister
192 Exhibitionism
supported the fam ily; he felt that b eing a girl was safer sexually, socially
and physically. U n der treatm ent his physical sym ptom s dim inished; he felt
less dum b, less of a sinner, felt like anyone else; began to speak up at
hom e. H e stated that exhibitionism had served a three-fold purpose: it
showed he had genitals as good as anyone, he felt it excited the girl,
“ it w ould m ake her show m e hers,” and he could im agine coitus w ith her.
A s anxiety dim inished h e recalled concern in his teens abou t the size of
his penis. H e had witnessed boys in m utual m asturbation; he w ould not
m asturbate for fear o f having no erection. N o w he is no longer afraid to
m asturbate occasionally. H e had fifteen m on th ly interviews. N o w (five
years later) h e is socially at ease and w orking. O ccasion ally he m asturbates
b u t has had no heterosexual relations (C o n n , 194 9).
6 . Incest: E xhibition ism takes th e place o f an end-pleasure activity. It
is a substitute for forbidden incestuous cravings and because as a sub­
stitute it can not fu lly effect com plete release or gratification, th e urge is
never stilled and finally assumes th e character o f a com pulsion neurosis
(K arpm an, 3, 1926).
E xhibition ism , bad as it m ay seem socially, is b u t a pale expression o f a
strong incest drive w hich is im possibly tabooed from realization (Karpm an,
1 1 , 1940).
D u rin g the first five years th e child learns to associate the exposed organ
w ith m other. W ith this stim ulation the m odesty o f hom e life imposes a
strong taboo on the overt satisfaction o f intensely-stim ulated drives. Frus­
tration m ounts. T h e m other’s over-protection leads to excessive depend­
en ce on her, to incestuous drives and identification. H e learns th e im por­
tance of his b od y and his ability to give pleasure w ith ou t effort. T h is he
expects to repeat w ith all w om en. H e expects to b e always a source of
pleasure to all fortu n ate enough to view his beauty. H e is u nw illing, un
able to m ake a contribution. H e can not take a chan ce on norm al com
petition b u t retreats to a childhood m echanism . T h e real desire is so close
to reality th a t the substitute act m ust b e o f an antisocial nature alm ost as
dram atic, as tabooed, as incest. W e see the pronounced dependent attach
m en t o f sons to the m others w ho played a dom inan t role in their develop
m ent. A s children they were extravagantly adm ired and petted causing
them to feel their passive bodies om nipotent. Inertia was fostered b y the
absence o f a strong father. T h e y see them selves as adored, desired objects
w ith no ability to desire to respond in an ad u lt sexual m anner. Physically
they are m ature, sexually they b elon g to the m other. C o n flict is inherent
in such a situation (R ickies, 1950 ). (See Cases 209, 2 11, 218, 223,
231, 232, 235 and 238.)
C ase 231: W h ite . M ale. A g e 32. Arrested for in d ecent exposure. II is
personality was m ild, tim id, bashful, effem inate. H e was o f average in telli­
gence. M ed ical exam ination suggested an under-developed pituitary fune-
Exhibitionism 193
I ion b u t n oth in g o f m arked significance. T h ere were no psychotic sym ptom s.
I Ic was the second o f three children, the youngest a girl. T h e fam ily history
was negative. H e left school w ith ou t graduating at tw enty. H e was serious-
m inded, quiet, submissive, honest. H e showed no striking eccentricities. H e
had several love affairs; he was always interested in one particular girl
and took his affairs very seriously b u t was always frustrated. H e was sud­
denly attracted to a girl nam ed Iris w hose devoted slave he becam e. W h e n
she w o u ld n ’t speak to him he becam e desperate, hysterical, confused, ex­
cited, cried; other tim es he “ just w andered off.” H e m ade one suicidal
attem pt; he craw led through her w indow w ith an unloaded pistol. H ad
10 leave the city; he m et another girl; w hen she rebuffed him he m ade
another suicide attem p t. Exposure occurred on three successive nights on a
streetcar b efore the same girl. H e was a frotteur; he experienced trem en ­
dous sexual satisfaction from rubbing against w om en. H e had alm ost a
fetishistic fascination in the fem ale leg. M u tu al exhibition w ith girls and
hoys had taken place at age eight. A t abou t ten there had been a series of
episodes w ith his sister; these were repeated at about sixteen. A n aunt
whom he had seen in the b ath played a great role in his m asturbation
phantasies. A n oth er aunt touched his genitals in b ath in g him . A s a child
lie had enjoyed m uch fon d lin g and caressing b y his m other. H is behavior
mid hysterical reactions indicate a sadistic com ponen t. W h e n his love was
pinned he was overw helm ed b y im poten t anger, hate, revenge, jealousy.
The passive m asochist turns sadist; he w ants to violate, rape, or k ill the
love ob ject or to hurt or k ill h im self to excite pity; th e narcissist is so
1isitive. H e fou n d an avenue o f escape in exhibitionism w hich saved him
Imm violatin g his sister and from seeking adjustm ent at other levels. M as-
Iin bation had begun at fifteen; there had been experiences w ith a soldier
11nd w ith a physician. M asturbation b ecam e a h a b it th a t could n ot b e al­
layed. H e had frequent nocturnal emissions. M asturbation activities were
conditioned b y infan tile m em ories and phantasies. F rotteurism was a
masked form o f m asturbation, th e repetition of past scenes w ith accom pany­
ing incest phantasies. In these situations th e patien t is passive. H e avoids
heterosexual relations because in these he m ust b e aggressive; this is con-
11.11 у to his past experience. H eterosexual relations w ith prostitutes were
m 1satisfactory. T h ese all took place betw een twenty-five and tw enty-eight
v a r s of age, all after disappointm ents because he was unable to m ake
IItends easily. H e had no clandestine relations. H e resorted to hetero-
si \iial relations to escape m asturbation because m asturbation carries him
In incest. E jacu latio praecox was a protection against phantasied intercourse
with sister or aunt. T h e first exposure was “ acciden tal,” apparently not
objected to b y the w om an. Previous to th e second exposure he was nervous,
In conversation was not plain, he was determ ined n ot to expose him self,
yc| 11 was prem editated. T h e sensation was described as th at of standing
mi I lie brink of a w aterfall w ith the desire to jum p. It was n ot quite clear
how I he w hole thin g happened. H e ran from dreams to m asturbation,
194 Exhibitionism
to frotteur activities, to courting, to heterosexual relations. F rotteu r activi­
ties repeated the experiences w ith sister and aunt w ith accom panying
phantasies. H e was fixated on incestuous and hom osexual cravings; the
exhibitionistic episodes appear as un con trollable im pulses, satisfying in
them selves. In alm ost hallucinatory psychic states he regresses to earlier life,
repeating in phantasy th e old scenes of exhibition, peeping and rubbing
w ith sister, aunts, father and m other (K arpm an, 2, 19 2 5).
C ase 232: W h ite . M ale. A g e 26. A t tw enty-four first exposed and mas­
turbated w ith w om an in view. H e claim s the im pulse is uncontrollable; he
w o u ld n ’t m ind jail b u t w ou ld n ’t w an t his m other to hear of his practice.
H is m ind is on sex all the tim e. H e is the fifth of ten children; surround­
ing him were five girls. H e is inclined to effem inate attitudes. His m other
called him and his nearest sister twins; dressed them alike. T h e triad of
m other, daughter, son, thought, felt and acted alike. A n exaggeration of
narcissism was encouraged. A t tw o he was resentful of th e new baby; he
never again received his m other’s undivided care. A t five or six the triad
dissolved; the m other’s atten tion was given to younger children, th e sister’s
to the father. T h e patien t was le ft adrift. H e used m ore and more force to
keep up a sem blance o f alliance w ith the m other. H e hated his father; it
was hard to relinquish his all-powerful station. H e confesses he is vain, a
show-off. A t five or six he ran into the street naked. A t tw elve to seventeen
his forem ost pleasure was to lie beside girls w here h e gained a sense of
w arm th and peace. First m asturbation was at seventeen and was followed
by guilt. H e never tried to approach girls. E xhibition ism was a substitute
for m asturbation. E xhibition ism is shown in socially-acceptable channels,
atten tion to personal care, cleanliness; also in taking tw o girls to a swim ­
m ing hole, sw im m ing before them and standing on the shore b efore them
nude. H e felt no desire for intercourse. A t tw enty h e left hom e to prac­
tice exhibitionism and m asturbation. W e n t to sea for eighteen months;
during this tim e m asturbation was infrequent. G irls o f his ow n age con
sidered repulsive. H is first heterosexual experience was w ith a wom an
tw enty years older w hom he regarded as a m other. H e has read m uch 011
sex, especially on incest. H e is convinced that incest is his biggest factor.
H e married hastily; he loved his w ife b u t d id n ’t w ant her near him . T h e y
soon separated and he again reverted to exhibitionism . Elis m ethod: he
m asturbates in his room , n ude at the w indow , attracting the attention ol
w om en b y nudity and m asturbation. W h ile perform ing he is in ecstasy;
afterward he is rem orseful. T h e urge is irrepressible. H e hopes only Iо
escape the law; so far he is successful in this. Ele prefers exhibiting him
self before older w om en around forty. H e has little difficulty locating
them ; he selects a room w ith a w ide range o f w indows and exhibits him
self by degrees un til h e is entirely nude. H e feels disgust for the wom an
w itnessing the act; these w om en are not in his m ind; he half-closes his
eyes and visualizes his first sex object, the w om an of forty w ho was di-
Exhibitionism 195
rcctly identified w ith his m other. His dream life shows hom osexual and
incestuous elem ents. T h ere were episodes of bestiality betw een fourteen
and seventeen w ith sheep and donkeys. H e is im proving under analysis;
he is less involved in sex; there is less frequent exhibitionism . H is exhibi­
tionism is directly related to th e incest m otive (H insie, 1926).
Case 233: W h ite . M ale. A ge 29. Single. E xhibition ism , fear o f arrest.
M oth er and father w ere b ad ly adjusted; there was tension betw een them .
11c had tw o younger siblings. A s a child he was w arned against m astur­
bation. A t tw elve, he participated in sex play and observed intercourse
am ong children of his ow n age. H e began m asturbation about thirteen. H e
received practically no sex education. H e read a b ook on the evils of mas-
turbation; he doubted his m anliness due to m asturbation. H e m ade sev­
eral attem pts w ith prostitutes b u t was unable to com plete th e sex act. H e
had had only one successful relationship, w hen he was intoxicated. T h ere
was a history o f a broken engagem ent. T h ere was a b a ttle betw een his
desire for exposure and his determ ination not to. T h e act was perform ed in
many different ways. H e gained 110 relief unless the w om an indicated geni-
lals had been noticed; he hopes for pleasure or approval b u t is satisfied
if she seems disgusted or shocked. T h e victim m ust b e a stranger. H e has
voyeuristic tendencies. H e has never been arrested. H e has extrem e guilt
leclings. H e lost a hand in the service; his m other over-protects him ,
wants to h elp him do m uch th at he could do for him self. H e had twenty-
live psychiatric interviews. H e was embarrassed at first and unable to talk.
Sodium pcn toth al was used abou t h a lf the tim e. H e eventually adm itted
ovcr-attachm ent to his m other, even sexual im plications. Shortly afterward,
he perform ed one successful intercourse w ith a prostitute. D iagnosis:
psychoneurosis-obsessive, sexual im m aturity resulting in exhibitionism
(Rickies, 1950).
< 'ase 234: Businessm an. M arried. A ge 53. E xhibition ism . Arrested for ex­
posure; he denied the charges. Ele was referred for psychiatric treatm ent by
Ilie probation officer. H e resisted psychoanalysis, hypnotherapy and narco-
Ihcrapy. H is w ife was neurotic, his twenty-six-year-old son a periodic
drinker. It is believed there is a definite unconscious hom osexual attach ­
m e n t betw een father and son. Ele was frustrated b y a jealous, nagging
wife. His first coitus was at fifteen; he was seduced b y a twenty-eight-year-
old girl. A t tw enty he was seduced again. H e married and had sexual
и 1.11 ions w ith his w ife alm ost every n igh t for a year; coitus interruptus fre-
<jiK nlly. Sexual activities gradually b ecam e more infrequen t and w ere ul­
timatel y lim ited to n octurnal emissions. Previous to arrest there had been
a viral com plaints of his w alking around the room in the nude, not pulling
IIn shades. H e claim ed he did not rem em ber exhibiting him self on the
1■ if*111 o f his arrest. U n der sodium arnytal he told th at at tw elve he had
peeped with his brother-in-law at the m aid bath in g and saw another w om an
dn ns and undress abou t tw enty tim es. Ele adm itted passive fellatio at seven.
196 Exhibitionism
H e was a victim o f m aternal over-protection. H is w ife failed to gratify him
and he resorted to alcohol, voyeurism , exhibitionism . A ctu a lly h e w anted to
exhibit him self b efore his m other (L on d on & C ap rio, 1950).
C ase 235: M ale. A g e 25. E xh ibition ism w ith som e sym ptom s o f frot-
teurism . M o th er died w hen patien t was two; he was brou ght up b y a step­
m other. A n older brother died at twenty-one. A sister, tw enty-three, is still
alive. T w o years before h e was prosecuted for p u ttin g his hands on a girl’s
thigh in a train and was discharged. F ive m onths previous he had exposed
to tw o ladies in a train. H e was prosecuted and b ound over. H e repeated
th e offense on a train; was given probation on cond ition h e subm it to
psychotherapy. Fie was discharged from school at seventeen for m utual
m asturbation w ith another boy. H e had previously m asturbated alone but
did n ot appreciate the sexual nature of th e act. T w ic e he had heterosexual
relations, on ce w ith ou t satisfaction, once w ith. H e gained sexual satisfac­
tion from h an d lin g and rubbing the girls at his place o f em ploym ent. H e
joined the O xford G rou p b u t k ep t up this practice; religion is no deterrent.
H e had clashed w ith his father from early childhood. T h e father suppressed
his sexuality. A t seven he was interested in a girl o f his ow n age b u t the
father discouraged him . A t puberty he exposed to a girl and was thrashed.
A t sixteen he showed sexual interest in his sister; she m asturbated him .
T h e re was constant quarreling at hom e betw een father and stepm other;
father blam ed the patient; he hated the stepm other. H e had a death wish
tow ard his father; incest wishes tow ard stepm other and sister. H e was
sadistic in his phantasies. D u rin g treatm ent he again exposed. E xhibitionism
had roots also in hom osexuality. A s treatm ent progressed th e urge dim in­
ished. H e exposed him self on trains because he had gone on holidays w ith
m other and sister as a you n g boy; the excitem ent of the holiday condi­
tioned him to them . L ittle in the w ay o f castration m aterial was elicited.
A fte r tw o m onths he still had exhibition dreams b u t restrained him self
from exposure; he felt m ore secure, less anxious. T h e n cam e another out­
burst; he exposed tw ice in one week. H e fell in love for th e first tim e and
gave up exhibitionism for her b u t th e voyeuristic and exhibitionistic dreams
continued. W h e n he realized that his feelings were directed againsl
m other and sister, his relations w ith them im proved. H e was discharged
w hen he had lost exhibitionistic urges for tw o m onths; since then his be
havior has been norm al. E xh ibition ism was the result o f lack o f affection
as a child. T h is case shows the value o f short psychotherapy, six m onths
( C . A llen , 1949).
7. M asturbation: E xhibition ism m ay express auto-eroticism , it m ay be
a substitute for m asturbation (K arpm an, 3, 1926).
T h e regressive elem ent in exhibitionism is a form o f psychic m asturba­
tion (A rieff & R o tm an , 1942).
G en ita l exhibitionists are m ore than ordinarily troubled b y masturba
Exhibitionism 197
tion conflicts. T h e traum atic experience relative to m asturbation is im por­
tant etiologically (H irning, 2, 19 4 7 ).
Frequ ently they have gu ilt feelings due to m asturbation (Selling,
5’ *947 )■
(See Cases 209, 214, 218, 228, 231, 232, 240, 245, and 24 7).
C ase 236: W h ite . M ale. M arried. O ffen se: E xhibitionism . H e was an
only child, raised by an efficient, religious m other; he did as she dem anded
till tw enty-three b u t m arried against her wish. H is first exposure was at
sixteen, since then he had never been free from the com pulsion. M asturba­
tion was continuous. T h e com pulsion was worse w hen he was under em o­
tional strain. H e had had one previous arrest (R ickies, 1942).
8. N arcissism : T h e exhibitionist thinks that b y exhibition he is confer­
ring a service and kindness; he wishes to b e envied for the possession of
his charm ing penis (K arpm an, 3, 1926).
B urlingham connects exhibitionism w ith th e urge to com m unicate but
believes it is m ore the urge to show; essentially a reference to the subject
him self. T h e narcissistic, passive elem ent prevails over th e active object-
libido ( C hristoffel, 1936).
Narcissism is perhaps more generally prom inent in th e average exhibi­
tionist than m asochism ; it is frequently developed b y th e m other of the
patient (K arpm an, 20, 1948).
T h e exhibitionist believes in the irresistible beauty and m agic pow er of
his genitals (S te k e l), (R ickies, 1950). (See Cases 209, 2x4, 215, 216,
221, 226, 237 and 238.)
Case 237: W h ite . M ale. A g e 27. M arried, father o f six-year-old daughter.
O n probation for exhibitionism . T h e subject was m ild, gentle, polite, soft-
spoken, shy; his I. Q . was 117. Lie exhibited h im self generally before girls
past puberty or w om en. H e m asturbated w h ile so doing, resulting in an
orgasm m ore pleasurable than was gained from coitus. T h e desire was
uncontrollable; he tried to control it b u t w hen he abstained, he had head­
aches, tension, nausea; was depressed, irritable; had gastro-intestinal dis­
turbances. H e was anxious for treatm ent. H is first sex frustration had been
at five w hen another boy failed to bring him a little girl as promised. H e
indulged in sex play w ith girls his ow n age or older b u t was unsatisfied,
lie developed tem per tantrum s. A t nine he m asturbated in front of his
m other, also her w om an friends, w ho laughed at him . H e realizes now that
liis relation w ith his m other was abnorm al. H e frequented w om en ’s lava-
tories. A t ten h e exposed him self to girls and w om en. A t tw elve, he was
taken to a doctor on accoun t of public m asturbation and was told he was a
bad boy: he was convinced som ething was w rong w ith him . A t four-
leen he practiced voyeurism . A t fifteen he was sent to a prostitute b y
m other; he exposed him self to the prostitute w ho sent him hom e; h e felt
hum iliated. A t sixteen he was apprehended for robbery and rape and
198 Exhibitionism
served a six-months sentence though he was innocent. A t nineteen his first
heterosexual experience was “ lukew arm .” H e considered h im self ugly, u n ­
attractive. H e married his cousin at the instigation of his m other; th e mar­
riage was apparently happy b u t he felt the urge to expose before strange
w om en. His m ind was obsessed w ith the gratification of perversions. H e
tried hard and sincerely to control him self. H e was picked up b y police
and hospitalized for tw o m onths. D u rin g four m on th s’ analytical treat­
m ent he never missed nor was late for an appointm ent. H e had a sex affair
w ith a young w om an th ou gh he was n ot in love w ith her or w ith his w ife.
H e showed intense curiosity abou t things in general. H e had slept in one
bed w ith his brother in the same room w ith his parents; there had been
sex play w ith the brother b u t h e denied interest in the activities o f the
parents. Since early childhood he had practiced petty thievery. H is father
b ea t him ; his m other protected him . T h e sex drive overshadow ed every­
thin g in his life. H e was antagonistic to m asculine w om en. H e had had
several passive hom osexual experiences and w anted to be reassured he was
a m anly m an. H e dream ed o f b eing accused of hom osexuality. H e used
mirrors in a library to see the genitals o f w om en. H e related a phantasy
of clim b ing into th e vagina and b ecom in g a baby in peace. H e was de­
pressed if a w om an h e saw was m enstruating. “ W h a t is it th a t I desire to
see? . . . A ll I k n ow is that som ething is incom plete and I am seeking a
w om an w ho is com plete.” H e was arrested b efore th e com pletion of the
treatm ent, forfeited b on d and and becam e a fugitive from justice. H e
called and w rote the therapist saying he was not b etter b u t th at he still
hoped for a cure. T h e patien t was p o ten t and received pleasure from the
norm al sex act. H e fu n ction ed on a narcissistic level; he did not love any­
one. H e feared the father, identified w ith the m other. H e felt castrated
and needed reassurance as to his ow n organ. H e was searching for a per­
fect w om an, a w om an w ith a phallus. Scoptophilia expressed his need to
get an erotic response from the w om an to w hom he exposed. It was not
enough to see his own genitals, to m asturbate, to have intercourse, he
needed an erotic response on the part of a substitute m other (R om m ,
1942).
Case 238: T h e patien t had a strong psychosexual attach m en t to the
m other. E xh ib itin g his genitals to him self satisfied him m ost; he was more
a voyeur than an exhibitionist. Excessive love had been showered on him
as a little boy on all occasions (narcissism ) and he was treated b y his
fam ily as a little girl, stim ulating th e developm ent o f hom osexual tendcn
cies. W h e n one feels his body is b eau tifu l, from there to exhibitionism
is b u t one step. H e was psychosexually fixated on th e m other w ho eri
couraged his eroticism (Sadger, D ie L ehre von den G eschlechtsverirrun
gen. C h . V I . pp. 377-458, quoted b y K arpm an, 20, 1948).
C ase 239: W h ite . M ale. A ge 35. M usician. E xhibition ism and voyeurism .
H e had been sexually precocious b u t repressed b y the father. H e was able
Exhibitionism 199
for a tim e to sublim ate his urge through music. T h e desire to exhibit com es
on him w h ile playing; he needs to feel free around the waist. H e m ust
w ear clothes that do not adhere. H e no longer unmasks the penis directly
bu t a higher som atic portion, t i e is a typical voyeur dating back to the
fifth year; he peeps at youn g w om en urinating. O n e usual m ajor factor is
present; th e strong narcissistic tendencies cultivated in him in early ch ild ­
hood; he was considered exceptionally beautiful (Sadger, quoted b y K arp­
m an, 20, 1948).
9. O rality: Exhibition ism means to “ show ” rather than to com m uni­
cate. E very genital exhibitionist is an active scoptophiliac inspired by un ­
conscious elem ents o f orality. H e has a tend en cy to fear b ein g devoured.
O n e exhibitionist could substitute drinking for exhibitionism . S tckcl em pha­
sized the orality factor b y describing the genital exhibitionist as an “ eternal
suckling.” E xhibitionists are often very intelligent people w hose hunger for
know ledge never is appeased. T h e prim itive orality has been arrested
(C hristoffel, 1936).
E xhibition ism is n ot a true perversion b u t a sym ptom atic act. T h e oral
fixation in perversions has heen stressed by Jones, Fenicliel, C arp. O ral
fixation is th e m ost im portant determ inant for exhibitionists (Sperling,
19 4 7). (S ee C ase 226.)
10. Religious Conflict: A n oth er psychogenic factor som etim es foun d in
cases o f exhibitionism is represented b y religious conflicts. T h e exhibi­
tionistic cases w ith a religious background appear to involve a form of
am bivalence: the exhibitionistic behavior is an act o f defiance against the
m oral culture. R eligious conflicts appear to be secondary rather than pri­
mary psychogenic factors (K arpm an, 20, 1948). (See C ase 240.)
Case 240: W h ite . M ale. A g e 41. M arried for second tim e. O ffense: E x h i­
bitionism . H e had three daughters. H e was a norm al school graduate, m usi­
cal, religious; a church m em ber. T h e father had been a retired m inister,
serious and stern. T h e m other had hysterical attacks, was said to have been
voyeuristic. T h e patient was the second o f four sons. A fter several arrests
lie sought psychiatric treatm ent for exhibitionism . Scoptophilia occurred
the year after his second m arriage accom panied b y m ental conflict on re­
ligious grounds. H e exposed him self at five; had sexual phantasies in his
early years; first emission from m asturbation occurred at thirteen b u t he
had m asturbated before that. H is phantasies were o f scenes betw een L es­
bian lovers, orgiastic nudist parties, intercourse betw een w om en and dogs.
A t eight he saw his m other’s breasts w hile she was nursing; once saw
her bathe. A t ten he witnessed the prim al scene; at thirteen he at­
tem pted sexual relations w ith a chicken; at fifteen he had relations w ith a
cow and a m are five tim es in three years. H is dreams revealed disguised
narcissism, scoptophilia, urolagnia, coprophilia, unconscious hom osexuality,
20 0 Exhibitionism
repressed incestuous interest in his daughter, anxiety and religious gu ilt
(C ap rio , 194 9). (See also C ase 251.)
1 1 . R even ge: E xhibitionists reproach the father for n ot understanding
and developing them (C hristoffel, 1936).
In tw o cases, exhibitionism was a m eans o f punishing th e other sex for
a fancied wrong, as a m an w ho exposed him self after b ein g jilted b y his
girl (Selling, 4, 1942).
Som etim es exhibitionists have an unconscious desire to revenge them ­
selves on all w om en for the frigidity o f their wives (Selling, 5, 194 7).
(See Cases 219, 226.)
12. Sadomasochism: E xhibition ism is m otivated b y th e intent to insult
th e fem ale (E a st).
E xhibitionists m ay expose them selves to arrest in order to interrupt
analysis w hen it is gettin g close to underlying factors of perversions to grat­
ify need for punishm ent. M asochism is indicated b y his im provem ent in jail
w h ile he is being punished (R o m m , 1942).
A m asochistic trend is an outstanding feature w ith m any exhibitionists;
sadistic trends are evident in the desire to shock the victim (K arpm an, 20,
a948).
Apprehension and jail m ay be w elcom ed as punishm ent, reducing guilt.
P olice or jail represent the father or the superego (R ickies, 1950). (See
Cases 231, 241, 242.)
Case 241: W h ite . M ale. A g e 28. E xhibitionism . T h e hom e environm ent
was unfavorable: patient was deeply attached to his m other. A t fifteen he
becam e aware o f exhibitionistic tendencies. H e had had seven arrests for
exposure. H e lived w ith a w om an two-and-a-half years to overcom e his
com pulsions to exhibit; he was physically im poten t m ost o f the tim e. H e
derived pleasure n ot from th e act o f m asturbation or exposure b u t from
th e horrified expressions o f w om en. Pie enjoyed the torture o f his para­
m our w hen he was unable to satisfy her; he felt the urge to hurt her.
H e experienced one satisfactory sexual relation w hen he forced her to
com ply. H e was fixed on a sadistic level; sadism m ay develop dangerously.
H e is considered an institutional case; he should not be released b u t le­
gally he is n ot insane. W h e n his three-year sentence expires, he w ill be
released although he adm its that usually after im prisonm ent his exhibi­
tionistic com pulsions becom e stronger, beyond control (P ollens, 1938).
Case 242: W h ite . M ale. A g e 31. O ffense: E xh ib itin g and m asturbating in
front o f w om en. H e was an unw anted child in an u n happy hom e. H e had
been subject to fits o f tem per; he was tim id, jealous, suffered from cnu
resis, was b ad ly adjusted socially; seem ed to enjoy punishm ent; picked
fights w ith older boys k n ow in g he w ould be beaten since he was lame.
H is history included three marriages, tw o divorces. T h e re had been 110
Exhibitionism 2 0 1
em otional attach m ent to any w om an. H e th o u gh t o f physical relationships
as unclean, th ou gh t him self over-sexed, asked a doctor to castrate him ,
attem pted self-castration. H e used drugs to dull sexual desires. D elin q u en ­
cies began in early adolescence; h e held up his father w ith a gun, he
com m itted felonies, auto thefts, possession o f drugs. D u rin g his last insti­
tu tionalization he becam e deeply religious, self-reproachful; this was b ut
another phase o f his m asochistic m echanism . Prognosis: poor; he had high
intellectual d evelopm ent b u t was sexually fixated at infan tile level due to
unhealthy early environm ent (Pollens, 1938).
13. In fe rio rity : W h e n sexual intercourse is view ed as hostile, destructive
or abhorrent and traum atic factors result in fixation, it is difficult to attain
sexual m aturity. T h is inability enhances feelings o f inferiority, weakness
and im potence. A n yth in g that results in loss of poten cy results in a panicky
attem p t to restore th e narcissistic need for self-respect (A rieff & Rotrnan,
1942). (See Cases 243-247.)
Case 243: W h ite . M ale. A g e 29. O ffen se: E xhibition ism . H is heredity
was tainted; th e hom e situation was fau lty w ith constantly-quarreling par­
ents. H e was overprotected and too closely associated w ith the m other. H e
suffered from increasing feelings o f inferiority because of hypospadias,
acne, large nose, hand-m e-down clothes, etc. H e confessed to 200 episodes
of exposure; voyeuristic episodes and at least one attem pted rape. Pie ad­
m itted persistent m asturbation, hom osexual relations, alcoholism , cunnilin-
gus, lim ited norm al heterosexual relations, exclusively w ith prostitutes. H e
had a grow ing sense o f frustration w ith w om en. E xhibition ism was ap­
parently an a ttem p t to overcom e inferiority feelings; voyeurism was sec­
ondary to exhibitionism . N eurotic reactions were inferiority feelings, al­
coholism , m asochism , tem per tantrum s, com pensatory ideas, suicidal
tendencies, sadistic phantasies. Inferiority feelings are intim ately connected
w ith paraphiliac reactions; exhibitionism , voyeurism and m asturbation are
defeatist sexual characteristics, linked w ith the failure to achieve m ature
sexual goals. A lcoholism , hypochondriasis and m asochism are part o f in fe­
riority. H om osexuality is an either arrested stage o f sexual developm ent
or regression to an earlier stage o f such developm ent (K arpm an, 13,
1942).
Case 244: M ale. A g e 26. O ffense: E xhibitionism . A recidivist. E xh ib ition
look place w hen he was no longer able to tolerate feelings o f inadequacy
and fem in in ity w h ich were en hanced every day b y a dom ineering father.
11 с tried to show th e w om an that he was a m an; he invited her to look and
lie convinced. T o go further w ould involve aggression of w hich he was
not capable. It w ould b e necessary to treat father and son to inculcate
greater independence in th e b oy (A rieff & R otm an , 1942).
Case 243: W h ite . M ale. A g e 20. O ffenses: Served several sentences for
exhibitionism , sexual assault and th eft. H is predatory behavior is closely
202 Exhibitionism
related to his sexual behavior and consequent upon his sexual difficulties.
H e m ade m any desperate attem pts to secure w om en ’s favor; they were al­
ways unsuccessful. H e was deterred by fear from m aking advances or tak­
ing advantage o f opportunities. H e lacked aggressiveness; felt inferior, in­
secure. It was necessary to bribe girls, to over-com pensate, to force th e
environm ent to conform to his desires. Feelings o f sexual inferiority prod­
ded him to steal, to secure larger means. Inferiority feelings paralyzed his
heterosexual efforts and led him to exhibitionism and sexual assaults to
force atten tion or satisfaction from the environm ent. Sado-m asochism in
sexual phantasies is connected w ith expression o f power; back o f the power
m o tif is an anguishing feelin g o f im potence. H is sex life was infantilistic
w ith m asturbation and phantasies as the ch ief expedients (K arpm an, 19,
2948)-
Case 246: W h ite . M ale. A g e 27. O ffense: In d ecen t exposure. H e had
been previously fined for the same offense. H e adm itted six cases for w hich
he was not arrested. H e parked his auto on the identical spot on tw o
successive days. W h e n eighteen-year-old girls w alked by, he opened the
door and exposed his penis. T h e offense took place in spring. H e had been
a bed-w etter and nail-biter and had been knocked unconscious b y a fall
w hen small. H e finished seventh grade b u t was a persistent truant. H e
served in th e N av y three years. Flis father was inadequate; his m other died
w hen he was three. Fie had a crippled stepm other w ho was an active
disciplinarian. H e was insecure, a passive dependent. H e felt his penis was
too short. Fie first m asturbated at eleven or tw elve, his first heterosexual
experience was at tw enty-tw o (G u ttm ach er, 1 951 ) .
Case 247: W h ite . M ale. A g e 26. E xhibitionism . Fie had been repeatedly
arrested; fourteen w om en and children appeared against him . Flis offenses
w ere repeated during eight years. Fie had been adopted at tw o. H is m other
was neurotic, unstable. His work record was irregular. H e was ineffectual,
effem inate, inadequate, inferior. T h ere was excessive m asturbation and ex­
cessive heterosexuality. H e denied the offenses. O ffenses m ay have resulted
as an attem p t to com pensate for his lack o f m asculinity (H enn inger, 1 9 4 1).
14. Progression:
C ase 248: M r. D . A ge 32. O ffense: E xhibition ism . A m odel husband, a
good father. A fte r his daughter died at abou t three, bis w ife becam e de­
pressed; sexual relations were infrequent and unsatisfactory. H e exposed
self before tw o twelve-vear-old girls and was w arned b y police. L ater he
was arrested for taking children for a ride and obscene conversation w ith
children. H e first claim ed that the children had deliberately attracted his
atten tion . Later, he said he had always done things to please other people,
now he just w anted to please him self. l l i s pattern of neurotic com pliance
Exhibitionism 203
extended over years. H e was tw ice married. A m an had exposed him self
to his first w ife and he had adm ired th e th o u gh t o f a m an b old ly satisfy­
ing him self. H e had had none o f the usual sex experiences o f childhood,
no m asturbation, no peeping. H e married at sixteen w hen the girl was
pregnant, was divorced at eighteen. H e experienced no concern over th e
size o f his phallus or potency; exhibitionism was a progression, n ot a re­
gression. U nconsciously he asserted him self as he should have done twenty-
five years ago. H e had had as a child a com pulsive need to w atch over
his little brother. A fter six m onths he asserted him self at hom e, at work
and socially, he was happier and w ell-adjusted socially (C o n n , 1949).
E. R E L A T IO N TO SC O P T O P H IL IA AND
O T H E R PARAPH ILIAS
P eeping and exhibitionism go hand-in-hand, though one m ay be in ascend­
ancy w hile the other is suppressed. E xhibition ism is associated w ith voyeur
activities, also associated w ith obscenity, frotteurism , etc., w hich h ave sim­
ilar psychic roots. T h e factors involved in the history of exhibitionists
are not essentially different on th e surface from those universally present
in all neurotics. O n e o f the m ost im portant infan tile sex impulses is the
im pulse of looking. F or one reason or another a particular erogenous zon e
may contribute m ore than the usual share o f pleasure, cond itioning the
individual to fixate his sexuality at this particular stage. “ L oo k in g” becom es
a perversion w hen it is regarded as a sexual aim in itself, w hen it is di­
rected exclusively toward th e genitals or w hen particular satisfaction is
derived from looking at excretory functions (K arpm an, 3, 192 6). (See
Cases 215, 226 and 231.)
Exhibition ism is n ot an isolated phenom enon. E very genital exhibitionist
is an active scoptophiliac. T h e exhibitionist’s scoptophiliac instinct, it is
generally observed, has an oral basis. T h e usual unconscious dread o f
the exhibitionist is being devoured b y the object. T h ere is a connection
betw een cannibalism and exhibitionism ( C hristoffel, 1936).
A strong psychological affinity exists betw een voyeurism and exhibition ­
ism. E xhibition ism im plies fixation in th e pre-genital stages, oral, anal and
urethral. T h e exhibitor identifies him self w ith the observer; the aim of
genital exhibitionism m ay be challenge, com pensation or inducem ent for
others to allow the exhibitor to view their genitals. In th e object view ed
Ihe voyeur unconsciously sees him self, he introjects him self through the
eye; this is narcissistic indulgence. T h e unconscious m otive is to reassure
him self that the phantasied phallus o f the w om an exists. T h e w om an in
w hom he seeks the phallus is closely identified w ith th e m other. It is diffi­
cult to tell w hether the patien t gets more pleasure from looking or from
exhibiting (O berndorf, 1939). (See Cases 209, 224, 23Г, 233, 234, 238, 240,
243, 249-251.)
204 Exhibitionism
T h e relation betw een scoptophilia and genital exhibitionism is em pha­
sized. T h e prognosis is b etter w here they occur in close relationship (H irn-
ing, 2, 194 7).
C ase 249: W h ite . M ale. A g e 30. M arried. Arrested three tim es for ex­
hibitionism , referred for psychiatric exam ination b y court. H e cam e from
a strict, m odest, unhappy, religious hom e. T h e father was alcoholic and
separated from th e m other. T h e patien t had three sisters, tw o brothers. H e
was the fifth child, always treated and acted like a child. H e entertained
early fears about sex; an older brother had V . D . H e worried over the
smallness o f his genitals and dared n ot approach w om en. H e had a few
prem arital heterosexual experiences w ith w om en w ho took an aggressive
role. H is w ife was ineffectual. H e had been conscious of voyeuristic de­
sires all his life; had felt a com pulsion to exhibit him self interm itten tly
for eight years. T h e prodrom e sym ptom s w ere tension, restlessness, m ou n t­
ing desire and struggle. B efore th e act he sought an exciting voyeuristic
situation. T h e victim s were always strangers. H is sexual adjustm ent was
poor. H e was not am enable to psychotherapy and should be institutional­
ized for treatm ent (R ickies, 1950).
C ase 250: W h ite . M ale. A g e 19. Arrested three tim es for exhibitionism .
H ad exhibited him self abou t a dozen tim es since age of fourteen. His
heredity was questionable. T h e parents were neurotic; one uncle was psy­
chotic, one an exhibitionist. T h e hom e environm ent was unhappy, the
parents incom patible. N o b athroom privacy was observed b y either parent;
th e father frequently undressed before him . H e had m asturbated since thir­
teen w ith feelings o f guilt (religious conflict). T h ere had been childish
episodes o f an exhibitionistic, voyeuristic character. H e had had no
heterosexual experience. H e revealed a psychosexual infantilism . H e had
phantasies o f fellatio, sadism, urophilia, oral-cannibalistic trends. T h e a n a l-
sadistic com ponen t was revealed in repressed hostility against the par­
ents. H is victim s were usually girls of puberty age; on several occasions
m iddle-aged w om en. H e had erection prior to and during exposure; never
ejaculated during th e act. T h e im pulse was irresistible, though he was
aware of th e consequences. R egret follow ed exposure. Prodrom e: a semi-
stuporous state, restlessness, phantasy of girl’s reaction to exposure pre­
ceded exposure. H e had a tendency to stare at people; this was associated
w ith his reaction to the nudity experienced at hom e; exhibitionism was a
passive form o f voyeurism . T h e desire to expose him self was an urge to
re-experience w h at he once experienced in childhood. H e had taken pleas­
ure in seeing his father and m other nude; he th ou gh t girls w ould experi­
ence sim ilar pleasure looking at his penis. H e had inferiority feelings: he
was striving for recognition not received from his parents. H e was treated
as a child so he acted as a child. A n tisocial tendencies represented a b i­
polar reaction to hostile father (psychic castration of the father as a de­
fense against b eing castrated by h im ). T h ere was a disguised psychosexual
Exhibitionism 205
attach m ent to the m other and unconscious hom osexual leanings. P sycho­
genic m echanism s include the O edipus situation, inferiority, bipolar feelings
Inward father, hom osexual leanings, psychosexual infantilism , penis-
narcissism, sadistic com ponen t. T h erap y was satisfactory; there has been
no recurrence in past years (C ap rio, 194 8).
Case 251: W h ite . M ale. A g e 41. O ffense: E xhibition ism , scoptophilia.
' I'lie patien t was divorced and married a second tim e. H e had tw o daughters
by the first w ife, one b y th e second. H e is a high school graduate and has
laken some norm al school and university courses though no degree. A fter
arrest he underw ent analysis of eight m onths, about thirty sessions. A t ­
tendance was irregular, there was considerable resistance. A pparently he
made a satisfactory adjustm ent b u t tw o years later was again arrested
and referred to another psychiatrist. Scoptophilia began a year after his
second m arriage. H is first arrest that year resulted in a sentence and fine.
Mis second arrest occurred eleven years later; he was not prosecuted. H e
claim ed his w ife was frigid. H e was one of four children. H is father
was dignified and stern; his m other was hysterical. T h e parents were in­
com patible; the m other was dom inating, the father submissive. H e was
constantly unhappy. A t five, on hands and knees w ith his privates exposed,
he pretended he was a cow to b e m ilked. H e had early sexual phantasies.
At thirteen h e first m asturbated w ith emission. H is phantasies were para­
ph iliac; Lesbian lovers, harem scenes, bestiality. H e had witnessed parental
nilcrcourse at ten. W h e n married he discussed w ith his m other the ad­
visable frequency of sex relations. W h e n nine he was told how babies were
horn; was told to stay away from girls and warned of strange m en. H e
had prem arital relations w ith w ife w ho divorced him for adultery and pre­
marital relations w ith the second w ife before divorce. T h e tw o wives were
close friends. T h e w ife claim ed the p atien t’s m other was possessive, th a t
she babied and petted him unduly, also that she had decided voyeuristic
tendencies. H e perform ed bestiality at fifteen w ith a cow and a mare; this
was repeated five tim es during three years. In exhibitionism he was satis­
fied only if the w om en were stim ulated. H e exposed his erect penis and
was excited at the th ough t o f subjecting inn ocen t girls to this; he also ex­
posed before older w om en. T h e im pulse was sudden, irresistible. E xposure
look place in a stuporous or dream state. Scoptophilia was a habit rather
Iliaii im pulsive. His dreams showed exhibitionistic urges, narcissism, incestu­
ous desires involvin g daughters, coprophilia, masked hom osexuality. T h e
1 ase shows psychosexual infantilism . H e was sexually precocious as a child
md showed sym ptom s o f acute anxiety (castration fears). O n set of exhibi-
I ton ism occurred at five w hen he pretended he was a cow to be m ilked.
I he urge to expose is a substitute gratification or coital equivalent, over-
iim ipensation for the repression of incestuous craving. T h ere was little
iti hull m asturbation, it was replaced b y scoptophilia. H e proved his rnas-
■ulinity by show ing his penis to w om en. T h e exhibition of the genitals and
2o6 Exhibitionism
desire for the exposure of others go hand-in-hand (C ap rio, 1949), (L ondon
& C ap rio, 1950). (See also C ase 240.)
F. D ISGU ISED E X H IB ITIO N ISM
E xhibition ism m ay appear in a disguised form . It m ay m anifest itself
through some skin disease. R an k states th at certain skin diseases, especially
urticaria, m ay appear as a substitute for exhibitionistic tendencies (K arp­
m an, 20, 194S).
G. T R E A T M E N T
1. Technique: D eep analysis is not always necessary; psychotherapy
aim ed at an explanation of superficial conflicts can bring about social re­
covery (Silverm an, 19 4 1).
Psychiatric treatm ent for the exhibitionist lies in explanations of the na­
ture of the deviation in an attem p t to give insight; suggestive therapy, in­
dicating how serious eventual results will b e from a legal standpoint;
prophylaxis, diversion from tem ptation and opportunity for w holesom e ac­
tivities (Selling, 4, 194 7).
D ynam ically-oriented treatm ent is m ost desirable. T h e exhibitionist rarely
seeks treatm en t voluntarily; m ost com e after b eing apprehended. T h e first
requisite is a change in environm ent. W h ile he rem ains near the mother,
no treatm ent can be effective. T h e therapist should m ake an effort to se­
cure the m other’s cooperation. O fte n it is n ot possible to see him daily
due to his inability to accept help; obstinacy keeps him from adm itting
he is sick. Penurious habits keep him from sacrificing tim e, m oney, effort.
Sickness has prevented him from success in work; he seldom can fake the
tim e or raise the funds for daily long-term therapy. F air success is reported
in seeing exhibitionistic patients tw ice daily over three to nine m onths. T h e
norm al desire to com m unicate is throttled in the case of exhibitionists;
they are constantly on guard. W h e n rapport is established they start open­
in g up. As they reach a b etter understanding of the origins of their proh
lem , they develop m ore nearly norm al patterns of behavior. M a n y have
retained strong m other-son attach m en t from sense of duty. It is important
that therapist be m ale and very patient. T h e exhibitionist m ust learn in
respect authority. H e develops m any resistances and leads the therapist up
false paths. Sodium p en toth al m ay be used w hen th e treatm ent reaches
an impasse. It should be resorted to only w hen the treatm ent is apparently
deadlocked or w hen unconscious m aterial is com ing out so fast that the
patien t m ay be terrified into stopping. T h e greatest danger is th at therapy
m ay be discontinued too soon. It is im portant th at situational changes lie
made; it is im portant to see the w ife to encourage new interests and out
lets, recreational and social contacts (See C ase 252). C om pulsiveness can
Exhibitionism 207
he an asset w hen controlled and directed into useful channels. Stubborn­
ness too can b e utilized (R ickies, 1950).
Case 252: W h ite . M ale. A g e 27. M arried. Referred b y court after expo­
sure. F ather was passive and hard-working. M o th er was retiring, chronically
ailing. She was greatly attached to th e son, an only child. H is w ife was
plain and retiring, a passive personality. T h e patien t was a college gradu­
ate. H e held a good position b u t m ade n o advancem ent. H e practiced coitus
interruptus, occasional m asturbation. T h e parents slept separately and had
little in com m on; th e m other b lam ed her illness on early m arital inter­
course resulting in the b o y ’s birth; he felt he had to m ake it up to her. H e
m asturbated as a youn g child w ith gu ilt and fear; he could n o t com plete
the sex act through fear th at intercourse was harm ful to w om en (due to
m other’s attitude). H is w ife was instructed in th e use o f contraceptives
to free him from th e fear of pregnancy. H e relaxed his punctilious, repeti­
tive habits and was advised to take post-graduate work to advance in his
career. H e was rigidly com pulsive. A t last reports a child was born, his
sex life was harm onious and satisfying, his psychic energy was directed
toward his work and his fam ily. D iagnosis: com pulsive behavior reaction
w ith im m ature sex drives resulting in exposure. H e had feelings of guilt
and obligation toward his m other. Profound narcissism was lacking here
hence psychotherapy was easier to con d u ct to a successful conclusion
(R ickies, 1950).
2 . Obstacles: A m b u latory treatm ent in such cases is destined to failure
because the patien t invariably exposes h im self to arrest b efore th e analysis
is com pleted. C u stod ial care is required un til the ego has sufficient insight
to face instinctual drives w ith ou t succum bing to the superego’s need for
punishm ent (R o m m , 1942).
E xhibitionists w ould be h op efu l to work w ith excep t for their defen ­
siveness; none are more reluctant to adm it guilt. In th e vast m ajority o f
cases (fifty-four out of sixty) he denies gu ilt and puts up a stout defense.
' Ihis is the result o f his ow n attitud e toward sex, com m unity attitudes and
ovcrsevere hand ling b y police and court (H irning, 3, 19 4 7).
Narcissism is th e greatest factor o f resistance in treatm ent o f exhibition ­
ists (Sperling, 1947)-
Prognosis: In exhibitionism , indications for treatm en t are youth,
a generally undeveloped sexual life, infrequent practice of th e act, absence
of oth er perversions, a strong desire for relief (E ast 2, 1939).
T h erap y is disappointing. C h ro n icity in ages over twenty-five or thirty
and failure o f heterosexual life m ake progress hopeless (E ast and H ubert,
*939 ) -
F ifty percent of exhibitionists w ill rem ain so; others w ill clear up; only
 Exhibitionism 209
2 o 8 Exhibitionism
exhibitionist is always a sick person; usually married to weak, passive men.
five to ten percent at m ost w ill com m it indecent liberty or serious sex
there is no question of responsibility. T he Oedipus situation is a factor,
offenses (Selling, 1, 1939).
Rickies places the exhibitionist among developing from the stressing of nar­
T h e exhibitionist responds fairly w ell to therapy if his urges are infre­ cissism by the fondling of a naked
the compulsive neurotics, basing this
quent and he possesses m oral sense. F ew have hom osexual trends (W ile , diagnosis upon the finding that the child by a fond mother, the witness­
1941 ). exhibitionist is rigid, isolated, shel­ ing of bedroom scenes which develops
Prognosis is uncertain because w hen th e patien t is close to understand­ tered, orderly and upon anal character­ jealousy toward the father and genital
ing th e dynam ics, he destroys the possibility of continu in g treatm ent. C u s­ istics such as orderliness, frugality, ob­ inferiority. Rickies and Hirning find
todial care is indicated (R o m m , 1942). stinacy. T he relief from tension is the a puritanical attitude toward sexual
E xhibitionists are am ong th e m ost suitable subjects for probation w ith same as others obtain from obsessive matters as a rule in the home. Accord­
psychotherapy (M u llin s, 1950). rites. Bowling mentions the compul­ ing to Karpman, psychic trauma is fre­
sive character of the motivation. quent in cases of exhibitionism; a
Christoffel speaks of exhibitionism as number of such traumata involve in­
Case 253: W h ite . M ale. A g e 19У2. O ffense: In d ecen t exposure. O n e pre­
a regressive post-pubertal phenom­ cestuous situations. In some cases, ac­
vious conviction. H e exposed abou t once in tw o weeks, generally in the
enon. cording to Karpman, in every case,
even ing on the public street as an invitation to passing girls. T h ere was no according to Rickies, there is a precipi­
East finds a history of frequent mas­
m asturbation at the tim e. E xposure continued after release. M asturbation turbation from puberty and a tend­ tating trauma, broken engagement or
and exhibitionism were closely linked; one depended on the other. It was ency to general criminality. Cruvant, death of the mother.
n ot com pulsive. C h ro n ic exhibitionism appeared inevitable (E ast, 1939). Meltzer and Tartaglino note a limited
c. TH E ATTACK
and stereotyped heterosexual perform­
Case 254: W h ite . M ale. A g e 36. O ffense: In d ecen t exposure. T w elv e ance, frequent psychological depend­ Rickies states that in every case ex­
previous convictions. O ccasion ally he exposed several tim es during the ence on medicine, prolonged enuresis, hibitionism started in childhood. It
same evening. H e often exposed w ith ou t arrest. Exposure was com bined sprees of alcohol or analgesics. may come on as early as five years ac­
It is agreed that female exhibi­ cording to Karpman, who also states
w ith m asturbation and phantasies of sex relations. H e never spoke to his
tionists are rare. According to Karp­ that episodes may occur every day or
objects. H e was married, had tw o children; his w ife left him . Sex relations
man this is because women have more regularly or may occur only once.
w ith his w ife were norm al and satisfactory b u t m ore satisfaction was gained Hirning finds that exhibitionism
socially-acceptable means of express­
b y exposing him self w ith m asturbation. Since treatm en t h e has been twice ing exhibitionistic tendencies. Rickies, usually takes place in a secluded spot;
re-convicted. H e is a chronic case, hopeless (E ast, 193 9). quoting Harnik, claims it is because Guttmacher finds a large proportion
they are ashamed of their lack and take place in automobiles. East states
seek to hide it; the woman replaces that the act is frequently repeated in
the wish to show the genitals with the the same district, at the same time of
wish to show all the body except the day, to the same person. T he prodro­
SUMMARY mal symptoms, according to Karpman,
genitals.
are restlessness, excitement, fearful­
B. E T IO L O G Y ness, apprehension. There may be
A . T H E E X H IB IT IO N IST sexual life. Some distinguish between Karpman states that organic defects physical symptoms, as oppression,
play a minor role in the development headache, hotness, perspiration, diar­
hypersexual and hyposexual exhibi
Various attempts have been made to tionists. of exhibitionism. East, on the con- rhea, pricking in the urethra, pal­
classify exhibitionists. T he simplest is There is general agreement as to trary, finds that local physical abnor­ pitation, vertigo, vague feeling of
that of East (1924) who considers the lack of aggressiveness, inferiority, malities— hypospadias, undescended increasing sexual excitement. T he part
them either psychopathic or de­ timidity and heterosexual immaturity testicles, etc., may be a factor. exhibited is usually the penis; occa­
praved. Others make such distinctions of the exhibitionist. Selling finds that Rickies emphasizes the role of the sionally the gluteal region.
as between the invitational, infantile exhibitionists comprise many personal parents, especially the mothers, who Karpman believes the attack takes
or senile; or form such groups as nud­ are, he claims, frequently narcissistic, place in a state of daydream; the ex­
itics; Karpman claims the exhibitionist
ists, involuntary exhibitionists or make is often of good intelligence, high cul unconsciously motivated by strong hibitionist’s consciousness is imperfect.
a special group for those in whom ture and education. penis-envy. T hey are masculine in Rickies, however, considers there is
exhibitionism is precipitated by the Karpman believes the sexual life behavior or appearance, aggressive, conscious awareness at all times; the
commencement of ordinary hetero­ always shows marked pathology; the hostile to all males but their sons, fact that the exhibitionist is embar-
 210 Exhibitionism
rassed and takes pains to deny the act
accounts for the assumption of stupe­
faction or amnesia.
Most cases deny masturbation; full
satisfaction is found in the perform­
ance itself. Ejaculation is not unusual,
according to C . Allen. There may be
suggestive gestures or direct lascivious
remarks but these appear to be infre­
quent. Exhibitionistic acts rarely lead
to aggression. Following the act, the
exhibitionist is depressed and re­
morseful. Karpman believes he is in a
cloudy state.
T he victim is usually a woman or
child though homosexual exhibition­
ism may occur. T h e age of the victim
does not seem to be constant; but ac­
cording to East, Taylor and Rickies,
she is always a stranger. The exhibi­
tionist desires to surprise, offend or
shock the woman. His emotional ex­
perience is directly related to the ef­
fect on the woman. T he emotion is
greater, according to C . Allen, if the
woman is shocked; the most unsatis­
factory response, Taylor claims, is a
lack of interest.
Hartwell feels that the effect on
children is not harmful unless they are
frightened by adult attitudes. T h e man
who exhibits to children is frequently
not a true exhibitionist but is attempt­
ing to interest the child in further sex
acts; this type is more dangerous.
D. FACTORS IN E X H IB IT IO N ISM
Exhibitionism is a form of regression
and is psychogenetically related to
other forms of regression. Other
mechanisms are apparent: identifica­
tion is universal; transference, repeti­
tion compulsion and differentiation
arC found. Exhibitionism appears as a
repetition of certain acts and scenes of
childhood, a regression into infantil­
ity.
T he relation to castration anxiety
is evident in many cases. A function
Exhibitionism 211
fcl claims that exhibitionists reproach change in environment; removal from
may be to bring to view the genitals
the father. Sado-masochistic traits are the mother. He believes a dynam­
of the sexual object; to allay castra­
evident, as pointed out by Karpman, ically-oriented treatment is desirable.
tion anxiety aroused by masturbation,
by reaffirming an unconscious phan­ Rickies and Romm. This is supported by Caprio’s reports.
tasy of a woman with a penis. Rickies Romm feels that ambulatory treat­
K. R E L A T IO N TO S C O P T O P H IL IA AND ment is destined to failure because
considers exposure to be an over- OTHER P A R A P H IL IA S through the need for punishment the
compensatory attempt to prove mas­
culinity, to overcome the fear of cas­ There is a close connection between patient exposes himself to arrest as the
tration by the female; it may also be exhibitionism and scoptophilia. A c­ analysis nears completion. According
an attempt to break away from the cording to Oberndorf, the exhibitor to Rickies and Hirning, therapy is dif­
mother, to show that the penis be­ identifies himself with the observer; ficult because of the patient’s resist­
longs to himself alone. t lie voyeur unconsciously sees himself ance; his obstinacy keeps him from
Christoffel and Rickies find some in the object viewed. Ilirning believes admitting he is sick; penurious habits
Ilie prognosis is better when the two keep him from sacrificing time, money
evidence of homosexual tendencies.
Karpman feels that homosexuality is occur in close relationship. Karpman and effort. He is constantly on guard.
usually not a primary factor although connects exhibitionism with voyeur­ Sperling finds that narcissism is the
ism as well as with obscenity, frotteur- greatest factor of resistance. Rickies
many cases show homosexual histories.
ism, etc., which have similar psychic reports success through sodium pento-
Exhibitionism may be also, as stated
by several writers, a compensation for roots. Caprio regards exhibitionism as thal when the treatment is apparently
phallic inferiority or for psychic im­ a passive form of voyeurism. deadlocked or when unconscious ma­
potence. Exhibitionism as an expres­ terial is coming out so fast that the pa­
I . DISGUISED E X H IB IT IO N IS M tient may be frightened into stopping.
sion of a tabooed incest drive is em­
Exhibitionism may appear in dis­ As to prognosis, the opinions are
phasized by Karpman and by Rickies.
guised form as certain skin diseases. conflicting. Hubert and East find that
T h e real desire is so close to reality
therapy is disappointing. W ile states
that the substitute act must be of an
C. TREATM ENT that the exhibitionist responds fairly
antisocial nature almost as tabooed, as
Silverman believes deep analysis is not well to therapy if his urges are infre­
dramatic as incest. Because as a sub­
always necessary; social recovery can quent and he has moral sense. Mullins
stitute it cannot effect complete re­
lease or gratification, the urge is never lie brought about through explanation considers exhibitionists among the
ol superficial conflicts. Selling concurs most suitable subjects for psychother­
stilled. Exhibitionists are troubled by
in this opinion, recommending sug­ apy, under probation, while Romm
masturbation conflicts and guilt; ex­
gestive therapy and prophylaxis. Ric­ finds that prognosis is uncertain un­
hibitionism may be a substitute for
kies states that the first requirement is less the patient is under custodial care.
masturbation.
London and Caprio concluded that
the urge to expose oneself may be an
overcompensation for the repression
of incestuous cravings.
T he narcissistic element is promi
nent; the exhibitionist believes in the
beauty and charm of his own body; lie
feels he is conferring a kindness; lie
wishes to be envied for the possession
of his charming penis. T he orality fac­
tor in exhibitionism is emphasized by
Christoffel and by Sperling. Religious
conflicts may be found but appear to
be secondary rather than primary fac­
tors. Selling mentions the desire Iо
revenge himself 011 women, Christof-
12. M E D I C O - L E G A L A S P E C T S

Л. C R ITIC ISM S OF E X ISTIN G LAW S 215

1. V ariatio n s and Inconsistencies 215

2. F ailu re to R eco gn ize P sychological Aspects 216

3. U n real D istin ctions B etw een Sanity and Insanity 217

B. D IF F IC U L T IE S OF E N F O R C E M E N T 220

1. R elu ctan ce to R eport 220

2. C red ib ility of W itn esses 220

3. C h argin g w ith Less Serious O ffense 220

4. Severity o f Punishm ent 221

C. A D M IN IS T R A T IO N OF LAW S 221

1. C oop eration w ith Psychiatrist 221

A. LACK OF Q U A L IF IC A T IO N O F JU D G E AND JU R Y M E N

B . F A IL U R E T O U T IL IZ E P S Y C H IA T R IC AID

2. D efen se of Present Approach 222

D. “ SEXUAL P S Y C H O P A T H ” LAW S 223

1. E xam ples o f L egislation 223

2. A dvantages 224

A . BR O AD E R D E F IN IT IO N

B . IN D E T E R M IN A T E SE N T E N C E

C . P S Y C H IA T R IC E X A M IN A TIO N S

3. C riticism s 226

A . M IS C O N C E P T IO N S REGARDIN G SEX C R IM E S

B . D ISA G R E E M E N T AS T O D E F IN IT IO N
214 Medico-Legal Aspects

C. D E P R IV A T IO N O F F U N D A M E N T A L RIGH TS

D. F A IL U R E T O C A T C H SERIOUS C R IM IN A L S

E . LACK OF T R E A T M E N T F A C IL IT IE S

F . IN C O N S IS T E N C Y

G . L A C K O F D ISTIN C TIO N S

4.
H . C R IT IC ISM S O F

Effectiveness
P A R T IC U L A R L A W S

233 12. Medico-Legal Aspects

E. R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S AS TO
L E G IS L A T IO N 234

1. Is N ew L egislation Necessary? 234 A. C R IT IC ISM S OF E X IST IN G LAW S

2. R evision o f Statutes 236 1. Variations and Inconsistencies: C ertain legal penalties are incon­
sistent: in N e w Y o rk the m axim um sentence for adultery is six m onths; for
3. Factors to b e C onsidered in E n a ctin g Legislation 236
indecent exposure three years. Sodom y is legally regarded as worse than
4. T ren d s 237 incest and com pulsory prostitution o f a stranger receives a longer sentence
(tw en ty years) than com pulsory prostitution of a w ife (ten years) (W ile ,
SUMMARY 1941 ).
Som e acts are only variants o f sexual acts indulged in occasionally by
norm al people. Punishm ent is out o f proportion to th e crime; the pro­
vision is unscientific, based on ignorance and revenge (B rill, 19 4 1).
Severe punishm ent is given hom osexuals in contrast w ith light sentences
for im pairing m orals although the sex offender involving children is the
most dangerous to th e com m unity (A p felberg, Sugar & Pfeffer, 194 4).
O ccasional court decisions lim it the individual’s right to solitary m astur­
bation; there have been penal com m itm ents o f adults w ho have given sex
inform ation to minors; some courts are inclined to interpret all sex in-
sl ruction as contribution to delinquen cy o f minors. U n der the law an indi­
vidual m ay receive th e same penalty for a single hom osexual experience
I hat he w ould for a continuous record o f experiences. Eighty-five percent of
I he total m ale population has pre-marital intercourse, fifty-nine percent has
some experience w ith m outh-genital contacts, nearly seventy percent has re­
lations w ith prostitutes, betw een thirty and forty-five percent has som e h om o­
sexual contact, seventeen percent of the farm boys have anim al inter­
course. A ll of these and still other types o f sexual behavior are illicit ac­
tivities, punishable as crim e under the law . T h e persons involved consti­
tute m ore than ninety-five percent of the total m ale population. O n ly a
и datively small proportion of the males w ho are sent to penal institutions
have been involved in behavior w hich is m aterially different from m ost of
Ilie males in th e population. T h e sex offender is a m arked individual in the
penal institution. l i e is lectured on the heinous nature o f his crim e even
Ihough he m ay not have been involved in sex behavior fun dam en tally
different from that of the institution official him self (K insey, Pom eroy and
Martin, 19 4 8 ) .
2 16 Medico-Legal Aspects
E ach state has its ow n m eth od of indexing sex crimes. A n overt act in
one state m ay not be thou ght a serious offense; in another it is punished
w ith fine and im prisonm ent. Som e terms, “ disorderly con d u ct” for instance,
are catch-alls, referring to m any types of sexual and other m isconduct.
Fornication is not a crim e in ten states; in one it is punishable b y three
years im prisonm ent, in another b y $1,000 fine an d /or tw elve years im ­
prisonm ent. In one state the use o f any contraceptive is punishable b y fine
and prison up to one year. F o r a married couple cunnilingus or fellatio
is as illegal as for unm arried. D ifferen t states have m axim um prison
sentences varying from tw o to sixty years; in tw o states th e penalty is life
im prisonm ent. T h ere m ust be a third person as witness (Sherw in, 1949).
Som e abnorm al desires, as the drive to use anim als sexually, are serious
crim es in som e states, n ot punishable at all in others unless they offend
public decency (H artw ell, 1950).
Law s dealing w ith sex vary w idely. In som e states nudism is a crime;
m any state laws refer to m ale deviates only (M ayer, 1950).
In M ichigan , penalties for different acts range from n in ety days for
w indow -peeping to fifteen years for sodom y. Penalties for sodom y range
from 1-3 years in W e s t V irg in ia to life at hard labor in G eorgia (D u n h am ,
19 5 1 ).
2. Failure to Recognize Psychological Aspects: L aw is guided prim arily
b y established precedent. Its m ain function is the protection o f society from
antisocial influences. Its point o f view is social and collective and n ot indi­
vidual; it often sacrifices the individual for w h a t appears to b e th e good
o f society. T h e nature o f the practice o f m edicine is distinctly individual
(K arpm an, 3, 1926).
In their very nature, sex crimes are m arked b y factors w h ich call for
som ething m ore than legalistic routine; it should b e th e offender and not
the offense that com es to court (C itizen s C o m m ittee, 193 9). (See C ase
2 55 -)
T h ere is little recognition in th e law o f the psychological aspects of
each case; incest is n ot treated as a special problem b u t such offenders
are indicted for rape or assault (Frosch and Brom berg, 1939).
T h e legal tend en cy to lum p all sex offenders into one category is at
variance w ith th e psychiatric aspect o f these offenses (Selling, 5> 1947 )-
O fte n there is a discrepancy betw een the nature of th e offender’s sexual
interest, pathological or otherwise, and classification o f his offense legally.
In m ost states th e law does n ot consider th e age of the offender. Statu
tory rape of a seventeen-year-old girl b y a sixteen-year-old boy is a felony.
T h e M ayor’s C o m m itte e found fifty-nine percent o f all sex offenses in the
court o f general sessions and cou nty courts were statutory rape. T h e crim e
o f statutory rape gives no clue to personality; anyone could b e guilty. In
m any cases th e individuals are som ew hat akin in age; th e victim is not
always a victim except in the legal sense. Y o u th fu l love relations may
Medico-Legal Aspects i \ 'j
com e to ligh t only w ith th e girl’s pregnancy; the b oy is a sex offender only
in a technical sense (H irnin g, 3, 194 7).
Law s are indifferent to the needs o f the delinquen t and inadequate to
protect the public (G ardn er, 1950).
Case 255: W h ite . M ale. A ged 70. Arrested in a theater on the com plaint
o f a fifteen-year-old boy. T h ere were no other witnesses and th e grand
jury refused to indict. H e had a record o f sex offenses for twenty-seven
years. H ad been acquitted on a charge o f attem p ted sodomy; received a
suspended sentence after conviction for im pairing morals; there was a rec­
ord o f a charge o f disorderly con d u ct (plus a sex offense red u ced ); a sen­
tence for attem pted sodom y was suspended; also a penitentiary sentence
for im pairing morals; execution o f th e sentence was stayed. T h e re was no
record o f physical or m ental exam ination; n oth in g b u t legalistic routine
(C itizen s C o m m ittee, 1939).
3. U nreal Distinctions Between Sanity and Insanity: The law is ready
to recognize lack of crim inal inten t and irresponsibility in m ore obvious
forms o f m en tal disease b u t n ot yet in regard to less obvious p ath olog­
ical states. M a n y psychiatrists still believe th a t m an can otherwise be
norm al yet subject to sexual anom alies th at bring him into conflict w ith
the law . In th e m ajority o f sexual anom alies w e deal w ith severe forms of
neurosis, aberrations due prim arily and basically to psychic conditions;
physical and m en tal m anifestations are b u t secondary reactions. Such an
individual is n ot norm al and can not be held partly or fully responsible.
In such episodic states as w e witness in exhibitionism w e are dealing w ith
tem porary loss o f any norm al m ental function and there can be no question
of any responsibility whatever. W e can not adhere to th e view that an indi­
vidual subject to abnorm al episodes at som e periods b u t apparently norm al
at other periods is a norm al individual to b e held partly or fully responsi­
ble for antisocial acts com m itted during those episodes (K arpm an, 3,
1926).
F requ ently th e abn orm ality is n ot o f a degree or kind to be recognized
by law as calling for special treatm ent. N o state has provisions for psycho­
pathic personality, a group constitutin g a considerable proportion o f sex
offenders. It is necessary for psychiatrists to com e to b etter agreem ent on
the delim itations o f this group (O verholser, 193 8 ).
C rim in al law as w ell as educational practice presupposes that a man
w ith th e em otional age o f six is as responsible for his actions as one w ith
I lie em otional age of sixteen. It presupposes that m an ’s actions are
governed b y reason and intellect, not b y em otions. It assumes th a t if a
man know s an act is w rong he can refrain from com m ittin g it by free
will. W h e re there is conflict betw een th e dictates o f reason and o f em otion,
Ihe odds are greatly in favor of the em otions. It is absurd to fix responsi­
bility for an act on an individual w ithout taking into consideration the im ­
pulse prom pting th e act (Pollens, 1938).
218 Medico-Legal Aspects
T h e law is m ainly concerned w ith overt behavior and im m ediate inten t
b u t little w ith im m ediate m otivation. T h e crim inal is not considered as an
individual. T h e crim inal is a sick person; crim e is a disease, a sym ptom of
m ental aberration. If lawyers are to be the physicians o f society, crim inals
should be provided w ith treatm ent (K arpm an, 17, 1946).
T h e psychodynam ic trend has influenced law and adm inistration o f jus­
tice less than other fields. T o this day, how ever abnorm al or “ insane” a
person m ay be, he is considered norm al if he techn ically know s the differ­
ence betw een right and w rong (th e 100-year-old M cN au g h te n L a w ) . In a
few jurisdictions there are added the words, “ and able to adhere to it.”
T h is should m ean th a t to be declared sane th e individual m ust know th e
difference betw een right and w rong and be able em otionally to choose his
course. If he can not choose it em otionally, then he is insane even if tech ­
nically he knows the difference betw een right and wrong. T h e law has
never defined and adequately differentiated right and w rong (m oral vs.
le g a l). T h en how m uch hope is there for it to understand the w ord “ em o­
tion al” ? M odern psychiatry goes beyond the question of right and wrong;
it asks th at persons gu ilty o f m ajor crim es be exam ined for sanity. It
insists that all crim inality is a sym ptom o f a m ental illness, to be treated,
n ot punished. M a n is far from having the logical m ind he is supposed
to have; he is m ore swayed b y em otions and im pulses than by m ature in ­
tellect and ripe judgm ent. Basically insecure, he is frightened and pre­
cipitated into panic b y anythin g th at threatens his security. T h e term “ in ­
sanity” is too narrow and m ust be w idened to include those cases w hich
though n ot obviously suffering from delusions, hallucinations, excitem ent
or depression, are still m oved in their behavior b y drives w hich arc deeply
unconscious and therefore could carry no responsibility. O n e m ay hope
th at a day w ill com e w hen the very fa ct o f havin g com m itted a crim e w ill
b e regarded as evidence o f a m ental disease and require not only m ental
exam ination b u t institution alization (K arpm an, 24, 1948).
Sex offenders are accountable for their offenses b u t are n ot responsible
agents. T h e y do n ot understand the nature or consequence o f their acts
(C o n n , 1949).
A m o n g m ental defectives m ay be found burglars, robbers, sex offenders
and murderers. Neuroses, psychoses, psychopathies also provide all types
of crim e. T h e re are few w ho do n ot reveal th at crim inal behavior is an
unconsciously-conditioned psychic reaction over w hich they have no con ­
scious control. It is n ot reasonable to punish them for behavior they can­
n ot control. W e should replace guard and jailer b y nurse; judge b y psy
chiatrist (K arpm an, 23, 19 4 9 ).
T h e sexual psychopath suffers from a form o f m ental deviation not
n ow generally recognized in the laws b u t it m ay b e m ore insidious than
m any kinds of insanity (R ein h ard t and Fisher, 1949). (See Cases 256-
258.)
Medico-Legal Aspects 219
Case 256: O ffense: B rutal m urder o f M rs. T itte rto n . T h e subject was
well-known to psychiatrists, courts and wardens previous to the crime; he
had served a term in th e reform atory and had been arrested four tim es
for com pulsive crimes. A year before th e m urder a psychiatrist reported:
N eu rotic tendencies of a deep-seated nature, fundam ental narcissism,
phantasy form ation, suggestibility. Prognosis: he m ay have som e difficulty
in learning to refrain from illegal acts.” H e was legally sane b u t n ot re­
sponsible. H e behaved on an infan tile em otiopal level and had no well-
developed ego as indicated b y phantasy form ation (Pollens, 1938).
Case 2$y: O ffen se: A ttack and m urder of a little girl. In six years he had
been arrested three tim es for annoying a girl, crim inal assault and rape.
I te was indicted for im pairing the morals o f a m inor, released on bail and
sixteen days later com m itted the murder. T h e lunacy com m ission foun d he
had syphilis o f th e central nervous system; one psychiatrist considered him
legally insane. Regardless o f legal responsibility he was n ot responsible for
his acts; a pow er stronger than his in tellect com pelled him . A man w ith
his record and m ake-up should not b e at large w ith ou t supervision (P o l­
lens, 1938).
(,ase 258: E u gen e James. N egro. A g e 31. O ffense: R ap e o f w hite w om an;
murder o f tw o eleven-year-old girls (neither was sexually assaulted). His
lather was strict b u t lived w ith a m ale neighbor m uch o f the tim e and he
left the boy hom e w ith his m other and four sisters. T h e m other was the
disciplinarian— neat, pleasant w ith apparently norm al intelligence. Four
younger sisters were well-adjusted. H e showed early m aladjustm ent; he had
Iо be forced to eat and he w et the bed until nine. H e w et and soiled during
I lie day till he was eleven. A t nine he was hospitalized for tw o w eeks for
cerebral concussion; a boy beat him w ith cane, there was no fracture. H e
never liked school; his m other had to take him . H e got as far as the fifth
grade. A t thirteen he was sent to reform school for truancy. A t fifteen he
assaulted and struck tw o you n g w h ite w om en and was sent to reform
school for m ore than a year. T h e school was badly run by a brutal staff;
lie was punished for rebelliousness. U po n release he found regular em ­
ploym ent. In 1939 he m ade several sudden unm otivated assaults upon
young w hite w om en on th e streets. T h ese w ere not sexual assaults; he
11I them w ith a penkn ife and vanished. H e was found in a vacan t house
.1sleep on the floor w ith his open k n ife beside him . H e ad m itted his gu ilt
111 the last case. H e was sentenced to ten years, served tw o in the peni­
tentiary, four m ore on a penal farm and m ade a pretty good institutional
adjustm ent. U po n release he was n ot too w elcom e at hom e; he found odd
jobs as a handym an b u t was loath to b ath e or shave. H e was hom e from
1lie penal institution four m onths w hen he com m itted the first of the
n iin cs; lie stabbed a girl 011 a bicycle. H e claim ed later that he had a
"dizzy spell.” H e buried the knife. H e drew bizarre figures w ith four legs
220 Medico-Legal Aspects
or a giraffe w ith w om an ’s head, etc. H e w rote poem s ; th e refrain of one
was: “ T h e w om en do you w rong.” H is grip on the real w orld was feeble;
he slipped back and forth. H e claim ed heavy drinking w hich his m other
denied. H e m asturbated in reform school at fifteen nightly. H e adm itted
no hom osexual experiences. H e had had heterosexual experience at seven­
teen b u t “ girls d on ’t like m e.” H e felt his penis was sm all and this worried
him . H e had a com plete bilateral testicular atrophy o f w h ich he was un­
aware. H e disliked w om en. R orschach interpretation b y S. J. B eck was:
“ P robable ultim ate deterioration into m ore sim ple schizophrenia.” A s tim e
of his hanging approached his verbal production b ecam e m ore abnorm al,
it was felt he was m alingering. Such cases are rare; the great em otional
im pact makes them seem m ore num erous. N o t un til rape recurred could
th e sexual psychopath laws have been applied. Psychiatric referral is
desirable. H ad this taken place w hen the three you n g w om en were stabbed,
had th e m enace been pointed out, he could have had a m uch longer sen­
tence. D u e to an unsatisfactory state of the law h e is techn ically responsi­
b le though obviously seriously disordered. H o w m uch did his death ac­
com plish? (G u ttm ach er, 1951)
B. D IF F IC U L T IE S OF E N FO R C E M E N T
1. Reluctance to Report: V ictim s and witnesses are reluctant to reporl
or to testify. T h e percentage of convictions is n ot high; m any com plainants
and witnesses are children (M a cC o rm ick , 1938).
T h e problem o f securing testim ony is a difficult one; often there is .1
single witness, frequently a child (R ein h ard t and Fisher, 1949).
T h e pub lic is reluctant to report sex crimes. Friends and relatives aw
unw illing to believe the person arrested is capable of th e offense (B ow ling,
1 95 0 )-
2. Credibility of Witnesses: O n e obstacle is th e delaying tactics of
defense attorneys; a young ch ild ’s credibility is attacked if the second
story, m onths later, differs at all from the first. V e ry young children aw
unable to qualify as witnesses (B ow lin g, 1950).
3. Charging W ith Less Serious Offense: A considerable percentage о I
offenders convicted of m isdem eanors (im pairing m orals) could have be< 11
charged w ith felonies as rape, second degree, attem pted rape, sodom y, cai
nal abuse or incest. T h e m ost severe sentence for im pairing morals is
indeterm inate w ith a m axim um of three years. Sex felonies are punishable
b y ten to tw enty years. T h ere is a high percentage of failure in impairing
morals prosecution; som e w h o are gu ilty o f this crim e escape convict a m
because of failure o f proof. T h is is serious because abnorm al sex offend» и
w ith a pen ch an t for sex play w ith sm all children m ay be fou n d here. Rapp
in the second degree is a felony; m ost offenders plead gu ilty to assault in
Medico-Legal Aspects 221
third degree, a m isdem eanor and a different crime. T h is cuts dow n the
range of punishm ent or treatm ent. T h e offender m ay be abnorm al w ith
fixed habitu al tendencies and m ay require longer incarceration (M ayor’s
C o m m ittee, 1940).
T h irteen hundred persons are arrested for rape and other sex offenses
each year. O f those convicted forty-six percent are convicted of th e crim e
charged, fifty-four percent are allow ed to plead guilty to a less serious charge.
T hirty-five percent of th e convictions w ill have the sentences suspended.
R ape convictions are sixty-five percent, sodom y tw elve percent, abduction
seven percent, incest six percent, offenses involvin g children five percent
(M oran, 1940).
T h e am ou n t o f juggling o f th e charge th a t goes on in courts o f law in
connection w ith sex offenses reflects th e archaic state of th e laws; it also
indicates an a ttem p t to adjust crim e to fit th e individual. In N e w Y o rk
state u n fortunately th e probation officer can m ake only pre-sentence investi­
gation and report after the individual has m ade his plea and the charge-
juggling is accom plished (H irning, 3, 194 7).
4. Severity of Punishment: F orty percent o f those charged w ith sex
offenses are convicted com pared w ith seventy percent of those charged w ith
other offenses (A p felb erg, Sugar and Pfeffer, 194 4).
Severity o f punishm ent is a deterrent to conviction; juries are prone
to acquit in sex offense cases except after som e particularly heinous sex
murder or a newspaper crusade (B ow lin g, 1950).
C. A D M I N I S T R A T I O N OF LAW S
I. Cooperation with Psychiatrist:
a. l a c k o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n o f j u d g e a n d j u r y m e n : Jurymen m ay be in­
com petent to pass judgm ent on cases involvin g the inter-relationship of
the sexes (E ast, 1946).
T h e m aintenance and defense o f A nglo-A m erican sex laws lie chiefly in
the hands o f state legislators and judges w ho for th e m ost part com e from
better-educated levels. T ire enforcem en t o f the law is placed in the hands
of police officials w h o com e largely from grade school and high school
segments o f the population. O n sex cases th e decisions o f the judge are
often affected by th e mores of th e group from w hich he originated. T h e
penalties im posed b y the judge m ay b e peculiarly severe just because the
judge does n ot com prehend the low er level background o f the offender
(K insey, Pom eroy and M artin, 1948).
Judges are trained in law n ot in abnorm ality and norm ality, perfections
:md im perfections o f th e hum an m ind and body; they should seek the
assistance of those w ho have special skill and training in hum an behavior
(Braude, 1950).
222 Medico-Legal Aspects
Judges can not m ake m edical decisions; they should w elcom e assistance
from qualified m edical sources (R ickies, 1950).
b. f a i l u r e t o u t i l i z e p s y c h i a t r i c a i d : T h e need is n ot for m ore l a w s
b u t more interest on the part o f judges in em ploying h elp fu l procedures.
P ractically all jurisdictions have th e right to call for m ental exam ination
o f defendants but there are few requests for such exam ination. Ideally,
exam ination should b e routine before trial. W h a t is necessary is adequate
m edical exam ination before disposition and consideration o f psychiatric
findings by parole boards. Psychiatric exam ination before parole is still
th e exception ( Overholser, 1938).
W e need b etter cooperation betw een courts and psychiatry, m ore effec­
tive hand ling o f such problem s (O bernd orf, 193 9).
T h ere is need for better coordination betw een psychiatrists and police
(Silverm an, 19 4 1).
Pre-trial m edical exam ination b y an experienced psychiatrist should be
m andatory; there should be closer collaboration betw een courts and
psychiatrists. M ed ical treatm ent in suitable cases should be a condition of
a probation order (E ast, 194 6).
T h e prim e weakness o f th e E nglish crim inal system is th e passing of
sentence im m ediately after decision as to guilt. Social and m edical inform a­
tion m ust be secured before the court has determ ined guilt; such inquiries
are usually superficial. A lth o u gh official rules in Juvenile C ourts authorize
obtainin g o f necessary inform ation b efore gu ilt is decided, this is too
rarely th e case in practice. N e w A c t gives express pow er to adjourn
cases after conviction, before sentence, b u t this is optional. Sen ten ce is too
often passed w ith ou t m edical or social inquiry. Probation gives the best op­
portunities for psychological treatm ent; until the tim e-tables o f the courts
perm it am ple inquiry after verdict, there w ill b e lim ited opportunity for
psychiatric aid betw een verdict and sentence (M u llin s, 1950).
2. Defense of Present Approach: Law s are difficult to enforce. T h e real
deterrents are social taboos. Sexual taboos are essential to culture. Laws
tend to be crystallization o f taboos. C o n victio n for adultery is rare b u t the
taboo is pow erful in th e culture and hinders violations. R ape cannot be
tolerated w here w om en are 110 longer chattels. Incest taboos are essential
to preserve fam ily: this taboo is alm ost universal. In d ecen t exposure is a
nuisance; it is th e sexual provocation th at constitutes the nuisance. T aboos
are not necessarily perm anent b u t are m odified in our ow n tim e (W o rtis,
*939)•
C ou rts in sentencing sex offenders seem to b e m aking discrim inations
and distinctions w hich need to b e m ade, dealing less harshly w ith m inoi
offenses (M a y o r’s C o m m ittee, 1940).
W e have great faith in th e efficacy o f laws. T h e association betw een
sexual perversion and crim e is grossly exaggerated. T h e m ore com m on
Medico-Legal Aspects 223
sexual deviations can not be cured or changed by passing new laws. T h e y
are the product of cultural influences and the accidents of training or the
results o f ignorance, social isolation and silence (C ason , 194 7).
Failures of law in particular instances do n ot condem n m ajor postulates
of th e law . V io latio n s of sexual laws are 110 m ore startling than in other
illegal conduct. T h e rule o f law m ust be rigid b ut it requires understand­
ing, com passion and flexibility. M o st people do n o t expect th e law to be
strictly enforced under certain circum stances. Johns H opkins study of ju­
dicial adm inistration, M aryland, 1931, reveals that ninety-four percent of
those charged w ith violation of sex offenses other than rape are released.
Law -enforcing agencies attem p t to m itigate the rigor of th e law in ac­
cordance w ith the general habits of the com m unity (H orack, 1949).
M a n y sentences are passed in accordance w ith the crim e n ot th e crim inal.
T h is is to some extent inevitable; courts can not leap far ahead of pub lic
opinion w hich is unpsychological (M u llin s, 1950).
D. “ SEX U AL P S Y C H O P A T H ” LAW S
1. Examples of Legislation: Illinois has a double-barrelled attack on
the sexual psychopath: (1) th e issue m ay b e raised before trial and he
may be com m itted as a sexual psychopath, he m ust still stand trial on his
indictm en t after b ein g released as recovered (2) h e m ay serve sen­
tence on his in d ictm en t and if his behavior warrants it, he m ay be found
to be a crim inal sexual psychopath on com pletion of his sentence (H aines,
H offm an and Esser, 1948) .
Illinois and M ich igan established three criteria: possession of m ental dis­
order— neither insanity nor feeble-m indedness; the m ental disorder m ust
have existed one year; th e individual case is decided on its facts. T h e o f­
fender receives com pulsory treatm ent instead of punishm ent (U n iv. of
Penna. L aw Journal, 1948).
Illinois in 1938 passed the first valid sexual psychopath legislation. It
defined th e crim inal sexual psychopath as an individual w ho had been suf­
fering from the condition at least one year, n ot insane or feeble-m inded,
w ith crim inal propensities toward the com m ission of sex offenses. A crim i­
nal charge is not a prerequisite to th e hearing. T h e state’s attorney general
can file a petition to put a certain person under the law before he com m its
a crim e. H earing is b y the jury on th e basis o f expert exam ination. A
sexually-dangerous person is classified as a civil n ot a crim inal case, there­
fore, 110 self-incrim ination is involved. T h e D ep artm en t of P ublic W elfa re ,
instead of th e D ep artm en t of P ublic Safety charges th e case. Procedural
safeguards are provided for th e individual; only the state attorney can
file a petition; th e judge weighs the petition; the patient has a right to
counsel and to jury; can sum m on and cross-examine witnesses; the judge
m ay set aside the verdict (M in o w , 1949).
224 Medico-Legal Aspects
N e w H am pshire law makes inquiry m andatory w hen th e individual is
arrested; discretionary on cause. It provides for psychiatric exam ination,
com m itm en t to hospital. T h e individual is discharged w hen recovered, does
not stand trial on the original charge (R eport, Interim C om m ission : N ew
H am pshire, 1949).
T h e D istrict of C o lu m b ia requires no jury b u t does require psychiatric
exam ination; this is b etter than where th e investigation is only after con ­
viction (R ein hard t and Fisher, 1949).
O bjectives of new (C alifo rn ia ) legislation are: to increase the pu n itive
aspects of the law, strengthen the control features and develop a treatm ent
program . T h e m ost significant additions are in the field of m ental health.
D eterm in ation of the question of sexual psychopathy is b y a superior
court and com m itm en t is for an indefinite period. T h e E du cation C o d e pro­
vides for m ore adequate supervision of th e health o f school children, diag­
n osing and treating those evidencing im paired m ental health. A n appropri­
ation is provided for plann ing and cond u ctin g scientific research into causes
and cures o f sexual deviation (B ow lin g, 1950).
T h e enactm ent in 1949 of a new sex offender law (revised 1950) in N ew
Jersey provides th at a person convicted o f rape, carnal abuse, sodom y, im ­
pairing th e m orals o f a m inor shall b e com m itted to the D iagn ostic C e n ­
ter for com plete exam ination. If the cond u ct was characterized b y a p at­
tern o f com pulsive, repetitive behavior and either violen ce or disparity in
age (victim under fifteen, aggressor an ad u lt) th e offender shall be sub­
m itted to a program o f specialized treatm ent. If not, th e court shall im pose
sentence in th e m anner provided by law (F rankel, 1950).
U n d er th e D istrict o f C o lu m b ia A c t approved June 9, 1948, no m anda­
tory provision requires consideration o f any sexual offender as sexual psy­
chopath. T h e individual need n ot be under any crim inal charge or m ay be
charged w ith a sex offense or any other type o f crim e excluding rape or
assault w ith inten t to rape. H e m ay n o t be released un til th e Superin­
ten d en t o f Saint E lizabeths H ospital finds him no longer dangerous to
others; he m ust b e returned to court and stand trial (C ru v an t, M e ltzer and
T artaglin o, 1950).
2. Advantages:
a. b r o a d e r d e f i n i t i o n : N e w Legislation (N e w Y o rk law ) w ould m ake
possible a broader definition o f insanity (M a cC o rm ick , 1938).
M in n esota’s law does n ot require that the offender be charged w ith a
crim inal offense. It attem pts to extend the concep t of insanity to legally
irresponsible persons. T h e definition o f psychopathic personality is vague
b u t has been interpreted b y th e M in nesota Suprem e C o u rt (F . A llen ,
19 4 1).
A broader definition, as in the proposed Illinois law , enables en com ­
passing o f m any poten tial offenders (B raude, 1950).
Medico-Legal Aspects 225
b. i n d e t e r m i n a t e s e n t e n c e : M o st com m itm ents are too short for any
b u t a hasty diagnosis; longer, indefinite sentences w ould enable more
study, m ore therapy, m ake possible arrangem ents w ith clinics for atten ­
tion after release (M a cC o rm ick , 1938).
T h e indeterm inate sentence is too often routinized w ith a short upper
lim it. Judges should be given w ider latitu te regarding len gth of confine­
m en t and b e governed b y psychiatric reports (O verholser, 1938).
G u ilty sex offenders should be given indeterm inate sentences un til their
aggressive tendencies are brought under control. T h e institution m ust be
therapeutic. W h e n the offender is sentenced for a specific period, there is
no incentive to accept psychiatric aid (B raude, 1950).
A n indeterm inate sentence makes possible detention un til th e offender
is no longer a danger to th e com m unity; this is an orderly m ethod for re­
taining th e sexual psychopath w hen his sentence has expired (Ploscow e,
Г947).
A n indeterm inate sentence w ould assist in m aking legislation w orkable.
Persons convicted of sex crimes should be released only w hen and if they
are safe risks. T h is w ould b e more effective than the older, pun itive laws
(B ow lin g, 1950).
c. p s y c h i a t r i c e x a m i n a t i o n s : A d equ ate m edical exam ination before dis­
position, em ploym ent of psychiatrists in correctional institutions, con ­
sideration o f their findings b y parole boards are necessary (O verholser,
1 93 8 )- _ .
U nderstanding o f the crim e, of the relation of personality to th e crim e
and the poten tial m enace to society can only be had after th e plea is ac­
cepted and probation officer makes pre-sentence investigation and report.
It is recom m ended that before plea o f guilty be accepted in cases involv­
ing sex felon y th e probation officer be required to m ake pre-leading in­
vestigation facts serving as a guide to th e jury as to w hether a plea of guilty
to a m isdem eanor can be accepted. P robation reports can serve as a basis
for sentence (M a yo r’s C om m ittee, 1940).
T h e M in nesota law has a provision for jury trial; trial b y jury is not
necessary in proceedings in w hich sanity is determ ined. T h e courts are
guardians o f the mentally-irresponsible (F . A llen , 1 9 4 1).
It is essential th at all sex offenders receive psychiatric exam ination. T h e
main concern should be directed toward pedophiliacs (A p felb erg, Sugar
and Pfeffer, 1944).
U n der N ew Y o rk law no m an is detained as a sexual psychopath w ith ­
out psychiatric exam ination and court hearing (Ploscow e, 19 4 7).
T h e N ew Y o rk sex psychopath law provides for indeterm inate sentence
with careful psychiatric exam ination every tw o years. O n ly treatm en t
and psychiatric exam ination can determ ine w hen a m an is ready to b e re­
leased (Abraham sen, 1950).
It should be m andatory that every first offender, every sexual psycho
226 Medico-Legal Aspects
path, every hom icide receive a com plete psychiatric, psychological and so­
cial study, either through public facilities especially designed or private
facilities at public expense (R ickies, 1950).
E very crim inal first offender should have a com prehensive psychiatric
exam ination; every crim inal court should have an advisory clinical facil­
ity (R oche, 1950).
3. Criticisms:
a. m i s c o n c e p t i o n s r e g a r d i n g s e x c r i m e s : W itte ls ’ statem ent that “ psy­
chopathic personality can be detected early in life b y any psychiatrist”
shows th e sam e ignorance o f psychiatric experience w h ich has character­
ized the legislators w ho voted the sexual psychopath laws (Ploscow e, 1950).
Im p licit in the sexual psychopath laws is an ideology consisting o f the
beliefs: ( 1 ) that serious sex crim es are very prevalent, rapidly increasing
(2) that they are com m itted b y degenerates, sex fiends or “ sexual psy­
chopaths” (3) that these sexual psychopaths continu e throughout life,
th a t they have a m ental m alady and are not responsible (4) th a t they
can be identified before they com m it their crimes (5) th a t society w hich
punishes them is failing in its d u ty (6) that laws should be enacted to
segregate them , preferably b efore their crim es and confine them until
cured (7 ) that diagnosis, treatm ent and release should com e exclusively
from psychiatrists. A ll these propositions are either false or questionable
(Sutherland, 1950).
Sexual psychopath laws are based on th e follow ing erroneous beliefs:
( 1 ) that there are tens o f thousands of sex fiends abroad (2) that sex
offenders are usually recidivists (3) th at th e m inor offender progresses
to m ore serious crim es (4) that it is possible to predict the danger
(5) that the sexual psychopath is a clinical en tity (6) th a t they are
over-sexed (7) th at effective m ethods o f cure are know n (8) that the
sexual psychopath laws are gettin g at the vicious crim inals (9) that civil
adjudication an d /or indeterm inate com m itm en t are sim ilar to m ethods
for h an d lin g the insane (10 ) th a t the sex problem can be solved by
passing a law (T ap p an , 1, 1949).
b. d i s a g r e e m e n t a s t o d e f i n i t i o n : T h e M in nesota act is too broad in
scope; th e elem ents o f habitualness, likelihood o f attack, injury, etc., arc
difficult to determ ine. It m ight be interpreted as applying to hom osexuals,
adolescents and young children. It is n ot stated th at it applies only to con­
duct prohibited b y crim inal law; it m ight result in a psychic traum a to
young m inds w ho m ay have stam ped indelibly on them th at sex is evil if
it can cause com m itm en t for life (H ughes, 1 9 4 1).
M o re than h a lf the psychiatric experts consulted m aintain that sexual
psychopathy is n ot a clear diagnostic entity. H ospital authorities handling
Medico-Legal Aspects 227
sexual psychopaths find neurotics, psycliotics, schizoids, feeble-m inded,
epileptics, constitution al hom osexuals, alcoholics and norm al individuals.
M ed ical staffs in hospitals frequently differ from the conclusions of alien ­
ists and judges b u t can not return th e patients as non-psychopathic (T a p ­
pan, 1 ,1 9 4 9 ) . .
D escriptions of the sexual psychopath do not agree; som e define by ex­
clusion; som e say no uniform definition is possible. Som e say th e cond i­
tion is biological and hereditary; som e jurisdictions specify “ socially-
dangerous sexual deviants” w ith o u t establishing criteria (T a p p a n , 2,
3949 )• . .
Psychiatrists disagree as to w h at psychopathic personality is. D iagnosis is
d ependent upon evidence o f social history. T h e act calls upon the psy­
chiatrist to m ake a diagnosis of crim inality, a fun ction belon ging to the
legal process, not m edical (B raude, 19 5 °)•
T h e term , “ crim inal sexual psychopath” needs clarification (H aines,
H offm an and Esser, 1948).
T h e concep t of sexual psychopath is too vague for judicial or adm inis­
trative use either as to com m itm en t or release (Sutherland, 1950).
Law s defining sexual psychopaths usually contain tw o elem ents: the
overt act and a particular state of m ind. T h e m ental state is variously de­
fined. Identification o f the habitu al offender as a sexual psychopath is no
m ore justified than identification of any other offender as a psychopath.
T h e theory that aberrant sex behavior reveals a stage of developm ent o f
personality is absurd (Sutherland, 19 5 °).
N in e jurisdictions designate the “ sexual psychopath” or the “ crim inal
sexual psychopathic person” as the object of legislation, llie r e is no con ­
sensus concerning the m eaning of the term “ sexual psychopath ; th e
insane, feeble-m inded and psychoneurotic are excluded. 1 here is danger
in adm inistration of the law to juveniles; natural sexual curiosity of the
young, sexual impulses b efore the individual has m atured m ake it im pos­
sible to determ ine w heth er or n ot the youngster w ill becom e a sex offender
as an adult. M o st do not. (T ap p an , 1950).
T h e term “ sexual psychopath” is a loosely-conceived entity. A ccord in g
to Sutherland: “ A n yon e w ho has com m itted several serious sex crim es is
a sexual psychopath; fingerprint record is the only evidence needed for
diagnosis o f the offender as sexual psychopath and th e services of a psy­
chiatrist are not needed” (G u ttm ach er, 1 9 5 1).
T h e re is general disagreem ent as to the term “ sexual psychopath.” T h e
laws do n ot clearly define sex m isbehavior. T h e y are used principally
against m inor offenders. O h io and N ew H am pshire laws, applicable to
rape, do n ot distinguish forcible from statutory rape. O n ly N ew Y o rk
legislation m eets th e basic problem , distinguishing the dangerous from the
average run o f sex delinquent. T h e basic task of the sexual psychopath
laws is to differentiate the sex offender from the m inor crim inal w ho has
228 Medico-Legal Aspects
com m itted a sex crim e— the laws fail m iserably. T h e ir criteria as to m en­
tal condition are vague, excluding psychosis and feeble-m indedness
(Ploscowe, 1951).
c. d e p r i v a t i o n o f f u n d a m e n t a l r i g h t s : T h e proposed rem edy (Illinois
b ill) is worse than the disease. It denies equal protection o f th e law , is
retroactive, impairs th e rights of trial b y jury, is contrary to constitutional
guarantees against th e cruel and unusual punishm ent. It provides for the
com m itm en t of sane persons to insane asylums. It w ould give prosecutors
the pow er to lock up any person on suspicion (Stew art, 1938) .
T o o great responsibility and pow er are given to cou nty attorneys and
probate judges; the lack of jury and exclusion o f the public m eans dis­
pensing w ith the traditional safeguards o f liberty (H ughes, 19 4 1).
A ll “ sexual psychopath law s” require th e com m itm en t o f th e sex o f­
fender to m ental hospitals; in m ost jurisdictions they are to be released
w hen no longer dangerous to society. F ew psychiatrists are prepared to
swear that any person is going to restrain his drives in the future. T h e pa­
tien t m ust rem ain in the hospital till “ cured.” T h e result is indefinite and
purely custodial confinem ent behind bars (D avidson, 1948).
F our o f th e nine jurisdictions having sexual psychopath laws provide
th a t th e statute m ay be applied to persons n ot even accused of any crim e
(Sherwin, 1949).
Sexual psychopath laws con stitu te a potentially-dangerous threat to civil
liberties. F ive states authorize indeterm inate com m itm en t w h ich m ay be
for life, n ot only for convicted b u t for suspected sex offenders (D eutsch,
1 9 5 °).
T h e hysteria aroused by a sexual crim e results in m any crim es in th e
nam e of justice. It is n ot necessary in m any states th at a person be gu ilty of
a crim e— it is sufficient to diagnose his personality. In m any states the dis­
trict attorney or any other person m ay ask for investigation as to th e sexual
psychopathy o f any person; in one state the person investigated, even if
cleared, m ay n ot bring a dam age suit (Sutherland, 1950).
In six jurisdictions a person m ay be adjudicated to th e status o f a sexual
psychopath w ith ou t facts of crim e b ein g shown or charge placed. In others
action m ay be predicated upon crim inal charge alone or on conviction for
a crim e. F in d in g him n ot gu ilty o f crim e b u t a sexual psychopath is a
technicality; the individual is deprived o f liberty through a departure from
th e fun dam en tal conception o f justice (T ap p an , 1950).
Pennsylvania laws, except those for th e insane, do n ot provide for con ­
finem ent and treatm en t o f persons on suspicion that they m ay in future
com m it indictable offenses. A n y statute w hich restricts a citizen because he
does n ot conform constitutes im pingem ent o f civil liberties, abrogation ol
constitutional guarantees (P enna. R eport, 1951).
T h e procedural safeguards m ake it possible to keep a m an in custody up
to his lifetim e; in som e states this is possible w ithou t conviction o f a crime;
Medico-Legal Aspects 229
it is not lim ited to dangerous individuals. Psychiatric exam ination is not a
sufficient safeguard (Ploscow e, 1 9 5 1 ).
d. f a i l u r e t o c a t c h s e r i o u s c r i m i n a l s : T h e m inor sex cases are getting
all the attention. T h ere is no special focus on the dangerous offender. O f
the first fourteen cases adjudicated as sexual psychopaths in one jurisdic­
tion the first was public m asturbation, no indecent exposure (2) fo l­
low ing of a w h ite fem ale b y a N egro, no assault or approach (3) non-
aggressive hom osexual convicted of passing bad checks (4) touchin g
the bust of a fem ale in a departm ent store (5) addicted to indecent ex­
posure w hen intoxicated (6) indecent exposure; had been propositioned
and m anipulated b y a w anton fem ale in th e movies (7-9) three habitu ally
exposed (10-12) hom osexuality w ith youn g males ( 13) assault on a
you n g girl (14 ) sex relations w ith (experienced) juvenile fem ales (T a p ­
pan, 1, 1949).
Aggressive and dangerous sexual assaults are less com m on than other
prevalent types o f felonious crim e. R ecidivism and parole violation rates
are low er than in other crim e. T h e indeterm inate sentence, together w ith
the propensity to com m it a large proportion of m inor offenders, means
th at nuisance offenders m ay be incarcerated for lon g periods of tim e; seri­
ous offenders m ay not be touched. P ublicity, m ore than the offenses, has
affronted m oral values (T a p p a n , 1950).
Statutes represent social progress in departing from th e legal form ula of
the M cN au g h te n case but they fail because:
1) T h e y are designed prim arily to control serious sex crimes, rape and
pedophilia. In th e series here reported on ly one o f thirty-six offenders in
this category has previous arrest for adult sex crimes. T h is is lockin g the
door after th e horse is gone. (See Cases 259 and 260.)
2) T h e popular concep t and basic postulate of these laws that serious
crim inal sex behavior evolves progressively from less serious crimes is false.
E xhibitionism , for instance, is the m eans th at best m eets th e unconscious
needs of a particular individual. H e is unlikely to seek other means.
3) Burglary is a m ore likely forerunner o f rape than hom osexuality,
voyeurism , exhibitionism or any sex offense.
4) A certain num ber of pedophiliacs are recidivists. B u t older offenders
adjust w ith a little supervision; younger offenders are prom ising subjects
for psychotherapy.
5) E xhibition ism , transvestism , fetishism , hom osexuality, voyeurism ,
show high rates of recidivism . T h ese are pathetic instances o f individual
m aladjustm ent b u t socially rarely harm ful.
' Ih e harsh tenor o f legislation and o f the m ore drastic types o f therapy is
evidence o f our own anxieties (G u ttm ach er, 19 5 1 ).
D efinite psychiatric procedures for the treatm en t of psychopaths do not
exist. R elease procedures m ay b e too harsh for minors, too easy for danger­
ous individuals. T reatm en t facilities are lacking. Incarceration for life
230 Medico-Legal Aspects
should be only for those w ho use force, violence or undue cruelty to
achieve their sex objective and pedophiles. F rom these sex killers are
drawn (Ploscow e, 1951).
In 1948-1949, 638 sex offenses w ere reported in th e D istrict o f C o lu m ­
bia; only abou t tw enty w ere com m itted as sex psychopaths. T h e m ajority
o f cases are handled as crim inal prosecution. T h e cases included tw elve
exhibitionists, seven cases o f indecent acts w ith children, five others, in­
cluding tw o hom osexuals and on e sodom ist. E ach patien t shows a repeti­
tive pattern of m isconduct. T h ese patients are n ot truly representative of
th e sex offenders of th e D istrict (C ru v an t, M e ltzer and T artaglin o, 1950).
C ase 259: C laren ce. N egro boy. A g e 17. O ffense: B rutal attack and rape
o f w hite w om an. H is father died o f heart disease; during his last five years
h e was m uch in hospital. H e had fourteen children b y previous marriage.
H e was belligerent and aggressive; there was friction in the hom e. T h e
m other did not like th e boy; he lied to her and did not respect her. Flis
I. Q . was in the eighties. Fie was difficult in school— a truan t and was put in
a special class. A t thirteen h e com m itted burglary w ith four other boys;
m ade several appearances in junior court b u t no sex offenses. H e was a
nail-biter and had sw eating palm s. H e was com pletely untruthful. T h ere
was no specific indication o f sexual abnorm ality b u t sadistic coloring in
his attitud e toward w om en (G u ttm ach er, 1 9 5 1 ) .
C ase 260: C harles. W h ite . A ge 25. O ffense: B rutally attacked a five-year-
old girl in bed. H e just w en t into th e house, saw the girl in bed and at­
tem pted to rape her; he did n ot seem able to control him self. She fou ght
and rescuers pulled his hands from her neck w h ile she was still alive. H e
discovered at fourteen h e had one undescended testicle; consulted a physi­
cian, took injections b u t there was no change. H e feared h e w ou ld be in­
capable o f intercourse or o f producing m ale children due to this and to
m asturbation. Fie was w ell-developed. H e graduated from parochial
school at eighteen, was highly respected; th e principal could not believe
h im gu ilty o f this offense. Fie was the on ly child o f parents w ho w ere over
forty w hen he was born. T h ere was friction in the hom e; h e was m ore at­
tached to his m other. H e was not athletic. H e began drinking at seventeen.
H e was afraid o f children, fu ll o f sexual conflicts. H e m asturbated at
fifteen, three or four tim es a w eek. H e had few dates; he was self-conscious.
H e had had no previous difficulty w ith th e law . Fie had, earlier in the
evening, seen tw o girls in this house and had th o u gh t o f having relations
w ith them . Fie suggested th a t the parents of the child forget the w hole
th in g since h e had repented; he said th a t he cou ld then be released. C la r­
ence, (C ase 2 5 9 ), was insecure, rebellious, hostile, sexually vigorous and
un in hibited. C harles was shy, m aladjusted, insecure. It was in keeping
w ith his inferiority and im m aturity th at h e chose a child as his victim . N o
legal statute could have prevented these offenses (G u ttm ach er, 19 5 1 ).
Medico-Legal Aspects 231
e. l a c k o f t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t i e s : T h e states th at have passed special
laws do n ot attem p t treatm ent. Staffing is not available for this work.
C o m m itm en t to m ental hospital does n ot im ply clinical treatm ent. C o m ­
m itm en t is to a m ental hospital in all states b u t W a sh in g to n , V erm o n t
and N ew Jersey. N o state provides special psychiatric facilities. T h ere is
no real effort to cure or to rehabilitate. W e lack effective know ledge to
deal w ith these offenders. Intensive efforts are m ade under sex statutes
only at Saint E lizabeths; here— experim entally and w ith few cases. Society
has no answer to the problem of the hom osexual, peeper, exhibitionist and
other m inor deviates (T ap p an , 1, 1949).
Som e claim sex offenders are incurable. Som e believe in lim ited supervi­
sion, parole or probation. It is probable that som e could b e cured b ut
w ould the results justify th e cost? Individual and group therapy are em ­
ployed in several jurisdictions b u t the m ethods are not specific or uniform .
W e have m ore than enough crim inals to experim ent on as it is. T h e state
cannot afford treatm ent on m ore than an experim ental scale. U n til treat­
m ent is curative it is necessary to apprehend and secure offenders in cor­
rective facilities w h ich arc little m ore than custodial. W e can not justify
preventive adjudication on loose criteria un til w e are prepared to pro­
vide diagnosis and therapeutic resources to insure a fair return. It is not
im portant to apprehend m ore psychopaths nor determ ine departm ent re­
sponsibility. T h e fundam ental consideration should b e adequate facility.
If funds w ere available, w ould it b e sound policy to concentrate on sex
offenders or on other offenders, psychotics, violen t crim inals, etc.? A t the
present state w e can not go beyond im proving treatm ent for offenders w ho
are charged w ith definite crimes (T a p p a n , 2, 1949).
Law s are enacted, providing for treatm ent rather than punishm ent, b u t
treatm ent is w ithin a fram ew ork of punishm ent, and in m any cases pun i­
tive policies are continued (Sutherland, 2, 1950).
M o st com m itm en t is to m ental hospitals. M ed ical authorities m aintain
th at psychopaths should n ot be confined w ith ordinary psychotic patients;
110 state has provided special psychiatric facilities. M o st m ental hospitals
have no resources to receive sex deviates. T h e treatm ent offered is alm ost
purely custodial, non-therapeutic and com m on ly punitive. Intensive psy­
chotherapy, group therapy, psychiatric counsel are generally unavailable.
Shock treatm ent and surgery are ineffective and pun itive in m otivation;
there are no real efforts to cure or rehabilitate. T h ere is 110 value in pro­
viding for diagnosis and com m itm en t if they are then held w ith ou t special
treatm ent. T h e basic problem is dangerous sexual crim inality, not m en­
ial aberration, and such crim inality can n o t b e predicted. N o clinical
m ethods have been foun d b oth effective and feasible in hand ling these
deviates. C on sequences m ay b e m ore deleterious than curative (T appan ,
1 95 ° ) -
i t is not on ly useless b u t harm ful to pass laws th at assume th e presence
o f adequate diagnostic and treatm ent facilities w hile neglectin g to appro­
232 Medico-Legal Aspects
priate sufficient funds to m ake their efficient operation possible (D eu tsch ,
1950).
T h e m ental hospital is not equipped to give him the kind of treatm ent
he needs and he becom es a problem to the m ental hospital because he
does not have a psychosis. T h e y are n ot equipped to deal satisfactorily
w ith really dangerous persons and do not provide the facilities needed for
sexual deviates. N o adequate treatm ent or clinical facilities exist in the
com m unity for dealing w ith this type o f case. T h e only treatm ent avail­
able is from private psychiatrists, few deviates w ill seek psychiatrists. F acili­
ties in prisons and hospitals are neither adequate nor suitable (D u n h am ,
19 5 1 ).
T h e physical plant for the care o f the crim inal sexual psychopath at the
Ionia State H ospital is practically the same as th at available for th e m en­
tally ill. It is necessary th at all categories o f inm ates use th e sam e facili­
ties for recreation, eating, sleeping and work assignm ents in the various
departm ents w hich were designed for th e crim inally insane. T h is arrange­
m en t is as disadvantageous for th e crim inal sexual psychopath as to th e
oth er patients. Because of th e adm ission o f nearly 400 crim inal sexual psy­
chopaths it has been im possible to receive a like num ber of m en tally ill
crim inals for w hom th e institution was actually established. It requires
double the tim e o f the psychiatric staff to supervise the crim inal sexual psy­
chopaths that it does to supervise th e m en tally ill (M ich igan R eport,
1 9 5 1 ).
A ccord in g to th e K insey estim ate, P ennsylvania’s popu lation included
at least 2,275,760 m ale deviates in 1940. In 1949, there were 202 psy­
chiatrists, m em bers of A m erican Board of Psychiatry and N eu rology in the
state (Pennsylvania R eport, 19 5 1 ).
f. i n c o n s i s t e n c y : W h y should only the sexual psychopath be considered
m en tally ill and thus less culpable or less responsible in a legal sense for his
crim inal act? W h y should n ot other psychopaths w ith crim inal propensi­
ties b e given sim ilar consideration? (Patterson, 1941)
T h e patien t m ay be returned after hospitalization for trial or sentence
in four states; com plete release is provided in nine others. C o m m itm en t to
hospital im plies m en tal abnorm ality b u t ten jurisdictions provide that
psychopathic status is no defense (T a p p a n , 1950).
g. l a c k o f d i s t i n c t i o n s : M o st laws are passed w ith too little atten tion
to th e type o f crime. Law s them selves do n ot decrease the incidence o f sex­
ual crime— som e believe they tend to increase it. Som e laws do protect so­
ciety from serious offenses. T h e m ajority o f authorities believe the kind of
laws states need are those th a t w ill im plem ent and encourage lon g tim e
prevention programs. W e need research in the field o f child developm ent,
as to the results o f th e various m ethods o f giving sex inform ation and the
con ten t o f that n ow given to children. Serious m istakes are m ade in en act­
ing state laws; all sex-deviated acts are considered as one group. N o dis­
Medico-Legal Aspects 233
tinctions are m ade as to punishm ent or treatm ent even as betw een tw o so
w idely different as peeping and sadistic attacks. T h e re is no logical or
clinical reason w hy voyeurs ever should be sent to prison or m ental hospi­
tal. N o harm is done to society or an individual. T h ey becom e bitter, con ­
trolling forces w eaker and on release often offend in other ways. E d u ca­
tion, probation, counsel w ould prevent a large num ber from repeating
(H artw ell, 1950).
h. c r i t i c i s m s o f p a r t i c u l a r l a w s : M in nesota law does n o t require
trained psychiatrists b u t tw o licensed physicians (F . A llen , 19 4 1).
F ifteen states and th e D istrict o f C o lu m b ia have special statutes for th e
sexual psychopath. T w o m ore states are draw ing them up. T h is is rem i­
niscent o f the rash of sterilization laws passed forty years ago w hen thirty
states passed laws for com pulsory sterilization; only tw o m ade use of them .
In W isco n sin , M innesota, M assachusetts, N ebraska and th e D istrict of C o ­
lum bia no crim inal charge is necessary. M ich igan and N ew H am pshire
specify th a t juveniles also are covered; this is hazardous. In M ich igan ,
N ew H am pshire and Indiana finding the accused a sexual psychopath is a
defense. In Illinois jury procedure is m andatory; this is im prudent. V e r ­
m on t and N ew Jersey are th e only states providing for com m itm en t to in­
stitution for psychiatric study before th e issue o f sexual psychopathy is
legally determ ined. In th e D istrict of C o lu m b ia failure to cooperate w ith
psychiatrist is considered con tem pt of court (G u ttm aclier, 1 9 5 1 ).
4. Effectiveness: T h e “ sexual psychopath” type of legislation has been
either inoperative or ineffective in m ost states. T h e follow ing are ap­
praisals o f such laws b y adm inistrators: C aliforn ia: “ ineffectual” ; Illinois:
sixteen cases in ten years, “ requires change.” Indiana: “ undesirable, in­
effective, no solution.” M assachusetts: “ inoperative.” M ich igan : “ in­
operative.” M in nesota: “ no trium ph for justice or protection.” N ew
Ham pshire: “ no com m itm en ts.” W a sh in g to n : “ inoperative.” W isco n sin :
“ inoperative, too loosely drawn.” D istrict o f C o lu m b ia : “ star cham ber
procedure w ith inadequate diagnostic and treatm en t facilities” (G ro u p for
A dvan cem en t o f Psychiatry, 194 9).
T h e statutes appear com pletely nullified in four states: W isco n sin ,
M ichigan, M assachusetts, W a sh in g to n . T h e y are alm ost com pletely inef­
fective in at least six more: Illinois, Indiana, V erm o n t, N ew H am pshire,
W ash in gton , D . C ., M in nesota (T ap p an , 1, 1949).
Sexual psychopath laws are put to little use. W h y ? (1) prosecutors and
judges are said to be unsym pathetic w ith an approach view ing the sex o f­
fender as a patien t needing treatm ent (2) sex offenders can avoid com ­
m itm ent b y non-co-operation (3) facilities are n ot available for cus­
tody (C a l. R ep. 1950).
All such laws have proved miserable flops (D eutsch , 1950).
Sexual psychopath laws are dangerous in principle and little used in
234 Medico-Legal Aspects
practice. T h e y were passed in panic and forgotten w hen em otion is re­
lieved b y action. T h e state usually has no facilities for care and custody.
Prosecutor and judge usually favor severe penalties. D efen se attorneys
have learned they can stop proceedings b y advising clients to refuse to talk
to the psychiatrist. A psychiatric diagnosis m ade under threat of pun ish­
m en t can have no validity. O f four states w hich enacted sexual psychopath
laws in 1938-39 (C aliforn ia, Illinois, M ich igan and M in n e so ta ), the trend
in rape is the same as in n eighboring states w hich did n ot have such legisla­
tion (Sutherland, 1 ,1 9 5 0 ) .
N ew Y o rk state has an extensive d evelopm ent o f treatm en t policies,
b u t no sexual psychopath law (Sutherland, 2, 195°)•
Such laws have tw o inherent defects: ( 1 ) the operation is dependent
upon a finding o f a specific type of m ental disorder w hich m ust be de­
fined in the legislation; an attem p t to w rite into law a m edically-
determ ined condition (2) some designated person m ust prepare a spe­
cial petition to start th e com m itm en t proceedings. T h e petitioner m ust
b elieve th at th e individual has the defined m ental disorder b u t petitioners
are seldom scientifically trained and unable to recognize even the existence
o f m ental disorder, to say n oth in g of th e nature. T h ose qualified to peti­
tion are usually legally trained; this makes them extrem ely cautious; they
feel that m ore than one overt act is necessary; this lim its the application of
the sexual psychopath laws to th e habitu al offender. P u blic safety w ould
seem to require th at second, third and subsequent offenses b e avoided
(M ichigan R eport, 19 5 1 ).
E. R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S AS TO L E G IS L A T IO N
1. Is New Legislation Necessary? N ew legislation should m ake possible
a broader definition of insanity, provide hospitals and oth er facilities to
care for sex offenders w ho can not now be called insane (M a cC o rm ick ,
1938 ).
E very sex crim inal should have specialized treatm ent; if th e laws do not
provide for this w ith ou t their consent then new laws should be forthcom ­
ing (H oover, 194 7).
A m odel statute is suggested; the sexual psychopath m eans any person
suffering from such conditions of em otional instability or im pulsiveness of
behavior or lack o f custom ary standards of good ju d gm en t or failure to
appreciate consequences of his acts or com bination as to render such per­
son irresponsible w ith respect to sexual m atters and thereby dangerous to
self or other persons. A m odel statute w ould include m andatory psychi­
atric exam ination w hen the individual is charged w ith an offense; discre­
tionary w hen cause is shown. T h e general public m ay be excluded from
the hearing and there should be no jury. D efe n d a n t should be able to call
witnesses. C o m m itm en t should be to an appropriate m en tal hospital or
probation w ith periodic exam ination. W h e n recovered the individual
Medico-Legal Aspects 235
should b e released to th e court and discharged unless not recovered.
T h ere should b e no trial upon th e original charge (N o te : U . of Penna.
L aw J., 1948).
T h e sex offender is either unable to control his com pulsive drives or
w antin g in moral sense. H e cannot be handled w ith existing facilities. A spe­
cial court should b e created for hearings and trials of these cases. B ail b u t
n ot high bail should b e accepted. O n ly persons im m ediately concerned
should be adm itted. T h is same procedure is follow ed in cases o f statutory
rape, adultery, etc. N o defendant in such cases has ever asked for a grand
jury trial. T h o ro u g h investigation of history and record are recom ­
m ended; physical, m ental and em otional status should be determ ined; the
recom m endation o f psychiatrists should be follow ed. N o special provision
need be m ade for juveniles. T h e ir offenses are less serious; they can be put
on probation w ith psychiatric treatm ent. Indeterm inate sentences w ith
long probation are recom m ended. N o new legislation is needed. A d v an ­
tages w ould be uniform bail and sentence, privacy of hearings, m agistrates
w ould be relieved of unpleasant cases, w om en jurors w ould be excused,
grand jury hearing w ould be waived, thorough investigation before sen­
tence, m edical probation. N o extra costs b u t rather a saving w ill result;
fewer re-arrests; public w ould b e b etter protected (B arratt, 1948).
N o state acts m ake it clear w h y the sexual psychopath has to have spe­
cial legislation to distinguish him from other psychopathic persons. P en n ­
sylvania already has the m eans to com m it sex offenders to m ental institu­
tions for treatm en t and cure. T h e M e n ta l H ealth A c t of 1923 provided
for admission in m any ways including the satisfaction of th e C o u rt “ that
he is insane or in such condition to m ake it necessary th at he b e observed
or cared for in hospital for m ental disease.” Sex offenders are either m en­
tally ill or m en tally defective. T h e best protection is treatm ent, if possible
cure or to be kept in custody indefinitely. T h e courts have pow er to com ­
m it, to cause to be treated, to release if cured and to keep in custody in­
definitely if incurable (Busser, 1948).
O b solete laws are n ot enforced and disrespected. M a n y laws are archaic,
should be repealed rather than form ulating new laws. Som e new ones are
not enforceable due to lack of adequate personnel and facilities (Sherw in,
1.949).
It is erroneous to assume that the sex problem can be solved by passing
a law. Ineffectual legislation is futile. N o problem is solved b u t som e dan­
gerous precedents are established (T a p p a n 1, 1949).
W e need legal procedure that w ill enable cases to becom e m edical prob­
lems w ith ou t th e necessity of proving psychosis and that w ill protect th e
lights and security of th e norm al non-offender. C iv il court procedure
should be available to parents and guardians for those individuals w ho
dem onstrate, though not yet apprehended, th at they are sexual deviates
lor w hom observation, supervision and treatm en t are needed. W e need an
avenue to treatm ent that docs not depend 011 conviction of a crim e or
 Medico-Legal Aspects 237
236 Medico-Legal Aspects
chopaths; w hether th e law is directed toward those w ho have com m itted
upon ability to com m it the individual as an insane person (G ardner,
crim es or poten tial offenders; w hether adm inistration proves strict or
1950 ).
loose. O n e approach m ight b e to enum erate certain crim inal offenses
w h ich in conn ection w ith psychiatric diagnosis of psychopathy m ight re­
2. Revision of Statutes: It is recom m ended th a t the statutes b e criti­
sult in adjudication to the status of psychopath or sexual psychopath. A
cally revised w ith the help of experts, th at courts be given m ore discretion
second type o f statute w ould denom inate th e circum stance of sexual psy­
to fit punishm ent to the crim inal rather than to the crim e and th at courts
chopathy as a basis for adjudication. A third possible approach w ould be
have recourse to probationary agencies to keep a custodial or protective
to specify in the law the criteria or characteristics upon w hich adjudica­
interest in the cases (W o rtis, 1939).
tions should be based. Statutes m ight b e enacted to provide for voluntary
A more econ om ic alternative to setting up special parole systems to han­
self-com m itm ent on the part of individuals w ho have becom e aware of
dle sex crim inals is an overhauling of th e present systems to provide them
dangerous peculiarities in sexual or aggressive striving and are diagnosed
w ith flexibility and pow er to deal w ith special problem s ( W a ll and W y lie ,
as psychological deviants after observation (T ap p an , 2, 1949).
1 948 )-
R evision o f th e term rape is necessary so th a t it m ore nearly corre­
4. Trends: W it h the increased use o f psychiatric exam inations and
sponds w ith the traditional concepts. T h e good sense of courts and juries
treatm ent th e attitudes of the courts has becom e m ore lenient. B etw een
often m itigates deficiencies in statutes b u t there is no escape from the
1900 and 1930 any trivial sex offense was likely to result in harsh penal sen­
necessity of revision. T h e law m ust require real n ot token resistance; m ust
tences. F rom 1930-45 little change has been noted in courts w here there
require m ore than th e slightest penetration. T h e age o f the m ale should be
is no psychiatric service b u t in the crim inal courts of the large cities an in­
taken into accoun t in statutory rape. M u c h hom osexual a ctivity is due to
creased num ber o f sex offenders are referred to clinics (Selling, 5, 194 7).
adolescent curiosity and sexual experim entation. T h e legal prohibitions
T h ree trends were reported to the com m ittee by Kinsey: ( 1 ) toward
against sodom y, hom osexuality and crim es against nature are practica­
lessening of penalties (2) toward elim ination of sex law (3) attem pts
b ly unenforceable. Suggested changes in th e law w ould elim inate legal
to recognize w hich are psychiatric cases and treat them m uch in the same
prohibitions against adult hom osexual behavior in private together. T h e
way as cases of insanity (C a l. R eport, 19 5 °)-
present laws benefit only blackm ailers. Provisions against heterosexual b e­
T h e treatm ent of the sexual crim inal as a patient is consistent w ith the
havior betw een adults in violation of sodom y statutes, etc., should be elim i­
general social m ovem ent, the trend is tow ard treatm ent, away from pun ­
nated. C h ild ren and m inors should be protected, m ale prostitution should
ishment. T h is trend is based on cultural changes in society; th e trend is
b e suppressed; this is a m ajor source o f crim e, disorder and disease. T h e
away from punishm ent in hom e, church and school. T h e trend toward
public is en titled to freedom from hom osexual activity and advances in
treatm ent is part of th e trend to scientific procedure (Sutherland 2,
public places. W e m ust prohibit four aspects of the sex act: (1 ) heterosex­
uality and hom osexuality w ith force and violence (2) hom osexual and 195°)-
heterosexual acts involvin g children and adolescents (3) hom osexual
and heterosexual acts w hich outrage public decency (4) hom osexual
and heterosexual prostitution (Ploscow e, 1951). SUMMARY

3. Factors to be Considered in Enacting Legislation: T h e question

Л. C R IT IC IS M S OF E X IS T IN G
should be settled: does the law have a right to interfere w ith private sex­
ual practices betw een norm al and responsible adults? It should distinguish
I'lie laws regarding sex offenses vary
betw een sexual practices th at are dangerous, those th a t are nuisances and from state to state; what is a felony
those th at are m erely silly: perverts like fetishists w ho harm no one m ay be :1nil a crime in one jurisdiction may
dealt w ith charitably (W o rtis, 1939). not be a misdemeanor in another.
T h e fun dam en tal consideration is w hether or n ot adequate institu­ Some terms as “ disorderly conduct”
tional facility and professional staff can be provided to secure effective me catch-alls for many types of sexual
clinical treatm ent. If this is not possible, there is little justification for fur­ .mil other misconduct. Punishment is
licquently out of proportion to the
ther legislation for segregating sexual psychopaths. T h e num ber of psy­
1 rime; some sex acts are only variants
chopaths w ho m ay need to be treated is an im portant aspect; this depends
ol acts indulged in occasionally by
on w hether the aim is toward the sex deviate only or all dangerous psy-
LAW S normal individuals. Kinsey reports
that ninety-five percent of the total
male population have been involved
in illicit sex activities. Prostitution,
technically a sex crime, is seldom pun­
ished. In N ew York the maximum
sentence for adultery is six months;
for indecent exposure three years. Se­
vere punishment is given homosexuals,
in contrast with light sentences for
impairing morals of children.
T he law does not recognize the
 238 Medico-Legal Aspects
psychological aspects of each ease but
tends to lump all sex offenders into
one category. In most states the law
does not consider the age of the of­
fender. A large proportion of cases are
statutory rape: often no great age dis­
parity is involved. T he point of view
of law is social and collective and not
individual; it often sacrifices the indi­
vidual for what appears to be the
good of society.
Criminal law presupposes that a
man with the emotional age of six is
as responsible for his actions as one
with the emotional age of sixteen. It
presupposes that man’s actions are
governed by reason and not by emo­
tions; that if a man knows an act is
wrong lie can refrain from com m it­
ting it. T he law recognizes lack of
criminal intent and irresponsibility in
more obvious forms of mental disease
but not in regard to less obvious path­
ological states. If an individual cannot
choose his course emotionally, then he
is insane even if technically he knows
the difference between right and
wrong. T h e law has never defined and
adequately differentiated right and
wrong; how much hope is there for it
to understand the word “ emotional” ?
In such episodic states as we witness
in exhibitionism we deal with tempo­
rary loss of any normal mental function
and there can be no question of any re­
sponsibility whatever. It is not reason­
able to punish individuals for be­
havior they cannot control. The word
insanity is too narrow; it must be wid­
ened to include the cases which are
moved in their behavior by drives
which are deeply unconscious and
therefore can carry no responsibility.
B. D IF F IC U L T IE S OF ENFORCEM ENT
Obstacles in the way of enforcement
of the laws are in the reluctance of
witnesses and victims to report or to
testify. O ften there is a single witness,
frequently a child. V ery young chil­
dren are unable to qualify as witnesses.
A considerable percentage of of­
fenders convicted of misdemeanors
could have been charged with fel­
onies. Rape in the second degree is a
felony; most offenders plead guilty to
assault in the third degree, a misde­
meanor and a different crime. Severity
of punishment is a deterrent to
conviction; juries are usually prone to
acquit in sex offense cases.
c. a d m in is tr a tio n o f la w s
Judges are trained in law not in ab­
normality and normality of the human
mind; they cannot make medical de­
cisions. Jurymen may be incompetent
to pass judgment on cases involving
inter-relationship of the sexes. The
judge may not understand the mores
of the offender’s group. Nearly all ju­
risdictions have the right to call for
mental examination of defendants but
there are few requests for such ex­
amination. Psychiatric examination be­
fore trial is ideal; such examination
before parole is still the exception. In
England, official rules in Juvenile
Courts authorize obtaining of nec­
essary information before guilt is de­
cided; this is too rarely the case in
practice. There is need for better co­
operation between courts and psychia-
try.
Still it is pointed out by the Report
of the M ayor’s Com m ittee and by
Horack that the courts are attempting
to make the discriminations and dis­
tinctions that need to be made, deal­
ing less harshly with minor offenses.
T he rule of law must be rigid but it
requires understanding and flexibility
in administration. Most people do not
expect the law to be strictly enforced
under certain circumstances. The
courts cannot leap far ahead of public
opinion; the laws tend to be crystal
lizations of taboos.
d . “ sex u al p syc h o p a th ” law s
N ew legislation passed in recent years
by a number of states and the Dis­
trict of Colum bia define the sexual
psychopath or the criminal sexual psy­
chopath or the psychopathic personal­
ity. In some states such a person may,
by the filing of a petition, be put un­
der the law before the commission of
a crime. Some states do not require a
jury trial; in certain cases psychiatric
examination is compulsory. Com m it­
ment is to a mental institution, upon
indeterminate sentence, the individual
not to be released until cured. Advan­
tages of this law lie in the broader
definition of insanity; such laws at­
tempt to extend the concept of in­
sanity to legally irresponsible persons.
T he indeterminate sentence, it is
claimed, makes possible detention un­
til the offender is no longer a danger
to the community. Psychiatric exami­
nations are provided for at stated in­
tervals to determine when the man is
ready to be released.
It is argued, notably by Tappan and
Sutherland, that sexual psychopath
laws are based on mistaken premises;
as that serious sex crimes are very
prevalent and rapidly increasing, that
sex offenders are usually recidivists,
that the minor offender progresses to
more serious crimes, that it is possible
to identify the offender before he
commits a crime, that they are over­
sexed, that effective methods of cure
arc known and that sexual psychopath
laws get the vicious criminals.
There is no consensus concerning
the meaning of the term psychopath;
il is a loosely-conceived entity regard­
ing which psychiatrists disagree. The
broadness of definition allows its in-
lerpretation to include homosexuals,
adolescents and young children. The
Minnesota law does not state that it
applies only to conduct prohibited by
Medico-Legal Aspects 239
criminal law. T he interpretations do
not differentiate the sex offender from
the minor criminal who has com­
mitted a sex crime. Their criteria as
to mental condition are vague, exclud­
ing psychosis and feeble-mindcdness.
T oo great responsibility and power
are given to county attorneys and pro­
bate judges; the lack of a jury and ex­
clusion of the public means dispensing
with traditional safeguards of liberty.
W here persons can be adjudicated to
the status of sexual psychopath with
no charge placed, it is a departure
from the fundamental conception of
justice. Indeterminate sentence may
be for life, not only for convicted but
for suspected offenders.
It is also argued, in particular by
Tappan, that such laws, although de­
signed to control serious sex crimes as
rape and pedophilia, in reality catch
only the minor offenders who are the
recidivists and who may be incarcer­
ated for long periods while serious of­
fenders may not be touched. Release
procedures may be too harsh for
minor offenders, too easy for danger­
ous individuals. T he basic concept of
the laws, that serious criminal sex be­
havior evolves progressively from less
serious crimes, is false. T h e offenses
that show the highest rates of re­
cidivism, exhibitionism, transvestism,
fetishism, homosexuality, and voyeur­
ism are socially rarely harmful.
Tappan and others also claim that
while most commitment is to mental
hospitals, most mental hospitals have
no resources to receive sex deviates;
the treatment is almost purely custo­
dial; there are no real efforts to cure
or rehabilitate. Probably some could
be cured but would the results justify
the cost? And if funds were available
would it be sound policy to concen­
trate on sex offenders or on other of­
fenders, as violent criminals? The
Michigan Report notes that it is ncc-
 240 Medico-Legal Aspects
essary to use the same facilities for
criminal sexual psychopaths as for
mentally ill criminals, an arrangement
disadvantageous to both groups. Due
to the admission of the criminal sexual
psychopaths it has been impossible to
receive a like number of mentally ill
criminals for whom the institution
was established.
Hartwell notes that in these state
laws all sex-deviated acts are consid­
ered as one group. N o distinction is
made as to punishment or treatment;
there is no logical reason why voy­
eurs should be sent to prison or men­
tal hospital.
In four states and the District of
Colum bia no criminal charge is neces­
sary. T w o states specify that juveniles
are covered. O nly two states provide
for commitment to mental hospital for
study before the issue of sexual psy­
chopathy is legally determined. In the
District of Colum bia failure to coop­
erate with the psychiatrist constitutes
contempt of court. A ll sex-deviated
acts are considered as one group: no
distinctions are made as to punish­
ment or treatment.
T he sexual psychopath type of leg­
islation has been either inoperative or
ineffective in most states. T h e M ichi­
gan State Report finds that such laws
have two inherent defects: (1 ) the
operation is dependent upon finding
of a type of mental disorder which
must be defined in the legislation; an
attempt to write into law a medically-
determined condition (2) some des­
ignated person must prepare a special
petition to start commitment proceed­
ings. Such petitioners are usually
legally, not medically trained; they are
unable to recognize even the exist­
ence, let alone the nature, of mental
disorder and they are extremely cau­
tious in preparing such petitions.
According to Sutherland, they are
dangerous in principle and little used
Medico-Legal Aspects 241
in practice. O f four states which fit punishment to the individual rather nuisances or merely silly. Tappan em­
passed such laws in 1938-39 the than to the crime and Ploscowe be­ phasizes that there is no justification
trend in rape is the same as in neigh­ lieves the laws, especially those re­ for enacting further legislation unless
boring states. According to Tappan, garding rape and homosexuality, are adequate institutional facilities and
they are completely nullified in four in need of revision. W ortis believes it staffs can be provided.
states, almost completely ineffective in should be settled whether or not the T he following trends have been
at least six more. T he Group for the law has the right to interfere with pri­ noted: toward lessening of penalties,
Advancement of Psychiatry quotes vate sexual practices between normal toward elimination of sex laws and
such appraisals by administrators as and responsible adults and that it in attempts to recognize which cases
“ inoperative,” “ ineffectual,” “ undesir­ should distinguish between practices are psychiatric and to treat them much
able.” It is noted that prosecutors and that are dangerous and those that are in the same way as cases of insanity.
judges are said to be unsympathetic to
this approach and that sex offenders
have learned they can avoid commit­
ment by non-cooperation. Psychiatric
diagnosis made under threat of pun­
ishment, as in some jurisdictions, can
have no validity.
E. R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S AS T O L E G IS L A ­
T IO N
It is questionable that new legislation
is needed to deal with this problem.
Hoover calls for new laws to provide
specialized treatment for every sex
criminal and another writer suggests a
model statute incorporating many of
the features of the sexual psychopath
laws. According to Gardner, there is a
need for procedure to enable cases to
become medical problems without the
necessity of proving psychosis and that
will protect the rights and security of
the normal non-offender. Others find
that courts already have the means,
with existing facilities, to commit sex
offenders to mental institutions for
treatment or custody. Busser remarks
that no state acts make it clear why
the sexual psychopath has to have spe­
cial legislation to distinguish him
from other psychopathic persons. It is
pointed out that many laws are archaic
and should be repealed rather than
formulating new ones and that inef­
fectual legislation is futile.
W ortis would revise statutes in or­
der to give courts more discretion to
1 3. T R E A T M E N T

A. SU R G E R Y 245

B. H O R M O N E OR E N D O C R IN E T H E R A P Y 247

C. E L E C T R O S H O C K 247

D. PRISON 248

1. Im prisonm ent as T h erap y 248

2. Failure o f P unishm ent as aD eterren t to C rim e 249

3. M align an t E ffects of Im prisonm ent 251

A. EFFECTS ON YOUNG OFFENDER

B. A G G R A V A T IO N OF H O S T IL IT Y

C. ENCOURAGEM ENT OF SEXUAL A B N O R M A L IT IE S

E. S E G R E G A T IO N 253

V. PAROLE 256

C. P SY C H IA T R IC T R E A T M E N T 256

1. L im itations of Psychiatry 256

2. C on d itio n s of T reatm en t 258

A. P R IS O N

B. M ENTAL H O S P IT A L

C. AS O U T -P A T IE N T S

D. RECOM M ENDED S P E C IA L IN S T IT U T IO N S

3. D iagnosis 261
244 Treatment

4. T h erapy D irected T ow ard Specific O ffenses or G roups 262

A. STATU TO R Y RAPE

B. P E D O P H IL IA

C. TH E JU V E N IL E OFFENDER

D. TH E C O N S T IT U T IO N A L P S Y C H O P A T H IC IN F E R IO R

5. Special M ethod s o f T h erapy 263

. Treatm ent
A. B R IE F PSYCH OTH ERAPY

B. A U T O B IO G R A P H IC A L M ETH OD

C. OTH ER TYPES OF PSYCH O TH ERAPY

A. S U R G E R Y
D. A ID S TO PSYCH OTH ERAPY

C astration w ould n ot abolish the sex drive b u t only m ake th e individual

6. Prognosis 266
more perverse (B ow m an , 1938).
A. A G G R E S S IV E D E V IA T E S C astration as a crim e prevention measure serves th e existing generation
B. P S Y C H O P A T H IC P E R S O N A L IT Y and indirectly posterity. T h e ch ief social purpose of sterilization lies in the
C. J U V E N IL E OFFENDERS
prevention of offspring unfit by reason o f m ental or physical disease to
m eet the requirem ents o f ordinary life adjustm ents and thus to reduce the
D. O FFEN D ER S A G A IN S T C H IL D R E N
num ber of defective social individuals in future generations. T h e y are two
E. SEX OFFENDERS IN GENERAL
totally different issues. C astration was first recom m ended as a treatm ent
for sexual overexcitem ent in the late 18th century, first utilized as therapy
S U M M A R Y 268 in 1889. In som e cases castration is utilized to protect the patien t from self-
inflicted injury and suffering or as a protection to the com m unity. T h e
best results are gained w ith patients betw een the ages of twenty-one and
forty-five. O f eighty cases so treated by W o l f m ost showed considerable
dim inution of potency and libido; sixty percent are now free, n ot a dan­
ger nor a burden. R ecidivism is only seven percent. In thirty-tw o cases in
Berne, libid o was considerably reduced. In fourteen poten cy was elim i­
nated; in tw elve cases reduced and in four there was little or no change.
Social adjustm ent was good. T h e outstanding contribution o f the Swiss
experim ent is a com bination treatm en t m ethod: psychiatric, surgical,
m edicinal and social w elfare (K op p, 1938).
Sterilization b y castration or vasectom y offers no solution: it lim its pro­
creation b u t has little value for th e sex offender against the youn g w ho is
already im poten t (W ile , 1939).
Sex recidivists respond less w ell to castration than do other types. T h e
disturbance is in th e psychosexual field: th e need for assertion of poten cy is
great. C astration does n ot get at the root o f the perversion w hich is pri­
marily in the psychosexual field. H om osexuals do n ot respond at all well;
the cause is psychosexual n o t som atic (B onk, 1940).
Sterilization is of no value, m erely stops procreation. T h e ability to have
an erection has little to do w ith any offense b u t rape (Selling, 4, 1942).
C astration has no part in the m edical treatm ent of such individuals and
is very dangerous. It precludes th e possibility o f subsequent psychotherapy

245

246 Treatment
and m ight turn a m ild case into a hopelessly em bittered and m aladjusted
individual. T h is is true particularly if the penis as w ell as testicles is am pu­
tated. Psychopathology is aggravated by castration (H irning, 3, 1947).
Suggestions of castration or sterilization h ave been m ade largely b y lay­
m en and have n ot been accepted. Loss o f sexual pow er through operation
is likely to cause a m ore vicious reaction than to stop antisocial behavior
(Selling 5, 1947).
M an y sex offenders dem and castration due to w ant of success in psy­
chotherapy. It is n ot clear that such m u tilating operation is a m edical ob li­
gation. T h ere is m uch evidence that libido persists after castration. In
some persons a reflex pattern o f sex behavior persists in the central nerv­
ous system and innervates penile m echanism s. P robably the sexual crim i­
nal continues to b e a social nuisance (G o lla & H odge, 1949).
Sterilization has no effect on drive or energy. P enotom y, am putation of
m ale sex organ can not reduce th e drive b u t probably causes harm ful per­
sonality changes. L ob o tom y is regarded as in experim ental stage; the op­
eration works profound changes in personality; w ith castration (orchidec-
tom y) m edicine agrees there is no particular benefit. Personality changes
m ight increase the problem . Judge C o llie r’s Superior C o u rt in Pasadena
for years m ade castration a cond ition o f probation. T h e results were b e­
lieved, b y court and police, to have been satisfactory b u t there was no
actual follow -up o f th e group; it is n ot know n h ow m any left the jurisdic­
tion or died, etc. (C a l. R eport, 1950).
M o st solutions are based on fallacies. Sterilization makes it im possible
for the individual to beget children b u t has no effect on th e sex drive.
T h ere is no evidence that castration reduces sex offenses nor that th e
threat deters sexual crim inals. It w ill rather w arp already twisted drives.
M o st sex crim inals are undersexed. V e ry few brain operations have re­
sulted beneficially (D eu tsch , 1950 ).
C astration , especially before puberty, w ill decrease sex drive and destroy
th e capacity for the norm al sex act. B u t p oten cy is not necessary for m ost
deviated acts. C astration does n ot totally destroy sexual drive; it m ight in­
crease rather than decrease th e possibility of turning to abnorm al acts.
C astration has a deleterious effect on personality and seems to m ake
crim es more likely (H artw ell, 1950).
W it h castration m any younger individuals have no choice b u t to b e­
com e hom osexual (K insey, C a . R eport, 1950).
C astration destroys in males the capacity for th e norm al sex act b u t docs
n ot interfere w ith the force of the sexual drive or urge; it m ay actually in­
crease th e frustration, raising th e possibility o f an abnorm al sex offense
(M ichigan R eport, 19 5 1 ).
C astration is still em ployed w idely. F or certain sadists, sex acts arc
m erely vehicles for inflicting pain. ( С . C . Llawke, State School o f M ental
D eficien ts at W in fie ld , Kansas, reports 330 cases castrated (G u ttm ach er,
1 9 5 1 ).
T reatment 247
B. H O R M O N E OR E N D O C R IN E T H E R A PY
E nd ocrin e glands have a definite influence on sexual behavior. 112 girls
were detained because o f sex delinquency. Seventy-six (sixty-eight per­
cen t) were found to have associated endocrine conditions. Tw enty-seven
received prolonged treatm en t and nineteen showed splendid social adpist-
m ent; m ost of them retained it a year later. H ypersexuality due to over­
activity of gonads is a frequent cause o f serious sex crimes. M arked hy­
pothyroidism can dull m ental, social and m oral d evelopm ent (W rig h t,
' 9,phe use o f m ale horm ones is beneficial in m any cases of pedophilia.
T h e occasional use of endocrine glands m ay b e h elp fu l as supportive
therapy in sexually-inadequate persons even though the inadequacy m ay
exist on a psychological basis (S ellin g 5, 19 4 7).
Sm all doses (five mgms. three tim es w eekly) of Testosteron e P ropionate
m ay tem porarily stim ulate libido in th e norm al m ale, large coses (tw en у
five mgm s. three tim es w eekly) m ay depress this function (R uben stem ,
Shapiro and Freem an, 1940).
A bnorm al brain fun ction plays a considerable part m th e production of
the crim inal sexual psychopath. O th e r factors are also im portant. E n ­
docrine dysfunction is noted especially in th e very young and very old,
these are am enable to endocrine therapy (C o o k , 1949).
D u n n (1940, J. A m . M ed . Assn. 115:2263) used stilbesterol for
seventy-five days resulting in absence of libido. F o o te (1944: J. N erv.
M ent. D is. 99:928) used stilbesterol in cases o f sexual psychopathy. In a
scries o f cases of acrom egaly treated w ith oestrone, testicles softened and
gynaecom astic libido ceased after fourteen days. U p o n cessation o f the treat­
m ent libido returned. T h ere is no reason to b elieve th at even after two
years’ treatm ent sexual power w ould b e perm anently abolished, he au­
thors treated thirteen persons w ith horm one therapy. In all cases there
was success in abolishing libido. T rea tm en t should b e discontinued only
w hen th e restoration o f th e libido is safe and desirable. E ven after four
years w ith no libido, w h en treatm ent was stopped, libido returned in three
weeks T h e y believe this treatm ent should be adopted w here possible in
m ale cases o f abnorm al or uncontrollable sexual urge (G o lla and H odge,
G lan d u lar injections, castration, can not cure sexual perversion (R o ch e,
H orm one treatm ent shows no encouraging results (D eu tsch , 1950).
H orm onal therapy: th e results are discouraging (C a l. R eport, 1950).
C. E L E C T R O S H O C K
In six cases in w hich electroshock was adm inistered to persons w ho had
been com m itted to hospital under the sexual psychopath laws, no benefit
 248 Treatment
Treatment 249
was received. T h ese cases illustrate the inefficiency o f this form o f therapy
hours o f psychiatric treatm en t a year. Im prisonm ent under present con ­
( Ih o m p so n , 194 9). (See Cases 261-263.)
ditions aggravates the condition it is supposed to correct (D eutsch , 1950).
S f f ; W - C. W h ite M ale. A g e 40. C h arge: H om osexual relations
2 . Failure of Punishment as a Deterrent to Crime: Jail sentences pro­
sexual relations X ' 7 Ьг° Л сГ had cn §aScd w itb him in hom o- duce no change in life; probation officers attem p t on ly to supervise indus­
- ual relations w hen th e patien t was seven. F rom tw elve to fourteen he
trial activities and prevent hom osexual contact. O th e r therapy is practi­
at tW rtv o n e я 7 h "’f a n ^ pkye<] Wlth doIls' P atien t c a r rie d cally never attem pted (H enry and Gross 1, 1938).
a t thirty-one and had tw o children. H e enjoyed b oth hom osexual and
heterosexual relations. His habitus was m arkedly fem in ine Seven O fte n w hen the offender is detected and arrested the penalty or suspen­
sion is n ot based on the psychiatric background o f com pulsion. Segrega-
reported Г Г Г ' adm im stered- H e was paroled, b u t soon again
reported m hom osexual activities (T h om p son , 1949). . tion in prison alone w ill n ot benefit disease. N o lasting good can b e accom ­
plished b y shutting the offender up or lettin g him go free untreated
C ase 262: В. H . W h ite . M ale. Single. A g e 25. H e had had infan tile (O berndorf, 1939).
p ralysis at seven or eight, w ith atrophy o f right arm and upper extrem ity Previously, sex offenders were treated m uch as other offenders w ith
H ad undergone surgery for congenital harelip and for undescended testi- fine or im prisonm ent; this was unsuccessful. T h e percentage o f convic­
cle, clubfeet, strabismus. H e had other congenital defects. H e had never tions for sex offenders is low . It is d oub tful w hether the crim inal prosecu­
been interested in girls. A t nine or ten, had been introduced to m utual tion is a deterrent (F . A llen , 19 4 1).
T h e im prisonm ent o f hom osexuals is open to question (H en ry & G ross
t i o n X u n 7 a b l I f ' 0 MHC IWd inSight' W3S Wel1 0riented> b u t emo-
D sv ch X s C n i 1 W3S: Psyc h ° P athic personality w ith o u t 3 ,1 9 4 1 ) .
psychosis. C on vulsive shock had no benefit (T h om p son , 1949). Punishm ent alone is w asteful and useless. T h e penological m ethod is
definitely inadequate in treating sex offenders (A p felb erg, Sugar and
S t a t e h aH h i W h ile ,M f • A se C h arge: Sexual psychopath. A t Pfeffer, 194 4).
border! 1np m e b(“ ° a c“ se<l 0 f allem p ted rape- H e ™ ll“ " considered a T h e present institutional system is unsatisfactory; offenses are repeated
borderline m ental defective; com m itted to an institution and sterilized
in prison or w hen liberty is regained (E ast, 1946).
ua re h H o u T ’ i ^ 71 ^ S * 1 f0 ' g i,lg с1“ с Ь ' H e ,M<J h a d T h e law m aintains the b elief th at punishm ent is th e only m ethod that
h elp d He I , , aC,° ,eSCence' H e ” s S o ich cooperative, w anted to be will redeem the crim inal and deter him and others from further crime.
E ach tim e he g 'Ve" ‘ 'Catm ents, follow ed b y courtyard parole. Punishm ent, how ever severe, has failed to am eliorate crim e (K arpm an,

S t r ьЖр1Х«Геinvo,vcdinfe,h,i0”d"
D. PRISON
и5е ь Г Рт о 7 ? е> ъ Г T 1 ’ CiaPy: A SCntenCe ° f ™ P b so n m en t is the m ost
useful, m ost suitable penalty for the m ajority of the offenders against
youn g persons (D ep artm en tal C o m m ittee, i L ) S offender or society (Piker, 19 4 7).
НиьХто)а! “ deterrent ‘° °rime' “ “ f"4“ent'yСШ
аИ,е (EaS‘ аПс1
Im prisonm ent is a valu able thenrpeutie im plem ent in treating certain
M e in ] Г , Г Psychop aths. T h e "recovery” rate is b etter than
1 1 ’ 6 1S a § radual grow ing accum ulation o f crim inal
ua psyc lopaths to be confined and cared for by the state (C o o k 1949)
Som e say to imprison them till they are cured. T h is presupposes th a t
exceptions the Ге5° 11ГСе5 ЯГ£' rCadlly availab le' W ith
D G Schmirh- V ^ ш P nson is given no treatm en t at all.
I ' Г ' C m idt- ch ief psychiatrist at San Q u en tin (supposedly one o f
S prison setups) says th a t the average sex offender here receives on ly
1 7 ,1 9 4 6 ) .
E ven in older offenders w ith m ore fixed patterns, severity and stimula-
lion o f sham e and gu ilt w ill not clear up th e psychopathology (H irnin g
3- 1 947 ) ■
Sex offenders are sick people and their offenses are sym ptom s o f their
illness. M erely jailing, therefore, does practically n oth in g for either the
T rea tm en t as a m isdem eanant is no answer to the problem o f th e dan­
gerous sex offender (Ploscow e, 19 4 7).
Should th e sex offender b e treated as a crim inal or as one m en tally ill?
II the first, he is returned to society uncured; if th e second, th e same thin g
happens. E ffective treatm en t is im possible in prison. L on ger sentences
merely m ean longer pub lic support in jail. T h ere have been psychiatric
c ures in m any cases (Busser, 1948). (See C ase 264.)
T h e present M assachusetts law makes rapists subject to life im prison­
rare ment; th e rape-murderer is executed; yet rape continues to be fairly com ­
D r. mon and rape-murders occur (M ass. R eport, 1948).
the
'I'lie fu tility o f punitive measures to bring about rehabilitation has been
tw o
accepted for m any years (C o n n , 194 9). (See C ase 265.)
 2 50 T reatment
T h a t im prisonm ent w ill do th e offender no good b u t m ay do him harm
is adm itted n ot on ly for sex offenses b u t for all offenses (Florack, 1949).
T h e more the courts accept th e principle th a t treatm ent o f the sex o f­
fender is in the best interests o f th e offender and the public, th a t punish­
m en t w ith ou t constructive aim can be harm ful to b oth, th e m ore w ill those
charged adm it to the offense (Joint C o m m ittee, 1949).
Law s providing for heavy punishm ent are 110 deterrent. In Arkansas
and N orth C arolina, the death penalty is m andatory for forcible rape; the
n um ber o f rapes in those states is abou t like the national average (M c-
N ickles, 1949).
Fines, jail and penitentiary sentences are worse than useless as reform
m ethods (R ein hard t & Fisher, 1949).
P unitive attitudes are dangerous (T ap p an , 1949).
Severe punishm ent has been suggested. C aliforn ia has the m ost elabo­
rate and severe laws b u t a high proportion o f the m ost brutal crim es have
been com m itted there. P unishm ent is often w elcom ed b y the sex offender
(D eutsch, 1950).
C rim in al courts are filling our prisons b u t n ot protecting the public.
O ffenders are not deterred from a life of crime; all sentences, even life,
com e to an end som etim e. O n e case served tw enty-one sentences ranging
from three m onths to five years. T h e public suffers tim e after tim e from the
depredations of th e same m en. O n e case served five sentences for exhibi­
tionism . A fte r probation w ith psychotherapy for six m onths there has
been no recurrence in two-and-a-half years. F in in g is also unconstructive
(M ullins, 1950).
T h e penal system operates generally as a severely punishing and coer­
cive device. It cannot, given its present facilities o f plant, setting, tim e,
pow er and personnel, be expected to rehabilitate m en w ho have spent a
lifetim e b ecom ing w hat they were w hen th ey com m itted their sex crimes.
It m ay deter m ost o f them from com m ittin g another sex crim e b u t it does
n ot m ake them good fathers and husbands (M ich igan R eport, 1 9 5 1 ).
C ase 264: J. B. W h ite . M ale. O ffen se: C arn al abuse o f a five-year-old
girl. B oth parents w ere alcoholic; hom e brawls w ere frequent. W h e n he
was eleven m onths old his father was sentenced to prison for kicking his
pregnant w ife in the stom ach. T h e m other died o f alcoholism . T h e baby
was sent first to the grandfather, a braw ling drunkard, then to th e father,
w ho lived w ith different w om en. A t th e age o f four, th e child had w it­
nessed his father’s sexual relations w ith tw o different w om en. H is earliest
m em ories were o f beatings. H e ran away. From tw elve to sixteen he was in
an orphanage and institution for juvenile delinquents. A t thirteen he had
sex relations w ith a girl; before this he had indulged in sodom y w ith boys.
A t sixteen he was sent to a state school. A t seventeen arrested for carnal
abuse o f a five-year-old girl. H e showed no evidence o f conscience. H e was
sentenced to five to ten years in prison b u t his fau lty em otional develop-
Treatment 251
rnent can not be corrected b y the usual prison routine. Fie is not a psycho­
path b u t a neurotic as a result of deprivation. H e is n ow having psychiatric
treatm ent and m aking good progress. Psychiatric treatm en t is expensive,
tim e-consum ing and unsatisfactory in result, b u t it costs the state $2,000
to keep him in prison one year. H e has been a public charge all his life
(Sing Sing, 1950).
Case 265: X . M ale. A g e 34. B reaking into a girl friend’s room . H e was
horn in a sm all tow n in G eorgia, sent to an aunt in D etro it at th e age of
four. Fie was probably neglected b oth b y th e aunt and by the m other w ith
w hom he lived at thirteen after she had remarried. A t fourteen he was
placed on probation for truancy. In the sam e year he was sent to B o y ’s
V ocatio n al School for theft, served there fourteen m onths; upon release he
broke parole and was returned for three years. A s an ad ult he served a ten
m onths’ sentence for larceny. W a s placed on probation for m alicious
destruction of property, was once arrested for fighting 011 the com plaint of
his com m on-law w ife. In 1939 he was sentenced to prison for rape; w hile
being held he was identified as the rapist o f another w om an. U p o n psy­
chiatric exam ination he was th o u gh t to b e assaultive, poten tially h om i­
cidal, vindictive, sexually-m aladjusted, w ould tend to continue to com m it
crimes. T h e exam iners felt he had a schizoid personality and m ight have
paranoid traits. H e was paroled in 1948 and apparently m ade a superfi­
cially good adjustm ent. H e had relations w ith a num ber of w om en. D u r­
ing the tw o weeks b efore his latest arrest he was in custody three tim es for
breaking into a room one o f his girls had. Lie said the police were out to
get him . P eople talk about him behind his back. H e was incoherent, had
difficulty in speaking, w riggled constantly. C laim ed th at a girl friend had
gone to a voodoo w om an or w itch doctor and put a fix on him so he could
not think straight (M ich igan R eport, 1950).
I. M alignant Effects of Imprisonment:
.1 e f f e c t s o n y o u n g o f f e n d e r : T h e adolescent w ith hom osexual tend­
encies w ho is incarcerated in the reform atory w here the association is
necessarily w ith other males often com es out worse than w hen he w en t in.
( )f ten such a boy shows other abnorm alities, as alcoholism and often later
breaks dow n in psychosis. Society could save itself trouble and expense b y
ireognizing such cases as m edical and psychiatric problem s and treating
I bum accordingly (R ich m on d , 1933).
I lie problem o f sexual adjustm ent for th e younger m ale w ho is con-
lined in a m edical or penal institution is m ore difficult than for those w ho
live outside. In m any cases the situation is m erely ignored or tolerated by
administrators w ho are at a loss as to how to handle it. L ifetim e patterns
nl sexual behavior are affected b y th e experiences of adolescence. Y o u n ger
boys have not acquired all th e social traditions and taboos on sex and are
more im pressionable. W h e n the adolescent years are spent in an institu­
252 Treatment
tion w here the b o y can not develop his individuality, w here he has no
privacy and w here all his com panions are males, his sexual life is likely to
becom e stam ped w ith the institutional pattern. Juvenile courts protect
m any boys from m ore severe sentences b u t som etim es hold boys for years
in correctional institutions or under probation; such sentences m ay b e no
less pun itive and repressive than th e average o f ad u lt prisons. N o one
seems to have considered th e sexual problem s th at arise from com m ittin g a
portion o f the teen-age population to w h at are in essence long-tim e in­
stitutions. Term s of parole are, in m ost states, as strict in regard to sexual
activities as th e institution itself (K insey, Pom eroy and M artin , 1948).
T h e adolescent w ho subm its to unacceptable sex practices is usually a
norm al being w ho has n ot reached bio-social m aturity. Arrest accentuates
his confusion, aggravates his insecurity, increases his inadequacy and in­
jures his reputation (M ayer, 1950).
b. a g g r a v a t i o n o f h o s t i l i t y : Repressed hatred reappears as crim inal b e­
havior. T h e obvious treatm ent is to relieve repression, neutralize hate, re­
place it b y love and affection. In m any recidivists, the second offense fo l­
lows prom ptly upon release from th e first im prisonm ent and is charged
w ith revenge (K arpm an 5, 1929) .
T o some, punishm ent is dangerous. In sexual offense cases im prison­
m en t is always dangerous (M u llin s, 1950).
c. e n c o u r a g e m e n t o f s e x u a l a b n o r m a l i t i e s : A bnorm al sexual practices
are very com m on, even universal, am ong prisoners. T h e sexual activities
o f an individual do not cea.se w ith his im prisonm ent; th e sexual urge is too
elem ental to b e so controlled. O pportunities for sublim ation are im possi­
b le. T en sio n caused b y continuous privation tends to seek and find som e
form of m otor release. M asturbation derives its value from the accom pany­
ing phantasies; in prison, since there is little hope o f con tact w ith fem ales,
norm al picturization can not be lon g m aintained; a transition to m ore ab­
norm al expressions takes place. M asturbation w ith the aid of a fem ale pic­
ture or dress is related to fetishism . T h e prison environm ent constantly
forces regression to low er levels of sexual adaptation and m asturbation
becom es com pulsive. (See C ase 266.) A ll paraphilias center around
hom osexuality o f w hich they are only lateral derivatives. O v ert and con ­
firmed hom osexuals find their w ay to prison and present th e nearest ap­
proach to fem in inity. M a n y prisoners are basically neurotic and therefore
susceptible. If m asturbation and hom osexual practices continue, they
b ecom e fixed; the individual upon release is u nable to return to norm al
sex activities. T h e effect on th e individual is disintegration of personality;
there is danger to th e com m u nity in that individuals are likely to continue
as m ale prostitutes. T h e only preventive step taken is vio len t suppression
w hich is ineffective. T h e only w ay to control abnorm al sexual practices
w ould b e to allow m ore norm al outlets. If this were practicable, w h y not
Treatment 253
m o re p erso n a l lib e rty , to p re v e n t so cial a n d in d iv id u a l d isin te g ra tio n o f
p erso n a lity? (K a rp m a n , 19, 1948).
F o rty-six p e rc e n t o f m a les are a c o m b in a tio n o f h e tero se xu al a n d h o m o ­
sexual. T h e surest w a y to m a k e th ese e x clu siv ely h o m o se x u a l is to send th e m
to p rison (K in s e y , C a l. R e p o rt, 1 9 5 ° ) •
C ase 266: W h it e . M a le . A g e 22. O ffe n s e : E x h ib itio n is m . H e w as m e n ­
ta lly re tard ed , u n a b le e ve n to w rite h is n a m e . H e h a d alw ays w o rk e d fo r
his fa th e r a n d liv e d a t h o m e , sh e lte re d an d p ro te cte d u n d e r th e d iscip lin e
o f his fa th e r. H e w as m arried , th e c o u p le liv e d w ith his p aren ts, h a p p y
th o u g h h a v in g n o sex relatio n s. H e w as tru th fu l, q u ie t, p lea san t, k e p t to
h im se lf a n d cau sed n o tro u b le . H e b e g a n m a s tu rb a tin g a t tw e lv e a n d p re­
ferred it to n o rm a l re latio n s b e ca u se it w as easier. H e w as seen m as­
tu rb a tin g in a m o v ie th e a te r a n d arrested a lth o u g h h e h a d n o t b e e n c o n ­
scious o f b e in g w a tc h e d a n d th o u g h t m a stu rb a tio n w o u ld b e u n n o tic e d in
Ih e dark. H e sh o w ed n o e x h ib itio n istic tren ds. H e w as fixa ted a t a n arcis­
sistic stage o f d e v e lo p m e n t b u t h a d m a d e a fa irly satisfacto ry life a d ju s t­
m en t. H e w as c o m m itte d fo r an in d e fin ite p erio d to in stitu tio n fo r m e n ta l
d efectives a lth o u g h h e w as a harm less in d iv id u a l u n d e r th e sup ervisio n o f
IIis p aren ts a n d u n lik e ly to g e t in to c o n flic t w ith th e la w . In ca rce ra tio n
w ill n o t cu re m a stu rb a tio n b u t w ill a g g rav ate th e h a b it (P o lle n s, 1938).
E. S E G R E G A T I O N
M in o rs sh o u ld b e p ro te c te d b y p la c in g a c tiv e in stigato rs w h e re th e y can
do 110 h a rm in in stitu tio n s fo r m e n ta lly diseased, n o t in p risons ( W o lb a r s t ,
1931).
1 ,ife lo n g c o m m itm e n t fo r seg regatio n o f th o se u n s u ita b le fo r tre a tm e n t
w o u ld save co sts ( K o p p , 1938).
T h e o n ly p ro p er m e th o d is seg regatio n in an in stitu tio n n e ith e r p en a l
nor co rre c tio n a l (P o lle n s, 1938).
Such segregation m a y b e warranted for abnorm al sex offenders w ho
Il i v e persistent patterns o f sex m isbehavior (M a y o r’s C o m m ittee, 1940).
(Sec C ase 267.)
‘ I 'he sen ile o ffe n d e r n eed s fo r h is o w n b e n e fit a n d c o m m u n ity p ro te c tio n
I u stodial care o f a m o re p e rm a n e n t n a tu re ( H ir n in g 3, 19 4 7). (S e e C a s e
jfi8.)
W h e r e p sy ch ia tric tre a tm e n t fails a n d th e sex o ffe n d e r rep eats, m -
>ли era tio n is th e o n ly m ean s o f p ro te c tin g s o ciety (S e llin g 5, 194 7).
Л sta tu te m a y p rescrib e fo r th e p s y ch o p a th th e sam e stan d ard s co n cern -
II 1г his rig h t to rem a in a t lib e rty w h ic h are used fo r th e crim in a l in san e
and fo r crim in a l m e n ta l d e fe ctiv e s. T h e sexual p s y ch o p a th m u st re­
in. mi a t th e in stitu tio n u n til su ch tim e as h e is n o lo n g e r a sexu al p sy ch o -
р.ilh a n d n o lo n g e r a d a n g er to h im s e lf a n d to o th ers. T h is sh o u ld b e p u t
iuln law s (P lo sc o w c , 19 4 7 )-
 2 54 T reatment
O n ce identified, the sexual psychopath should be placed in indefinite
custody, as he represents a constant and continued m enace in any com ­
m un ity (B onner, 1948).
Arteriosclerotics are often dangerous; they m ay com m it brutal assaults
and m utilation o f children; such cases should be institutionalized. F or the
crim inal sexual psychopath w e invariably recom m end placin g in Illinois
Security H ospital. P sychotic and feeble-m inded offenders are treated as
others o f this kind (Braude, 1950).
T h e legalistic approach treats the offender as a violator o f law w ho m ust
be punished. T h e n m edico-sociological approach treats him as a person
sick or in need o f training w ho should receive m edical care. T h e rational
approach is to rem ove the potential offender from society for as lon g a
period as he is dangerous to society and to him self (B urlingham e, 1950).
(See Cases 269, 270.)
Sexual deviates should be com m itted to institutions for supervision and
study. Such institutions should be m ainly protective (G ardner, 1950 ).
A sm all percentage can be helped b y long-range treatm ent. If treatm ent
can not help, they should have m axim um security (H artw ell, 1950).
G rou p A : F ifteen percent of the group studied, those predisposed to
violence, show hostility, aggressiveness, resentm ent, often cruelty; are
em otionally unstable. Som e show sym ptom s o f psychosis. T h e y w ill be
dangerous if released and should be confined in m axim um security. Sev­
eral o f them have been sentenced for relatively short terms; under the
present law this is only a tem porary protection. T h e y are m en tally or
em otionally abnorm al and likely to com m it crimes. M a yb e they should be
confined for their natural lives. R ecogn ition and identification of such
persons w ould require m ore intensive and extensive use of psychiatry
than is now usual. T h e state requires exam ination before sentence; this is
desirable for all persons convicted o f m ajor crimes. Present sentences are
indeterm inate w ith m inim um and m axim um fixed; this fails to protect
society, an indefinite sentence is b etter w ith re-exam ination every two
years.
G rou p B: T h o se untreatable at present (thirty-five percent o f those stud­
ied) constitute a threat to m orals and to sm all children w hen released.
They arc chronic alcoholics or are too old or th e m alady too deep-seated
for treatm ent. T h e y do n ot need m axim um security b u t should n ot be re­
leased. T h e y are im m ature, solitary, w ithdraw n. A ll have previous records.
T h e y are em otionally insecure b u t m any are eager workers (S in g Sing,
W h e n sadistic im pulses dom inate, the offender should be placed in an
institution for psychologic and psychiatric study (M ayer, 1950).
C ase 267: W h ite . M ale. A ge 53. O ffense: A ttack in g a five-year-old girl.
H e had had three previous arrests for indecent assault, carnal abuse o f
child and m olesting little girls and had been tw ice paroled. His w ife aban­
T reatment 255
doned him m any years ago; h e has a daughter he has n o t seen for years.
I Ic was discharged from his job on th e com plaint o f w om en em ployees.
O n present charge he was sentenced to a m axim um o f three years. T h re e
years w ill n o t change his tendencies; h e is a finished product, dangerous
w hen at large (Pollens, 1938).
Case 268: W h ite . M ale. A g e 70. O ffen se: Im pairing morals. H e was ac­
cused of sex play w ith the children of an old friend in w hose house he
was a boarder. H e denied the charge, saying h e had been “ fram ed,” b u t he
was found guilty. Iffe was an im m igrant; had never been able to bring
his w ife to this country although he sent her m oney; his children died
in Russia. H e had had practically no conflict w ith th e law. Society w ould
have been protected b y placing him in a hom e for the aged (H en ry and
Gross, 1940).
Case 269: T . D . W h ite . M ale. A ge 52. O ffense: Incest. As an adoles­
cent he had difficulties in his adjustm ent to the hom e situation; he was
considered rebellious, irresponsible and stubborn. H e le ft h om e at nine-
k e n . A t tw enty-tw o he was sentenced for assault w ith in ten t to rape and
spent three years in the reform atory. H e joined the arm y w here he was
frequently in th e brig for b ein g drunk and disorderly or absent w ith ou t
leave. A t thirty he married and w ithin a year began having explosive, angry
outbursts, aggravated b y alcoholism . H is history shows arrests, fines and
jail sentences for larceny, disorderly cond uct and on liquor charges. A t
fifty-two h e was charged w ith incest and finally com m itted as a crim inal
sexual psychopath. H e has always been a dangerous individual and should
have been under some form o f protective d etention lon g ago (Patterson,
19 4 1).
Case 270: Forlino. W h ite . M ale. A ge 28. Offenses: In d ecen t exposure;
disorderly cond u ct. Forlin o was th e oldest o f four children; w orked as
plum ber’s helper and auto m echanic. M arried at twenty-three; he quar-
iclcd w ith his w ife and they separated after three years. A fter a quarrel
between F orlin o and his brother, th e brother’s b ab y was foun d dead, bru-
lally stabbed. F orlin o was suspected, questioned b u t n ot charged. U pon
psychiatric exam ination he was found sane. H is fam ily all believed him
guilty. H is w ife divorced him on grounds o f adultery; he failed to con-
Iribute to th e support o f his child. O n first arrest, for indecent exposure,
al age twenty-eight, he was fined tw o dollars. A year later h e com m itted
similar offenses; he was taken to jail w here he feigned psychosis; was
rul to psychiatric hospital b u t returned to jail, sentenced to indeterm inate
I ni n in penitentiary for indecent exposure. T w en ty-one m onths later, he
was discharged and was sent to m ental hygiene clin ic w here he was found
sane. Psychiatric report from the penitentiary stated he was in a period of
adjustm ent from hom osexual to heterosexual phase, th e probability o f
further sexual offense was rem ote. In exam ination he practically con-
 2 56 Treatment
fessed to the m urder o f the baby. C harged w ith “ violation of parole” he
was returned to the penitentiary for on e year. U pon release, he terrorized
his fam ily and was finally charged w ith disorderly con d u ct and sent to an
institution for th e crim inally insane. H e was not a typical exhibitionist b u t
a violent personality. H e was not a true sex offender, b u t a murderer. H e
had outbreaks o f an hysterical nature, half-hearted attem pts at confession
and half-hearted attem pts at suicide. N o psychiatry can tell us th e cure for
turn but his victim s need protection (W erth a m , 1949).
F. PARO LE
Parole as a m ethod o f control protects the com m u nity and th e individual.
Less than three percent are again arrested for sex felonies. In 1930-27
ot 925 sex offenders w ho w ere convicted and paroled, parole violators
num bered fifty-seven. Tw enty-five were arrested for new crimes, thirty-two
tor technical violations (M oran, 1940).
In too m any instances parole and probation as practiced are a m enace
to society. T h e average tim e served in prison for rape is only 26.2
m onths (H oover, 19 4 7).
Since the sexual psychopath” laws were enacted in M ich igan in 19 3 ;,
1937 and 1939, 237 patients have been com m itted to two institutions.
1 wenty-nm e percent have been paroled. E ighty-three percent o f th e paroles
have been successful. Seven o f the tw elve violators repeated the original
offense (C o o k , 194 9). 6 se x crim inals; too little is know n as to the causes o f sexual aberration and
G. P S Y C H IA T R IC T R E A T M E N T
1. Lim itations o f Psychiatry: Psychiatry can understand personality
on ly on basis o f facts w hich are usable on ly if correlated w ith social facts
and useful only if coordinated w ith agencies w hich have legal authority
to direct or force life into new er or safer channels. T h is authority psy­
chiatry does n ot and can not have. A relatively sm all num ber o f sex
crim inals suffer from definite m ental diseases. T h e largest num ber b elon g
m a group betw een crim e and disease and can not be treated m erely ac­
cording to m edicine or to crim inal law (W erth a m , 1938).
Sex offenders m general are adam ant to psychiatric investigation (Frosch
and Brom berg, 1939).
T h e psychiatric treatm en t o f m any deviates, not particularly sex offend­
e r , h as not been developed to a p o in t w here a great deal can b e done
(Selling, 2, 1939).
T h e goal o f th e offender is n ot always alteration o f his sex habits Suc­
cess o f any treatm ent depends on volition (W ile , 1 9 4 1). (See C ase
C ertain chronic offenders are tim id, fearful, having experienced parental
repudiation, educational failure, econ om ic hardship and social handicap.
Treatment 257
D ue to loss o f self-respect they find refuge in self-deception. P unishm ent
is fu tile b u t psychiatry can help them (C o n n , 1942).
T h ere is no uniform opinion on th e part o f psychiatrists and crim inolo­
gists as to how the problem of sex offenders can be handled. T h ere is
insufficient evidence to prove th e sex offender curable (B arratt, 1948).
T h ere is no w ay of successfully treating th e sexual psychopath. C ures,
if any, are extrem ely rare. W h y then do w e w ant jurisdiction transferred
from courts to psychiatrists? W h e n w e do discover effective m ethods of
treating them , w e m ay insist on their transfer from prison to hospital; to ­
day w e have n oth in g to offer but custody and the penal institutions are
more efficient in this field (D avidson , 1948). Science as yet knows little
about dangerous sex behavior and its treatm en t (M ass. R eport, 1948).
O u r laws are barbarous, m aking it possible for incurable sex maniacs to
remain unconfined, for curable perverts to rem ain untreated. Psychiatry
is not an exact science; m any perversions are n o t curable b u t it is all w e
have to w ork w ith. In incurable cases w e m ust require confinem ent ( W a l­
drop, 1948).
F ifteen percent are violent, untreatable, w ith extrem e aggressiveness, sad­
ism, hostility (See C ase 2 7 1 ). Several have sym ptom s o f psychosis. Thirty-
five percent are untreatable at present due to personality make-up, alco­
holism, senility. T h e se show no excessive b rutality or aggressiveness b u t
I hey are em otionally w ithdraw n, insecure (A braham sen, 1950).
There is little agreem ent am ong psychiatrists as to the curability of
methods o f effective treatm ent (B ow lin g, 1950).
T h e behavior o f a great m any sex offenders is n ot going to b e m odified
by any know n psychiatric service (K insey, C a l. R eport, 1950).
T h ere are tw o false notions: th at there are enough psychiatrists to
handle them and th at they know how to cure all sexual deviates (D eutsch ,
1950).
C ertain types o f perverted sex con d u ct are pathological and w ell under-
slood b y psychiatrists. Som e o f these offenders m ay be helped if they w ill
ac cept treatm ent. It should be recognized th at a m easurable proportion of
the defendants are m en tally abnorm al; special measures should be taken
to cure them if possible; if not, to prevent repetition by safe confinem ent
(O verholser, 1947).
Psychiatry can not prom ise to cure a p atien t b u t often can help (S ing
Sing, 1950).
In attem p tin g to treat the sexual deviate, the problem is to convince him
lie needs treatm ent. H e often refuses to accept his psychiatric definition
as a sick person. If he does not desire psychiatric aid, how can he be
lu ated w ith any form of psychotherapy? (D u n h am , 1951).
The C o m m itte e believes generally in efforts to treat and to rehabilitate
inlult sex offenders as contrasted w ith pun itive segregation; even though
II it тару w ill usually fail to cure a psychiatrically-deviated sex offender, it

258 Treatment
can and often does give an offender the insight to enable him to lead a
socially-acceptable life upon release (M ich igan R eport, Г951).
Case 271: S. H . W h ite . M ale. O ffense: Incest. H e is an excellent
worker in artistic occupations. H e resents being called a sissy, cries easily,
sends hom e poems to his w ife and children; he has nine livin g children.
H is m other died w hen he was three; h e lived in an orphange un til he
was ten w hen his father re-married and took him h om e. His stepm other
was good to him ; his father was hot-tem pered, a taskm aster w ho m ade his
sons work for him before breakfast, during the lu n ch hou r and after school
w ith no days off. T h e father punished him by flogging him and locking
him in his room . A t tw enty he left hom e and never spoke to his father
again. H e w en t to work; the boss was good to him b u t w hen the boss died
th e patien t took to drinking; he has been arrested for drunkenness and
for non-support. H e beat his w ife, was hot-tem pered and cruel to w ife
and children. H e set fire to his bed and forced incest on his sixteen-year-
old daughter; the next day she told. H e was sentenced for incest and first-
degree rape. H e m ust be released w hen h e is abou t fifty-five. H e is a dan­
ger to society since he is filled w ith hostility. H e denies responsibility for
the behavior that b rou ght him to prison, shows no concern for those h urt
or m istreated. H e has learned on ly one type of behavior, brutality. H e re­
fused psychiatric treatm ent and can not b e helped b y any know n m ethod.
H is intense hatred and resentm ent of his father are m ingled w ith adoles­
cen t em otional identification (Sing Sing, 1950).
2. Conditions o f Treatm ent:
a. p r i s o n : Psychiatric facilities should b e taken over in prisons b y the
D ep artm en t o f M e n ta l H ygiene (Abraham sen, 1950).
A m ore realistic treatm en t w ould be a penal hospital w ith em phasis on
treatm en t rather than on a fixed period of custody w here th e offender
w ould be retained un til parole under psychiatric supervision. Psychiatric
study should begin in the institution; th e parole plan should include psy­
chiatric follow -up service (H enry & G ross 3, 1 9 4 1).
D r. D . G . Sch m id t: A b o u t 700 sex offenders in San Q u en tin were
placed there b y society for effective treatm ent; w e have abou t tw o hours
per m an per year to give them . W e have a staff o f five; if w e doubled
th e staff of five psychiatrists w ith tw o m ore sociological or social workers
and w ith adequate m edical facilities, w e could do real research (C a l. R e ­
port, 1 9 5 1 ).
b. m e n t a l h o s p i t a l : D r. D av id B. W illia m s: O f seventy-four sexual psy­
chopaths com m itted to M en d o cin o (C alifo rn ia State H ospital) forty-eight
are on probation, all are gettin g along w ell b u t one. Sex offenses arc often
surface sym ptom s of som ething deeper. A t first, upon com m itm en t to the
hospital, they are put under m axim um custody, given com plete psychiatric.
Treatment 259
neurological and physical exam inations. T h ere is an orientation course.
Som e are hand-picked for psychotherapy. T h rou gh group therapy they gain
insight. T h e y w rite a com plete history o f them selves and their lives, often
they are able to explain the history of their deviation. T h e y don t m ix w ell
w ith other prisoners; they take too m uch tim e. As extra-mural treatm ent
they are referred to m en tal hygiene clinics. W e d on ’t feel w e are curing any­
body b u t w e are giving them insight to enable them to becom e useful cit­
izens w ho w ill not engage in antisocial con d uct (C a l. R eport, 1950).
Regarding tw enty sexual psychopaths com m itted to S ain t E lizabeths H os­
pital w e have insufficient inform ation to establish the efficacy of a particular
procedure. W e believe that only dynam ic, insightful, intensive psychother­
apy insures m odification of personality structure w ith insurance against
repetition. T h is is im possible because o f cost, lack of qualified personnel
and th e type of patients sent so far. T h e alternative is a program
dynam ically-oriented. Program o f treatm ent: a full day of activity in clu d ­
ing therapeutic group m eetings, art and drama groups, О . Т ., sports.
W ith in six m onths a conference is held at w hich th e case is evaluated.
R easonable risks are transferred from m axim um to m inim um security. T h e y
continue w ith group therapy and in som e cases individual therapy, d hey
participate in hospital am usem ents, occupational assignments and are al­
low ed on the grounds w ith ou t supervision (C ru van t, M eltzer & d artaglino,
F orty percent are treatable in a m ental hospital; they fun ction on an
im m ature sex level; they expect rejection and failure, therefore, their sex­
ual expression is released toward children. T h e y are capable o f develop­
ing insight (Abraham sen, 1950) . (See Cases 272-275.)
Case 272: M usician. C olored . A g e 25. M arried. H e had had num erous
arrests for larceny, eighteen arrests for peeping and exhibition. H e had
been an alcoholic, a user of cocaine and m arijuana since tw elve. H e cam e
from a broken hom e and had b een institutionalized m any tim es before
tw elve. H e was socially irresponsible, had never worked. H e b lam ed so­
ciety for his difficulties. H e was im m ature and egocentric b u t m ade a good
hospital adjustm ent (C ru van t, M e ltzer & Tartaglin o, 1950).
C ase 273: W h ite . M ale. A ge 70. W id o w er. O ffense: F ellatio w ith youn g
hoys w hile drunk. H is father had died w hen the patien t was four; he was
overattached to his m other. H is w ife died three years ago; un til then he
had m ade a good social adjustm ent except for one arrest on suspicion of
sodom y. H e was im poten t before his w ife’s death and began drinking
heavily. H is ward adjustm ent was exem plary (C ru van t, M e ltzer & T a rta ­
glino, 1950 ).
Case 274: W h ite . T ru ck driver. Single. A ge 29. O ffen se: In d ecen t ex­
posure. l i e had served five sentences for the same offense since 1942. His
excuse was always that lie was “ drunk and urinating. H is fam ily was
260 Т reatment
Treatment 261
alcoholic. Н е was the oldest o f five siblings. H e was shy and distant, his
hom osexual or the fetishist b u t w e do not need to becom e hysterical; these
heterosexual behavior was stereotyped and sterile. H e had been an alcoholic
offenses do n ot w arrant incarceration for life; they should have psychiatric
since his father died eleven years before: he had been arrested for con­
exam inations at clinics and b e treated as outpatients. If they continue,
cealed weapons and other charges. H e m ade a quiet hospital adjustm ent
incarceration m ay be necessary; if an institution is n ot available, they
b u t it was not possible to rouse him to treatm ent (C ru v an t, M e ltzer &
may be sent to prison (Ploscow e, 1 9 5 1 ).
T artaglin o, 1950).

C ase 275: W h ite . M ale. A g e 34. O ffense: P edophilia. Pie had been three d. r e c o m m e n d e d s p e c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s : W e should provide a new type
tim es divorced. O rph aned at one, he had had poor foster hom e placem ents of institution, keep him there un til it is proved beyond a reasonable doubt
till tw elve when he m ade a m odel adjustm ent in an orphanage. H is work that he is cured. A t present there is little hope of cure. B u t segregation
record was fairly good; his social adjustm ent superficial. H e had feelings can prevent crim es o f this sort (D u tto n , 19 3 7).
o f inadequacy. P reoccupation w ith his unworthiness resulted in his com ­ W e should provide hospitals and other facilities for those sex offenders
pulsive, seem ingly n onlustful tou chin g o f you n g girls. H is requests for w ho cannot n ow be called insane (M a cC o rm ick , 1938).
castration and lob otom y indicate m asochistic m otives (C ru v an t, M eltzer & T h e aggressive sexual deviate is any person w ho has com m itted an act
T artaglin o, 1950). or acts related to th e expression o f the sexual instinct w hich is or are atyp­
ical and com pulsive, inconsistent in the stage o f m aturity indicated by
c. a s o u t - p a t i e n t s : M a n y are am enable to psychotherapy; other cases the chronological age o f the person and associated w ith the infliction of
are so m ild they need on ly guidance or supervision (Pollens, 1938).
injury, loss or pain on any person or creature. A n y fixed sentence protects
Psychotherapy is suggested for those w hose abnorm ality is in one (th e
the pu b lic on ly during th e tim e o f confinem ent. Im prisonm ent w ith other
sexual) sphere. T h o se w ho are paroled could receive care in psychiatric
offenders does m ore harm than good to the offender, other inm ates and
clinics. T h e therapeutic agent can n o t be punitive (M e y e r), (Shaskan,
society. Society is best protected b y placing them in a special institution,
a939 ) * som ething betw een prison and hospital. T h ere should be adequate facili-
M ed ical treatm ent in suitable cases should b e a cond ition o f a proba­
lies for observation, exam ination and treatm ent. T h e goal: to cure the
tion order (E ast, 194 6).
aggressive tendencies so he can return safely to the com m unity (M ass. R e ­
T h e efficacy o f probation w ith volu ntary ou tpatien t psychotherapy is port, 1948).
questionable (N o te : U n . of Penna. L aw J. 1947-8).
I here is need for a specialized institution to segregate and differentially
T h e best course, w here possible, is treatm en t w hile at liberty. A large
11cat th e aggressive psychopathic offender. M ed ical, psychiatric and other
num ber can be handled on probation (Joint C om m ittee, 1949).
programs o f treatm ent should be developed. V o c a tio n a l guidance and
T e n percent are treatable on an ou tpatien t basis; they are able to chan­
I raining should b e em phasized. T h ere should be provision for m oral re­
n elize their impulses into constructive activities. U n der th e guidance o f a
education under th e guidance o f qualified ministers and priests o f reli­
therapist they should be able to refrain from difficulties w ith th e law (Abra-
gion. E very tool should b e available, either experim entally or fully ac­
ham sen, 1950).
cepted ( W a ll and W y lie , 1948).
Com pulsive-obsessive neurotics are the m ost dangerous o f all sex offend­
A special institution w ithin th e Prison Service, w here those w ho need
ers; for these intensive psychiatric treatm ent is recom m ended. O th er neu­
residential psychiatric treatm ent m ay receive it, is recom m ended. C ourts
roses are usually not dangerous, not repetitive; for these w e recom m end
sending cases to such institutions w ould have pow er to im pose longer sen-
am bulatory or office psychotherapy. T h e senile are not dangerous, w e usu­
Icnees than are n ow im posed. U nless there is treatm ent the com m ittee
ally recom m end fam ily supervision (B raude, 1950).
opposes longer sentences (Joint C o m m ittee, 1949).
C on fin em en t o f prison, w ith resentm ent against authorities, are obsta­
I'cw are psychotic. T h e y are fighting em otional difficulties; they expect
cles. T rea tm en t facilities should be set up outside prison to treat a lim ited
1ejection b u t seek approval. T h e y need intensive therapy. Prison is not the
num ber (Sing Sing, 1950).
best place for it. E xperim ental treatm ent m igh t establish a new type of
T h e m ajority o f adolescents w ho subm it to unacceptable sex practices
ni'.litixtion in w hich the m en tally m aladjusted offenders o f all types m ight
have no com pulsive drive, are am enable to treatm en t and should be re­
be rehabilitated (S ing Sing 1950) .
ferred to treatm ent clinics w hich w ill enable them to adjust their impulses
Incarceration and custody are n ot enough; there should be special in-
and control their tendencies even if they are unable to elim inate them
•Iilntions in every state, “ prison m ental hospitals” (Ploscow e, 1 9 5 1 ).
(M ayer, 1950).
1 D iagnosis: F ew sex offenders are brought to m ost practitioners; those
N o com m u n ity needs to pu t up w ith th e exhibitionist, frotteur, the overt
physicians in m ental hospitals usually see only those w ho are insane or very
262 Treatment
vicious. M a n y psychiatrists give an opinion w ith o u t sufficient know ledge
(Selling 1, 1939).
Psychoanalytical and psychiatric procedures are ineffective in establish­
ing a diagnosis of constitution al inferiority, com pulsion neurosis or psy­
chopathic personality ( W ile , 1939)-
D iagnosis is m eaningless w ith ou t know ledge of the psychodynam ic fac­
tors contributing to the structure of the disease (Karpm an, 24, 1948).
T h e outpatien t therapy o f sexual offenders depends on careful diagnosis
to determ ine the psychological m echanism s and psychotherapy (Selling 5,
1947 )-
D r. Frank F . T a llm a n : D iagnosis is im portant. T h e re is usually a long
period of m aladjustm ent before h e com m its a crim e. W e should prevent
offenses rather than concentrate 011 custody, apprehension or supervision
(C al. R eport, 1950).
4. T herapy Directed T ow ard Specific Offenses or Groups:
a. s t a t u t o r y r a p e : Statutory rape treatm ent consists o f probation and
guidance. O fte n w ith adolescents change of environm ent is m ore effective
(W ile, 19 4 1).
b. p e d o p h i l i a : F or those convicted of debauching th e young penalty is
as good as any form o f therapy b u t in the case of those w ho im pair the
morals o f th e young through th e sex act treatm ent should be directed to
causal factors (W ile , 19 4 1)- (See C ase 276.)
C ase 276: M r. B. A g e 38. O ffense: C o n trib u tin g to d elinqu en cy of a
minor; fellatio w ith a fifteen-year-old boy. H e had had adolescent and adult
hom osexual experiences and regressed to this previous satisfying b ehav­
ior. H e was treated through hypnosynthesis. A t six he had experienced
m utual m asturbation and fellatio. H e was afraid to tou ch a girl; th ou gh t it
wrong. A t sixteen his first heterosexual experience was follow ed b y guilt.
L ater he was involved in ad u lt hom osexuality, playing a passive role.
W h e n he married at twenty-one he th ou gh t he was finished w ith hom osexu­
ality b u t he could not enjoy heterosexuality and separated from his w ife.
H is m other, jealous and dom ineering, quarreled w ith his father. His w ife
resem bled his m other. U n der treatm ent his anxiety decreased; he was able
to understand his passive fem in ine needs, accept the role he had played in
rejecting lus w ife and assume an active role. H e approached his w ife, had
satisfactory sexual relations and a reconciliation took place. H e had
twenty-five sessions. H e is now gain fully em ployed. H e asserts him self ef­
fectively at w ork and in norm al social life. H is fear o f his jealous, dom i­
neering m other com pelled him to hate her (w hich he could n ot do) or
id en tify him self w ith her (C o n n , 1949)-
c. t h e j u v e n i l e o f f e n d e r : Psychiatric treatm ent of the juvenile sex o f­
fender should be confined to his original sex orientation unless special in­
Treatment 263
dications exist. O rth od ox psychoanalytical treatm ent of th e juvenile sex
offender is n ot indicated and should be avoided (D oshay, 1943)- (See
C ase 277.)
Case 277: W h ite . M ale. A g e 15. O ffen se: W illfu lly burned a little b o y ’s
sex organ. H is father was in m ental hospital; alcoholic, im m oral, syphilitic.
H is m other lived w ith a param our. T h e child was neglected and confined
to institutions during his entire developm ental life. Lie had a sense o f re­
jection by and hatred toward people. H e was cruel to children and ani­
mals; a bully, aggressive, excitable, im pulsive, m oody and sullen. H e ad­
m itted sodom y at institutions. H e was diagnosed as a psychopathic type
o f personality w ith I. O . o f 93. W h e n he was given sex hygiene inform a­
tion and placed in a childless boarding hom e, his adjustm ent proved
satisfactory. H e rehabilitated him self as a result of change in environm ent
(D oshay, 1943).
d. t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p s y c h o p a t h i c i n f e r i o r : D r. D avid H enry K eller
o f C en tra l L ouisiana State H ospital proposes a psychiatric study of every
juvenile offender. W h e n he is diagnosed as a constitution al psychopathic
inferior he should receive treatm ent for his lifetim e. T h e court should
decide w hether this should be in farm, hospital or prison. A ll should be
castrated. Lives w ould be saved if laws perm itted segregation o f the con ­
stitutional psychopathic inferiors w hen spotted (W itte ls, 1948).
5. Special Methods o f Therapy:
a. b r i e f p s y c h o t h e r a p y : T h e life histories o f certain chronic offenders
show certain personality needs identical w ith those found in neurotic pa­
tients. Cases of assault on fem ale children, m ale children, arson, burglary,
kidnapping, sending obscene m atter through m ail, have been helped by
psychiatry. Sentences w ere suspended upon condition that th e patien t
undergo psychiatric treatm ent in connection w ith probation. Psychiatric
sessions were held tw ice w eekly the first year, once w eekly th e second year.
Patients were encouraged to secure em ploym ent and contribute part of
the cost. T h e psychiatrist was in close touch w ith the departm ent o f proba­
tion. Cases ranged from nineteen to thirty-eight years of age. T h e y were
observed for from four m onths to eight years. T h ere was no recurrence, no
other antisocial behavior (C o n n , 1942). (See Cases 90, 106, 162, 230,
248, 276, 278, 279.)
B rief psychotherapy (one-half hour once a week for six m onths to one
year) is effective in the treatm ent of sex offenders. Psychiatrists in th e com ­
m unity, when given an op portun ity to work w ith the probation officer,
can help patients to achieve a sense o f personal balance and social per­
spective w hich m akes for happier, healthier livin g (C o n n , 1949).
C ase 278: M r. L. A ge 38. O ffense: G u ilty four times o f intim acy w ith
little girls. H e had been given tw o sentences and fined. H e recalled during
 Treatment 265
264 Treatment
trem ely severe punishm ent im posed b y a dom ineering m other for innocent
the sessions at least ten such episodes b egin n in g at age tw enty-three. H e
sex play at age nine or ten; he had been disrobing b efore little girls. T h e
claim ed he loved children and th a t he liked to live happ ily w ith people.
punishm ent (lon g isolation from other children) established th e act of ex­
H e was of average intelligen ce and had a fifth-grade education. H is father
posing the sex organs as a strongly-charged pleasure principle; m ade him
and brother had bu llied and criticized him . H e began A rm y service at
aware o f his ability to upset his m other; he punished her this way w hen dis­
eighteen; he had experiences w ith prostitutes only to prove his m anhood;
cipline was oppressive. L ater in life he transferred th e same pleasure prin­
these w ere unsatisfactory. E xperiences w ith children began after a year
ciple into a generalized source o f pleasure and an escape in case o f em o­
and a h a lf of m arriage as an attem p t to get aw ay from an unsatisfactory
tional disturbance. In a follow-up a year-and-a-half after term ination it
and excessive sexual experience to a sim pler form of contact. H e had
was fou n d th at th e subject exerts control, is married and prosperous b ut
surrendered his self-respect and independence at hom e. T h ere was gradual
is occasionally disturbed b y exhibitionistic phantasies (F lo ch , 1946).
b u t definite change in his attitu d e tow ard his w ife and fellow em ployees;
he becam e less tim id and m ore like a grown m an. H is physical health and c. o t h e r t y p e s o f p s y c h o t h e r a p y : V arious types of psychotherapy m ay
his satisfaction w ith him self im proved (C o n n , 1942). b e used: (1 ) Release therapy, talking over th e individual’s problem s. T h is
is n ot deep therapy (2) R ecreational therapy, w here m echanism s are
C ase 279: M ale. A ge 28. O ffen se: E xhibition ism . O n the strength of
n o t very deep (See C ase 281.) (3) P sychotherapeutic measures. T h is
m edical reports he was discharged on condition o f securing m edical treat­
m ay consist o f talkin g to the w ife; she can often m ake adjustm ents. U su­
m ent. H is father was an intelligent, good person; his m other was neurotic;
ally the w ife and fam ily are w illin g to try anythin g (4) A dvisory psycho­
she had been a m usician. T h e patien t w on a scholarship to the university.
therapy. A d vising th e individual to go to a psychiatrist. T h is is w h en the
In th e war he was blow n up in a tank in battle; he suffered concussion for
problem is too deep for the clinic. Factors in this situation are: T h e recidi­
eight hours and was hospitalized for three m onths. Six m onths after the
vist and th e feeble-m inded are not responsive to treatm ent. Thirty-five per­
explosion, w hile he was still serving abroad, he felt th e urge to expose. A p ­
cent of those com ing to th e clinic are indigen t (5) T h e clinic can give
parently he showed no abnorm ality in his duties. H is exhibitionism was al­
supportive treatm en t to those visiting psychiatrists (6) E xp ectan t treat­
ways heterosexual. L ater he felt same urge in E n glan d . H e was in excellent
m ent (7 and 8) Psychoanalytical treatm ent or hypnotism — w ith this the
physical condition. A s a sm all boy he had played the usual doctor and
author has had no experience. K arpm an reports extrem e success b u t the
nursing gam es. Llis brother had been th e m other’s favorite. A fte r the b roth ­
treatm ent is very tim e-consum ing and costly. In th e hands o f Schilder and
er’s death in the R A F , the m other was obsessed w ith his m em ory and kept
others, hypnosis is effective, (9) Social service treatm ent consisting of
flowers before his photograph. T h e patien t had an unconscious hostility to
advice and aggressive probational help (Selling, 194 2).
th e m other w ho favored th e handsom e younger son and n eglected th e pa­
Psychotherapy m ay b e b y psychoanalyst, psychiatrist, psychologist or
tien t. T h is caused hatred yet he longed to be loved. T h e younger brother s
counselor. In dividual therapy is m ost effective b u t m ost expensive, pro­
death coincided w ith the onset of th e exposure obsession. Exposure signi­
hibitory on a large scale. G rou p therapy is being m ore seriously consid­
fied th e wish to b e loved. H is treatm en t lasted only tw o m onths; he began
ered (C a l. R eport, 1950).
having dreams o f exhibition o f a m ore social kind. H e had m arried eigh t­
T rea tm en t involves m aturing defenses and techniques o f gratification,
een m onths before he cam e for treatm ent and had a daughter. Llis relations
and also involves therapist’s ability to operate on infan tile or im m ature
w ith his w ife w ere excellen t b u t his m oth er and w ife clashed. A fte r treat­
psychological levels. T rea tm en t m ust b e intensive, several interview s a
m en t he obtained a suitable position, saw th e nature o f his m other s be­
week for several years, if w e think o f m aturation of the personality. If
havior and did n ot allow her to be unkind to his w ife. H e has been nor­
treatm ent is to be m erely a factor in stabilizing th e personality, strength­
m al ever since ( C . A llen , 194 9).
ening m ature defenses, so intensive a treatm ent is not quite so necessary.
The m ajority can probably be helped only b y strengthening defenses, being
b. A U T O B IO G R A P H IC A L M E T H O D :
given em otional support. In th e case o f perversions and inversions, in­
C ase 280: W h ite . M ale. A ge 24. I. O . 110. O ffen se: E xhibition ism . H e tensive psychotherapy is necessary. Som e m ust b e hospitalized. T h e psy-
was com m itted to the D etro it H ouse of C orrection for six m onths to one d io tic n e e d hospitalization (D u n h am , 19 5 1 ).
year. H e had been exposing him self and m asturbating b efore w om en on
■Case 281: W h ite . M ale. A ge 19. O ffense: In d ecen t exposure. H e had
th e street alm ost daily for several years. P sychiatric treatm en t before his
been exposing him self from his car for three or four years, som etim es
incarceration had been ineffective. H e requested treatm en t in prison and
twice a day. H e had no o u tlet for activity, no clubs, etc. T h e father took
on instruction w rote an autobiography o f 170 pages w h ich was used as
the boy’s car away, had him join a bow lin g club, supervised his other rec­
the basis for analysis. T h e exhibitionistic pattern originated from ex­
266 Treatment
reational activities. In three years there has been no recurrence (Selling, 4,
r 94 2 ) .
Psychiatric m ethods m ight involve psychoanalysis, guidance on an intel­
lectual and superficial level or group therapy (S ing Sing, 1950).
d. a id s to psych o th er a py : T h rou gh th e polygraph one can get at com ­
plex m aterial as soon as possible (Selling, 2, 1939).
M ethod s w hich could be used include antabuse and narcosynthesis used
experim entally to m aintain control w ith some alcoholics (S in g Sing,
1950).
6. Prognosis:
a. a g g r e s s i v e d e v i a t e s : W h e re there are m arked aggressive or sadistic
factors prognosis is less hopeful. T rea tm en t designed to solve dynam ics
does n ot deal directly w ith th e offense. T h erap y should b e varied according
to individual needs; the offender m ay be legally punished b u t should be
cured (W ile , 19 4 1).
b. p s y c h o p a t h i c p e r s o n a l i t y : W ith th e psychopathic personality there
is little likelihood o f success. T h erap y should b e attem pted; pun itive in­
carceration is useless (W ile , 19 4 1).
c. j u v e n i l e o f f e n d e r s : Juvenile general offenses, n o t juvenile sex o f­
fenses, stand in direct relationship to later crim inal behavior. C ourt- and
clinic-treated juvenile sex offenders are not the sources o f vicious sex
crim inals th a t prey on society. Court-treated juvenile sex offenders do
n ot constitute a serious problem to society in later years on the score of
sex offenses. T h e prediction prospects for any juvenile sex offender should
n o t be based on the sex offense bu t on the criteria of background per­
sonality configuration, nature o f response to school and play and general
offensive behavior. Sexual offenses in adolescents are self-curing because
o f the strong laten t forces of sham e and gu ilt inherent in the m oral cu l­
tural pattern, not because of effects instilled or derived from physical con ­
ta ct w ith court and clinic (D osh ay, 1943).
T h e chances of im provem ent are greater for juveniles. Sex offenses
com m itted by post-adolescents are m ore serious (B arratt, 1948).
T h e prognosis for youngsters is not gloom y (G ardn er, 1950).
d. o f f e n d e r s a g a i n s t c h i l d r e n : Sex offenses against children are am ong
the more serious from the social p o in t o f view and considering possible
harm to the victim s in terms of psychological traum a, b u t are often m ore
hop eful from the standpoint o f psychotherapy except for older offenders
(H irning 3, 194 7). (See C ase 282.)
Case 282: M r. H . A g e 38. O ffen se: H an dlin g genitals o f little girls.
Found guilty four tim es of same offense. H e was th e sixth of ten ch il­
dren. H e had a jealous, dom inatin g father and an ovcrsolieitous m other.
Treatment 267
H e had sex relations w ith his w ife alm ost every n ight practicing coitus in-
terruptus. H e claim ed he was not driven by lust b u t by forceful love and
had no real sex desire. H is first experience was “ to please th e little girl
and m ake her happy.” H e agreed to reduce his m arital sexual relations.
F atigu e and headache disappeared. H e com pleted a three-year period of
probation and psychiatric treatm ent and is gain fully em ployed, к or six
years he has been socially and sexually well-adjusted (C o n n , 1949)-
e. s e x o f f e n d e r s i n g e n e r a l : If there are no other signs o f neurosis and
if the offense does n ot involve bod ily contact, the chances o f not repeating
are about n ine to tw o. O f ten cases placed under private psychiatric treat­
m ent all rem ained out of trouble as lon g as they had some slight con tact
w ith the psychiatrist. E xhibitionists, voyeurs w ho are married b u t
m aritally-m aladjusted are responsive to treatm ent. Less prom ising are
those w ith I. Q . b elow eighty-five. Sex offenders are not as discouraging as
some psychiatrists believe (S ellin g 2, 1939)-
Individuals gu ilty of such offenses have not only been shown to have
neuroses b u t w hat is m ore im portant th e sexual offenses were shown to be
flowing out directly from such neuroses. A n d these offenses, like exhibi­
tionism and peeping, pedophilia, transvestism, etc., have been treated
and cured by psychotherapy as the result of w hich the individual ceased
to indulge in this form of behavior (K arpm an 11, 1940).
C ourt- and clinic-treated primary-type sex offenders offer excellent pre­
diction possibilities for th e future and w arrant 110 concern, anxiety or
suspicion as to behavior or outlook (D oshay, 1943) ■
O f twenty-three chronic sex offenders referred in ten years b y th e court
nineteen were effectively treated. O f eight convicted o f sex assaults on
young girls seven w ere freed of the com pulsion. O f four convicted o f in­
d ecent exposure three were effectively treated. T h ree were convicted of
sexual assault on little boys; all are now leading norm al lives. O f four
homosexuals one denied th e offense, tw o were unfit for treatm ent, the
fourth was feeble-m inded. O f three convicted of obscenity all are w ell-
adjusted. O n e laten t hom osexual w ho had set sixteen fires m ade an ex­
cellent adjustm ent over eigh t years. In these cases sentence was suspended,
offenders were given one or tw o years probation w ith psychiatric treat­
m ent. T rea tm en t lasted from six m onths to five years. Ages ranged from
seventeen to fifty-nine. O f twenty-three cases nineteen w ere effectively
treated (C o n n , 1949).
F ew of th e group are sufficiently am enable to therapy to be “ recov­
ered.” It is d ou b tfu l th at present techniques are equal to cure. T h e m a­
im ily o f those received are exhibitionists. Is the exhibitionist sufficiently
m enacing to justify indefinite com m itm ent? H e is a poor risk for therapy
,md likely to rem ain indefinitely. M o re research is needed, particularly
wi th elaboration of criteria for prediction of behavior in the individual be-
forc and after various therapies. As a group: they are passively depend-
268 Treatment Treatment 269

ent, covertly and passively hostile. M a n y have a paradoxical pride in their prisoners; the sexual urge is too ele­ practiced are too often a menace to
status as sex deviants. T h e greater num ber are n ot am enable to dynam ic mental to be controlled and tension society.
and insightful intensive psychotherapy. T h e y are superficial in com m u ni­ caused by continuous privation tends
G. P S Y C H IA T R IC T R E A T M E N T
cations w ith little capacity for introspective thinking; they give lip serv­ to seek and find some form of motor
ice to the therapist. T h e y show an unusually high degree o f rationalization release. M any prisoners are basically It is admitted that psychiatry may not
neurotic and therefore more suscepti­ be able to cure all, perhaps even
and projection. T h e y constitute a poor prognosis for psychotherapy. T h e y
ble to homosexual approaches. If mas­ many, sex offenders. Some, as David­
are unable to assume responsibility for their ow n treatm ent and show a
turbation and homosexual practices son, Selling and Barratt, are doubtful
m arked absence of neurotic suffering. T h ose w ho deny the offense utilize
continue they become fixed; individ­ as to any possibilities in psychiatric
repressive m echanism s. A b o u t six in a group o f tw en ty are som ew hat treatment. Abrahamsen and the Sing
uals are likely to continue as male
am enable to psychotherapy and are m aking som e progress. So far there prostitutes upon release. Criminal be­ Sing Report consider fifty percent un­
are no dependable criteria as to cure. F or som e, little m ore than a high havior results from hate which has beatable. Kinsey in the California Re­
type o f custodial care can be offered. G o o d hospital patients are frequently been repressed. Instead of relieving port believes that the behavior of a
poor therapeutic risks (C ru v an t, M eltzer & T artaglin o, 1950). this repressed hate, replacing it with great many sex offenders will not be
Som e sexual deviates can be helped by long-term psychiatric treatm ent. love and affection, we give more hate modified by psychiatric treatment. A c­
T h e more serious sex crim inals can not (H artw ell, 1950). in confinement, privation and punish­ cording to the Michigan Report, ther­
ment. In many recidivists the second apy will usually not cure but will give
offense follows promptly upon release the offender insight to enable him to
S U M M A R Y from the first imprisonment and is make a satisfactory social adjustment.
charged with revenge. Karpman, however, who places per­
A . SU R G E R Y in the minority. T h e failure of prison versions among the neuroses, reports
as a deterrent to crime is stressed. E . SE G R EG A TIO N cures. Abrahamsen believes psychiat­
It is argued by medical writers that Mullins points out that all sentences ric facilities in prison should be taken
Selling, Hartwell, the Sing Sing Re­
castration offers no solution to the come to an end sometime and quotes over by the Department of M ental
port and others support the idea of Hygiene. Henry and Gross think treat­
problem of the sex offender although one case which had served twenty-one
segregation for those who are unsuit­
Kopp reports favorably on experi­ sentences ranging from three months ment in a penal hospital would be
able for treatment. Ploscowe, Braude more effective with homosexuals. The
ments with castration in Switzer­ to five years. Segregation in prison
and others extend this concept to in­ staff of five in San Quentin can give
land. Castration will decrease the sex alone will not benefit disease. T hat im­
clude the “ sexual psychopath.” Gard­ only about two hours per man per year
drive and destroy the capacity for the prisonment will do the offender no
ner would have sexual deviates com­
normal sex act but potency is not nec­ good but may do him harm is ad­ to its 700 sex offenders. Abrahamsen
mitted to institutions for supervision
essary for most deviated acts. The mitted not only for sex offenses but finds about forty percent treatable in
and study; Mayer would have only the
perversion is primarily in the psycho­ for all offenses. For the young offender a mental hospital. Dr. W illiam s of
individual in whom sadistic impulses Mendocino feels none of the seventy-
sexual field; castration may increase the problem of sexual adjustment in
predominate placed in an institution four sex offenders are being cured but
rather than decrease the possibility of a medical or penal institution is par­
turning to abnormal sexual acts. for study. T he M ayor’s Com m ittee are gaining insight; Drs. Cruvant,
ticularly difficult; lifetime patterns of
Report recommends segregation for M eltzer and Tartaglino of Saint Eliza­
sexual behavior are affected by the ex­
B . H O R M O N E OR E N D O C R IN E T H E R A P Y those who show persistent patterns of beths believe that only intensive psy­
periences of adolescence; when the
sexual misbehavior. Pollens specifies chotherapy will modify personality
Several writers report favorable results adolescent years are spent in an in­
that such institutions be neither penal structure; this is impossible because of
in treating patients with hormone or stitution where he has no privacy and
nor correctional. costs, personnel and the type of patient
endocrine therapy; others report that where all his companions are males his
results are discouraging. sexual life is likely to become stamped sent so far. Treatment in psychiatric
F . PAROLE
with the institutional pattern. T he ad­ clinics as outpatients is recommended
C . E L E C T R O SH O C K
olescent with homosexual tendencies Moran found that of 927 sex offend­ for certain patients. Abrahamsen be­
In a series treated by electroshock, no who is incarcerated often comes out ers convicted and paroled less than lieves about ten percent are treatable
beneficial results were reported. worse than when he went in. Often three percent were again arrested for in this manner. W a ll and W ylie, the
such a boy shows other abnormalities, sex felonies. O f the paroles reported Sing Sing Report, Ploscowe and others
D. PRISO N
as alcoholism, and often later breaks by Cook eighty-three percent have call for specialized institutions to segre­
Those who maintain prison will re­ down in psychosis. Abnormal sexual been successful. Hoover, however, as­ gate and treat sexual offenders. D iag­
deem the sexual criminal are greatly practices are very common among serts that parole and probation as nosis is said to be important in the
 270 Treatment

therapy of sexual offenders but mean­ ers is not gloomy. T he prediction

ingless without knowledge of the psy­ should not be based on the offense but
chodynamic factors. Treatm ent for on the background personality configu­
statutory rape consists of guidance ration. Offenders against children are
and probation possibly change of en­ often more hopeful prospects except
vironment in the case of adolescents for the older offenders, according to
according to W ile. In the case of those Hirning.
who impair the morals of the young 14. P R E V E N T I O N
For sex offenders as a group opin­
treatment should be directed to causal ions as to prognosis differ. Cruvant,
factors. Orthodox psychoanalytical M eltzer and Tartaglino report that
treatment of the juvenile offender about six in a group of twenty are
should not be attempted. W ittels somewhat amenable to psychotherapy
recommends for the constitutional A. V A R IO U S S U G G E ST IO N S FOR C O N T R O L 272
and are making some progress. They
psychopathic inferior castration and doubt that present techniques are able
lifetime segregation. B. ID E N T IF IC A T IO N 274
to cure; so far there are no depend­
Conn reports favorable results with able criteria as to cure. Conn reports
brief psychotherapy (one-half hour 1. Is E arly Identification Possible? 274
on the effective treatment of nineteen
once a week for six months to a year) out of twenty-three chronic sex of­ 2. R ecidivism 276
in cases of pedophilia, arson and ob­ fenders referred in ten years by the
scenity; Allen reports a case of exhi­ court. Selling found that of ten 3. W h e n th e D eviate Becom es D angerous 278
bitionism in which there was no treated cases all remained out of trou­
recurrence after two months of treat­ ble as long as they had some slight
C. ROLE OF THE PAREN TS 279
ment. In a case successfully treated by contact with the psychiatrist. He be­
Floch an autobiography was used as lieves sex offenders are not as discour­ 1. Protection of Individual C h ild ren from A ssault 279
the basis for analysis. Other types of
aging as some psychiatrists believe;
psychotherapy mentioned are group 2. P reventing D eviation in C h ild ren 279
the less promising are those with
therapy, recreational therapy and oth­ lower I. Q .’s. Hartwell thinks some
ers. Selling recommends the use of can be helped; the more serious sex D. ROLE OF S O C IE T Y 281
the polygraph; others feel that certain criminals cannot. Karpman, however,
drugs can be useful. 1. E du cation 281
claims that offenses, like exhibitionism
W ile believes that where there are and peeping, pedophilia and trans­
marked aggressive or sadistic factors, 2. F acilities 283
vestism, have been shown to be flow­
or in the case of the psychopathic per­ ing directly from neuroses and they
sonality, the prognosis is not hopeful. have been treated and cured by psy­ E. ROLE OF P SY C H IA T R Y 285
Barratt, Doshay and Gardner agree chotherapy.
that the prognosis for juvenile offend­ 1. Research 285

2. M issionary W o r k 286

3. Investigation of R eform s 287

SUMMARY 288

14. Prevention
A. V A R IO U S S U G G E ST IO N S FOR C O N T R O L
O vercrow ding tends to produce im m orality of all kinds. T h e num ber of
park keepers should be increased; student teachers in training colleges
should receive instruction as to how to deal w ith problem s of undesirable
conversation and conduct w hich m ay arise in schools; should b e advised
how best to give individual help on m atters o f sex to older children (D e ­
partm ental C o m m ittee, 1925).
T h e com m ittee recom m ends uniform procedure in courts, particularly
in m atter of exam ination and of definition as to m ental condition. Special
atten tion should be paid to the apparent shift to th e low er age groups.
W e should be prepared for the contingency th at a w h olly new procedure
in dealing w ith sex offenders m ay b e called for (C itizen s C o m m ittee,
*939 )•
T h o se w ho confess falsely to sadistic crimes should b e rem anded for
psychiatric exam ination; they are potential murderers ( C . A llen , 1940).
A suggested program includes vice squads constantly tracking dow n
all perversion; a com plete file in every city and every village of all those
picked up on suspicion o f sex offenses; every city should report all apparent
cases (Harris, 1946).
T h e G allegh er program o f Springfield, M assachusetts calls for a train­
ing program for police, the prosecution of adults responsible for delin­
quency, w ider use o f foo t patrolm en and scout cars, education of school
authorities, social agencies; cooperation b y newspapers in suppressing
nam es of victim s; ou tlaw ing “ bargain sentences,” detailed records, youth-
counseling bureaus (Harris, 19 4 7).
T h e sex offender should be brought under psychiatric observation
prom ptly w ith m inim um con tact w ith police. W h e n possible he should
be com m itted for psychiatric exam ination. H e should be held in hospital,
n ot jail. P olice authorities and judges should b e given instruction in the
nature o f the sex offender and his psychopathology. T h ere should be a pre-
pleading probationary investigation, psychiatric observation and exam i­
nation. M o re serious offenders should n ot b e allow ed to plead gu ilty to
lesser offenses. T h e p u b licity should b e carefully controlled for th e sake of
th e rehabilitation o f the individual (H irning, 3, 19 4 7).
272
Prevention 273
N ew spapers should n o t reveal the nam e of th e victim and fam ily.
Л-lore can be accom plished in com battin g th e m enace o f sex fiends through
aroused pu b lic opinion than through any other m eans. N ew spapers should
see to it th a t laws are adequate, th a t parole boards and probation boards
do n ot turn sex fiends loose to prey on w om en and children (H oover, 1947) ■
Bargain sentences should be outlaw ed. N ew spapers should avoid adverse
publicity. N on-crim inal procedure should be available to parents for ch il­
dren w hose behavior dem onstrates deviation (M ass. R eport, 1948).
N ew Jersey should concentrate her efforts on the dem onstrable cure o f
th e dangerous sex deviate. U pon conviction o f rape, sodom y, carnal abuse,
im pairing morals, provided there is repetitive com pulsion and violence or
age disparity, there should be a program of treatm ent. Program o f control:
(1) new institutions w ith custodial and psychiatric features (2) proba­
tion under careful supervision of those not a threat to society (3) state
m ental hospitals for th e psychotics and psychoneurotics (4) m any do
n ot need psychiatric facilities, they m ight be b etter confined w ith other
crim inals (5) release should be, as outpatients, com m itm en t to special­
ized facilities, to m ental hospitals or to correctional institutions (Tap-
pan 1, 1949).
W e recom m end research, as to adm inistration, diagnosis, treatm ent;
education o f children, parents, teachers, m edical profession, judges and po­
lice officers; few changes in the statutory law are necessary. F o r detection w e
need clinics, screening children o f school age, increased police personnel,
sm all courtroom s closed to the public w hen children are witnesses, behavior
clinics (C a l. R eport, 1950).
W e should direct the sexual psychopath laws against the sm all num ber of
dangerous offenders. If treatm ent fails, th ey should be incarcerated for life;
b u t n ot th e m inor offenders (Ploscow e, 1 951 ) .
T h ere is no reason to turn over to psychiatrists th e com plete supervision
of crim inals found to be psychopathic. Advisors to official agencies should
represent all branches of know ledge on an equal foo tin g (Sutherland, 1,
1930).
Slum dw ellings and highly-lurid newspapers stories of crim e are good
things to get rid o f as part of general mass protection even though their ex­
act effect on individual personalities is n ot know n and probably differs.
R ecom m endation s: A centralized reporting and filing system for all veri­
fied com plaints o f sex crim e and disposition throughout the state. M o re
consideration should be given to handling th e victim s of sex crimes, partic­
ularly children. T h e inept h an d lin g o f victim s is often at the root o f the
reluctance o f parents to com plain. T h e experience at this stage can be
worse than the experience of th e crim e itself. A ll sex offenses should be
tried in courts of record. H ospitalization act should provide for the'
tem porary hospitalization, for observation and diagnosis, of persons b e­
lieved to b e m en tally ill. Separate facilities should be provided for ju­
veniles, according to th e degree o f seriousness o f th e behavior problem .

274 Prevention
T rea tm en t facilities and psychiatric services should be extended. U n iver­
sities should continu e efforts to initiate and provide appropriate training
programs toward providing a greater num ber o f psychiatrists, psycholo­
gists, social workers. O n e in every six or eight o f inm ates o f M ich igan pris­
ons is a sex offender; th e state should cond u ct a broad program o f research
designed to develop m ethods for the early discovery of incipient sex de­
viates and for their treatm ent and for the control o f causal factors. T h e sex­
ual psychopath law should be repealed, providing that certain provisions
for tem porary hospitalization and for indeterm inate sentences o f con ­
victed sex offenders are carried out. Special atten tion should be given to the
personal qualifications of teachers. T h e subject o f m en tal health should be
b rought more prom inently into the life o f th e school. It is recom m ended
th a t th e press handle such stories w ith concern for possibly harm ful em o­
tional im pact on you n g readers and on victim s o f sex offenders (M ich iga n
R eport, 19 5 1 ).
B. ID E N T IF IC A T IO N
1. Is E arly Identification Possible? N early every case can be recognized
early in life (D u tto n , 19 3 7).
In all these cases, the abnorm ality dates back to early childhood; sym p­
tom s were displayed in early life w hich could have been used as w arning
signals. Instead, pathological conditions were left to grow, expand and
strengthen in intensity. If the signs were noticeable in early childhood, if
w e can devise m eans for d etecting them , w e should be able to take measures
to correct th e pathology (Pollens, 1938). (See C ase 283.)
C ertain types o f offenders can not be anticipated before com m ittin g
crim e (Selling, 2, 19 3 9 ).
L o n g before the sex fiend reaches his eventual crim e o f violence he has
given am ple evidence o f his tendencies (H oover, 194 7).
Teachers and parents should recognize undesirable sexual traits in ch il­
dren as distinguished from harmless childish or adolescent experim ental
behavior. E arly recognition and treatm en t are essential; control and m od­
ification are theoretically possible in early years (B onner, 1948).
It is not always possible to be certain that the pedophiliac o f today
w ill n ot becom e a child m urderer next year, or th at he w ill n ot give up his
perverseness in tim e (Brom berg, 1948).
T h e only w ay o f increasing the protection o f th e public is to get hold of
th e potential crim inal before he com m its crimes and correct th e tendency
or segregate him . B u t h ow is one to identify him ? D ivisions betw een to l­
erable and intolerable behavior are overlapping. W h e n sex offenses involve
violence or brutality, th e state is justified in m aking sure th at the offender
w ill n ot go on to m ore atrocious crimes. Incest, sodom y, indecent exposure,
etc., justify further study (M ass. R eport, 1948).
Seventy-five prom in ent psychiatrists reveal that it is im possible to prc-
Prevention 275
diet occurrence o f serious sex crim es w ith any accuracy (T a p p en , 1,
" 949 )- „ , .
It is possible to identify a sexual psychopath w ho is likely to com m it such
crim e prior to its actual com m ission from acts w hich in them selves
are not crimes, b u t are clear sym ptom s (R eport: Interim C om m ission.
N ew H am pshire, 1949).
A concept of sexual delinquency as acts inconsistent w ith th e stage of
m aturity indicated b y chronological age w ould enable early detection and
treatm ent or segregation before the com m ission of serious offenses (G a rd ­
ner, 1950).
Psychiatrists and crim inologists believe it im possible to predict the prob­
ability of a know n deviate’s com m ittin g a sexual crim e, or w hether a child
w ill becom e a deviate or sim ply sexually inadequate and im m ature (H art­
well, 1950).
N o valid and tested form ula exists for m aking predictions o f future sex­
ually-deviated behavior, either in th e case of th e adolescent or o f those w ho
have previously acted out such behavior forms. Such predictions have not
been set dow n and validated. It is n ot possible to select w ith any degree of
accuracy sex deviates w ho w ill use violence in obtainin g sexual satisfac­
tion. A lleged ad ult m ale sexual deviates have given m any indications as
youths and adolescents of behavioral difficulties w hich can be considered
as forerunners o f socially unacceptable sexual behavior as adults. M ales
w ho were sex delinquents as adolescents are in general more likely to m an­
ifest sexual deviation as adults than are other types o f juvenile delinquents.
O th er than this, 110 other configuration of juvenile m aladjustm ent is in
evidence w h ich points to sexual deviations at th e ad ult level. W e do not
have the techniques necessary to distinguish the juveniles w ho w ill later
becom e sexual deviates as adults from the males w ho also m anifest b e­
havioral difficulties at the adolescent or juvenile level, w ho w ill not becom e
sexual deviates as adults. Preventive treatm ent m ust concentrate on per­
sons w ho in their teens show tendencies toward sexual deviation and toward
known deviates, to prevent reoccurrence. W e m ust attem p t to get at the
potential deviate and th e first offender for treatm ent purposes; m ust de­
velop b etter screening techniques for distinguishing the treatable from the
nntreatable; provide m ore facilities in the com m u nity for treatm ent of
cases at th e initial m anifestations (D u n h am , X951 ).
N o m an can guarantee w hen another m an w ill or w ill n ot com m it a sex
( lim e (Ploscow e, 19 5 1 ).
( ,'dse 283: W h ite . M ale. O ffen se: R ap e and m urder of a nine-year-old
girl. His hom e life had seemed exem plary; he was a good student, attended
1 Ilurch and was k now n as a “ good b oy.” As schoolboy he had been accused
of a sexual assault on a schoolm ate though the charge was n ot pressed; the
l.ilher testified he had been an abnorm al child and showed signs of “ tem ­
peram ent” at thirteen. It seems likely that if he had b een given psychiatric
 276 Prevention
treatm ent w hen the father n oticed these signs, the tragedy m ight have been
avoided (Pollens, 1938).
2 . R ecid ivism : F or indecent exposure and gross indecency offenders, the
list of previous convictions is very lon g (D ep artm en tal R eport, 1925).
O f 2,022 convicted offenders, 352 or 17.4 percent had records of
previous arrests. Prior sex offenses had been charged against eighty-five
(4.2 p e rcen t), show ing that recidivism is n ot a m ajor factor in th e sex prob­
lem , nor entitled to the significance given it. O f 267 m en w ith ou t prior
records o f sex offenses, 189 had been convicted o f every felony or m isde­
m eanor except m urder. O f the eighty-five repeaters, twenty-five were for
carnal abuse; statutory rape, nineteen; sodom y, twelve; forcible rape, eleven;
attem pted rape, nine; im pairing morals, five; indecent exposure, two; ab­
duction, one; incest, one. Fifty-eight percent of these had been convicted
for prior sex offenses (C itizen s C om m ittee, 1939).
F ew sexual offenders are gu ilty of previous offenses, sexual or other­
wise. T h e highest rate o f recidivism is in the pedophilia group, w ith the
psychopathic individual. Pollens, how ever, believes th a t repeaters are not
m inor factors in the problem of sex crim e, though statistics do not show
this phase. Selling finds that m ost sex offenders are n ot chronic offenders;
b u t that except in rare instances they do not change in the nature of their
offenses (Frosch and Brom berg, 1939) .
R ecidivism is a m inor factor. O n ly five percent repeated th e sex crimes.
O ne-third o f the exhibitionists had served jail sentences (Shaskan, 1939).
First offenders com m it m ost sex crimes. A b o u t six of every ten had no
crim inal record. E ven those w ith records had usually been arrested b e­
fore for other than sex crimes. C o n victed sex offenders are less inclined to
have had police records than are other types o f felons. T h e recidivist of­
fender leads in abduction and forcible rape. M e n w ith ou t records are re­
sponsible m ainly for statutory rape. Sodom y also shows a high proportion
of first offenders. T h is suggests that sodom y and statutory rape m ay be tran­
sitory episodes in the life of a considerable num ber of sex offenders. O f
those convicted of carnal abuse, fifty-three percent had no previous record.
O n ly nine percent had previously been arrested for sex crim e exclusively.
A n oth er fourteen percent had m ixed records. T h e abnorm al offender is the
m ost serious sex recidivist. T h o se convicted of incest, sodom y, carnal abuse
had the highest percentage o f previous sex crim inality. W it h others, it is
a question as to w hether the crim e is n ot prim arily an offshoot o f crim inal
propensities. R ap e is frequently incidental, or the prologue to other crim e
as robbery or burglary. Som e of those classed as sex offenders are first and
forem ost crim inals. Tw o-thirds of the sex offenders convicted in 1930 failed
to reappear in police line-ups after the lapse of a decade, a convincing proof
th a t sex crim e is not habitu al behavior w ith a m ajority o f sex offenders.
T h e average sex offender’s crim inal career is seldom prolonged; even
less seldom continuously sexual; w hen it is persistent at all, the dc-
Prevention 277
sign is usually not sexual b u t crim inal. T h e average sex offender is often
less troublesom e than the recidivist in non-sexual field, w ho incidentally
becom es involved in sex crime. T h e recom m endation that all sex offenders
be segregated for life is unrealistic and unwise (M ayor’s C om m ittee, 1940).
T h e sex offender is notoriously a recidivist (F . A llen , 19 4 1).
O f 250 n ow psychotic m ale sex offenders exam ined in B ellevue H ospi­
tal betw een O ctob er 1, 1941 and N ovem ber 1, 1942, thirty-two percent
had been previously charged w ith sex offenses; th e rem ainder had no
record. M o re than h a lf the exhibitionists had com m itted previous sex
offenses. Frosch and B rom berg did n ot include exhibitionism ; therefore
their recidivism is low er (A p felb erg, Sugar and Pfeffer, 1944).
M o st sex offenders are n o t chronic offenders and are likely to be self­
curing. O f 300 sex offenders studied in the D etro it C lin ic, on ly seven had
a subsequent police record in tw enty years. T h e true exhibitionist exposes
his genitalia to excite in th e fem ale hostility, pleasure or sexual excite­
m ent. H e repeats frequently before he is arrested (Selling, 5, 194 7).
O f ninety-eight exhibitionists, fifty-six offenders had no previous con ­
viction o f any kind; 76.6 percent had no previous conviction for exhibi­
tionism . T h e sm all percentage o f recidivists raises th e question: is n ot
prison a strong deterrent? (T aylor, 1947).
T h ere is less recidivism am ong sex offenders than am ong other offenders.
O ver fifty percent have no previous record (B ow lin g, 1950).
O f 250 m ale sex offenders studied at N ew Jersey’s D iagn ostic C en ter,
173 were w ith ou t previous record; seventy-five had previous records. O f
I liose w ith previous record, 48.1 percent were convicted of open lewdness;
Iwenty percent o f sexual assault; 17.3 percent of hom osexual acts; tw elve
percent o f carnal abuse. O f those w ith o u t previous records, 34.8 percent
were convicted o f open lewdness; 17.7 percent statutory rape; 14.9 percent
carnal abuse; 11.4 percent hom osexual acts; 6.9 percent sexual assault
(l'rankel, 1950).
A large percentage o f offenders have com m itted previous sex offenses
(M acC orm ick, 1938).
The m ost universal psychiatric opinion is that th e sexual deviate persists
in I lie type o f behavior w hich affords sexual gratification. T h e y repeat their
crimes less frequ ently than any other type o f crim inal, except hom icide.
<)l those w ho do repeat, th e m ajority com m it other crimes than sexual.
Those w ho repeat are th e m inor offenders (H artw ell, 1950).
T h e F. В. I. has reported on recidivism in twenty-five types o f crime;
drug addicts have th e m ost recidivism , then larceny, drunkenness, burglary;
tape is nin eteen th. O f 1,447 m ales arrested in 1937 for rape, 5.3 percent
had previous conviction for rape. T h is is a low er rate than the average for
all olhqr crim es (Sutherland, 1, 1950).
The sex offender is n ot inclined to recidivism; he does n ot cease his
deviated pattern, b u t avoids future conflict w ith th e law. Parole violations
me low (C a l. R eport, 1950).
278 Prevention
Sixteen percent o f 172 offenders had been previously convicted of adult
sex offenses. O f the thirty-six m ost serious offenders (rape of w om en,
forced sex act w ith children), only one had been previously convicted of
an ad ult sex offense. T h ere is a low degree o f recidivism am ong sex o f­
fenders. T h ere is 110 basis for the belief th at they progress (G u ttm ach er,
195 1 )-
First offenders com m it m ost sex crimes. A small group of individuals
w ho are abnorm al m en tally are persistent offenders. T h is is the group
from w hich killers m ay b e drawn. In carnal abuse, sodom y and incest we
find a higher percentage o f previous convictions (Ploscow e, 19 5 1 ).
3 . W hen the Deviate Becomes Dangerous: If and w hen a sexual ac­
tivity endangers society it becom es socially offensive. Sexual practices as
exhibitionism and voyeurism do not endanger society b u t offend good
taste (W ile , 1941) ■
T h ere are sexual convicts w ho n ot only are m en tally abnorm al b u t w ho
are also dangerous. T h e y are abnorm al in that they do n ot control their
impulses. T h e y are dangerous in th a t children are their m ost likely vic­
tim s (Ploscow e, 194 7).
Psychiatrists recognize tw o cases in w hich the pervert m ay becom e a p u b ­
lic nuisance: (1) w hen he is not happy in his sexual behavior and can allow
self-gratification only if punishm ent is expected to follow (2) w hen he
has strong aggressive tendencies against society. Perverts w ho com e before
th e court are in m any cases persons w ith a tenden cy toward antisocial or
n eurotic disturbance, all having roots in factors w hich disturb early em o­
tional developm ent (C u sh in g , 1950) . (See C ase 284.)
T h e re is no im m ediate danger from perverse sexual behavior in secret;
m uch overt behavior is only a nuisance and an esthetic affront. T h e pri­
m ary danger is in sadistic tendencies (R o ch e, 1950).
A real problem is presented b y those persons w ho are likely to use vio­
len ce for: (1) securing sexual satisfaction— th e rapist or (2) escaping
d etection — the pedophiliac (D u n h am , 19 5 1 ).
A cts w hich constitute real threats to the com m u nity are characterized
b y one or th e other or b oth features: ( 1 ) violent, repetitive behavior to­
w ard the sexual object and (2) m arked age discrepancy betw een o f­
fender and victim (D u n h am , 19 5 1 ).
C ase 284: W h ite , M ale. A g e 14. H e had been a m ale prostitute for five
years, also a truant and thief. H e was uncooperative in the treatm en t of
syphilitic and gonorrheal infections. H e had always been em otionally im ­
m ature. H is in tellect was b etter than average b u t his school records showed
a lon g record of failures. H e had no friends, there was no m asculine in­
fluence in his life (he hardly knew his fa th er). H e idolized his m other. H e
was infected w ith gonorrhea o f the rectum . H e was oversize and over­
w eight for his age; a case o f pituitary gigantism , w ith conspicuous genital
overdevelopm ent. H e was introduced to perversions at eight, by boys, and
Prevention 279
soon began soliciting m en. H e found hom osexuality pleasant and profita­
ble. H e felt no remorse; no concern over V . D . or over th e danger o f in fect­
ing others. H e had little actual sex inform ation, b u t a surprising know ledge
o f perversions. H e had no interest in girls, no desire for psychiatric help;
no desire to change. Seventeen m onths later he was arrested for truancy;
at th a t tim e he requested an interview w ith the psychiatrist; he was worried
by his dreams, thoughts and urges. H e had “ m ental lapses” w ith panic and
desire to murder. H e had dreams o f undressing, going to his m other’s room
and strangling her. O n ce he had actually choked a b oy in a m om en t o f un­
clearness. W h e n e v e r he attem pted to repress his hom osexuality, as he had
recently, he felt the desire to inflict pain and suffering. T h e association of
sex and desire to inflict suffering indicates w e are dealing w ith an indi­
vidual w ell on the w ay to dangerous sex crim inality (W a g g o n e r and Boyd,
1 9 4 1).
C. ROLE OF THE PARENTS
1. Protection of Individual Children from Assault: W a rn your ch il­
dren to avoid strangers w ho m ake advances to them (B arrett & Shaeffer,
] 939 ) •
Som e believe children should b e warned at hom e; how ever, care m ust
be taken n ot to terrify them (M cN ick les, 1949). (See C ase 285.)
R ules for protecting children: should sleep alone, should not be per­
m itted to visit or to enter buildings w ith ou t the parent’s consent; should
not accept rides nor gifts, w ith ou t know ledge and consent. A ge is no
protection. A ll prospective em ployees, as baby-sitters, should b e investi­
gated, b oth boys and girls. In case o f suspicion, call th e local police. Sup­
ply children w ith a reasonable am ount o f spending m oney. If a child has
been m olested, report it and sign the com plaint (Biggs, 1950).
Case 285: E dna. A ge 9. C a m e to a clinic because the school reported
she seem ed anxious, preoccupied and frightened. F o llo w in g a sexual as­
sault in the neighborhood, though the culprit was apprehended and jailed,
Ilie m other had taken the child to school every day, n ot allow ed her to
play alone outside, warned her repeatedly about th e dangers inherent in
men. She had transm itted a sense of panic to the child. T h is type of inter­
ference to a ch ild ’s norm al psychosexual d evelopm ent is m ore frequent
Ilian traum a stem m ing from abnorm al overt sexual experiences (R abino-
\ ilcli, M ichigan R eport, 1 9 5 1 ).
Z Preventing D eviation in Children: C h ild ren ’s hate often springs
I roin jealousy. T h e love o f parents and teachers should be im partially dis-
In h u ta l; envy and jealousy should be com batted early. C h ild ren w ill n ot
tolerate the parents’ interference in their sexual life. Punishing of onanism
and of infan tile sexual play readily produce an attitude of hatred in the
child toward the parents and all society (K arpm an, 9, 1934).
280 Prevention
Parents can analyze them selves, consult trained experts abou t their ow n
em otional and sexual conflicts. T h e y should assum e the role of gu ide and
adviser rather than boss, and should treat the child as an equal; present
th e facts o f sex frankly and tru th fu lly w ith ou t em barrassm ent. T h e y should
provide the child w ith outlets for expressing his em otions constructively
and work in close, cooperation w ith trained experts in th e field of child
psychology (Pollens, 1938).
Professional sexual guidance is o f extrem e im portance in avoiding sex­
ual offenses (D oshay, 1943).
T h e reason for sexual m aladjustm ent in adults, sexual difficulties in
children, antisocial sexual behavior in general, is the fa ct th a t w e lack a
sound, consistent, w holesom e attitu d e tow ard sex as individuals and as a
group. T h e fun dam en tal approach is prevention w hich again goes back to
childhood. If the youngster has learned to be an active part of th e life about
him , has not had his curiosity and his capacity for b ein g interested exces­
sively thw arted, has been allow ed to feel that it was n ot w rong to act out
som e of his im pulses w ithin reasonable lim its, then h e is likely to have
available to him a variety of m ethods for sublim ating his prim itive sexual
drives. Sexual m aladjustm ent w ould not occur if children were exposed
to proper ad ult attitudes (Piker, 19 4 7). (See C ase 287.)
Parents can prevent rise o f sex offenders in their fam ilies b y developing
understanding and confidential relationships w ith their children on sex.
T h is should begin alm ost at birth before th e child asks questions. H om e
education should be supplem ented b y courses in school and church. T o o
few parents and teachers are qualified to con d u ct such education. W e
should set up services to h elp those entering marriage; m ore universities
should offer courses to teachers in this field. Youngsters are eager for for­
m al education. R ather than being too' early w ith too m uch w e are too late
w ith too little. Parents hold th e key to sex offenses (K irkendall, 1948).
P unishm ent only tends to heighten the ch ild ’s sadistic reaction. M an y
patients are products of unhappy marriages. Parents, because of their own
disappointm ent, m ay transfer to th e child their entire affection or the ha­
tred m ay be projected on th e child. O verhearing intercourse of the par­
ents, scenes o f strife and reproaches for unfaithfulness, m ay lay the foun da­
tion of sado-m asochistic and fetishistic neurosis. T h e child should have
w arm th from his m other; sexual en ligh tenm ent free of taboos or disgust,
th e interest of a m an during grow th so th a t he m ay id en tify him self w ith
m asculine attitude. O verp rotection is harm ful. R o b u st and realistic sex
education w ould b e a force in reducing abnorm al sexual behavior (G u tt-
rnacher, 1 9 5 1 ). (See Cases 285, 286.)
P revention depends in large part on adults and their dealings w ith ch il­
dren in various capacities. A m entally-healthy person is w ell-adjusted in all
his em otional expressions, including the sexual one. A t least som e of the
causes of sex deviation lie deep in the culture w here they are difficult to
Prevention 281
elim inate just as they have lain in th e cultures that preceded this one
(M ichigan R eport, 19 5 1 ).
Case 286: M ich ael. A g e 15. In decen t exposure. His father had deserted
the fam ily in M ic h a e l’s infancy. T h e m other and her fam ily had given M i­
chael a negative and frightening picture o f his father; w hen disciplining the
child the m other w ould tell him he was just like his father. H e was uncer­
tain abou t him self; feared he was no good like his father. N o t sufficiently
m ature to handle his sexual impulses m ore acceptably, h e resorted to ex­
hibitionism through w hich he was unconsciously reassuring him self and
the w orld th a t he was a m an (R ab in ovitch , M ich igan R eport, 19 5 1 ).
C ase 287: Joan. A g e 13. H ospitalized for psychiatric treatm en t because
of a seem ingly uncontrolled interest in m en and boys. She stayed out late
at night; sought out m en. T h e m other was unable to accept her advancing
years and was in constan t com petition w ith her daughter; she dressed like
an adolescent and flirted w ith Joan’s friends. U nconsciously she had set a
pattern that led to Joan’s difficulty (R ab in ovitch , M ich igan R eport, 1951) •
D. ROLE OF S O C IE T Y
1 . Education: T h e problem can not b e solved except b y rem oval of
taboos. T h e sex life o f an individual is m erely on e aspect of his total per­
sonality, n ot an isolated phenom enon. T h e re is no general agreem ent as
to w h at constitutes norm al sex behavior; different cultures have different
standards. T h e sex behavior o f an individual depends on cultural atti­
tudes; our culture is repressive, inconsistent, divided, m aking for conflict
on th e part o f the individual (B ow m an , 1938).
U n til the attitudes o f people are m ore rational, un til people realize
w hat dam age com plexes, repressions and m aladjustm ents do and approach
the problem w ith sustained intelligence, not occasional hysteria, sex of­
fenses w ill continue to constitute a m ajor problem (M a cC o rm ick , 1938).
O u r present society, h om e and school are n ot generally capable of pro­
viding proper em otional training and are n o t cogn izan t of their defi­
ciency. Society provides no proper facilities for preventive work b ut gives
the individual m ore institutionalization, thereby im pressing the stam p of
th e m isfit and degenerate upon him (Pollens, 1938).
T h ere is great need for education o f th e pub lic (Frosch and Brom berg,
J939 )- . . . . , '
Society pays too little atten tion to bu ild in g up rational concepts ot so­
cial living. It ignores the potential sex offender. Society is disturbed b y th e
sex offender w hen a ch ild ’s life is involved; then the apprehension of the
sex offender gives society a scapegoat. Social preventions m ust be con ­
cerned w ith appreciating th e com plex m otives and psychosexual drives.
D em and for im m ediate action ham pers th e course of justice ( W ile , 1939).
282 Prevention Prevention 283

Inform ation was gained from father and brother; no inform ation as to the
L ittle more can b e hoped for than b etter understanding o f th e prob­
offense was given to the m other because it w ould have upset her. T h e pa­
lem , b etter sex education, legal laissez faire w here the interests o f others or
tient was m ore than ordinarily reticent. H e graduated from high school;
of fam ily education are not involved (H orack, 1939).
he was am bitious w ith superior intelligence. H e failed to get into C oo p er
Prevention program : voluntary self-com m itm ent, m ental hygiene clin ­
U nion and took n ight courses at N . Y . U . It was not easy for him to discuss
ics, education program s for schools, the public, the m edical profession—
sex; he was troubled and anxious; felt it was not a proper subject for
to enhance the role o f the fam ily doctor, and for courts to acquain t ad­
discussion. H e had had no sex education, had not attended a coeducational
ministrators w ith available m ental hygiene resources (T a p p a n 1, 1939).
high school. H e blundered into an awkw ard and socially-unacceptable sex­
T h e first step should be education o f th e public b y stressing am oral and
ual approach (H irn in g 1, 1945).
m edical aspects, understanding o f sex offender’s problem s (H ughes, 19 4 1).
In m ost cases, hom e, church, school and com m u nity have failed to exert
2 . Facilities: W e need m ore adequate supervision o f the m ental health
a healthy influence. T h e failures of the hom e are outstanding. D efects in
of school children, appropriations for research into th e causes and cures
personality structure are closely related to unw holesom e fam ily relations.
of sexual deviation (B ow lin g, 1938).
N o n e o f these individuals were given sex instruction b y their parents.
It is suggested th a t there be established a N atio n al C rim in ological In­
T h e pattern and necessity for perverted expression is determ ined to a
stitute in charge o f a psychiatrist w h o has had the experience o f studying
great extent b y em otional and environm ental influences during the de­
crim inals scientifically w ith th e view of con trib utin g som ething definite not
velopm ental years. T h e hope o f preventing ad u lt sex perversions depends
only toward th e cure b ut tow ard the prevention o f crim e (K arpm an 11,
on b etter m ental and sexual hygiene o f childhood (W a g g o n e r & Boyd,
19 4 1). 1 94 ° ) ■
W e look forward to the establishm ent o f a “ treatm ent com m ission” o f
T h ere is need for legislative reform and b etter understanding of the
social investigators, psychologists and psychiatrists and others (Patterson,
sex deviate. Physicians should be leaders tow ard a better understanding.
B iosocial and psychological bases o f sex behavior m ust be taugh t in the 1 94 1 ) •
A good deal of recidivism is due less to incorrigibility o f individual
form ative periods o f grow th (M ayer, 1950).
criminals than to the un in telligent w ay society handles their problem s. So­
O u r m oral attitudes toward sex should change. W e should re-evaluate
ciety is responsible to a large degree for crim inality. M o st cases are pro­
standards of accepted sex behavior and m ake them m ore flexible and
duced in a setting o f em otional privation and hostility. T h e sensible ther­
adaptable. Sex curiosity and con d u ct in children should be regarded as
apeutic procedure w ould be to relieve privation and neutralize hostility.
norm al and desirable; should be encouraged; gu ilt, doubt, suspicion and
W e aggravate th e situation and strengthen these factors b y placin g offend­
fear should be lessened. W e should have enlightened m ental hygiene pro­
ers in confinem ent, adding m ore to privation and hostility; crim inality is
grams in schools, churches and hom es (R ickies, 1950). (See C ase 288.)
si lengthened and structuralized into chronic form o f behavior. H ospitals,
T h e childhood o f nearly every deviated adult sex offender contain ed
not jails; psychotherapy and n ot b rutalizing punishm ent are the one hope
signs o f a gathering storm and b y th e sam e token presented a series of
o f redeem ing th e crim inal and society (K arpm an 16, 1944).
opportunities w hich were too often m isunderstood or ignored. E xistin g
M edical treatm ent in a special penal institution on colony lines w ith
know ledge o f prevention is m eager enough b u t it is sufficient to be im ­
psychiatric treatm en t w hen required should enable research and facilitate
parted through pu b lic education. T h e next generation can have few er sex
Iid le r results (E ast, 1946).
offenders than the present one if the m is-inform ed and anxiety-ridden a t­
W e should concentrate on serious offenders; clear the statute books of
titudes o f m any adults can be corrected. A n ad u lt can b e helped b y m ental
archaic, u n enforceable laws. W e should stop passing panicky laws and set
hygiene instruction to understand and to accept his ow n sexual problem s,
up diagnostic and treatm en t centers and clinics for other em otionally-
to gain some insight into their origin and to im prove his ab ility to control
disturbed offenders as w ell as for sexual offenders. T h e N e w Jersey D iag ­
and to organize his life despite his ow n problem s. Special program s o f edu­
nostic C e n te r is a step in the right direction (D eutsch , 1950).
cation and counseling for parents o f young offenders should be developed;
A ccording to D r. D avid Dressier th e sex offender is m ade, n ot born.
a different program is needed for th e parents o f victim s. A program of
I low can w e h elp people grow up so they do n ot w ant to com m it sex
education should sm ooth th e path o f form er offenders returning to so-
ollciises? Psychiatric consultation should be available for all schools. School
ciety (M ich igan R eport, 1 9 5 1 ).
oid com m u n ity clinics are essential. W e should treat the treatable, provide
' w.Indy for the untreatable (C a l. R eport, 1950).
Case 288: H igh school boy. O ffen se: E xposure to high school girls. H e
И should be m andatory that every first offender, every “ sexual psvcho-
was the second oldest o f five children. T h e fam ily was R om an C ath o lic.

284 Prevention
p ath ” and every hom icide receive com plete psychiatric psychological and
social study either through public facilities especially designed or private
facilities at public expense. W e should have behavior clinics to study,
diagnose and treat all crim inal cases sent b y the courts, prosecuting attor­
neys, defense attorneys and social agencies. U sually such clinics are pa
o f th e crim inal court; ideally they should fu n ction independently of all
law -enforcem ent agencies. T h ere are only seven such clinics in six cities.
T h e y are often lim ited to determ ining w hether or n ot an individ ua 1
tally sick b u t should b e used to determ ine m ental status. T h e pidge canno
m ake m edical decisions and should w elcom e assistance from quahfied
m edical sources. P rivate practitioners m ight b e engaged on a u t - t
basis. W e should train young psychiatrists for this special field, l i e A m er­
ican Board of Psychiatry and N eu rology should encourage this b y giving
one-year residency training recognition to such m en. States w ic
passed laws for the care o f sexual offenders should m ake them effect
by funds for establishm ent o f behavior clim es (R ickies, 1950).
W e should establish an institute of crim inal behavior w here treatm en t
of offenders and training o f techn ical personnel is undertaken (A b rahan -
A N europsychiatric Research In stitu te should b e established (in D e ­
troit) to provide clin ical facilities, con d u ct research, on m en tal hca
problem s, develop training program s for psychiatrists, act as advisor on
psychiatric problem s to com m u nity agencies. A specialized с 1111 1
to deal w ith sexual deviates identified before convicted. P sychiat 1
pital facilities should b e m ade available for children and adolescents w o
have shown early m anifestations o f deviated sex tendencies and о
m ental health problem s. Research should always b e a feature o f clinics
w hich deal w ith sexual deviates. Interdiscipline research involving ant
pologists, psychiatrists, psychologists and sociologists should b e an integral
part of th e program (D u n h am , 19 5 1)- „„„m
N o city w est of C h ica g o has th e type of court psychiatric clin ic recom ­
m ended b y O verholser. T h e costs o f such clinics are inconsequential com ­
pared w ith the over-all budget. A scientific legal institu te for socia
psychological and m edical study of th e juvenile: and adult offender i;
recom m ended. Such institute should have three divisions: social psycho­
logical and m edical. Prevention consists o f m ore and betteri ^ o c h e m
researches, m ore intensive and b etter studies on clin ical m ales in i cour t s.
S ociological m ethods of assay should be applied to th e sex offender. W e
should establish an institute for study of sexual behavior m connection
w ith a g rea t u n iv e rsity (G u ttm a c h e r , 1951 ) ' . . , appropriated, n ot m ore than $50,000 to b e spent in one fiscal year (E d i­
O u r ultim ate goal m research ruust he to delineate and nnple,ment ,p.e-
ventive measures. O u r greatest need is for extended
dren in trouble, through guidance d u n e s and ren d en h al t,reatme at сsen
tcrs. W c still have m uch to learn b u t the scientific know ledge w hich w c
have and w h ich is b y no m eans insignificant is n ot b ein g im plem entc >-
Prevention 285
cause w e are n o t reaching the children to w hom w e hold o u t th e prom ise
o f help.
E. ROLE OF P S Y C H IA T R Y
1. R esearch : M a n y sex crimes are preventable. T h e fau lt lies w ith lack
o f coordination and supervision o f existing agencies; w e should coordinate
and interw eave all th e facts w e have. L egal workers and psychiatry m ust
plan together. T h e public can be educated to help. W e should n ot begin
by dissecting and delving into m inds o f children b u t correct th e circum ­
stances under w hich they grow up (W e rth a m , 1938).
E ven tu ally the convicted sex offender m ust b e released or returned to
the com m unity. W e need social workers to develop techniques to deal
w ith this group. W e m ust develop accurate statistics, provide psychiatric
service in courts and prisons and institute study and research b y psychiat­
ric and social workers (M o ran , 1940).
M ore research, m ore training of larger num bers of persons to devote
their lives to this study are necessary (H ughes, 19 4 1).
W e need an organized m ovem ent or directed interest concerning itself
w ith crim inal psychopathology; study o f th e crim inal w ith em phasis on a
m ore dynam ic approach, on m echanism s and processes rather than de­
scriptions alone; an inventory of w ork already done w hich is scattered and
incidental. W e need to stim ulate work b y prom pt publication, to search
for underlying m echanism s. W e need to w iden our conception of m ental
diseases beyond th e strict definition o f psychosis and neurosis. Psychiatry
may prove m ore h elp fu l in the understanding and treatm ent of crim e than
other endeavors have proved so far, b u t no advance can be m ade w ith ou t
organized research. W e need state and national institutes for research in
crim inal psychology (K arpm an 11, 1940).
T h ere is an im portant necessity for study and research b y psychiatrists
and social workers if treatm ent processes are to be developed or progress
m ade in public understanding of th e sex offender (M o ran , 1940).
T h e C aliforn ia state legislature recently passed an act “ to provide for
scientific research into the problem o f sex crimes includ ing causes and
cures o f sexual deviation and m aking an appropriation.” T h e act provides
for th e D ep artm en t o f M e n ta l H ygiene to act through th e superintendent
of th e L an gley Porter C lin ic. T h e y m ay enter into contracts w ith th e
Regents of th e U niversity o f C aliforn ia for con d u ctin g research. State agen­
cies are to cooperate. Superintendent o f C lin ic is to m ake a detailed re­
port, ou tlin in g further research. M a y accep t gifts or grants. $100,000 is
torial C o m m en t [K .M .B .], A m . J. o f Psychiatry, v. 107, N o . 3, Sept., 1950,
p. 227).
T h ere are three broad areas w here research is b ein g undertaken and
more is needed: (1) adm inistration o f crim inal justice (2) diagnosis
286 Prevention
(3) treatm ent. Several active researches are b ein g directed tow ard treat­
m ent; w e deplore the lim its im posed b y lack o f personnel, funds and
facilities (C a l. R eport, 1950).
N o law in itself can solve th e problem . It is recom m ended th at th e study
o f sex offenders b e continued on a perm anent basis; that a research in­
stitute of crim inal behavior be established w here treatm ent of offenders
and training of technical personnel could be undertaken; psychiatric facili­
ties in prisons taken over b y departm ent of m en tal hygiene. 1 he offender
should be dealt w ith n ot only in accordance w ith the crim e or the per­
sonality m ake-up b u t according to th e extent in w hich he is predisposed to
violence and to w hich he is am enable to treatm ent (A braham sen, 1950).
A com prehensive survey is needed to pull together the m ain scientific
data on sex offenders. Research is one of our great needs. T h e C aliforn ia
legislature has recognized this problem in appropriating $100,000 for study
of the sex offender. A com m u n ity plan should provide m ore adequate
child guidance, parent education, provide b etter for child h ealth and w el­
fare (D eutsch , 1950).
A tten tio n in research should b e focused on juvenile personalities w hose
sexual deviation w ill be characterized b y violence and /or m olesting ch il­
dren and on those w ho can be treated, as juveniles, from those w ho cannot
b enefit from psychiatric treatm ent. W e should distinguish those boys in
w hom delinquency appears as a sym ptom from those in w hom delinquency
is a sort of rationalized behavior pattern. W e do not have the know ledge to
predict future sexually-deviated behavior from the adolescent b oy b u t evi­
dence shows that a certain proportion of boys w ho show sexual deviation
as adolescents w ill continu e to do so as adults. Boys w h o are not identified
as sex delinquents as adolescents m ay m anifest such behavior as adults
(D unham , 19 5 1 ).
N o studies exist w hich m igh t com pare the subsequent careers of offend­
ers sentenced by judges w ho took the advice of psychiatrists as against those
sentenced b y judges w ho did not take the advice of psychiatrists. Predictions
should be put in objective form ; factors entering into the prediction m ade
explicit and actual behavior checked upon later to equate it w ith the pre­
diction (D u n h am , 1951)-
W e need m any studies of deviated sex behavior am ong juveniles and re­
search to measure the effects of the deviate’s behavior in the com m unity.
W e need to know the factors w hich operate in the selected victim s and
to explore the various issues connected w ith treatm ent, to evaluate the
results under different treatm ent procedures and to explore the problem
o f separating good risks from poor. W e need to m ake research a fu n ction
tied closely to w hatever clinical facilities are developed to deal w ith the
deviate (D u n h am , 1 9 5 1 ).
2 . M issionary W ork: C o m p lete justice w ill never be done to the crim i­
nal until judge and jury accept th e m edical po in t of view and see in him
Prevention 287
a type o f sick personality w ho m ust b e treated and n ot punished. It is
through the physician w ho is to be th e judge of th e future th at the m edical
profession w ill carry its message and d uty of healing these people and re­
storing them to usefulness. W h ile the law is ready to recognize the lack of
crim inal inten t and factor of irresponsibility in more obvious forms of
m ental disease, m uch en lighten m en t remains to be done b y psychopathol­
ogy as regards the m ore num erous instances o f m ental and psychic states,
not obviously pathologic b u t havin g as their basis m ost profound path o l­
ogy; th e sexual anom alies are m ore than m inor deviations from norm al,
they are rooted in deeply-buried psychic conflicts (K arpm an 3, 1926).
T h e public m ust b e educated to share the understanding of norm al and
abnorm al sexuality (E ast, 1946).
O rthopsychiatry deals w ith the m ost form ative periods in hum an life,
childhood and adolescence. T h e num ber o f clinics m ust b e enlarged to
m eet the grow ing dem and: rural clinics and m obile clinics. T h ere m ust
be sharp increases in the sizes of staffs, greater dissem ination of know ledge
in and ou t o f clinics. W e should have libraries, frequent conferences and
should infiltrate other organizations. A n institute should b e form ed for
the form al training o f orthopsychiatrists. O rthopsychiatry m ust go out of
I he clinics and see w h at it can do for delinquen t boys and girls in conflict
w ith the law , in reform atories, training schools, etc. It m ust see to the
Iraining of the younger generation for m ore healthy interpersonal relation­
ships and b etter citizenships. It can h elp toward b u ild in g superior hom e
m orale (K arpm an 24, 1948).
I. Investigation o f Reform s: W e should reach aggressive or subm issive
children in school and hom e, take responsibility for child guidance clinics
and resources (T a p p a n , 1949).
Psychiatry should study how to find sound reforms, to provide protection
lor com m unity and chan ge attitud e o f serious offenders. It m igh t consider
Ilie wisdom o f transferring sentencing pow er to an expert treatm ent board
or com bine the services o f such a board w ith the sentencing powers o f the
court. It could inquire into the duty of police to caution the suspect; th e
better selection o f m agistrates, th e position o f experts w ho testify as to
m ental condition. B etter results m ight be achieved if experts were called
by Ilie court and available for cross-examination b y b o th sides. Psychiatry
m ight consider th e fitness of juries to decide questions of responsibility
and insanity; th e possibility of placing courts in certain cases under ob li­
gation o f obtainin g social and psychiatric reports. As constructive treat­
ment is accepted and penal punishm ent dim inished, offenders w ill b e m ore
likely to adm it offenses; m eaning greater protection for the public. Psy-
1 In.i Irists should go further than giving help w hen asked; they have the
1 i i ; I I I and the duty to investigate present procedures. T h e E nglish system
makes conviction o f an inn ocen t person unlikely b u t it results in th e ac-
quil l al of m any w ho arc dangerous to the public and places too high a

288 Prevention
value on advocacy. W h e n a m an w ho has sexually assaulted a you n g child
is acquitted through clever advocacy, psychiatry sees the failure of the op­
portunity to treat th e dangerous m an and peril for other children (M u l­
lins, 1950).
SUMMARY
A . V A R IO U S S U G G ES T IO N S F O R C O N T R O L
Suggestions for control vary widely;
increased police personnel, better sta­
tistics, files of those picked up on
suspicion of sex offenses, education of
police authorities and judges are
among the recommendations. There is
some feeling that newspapers should
handle such stories with concern for
young readers; Hoover, however, be­
lieves the press can arouse public
opinion to demand adequate laws. It
is felt that more consideration should
be given to the handling of victims,
especially children, and that the names
of victims should not be reported in
the press. Suggestions arc made as to
court proceedings, the establishment
of facilities and programs of educa­
tion and research. Tappan and Plos-
cowc believe that efforts should be
concentrated on the dangerous of­
fender.
B. ID E N T IF IC A T IO N
Pollens and certain of the lay writers
contend that the sex offender can be
identified early in life. Psychiatrists and
criminologists believe it is impossible
to predict the occurrence of serious
sex crimes. Dunham points out that
we have not the techniques to distin­
guish, among youths and adolescents
who manifest behavioral difficulties,
those who will later become sexual de­
viates from those who will not. N o
Prevention 289
of sex frankly and truthfully without ing something definite toward not
only the cure but the prevention of
embarrassment. T he child should have
crime.
warmth from his mother, sexual
enlightenment free from taboos or
E. R O L E O F P S Y C H IA T R Y
disgust. Over-protection is harmful.
Sexual maladjustment would not occur W e need an organized movement
if children were exposed to proper concerning itself with criminal psy­
adult attitudes. If the child has learned chopathology, study of the criminal
to be an active part of the life about with emphasis on a dynamic ap­
him, has not had curiosity and capacity proach; an inventory of work already
for being interested thwarted, has done. N o advance can be made with­
been allowed to act out some of his out organized research. W e need state
valid and tested formulae exist for
impulses within reasonable limits, he and national institutes for research in
making predictions of future sexu­
is likely to have available a variety of criminal psychology, research espe­
ally-deviated behavior. A large major­
methods for sublimating his primitive cially in administration of justice, di­
ity find that the sex offender is not a
sexual drives. Love of parents should agnosis and treatment. W e need a re­
recidivist; that the convicted sex of­
be impartially distributed. Children search institute of criminal behavior
fender is less likely to have a police
will not tolerate the parents’ inter­ where treatment of offenders and
record than are other types of felons.
ference in their sex life. Punishment training of technical personnel could
It is not even agreed which type
of onanism and of infantile sexual be undertaken. W e should coordinate
shows the highest rate of recidivism.
play creates attitudes of hatred toward and interweave all the facts we have.
Pedophilia, abduction, forcible rape,
parents and society. W e must provide psychiatric service
exhibitionism, incest, sodomy and car­
in courts and prisons, institute study
nal abuse have all been mentioned. O f
and research by psychiatric and social
those who do repeat, it is said, by D. R O L E O F S O C IE T Y
workers. T h e public must be edu­
Hartwell, Guttmacher and others, the
Some causes of sex deviation lie in cated to share the understanding of
majority commit nonsexual crimes.
Ilie culture. Our moral attitudes to­ normal and abnormal sexuality. M uch
T h e paraphiliac may become danger­
ward sex should change. Sex curiosity enlightenment remains to be done by
ous when he has strong aggressive
and conduct in children should be re­ psychopathology regarding the mental
tendencies against society or when he
garded as normal and desirable. The states which are not obviously patho­
can allow self-gratification only if
problem cannot be solved except by logical but which have as their basis
punishment is expected to follow.
removal of taboos. Our culture is re­ most profound pathology. Orthopsy­
M uch overt behavior is only a nui­
pressive, inconsistent, making for con­ chiatry must go out of the clinics and
sance; the primary danger is in sad­
flict on the part of the individual. W e see what it can do for delinquent boys
istic tendencies.
need more adequate supervision of the and girls in reformatories, training
C. R O L E O F T H E PA REN TS schools, and see to the training of the
mental health of school children, be­
havior clinics to study, diagnose and younger generation for more healthy
Some, but these are among the more
treat all criminal cases, functioning interpersonal relationships. Psychiatry
popular writers, believe that parents
independently of law-enforcement should reach aggressive or submissive
should warn their children to beware
agencies. W e should train young psy­ children in school and home and take
of strangers, etc. Others believe that
chiatrists for special work in this field. responsibility for child-guidance clin­
such warnings may do more harm
W c need more research, hospitals ics. Psychiatry should study how to
than good. M ost psychiatrists believe
either than jails; psychotherapy rather find sound reforms in legal procedure
that the solution lies with the parents
than brutalizing punishment. W e and police procedure. Psychiatrists
in preventing sexual deviation in their
have much to learn but are not prop- should go further than giving help
children. T hey advise that parents
. 1ly utilizing the knowledge we have. when asked; they have the right and
should assume the role of guide and
W e need a National Criminological the duty to investigate present proce­
adviser, rather than boss; treat the
Institute with the view of contribut­ dures.
child as an equal and present the facts
SECTION II
I’ S Y C H O D Y N A M I C S OF SEXU AL OFFENSES

AND F O R M U L A T IO N OF THE PRO BLEM

 Introduction

< -o n ven tio n al p sy ch ia try offers h u t little b y w a y o f e x p la in in g th e m e a n in g

of sexual offen ses, th e ir p a th o lo g y an d th e ir tre a tm e n t; n o t e ve n clu es. O th e r
discip lin es in te re ste d in th e p ro b lem , su ch as p sy ch o lo g y , so cio lo g y an d so
o n , clo n o t o ffer a n y b e tte r u n d e rsta n d in g or h o p e . P sy ch o d y n a m ics, (in c lu d ­
ing p s y c h o g e n e tic s ), th e stu d y o f th e h o w a n d w h y o f h u m a n b e h av io r,
offers a d ire ct fro n ta l a p p ro a ch to th e stu d y o f th e p ro b lem . In th e v ie w o f
p sych o d y n a m ics, sexual o ffen ses are a d ire ct d e sc e n d a n t o f th e c lin ic a l c o n ­
ditio n k n o w n as p erversio n , or p arap h ilia s, w h ic h d y n a m ic p sych ia try view s
us b ein g esse n tia lly in th e n a tu re o f n euroses. T o u n d erstan d , th e re fo re, th e
p sych o d y n a m ics o f crim in a l p arap h ilia s (sexu al o ffe n se s ), it is n ecessary to
discuss th e p arap h ilia s in gen era l, th e ir b io lo g ic a l a n d p s y c h o lo g ic a l asp ects,
imd then co n sid er th e crim in a l p arap h ilia s w ith in th e fra m ew o rk o f gen eral
parap hilias a n d fu rth e r to co rrela te th o se w ith neuroses in ge n era l to w h ic h
11 icy are g e n e tic a lly related .
15. BISEXUALITY A N D P S Y C H O -

B I O L O G I C A L D E V I A T I O N S

Л. THE B IO L O G IC A L M E A N IN G OL

P R O C R E A T IO N 296

B. THE BASIC AN IM AL B IS E X U A L IT Y 298

C. BISEX U AL D E V IA T IO N S 298

I). C O N SC IO U S H O M O S E X U A L IT Y 299

E. U N C O N S C IO U S H O M O S E X U A L IT Y 299

S U M M A R Y 300

. Bisexuality and Psychobio-
logical Deviations
A. THE B IO L O G IC A L M E A N IN G OF
P R O C R E A T IO N
C onsidered biologically, Id eo lo gically or from w hatever angle, procreation
stands out as the strongest them e in life. E ven the great drive for self-
preservation, pow erful as it no d ou b t is, appears b u t as a corollary to
th a t o f procreation; for w ith o u t th e need for procreation the urge for self-
preservation w ould have becom e m eaningless. T h e capacity of the anim al
to grow is lim ited. N o m atter how m uch food it takes in, it can not grow
beyond a certain size, fairly lim ited and specific for each anim al. T h is
can be observed in such anim alcules as am oeba. T h is one-celled anim al
engulfs all w ithin its sight that is at all absorbable and digestible. T h ere is
a relation betw een th e mass o f the anim al and its surface. W h e n this
m axim um relationship betw een the mass and th e surface has been reached,
internal changes set in signifying regenerating activities. W h e th e r the tw o
phenom ena are closely related to each other, standing in som e sort of rela­
tionship, as cause and effect, or are m erely coincid en tal and fortuitous,
this reviewer can not say.
T h u s, w hatever the situation, every livin g anim al tends to conserve itself;
it m ust grow and not perish; procreation is th e m eans b y w hich it cir­
cum vents death and conserves itself into the future. If life can not b e pre­
served indefinitely through continuous living, it can be preserved through
continuous reproduction. D ea th is an individual affair, the fate o f the
Ego; life is racial and the fu n ction o f th e Eros. For m uch o f his life, m an
renews him self in the sexual act, w hich provides him w ith further energy
to struggle for his individual existence. H e rarely dies w ith ou t leaving a
progeny behind him . T h a t is his function in the eternal schem e o f life and
living. T h e individual is only an instance; race is the all-im portant thing.
In som e anim als, n otably in insects, procreation seems to be the only
reason for existence. T h e m ale m ay be very dim inutive, m uch sm aller than
th e fem ale. H e fertilizes her and dies at that or is eaten up by the fem ale.
296
Bisexuality and Psychobiological Deviations 297
O r the m ale is born, fertilizes the fem ale eggs and then b oth die w ith ou t
seeing their progeny. In m any instances they do not even eat. T h e y are
b om and live on ly to procreate. T h e poligenia is a strange butterfly, the
fem ale o f w hich has never been seen. She is fertilized before she is even
born, dies instantly on birth, is baby and m other at the same tim e. For
all his com plexities and em bellishm ents, m an is basically of th e same order.
U n til b u t recently, it has been th e biologist’s b elief, based on facts then
available, th at there are tw o form s of procreation: asexual (fission, di­
vision, sporulation, b u d d in g ), and sexual; considered quan titatively, at
least, the form er was th e m ore numerous. H ow ever, recent studies by proto­
zoologists (Sonneborn, Jennings and others) have shown quite conclusively
that regardless o f how frequently and to w h at extent an anim al m ay en­
gage in an asexual form of production, sooner or later it is b ound to en­
gage in sexual reproduction, of w hich the m ost prim itive form is conjuga­
tion. Indeed, it is claim ed for the param ecium th at it has eight sexes, no
less, and th at the choice o f one param ecium for another is determ ined by
some h ighly specific conditions such, perhaps, as surface tension, and so on.
T o be sure, W o o d ru ff o f Y a le has m anaged to produce several thousand
generations o f param ecia b y division only, b u t it m ust b e rem em bered th at
this was done under h igh ly favorable experim ental conditions. In actual
life, how ever, it has been observed th a t after a period of asexual repro­
duction, such as division, the daughter cells b ecom e smaller, less vigorous,
eventually dying ou t unless rejuvenated b y the process o f conjugation.
It is th e fun ction o f this process to elim inate from th e conjugatin g cells
Ihe accum ulated waste products w hich interfere w ith its livin g and thus
give the daughter cells a clean start. F o r anim als die n ot so m uch from
accidents, injuries or diseases as such, b u t from th e b od y’s inability to
lake care of the accum ulated waste products, catabolism exceeding anabo­
lism.
C on ju gatio n is an extrem ely com plicated process. T h e problem centers
not only in the cell as such b u t more particularly in the nucleus, w hich
appears to have the m ost im portant function in conjugation. T h e discovery
ol chrom osom es b y M a c C lu n g , and later of the genes w ithin th e chromo-
'.omcs, has greatly accelerated our understanding o f the process o f conjuga­
tion and reproduction. H ow ever, E . E . Just has shown that th e protoplasm
outside o f the nucleus is n ot entirely inactive. Indeed, it is very active in
supplying th e nucleus w ith the m aterial out of w hich it can form the
needed substances. W ith in the chrom osom es w e find the h igh ly im portant
genes w hich determ ine th e specific form ation of various parts of the anim al
body. T h e genes them selves are h igh ly com plex proteins and it is upon the
understanding of these th a t biological research is centered. T h e rediscovery
ol M end el’s original work and the great im petus given to M end elism by
.■inch pioneer A m erican workers as Т . H . M organ, H . S. Jennings, C alv in
Bridges, II. M u ller, T h . D obzhan sky, has greatly contributed to the acl-
vauccm cn t o f our understanding o f genetics. E ven the w h ole concep t o f
 2Q« Bisexuality and Psychobiological D eviations
Bisexuality and Psychobiological Deviations 299
p r o S v tiie’ t S '' ■ '" '“ ‘ У .......... Mgl.t o l genetic., w hich at present i, that th e bisexuality does n ot always stay w ith in th e confines o f hetero­
probably th e b e st o rg a n ize d , m o st a c tiv e b ra n ch o f b io lo g y .
sexuality so far as the relation o f the sexes is concerned b u t that every
now and then w e are confronted w ith deviations. In hum ans such devia-
B. TH E B A S IC A N I M A L B I S E X U A L I T Y lions are seen in th e form o f hom osexuality, w herein the individual, though
apparently b elon ging anatom ically to on e sex, behaves him self as if b e­
T h u s , th r o u g h o u t th e a n im a l k in g d o m u p to a n d in c lu d in g m an w e see th a t
longing to the other sex.
th e process o f p ro cre a tio n is o f th e g rea test im p o rta n ce to th e u n d e r s t a n d
I licse deviations m ay n ot be a particular problem am ong low er animals
b S s ° В Е е х и а г Г 188' 9®nctl,c a lly aI1 Iivin § b e in g s are b u ilt on a bisex u a l and subhum ans b u t they becom e a terrifically im portant problem am ong
B u t w hile d c H Pr° V CS gr° Wl:l1’ greater f r i a b i l i t y and evolution. liumans, for they disturb the socially-accepted and socially-desirable hetero­
B u t w hile everything m nature, up to subhum ans, m oves along a fairly
sexuality w ith ou t w hich society could n ot go on perpetuating itself. T h ese
n ^ h e n de'% CirC7 SCrd ed SCaIe’ b e - g g u id ed b y in stin ct, e ve ry now" deviations, needless to say, have their definite biological causations; and
a n d th e n d e via tio n s fro m th e n o rm a l o ccu r. T o w h a t e x te n t su ch d e via tio n s
111 spite o f their relatively small num ber, they produce m any difficulties,
includ ing sexual deviations, influence the behavior o f th e group or the
because am ong hum ans there is superim posed the added elem ent o f psy­
G o ld s Ь -Г - gr° UP iS h a rd ly kn0W n' W h e t h e r th e b e h a v io r o f chological influences.
d iffe r e n d fr o m £ t T r b ■g y n a n d ro m o rP h s> L illie ’s fre e m a rtin , is
tteren t fro m t h a t o f th e g ro u p is n o t k n o w n . C o n c e iv a b ly it c a n n o t b e
D. C O N SC IO U S H O M O S E X U A L IT Y
b e h a r io r r f f " A ” ' h r m z tio m a m o ” S <>» in flu e n ce th e
<hn itting from the present consideration those rare instances o f hum an
herm aphrodites (a n a to m ical), the ch ief deviations am ong hum ans take two
fte Pal,emS> n" ertheleSS d° B forms. O n e is the openly-expressec}, overt deviation o f an individual who,
I hough considered anatom ically as belon ging to one sex, psychologically
A s w e a d v a n c e a lo n g th e a n im a l scale w e find th e h erm aphroditic a n im a l
leans or m oves tow ard th e characteristics o f the other sex, and thereby
a d c S e d S ^ t h e f 3 hm a n im a 1' 1П inSCCtS b lse x u a lity is so m a rk ed ly com es to look upon his ow n sex as the only one w hereby h e can effect a
b e lo n g s to an 1 л g re a tly differC n t fr0m th e m a le an d ^ i f ^ sexual adjustm ent. H ere w e find tw o variations: one, the absolute, w ho
i к f SpeC16S- A s We S ° n P- a n im a ls b e c o m e n o t o n ly m ore will accept only a person o f the same sex as a sexual partner, and th e
b isex u a l b u t even m o re d im o rp h ic a n d th e ir life is o rg a n ize d on th a t basis.
oilier w ho adjusts him self in a bisexual way. T h ese tw o types o f adjust-
II к ol are not, in the nature o f things, accepted w ith equanim ity b y society,
C. B I S E X U A L D E V I A T I O N S whi ch condem ns such individuals, w ith the result that they suffer a great
(leal.
T h a t b is e x u a lity is a lw a ys p re se n t in a n im a ls a n d th e p a rtic u la r a n im a l is
n e v e r m o n o se x u al, is cle a rly e v id e n t in th o se cases w h e re tra n sfo rm a tio n
fro m o n e sex in to th e o th e r sex takes p la ce . T h e r e are re co rd ed in d a n c e s E. U N C O N S C IO U S H O M O S E X U A L IT Y
o f ch ick en s w h ic h , h a v in g lo st th e ir ovaries b y tu b e rcu lo sis or e x p e rim e n ta l
I hcic is also another group o f individuals w ho, on the surface at least,
m o n e T k e e n Y h V ^ f f i t0 thC Ша1е *УРе’ SU ggesting t h a t th e fe m a le h o r­ w ould appear to be heterosexual; they proclaim that n othin g is m ore im ­
m o n es k e ep th e m a le h o rm o n e s in ch e ck ; w h e n th a t in h ib itio n is re m o ve d
th e a n im a l reverts to th e m a scu lin e ty p e . re m o ve d portant than adjustm ent to the opposite sex; they are horrified and shud­
der 111 terror a t the m ere suggestion o f any sexual deviation. N evertheless,
T h e ve ry fa c t o f b is e x u a lity m akes it n ecessary to a c c e p t th e c o n c e p t

S W 1
dhatever T * m ay be,0ng a- t o m i c a l l y always
carries w ithin it the fundam ents o f th e oth er sex. G en erally speaking the
psychiatric research has conclusively dem onstrated that this large group
ol men and w om en are heterosexual only in so far as their apparent be­
havior is concerned, b ut th at they are basically troubled by an unusually
b isex u a n a tu re o f th e a n im a l an d th e esse n tia lly h e tero se x u a l re la tio n sh ip
large hom osexual com ponen t w hich seems to give them no rest. It w ould
c re a tio i! o f У^ «»*«■> l h ' P o t i o n a n d p * appear that these people, in their psychobiological developm ent, have not
c a tio n o f th e sp ecies. H o w e v e r, w ith in th e fra m ew o rk o f b ise x u a lity and
taero sexu a ce rta in d e v ia tio n , o c c a ,to n a lly o ccu r. W c а Г а с о „ 1
ы
bee" able to repress or adequately dispose o f th e hom osexual com ponent
which is present in all children and w hich culture tends to repress before
w ith the intersexes o f G old sch m id t, th e gyn an d rom orp h, o f М о гГ п and
•h a . stra n g e c a lf o f L ilh e , w h .c h are b u t fe w o f t h e " i n s t a n t 1 i„ g
lire individual is able to reach a norm al heterosexual stage. W ith in these
di \ ini ions there is great variation, and these unconscious hom osexual com-
Зоо Bisexuality and Psychobiological Deviations

ponents m ay be expressed in a great variety o f ways. T h e se deviations,

unconsciously conditioned and unconsciously repressed, provide us w ith a
great deal of behavior w hich is very disturbing to the individuals them ­
selves, b u t m ore particularly to the society in w hich they live. A t this
point it should be stated th a t different societies in different epochs have
taken these deviations w ith com plete equanim ity. Som e societies have con ­
16. OVERT HOMOSEXUALITY
doned them as a m atter of course, as in G reece and R o m e w hich condoned
b oth incest and hom osexuality, b u t behind this tolerance there always lurks
th e undoubted realization that heterosexuality is the ultim ate biological,
social and psychological aim .
A. TH E M E A N IN G OF TYPES IN
H O M O S E X U A L IT Y 302

SUMMARY B. THE B ISEX U AL 308

T he postulate that procreation is the
strongest theme in life is accepted as
a basic tenet. Procreation is the means
by which every living organism pre­
serves itself into the future. In some
animals, procreation seems to be the
only reason for living. Recent studies
show that every animal, even those
which reproduce asexually, must
sooner or later engage in sexual re­
production.
Genetically, all higher living beings
are built on a bisexual basis; every
animal carries within it the funda­
ments of the other sex. Every now
and then deviations occur. In human
beings, such deviations are seen chiefly
in the form of homosexuality, in
which an individual, apparently be­
longing to one sex, behaves as if be­
longing to the other. Such deviations
disturb the socially accepted hetero­
sexuality without which society could
not perpetuate itself.
T he chief deviations among human
beings take two forms. In one group
we have the individuals who adjust
C. THE W O M A N H O M O S E X U A L 310
themselves entirely homosexually and
will accept only a person of the same
sex as a sexual partner. T h e condem­ SUMMARY 34
nation of society causes such individ­
uals a great deal of suffering which,
however, does not change their basic
attitude. In the other group are those
whose adjustment is at a bisexual
level, the individual consorting sexu­
ally with both sexes. There is still a
third group of individuals who appear
on the surface to be heterosexual, but
in whom a large homosexual compo­
nent, present in all children but nor­
mally repressed by the culture, gives
them no rest. Such deviations are dis­
turbing to the individuals and to the
society in which they live. Exception­
ally, some societies have condoned
such deviations, while realizing that
heterosexuality is the ultimate biolog­
ical, social and psychological aim.
Modern culture, by far, does not toler­
ate the homosexual, although it is
more tolerant than several hundred
years ago.

1 6 . O vert H om osexuality
A. THE M E A N IN G OF TYPES IN
H O M O S E X U A L IT Y
A num ber of persons, w hen asked to enum erate different types of h o m o ­
sexuals, w ill give w idely varying answers, basing their classifications on
specific character traits, social attitudes, physical appearance, mannerisms,
etc. O n e frequently hears a particular hom osexual described as “ the swishy
typ e,” this being an uncom plim entary reference to his peculiarly effem i­
nate m annerisms, w hile another w hose hom osexual leaning is n ot percepti­
ble to the ordinary observer m ay b e referred to as “ the m asculine type.”
T h e n there is, of course, the prom iscuous type, w ho corresponds m ore or
less to a fem ale prostitute, and th e conservative type, w ho confines his
hom osexual life to relations w ith only one partner, or w h o m akes only
discreet and com paratively few hom osexual contacts. T h ese superficial
differences, how ever, are not w h a t w e m ean w hen w e speak of “ types of
hom osexuals.” O n e definition of “ type” is “ a prim ary division of the anim al
or vegetable kingdom .” W h a t w e are principally concerned w ith here are
prim ary divisions, n ot classifications based on differing aspects o f person­
ality.
N o r are w e concerned here w ith the laten t or unconscious hom osexual,
b u t on ly w ith the overt or practicing hom osexual w ho is n ot only fully
aware of his hom osexuality, b u t w ho gives it m ore or less free expression
b y engaging in definite hom osexual acts.
T o begin w ith, w e m ust separate hom osexuals from bisexuals, th e first
being the absolute or m ono-hom osexual w ho has had no heterosexual ex­
perience and w ho know s only hom osexuality; w hile the second is the indi­
vidual w ho engages alternately in sexual relations w ith persons of th e op­
posite sex and persons o f th e sam e sex; w h o “ goes b oth w ays,” as we
m ight say. W h ile , to a certain extent, th e types o f hom osexuality w hich w e
shall discuss are applicable to b oth th e absolute hom osexual and the b i­
sexual, it w ill be less confu sing to consider them separately.
C o n fin in g ourselves first, therefore, to the absolute hom osexual, w h at are
th e controlling types, the primary divisions, w hich w e find represented by
hom osexuality? T h ese types m ay be reduced to tw o contrasting pairs—
the active and th e passive, the anal and the oral. T h e y arc not m u tu ally
302
Overt Homosexuality 303
exclusive. B y active and passive w e refer n ot so m uch to m ethods o f be­
havior as to psychological attitudes. B y anal and oral we refer prim arily
to m ethods of behavior. B ut the active and th e passive m ay b e either anal
or oral, w hile the anal and the oral m ay b e either active or passive. N o r
are the separate parts o f each pair necessarily exclusive, for w e find certain
individuals w ho are now active and now passive, as w ell as certain individ­
uals w ho are now anal and now oral. Perhaps it is m ore correct to say
they are active on som e occasions w ith som e people, b u t passive on oth er
occasions w ith other people. T h ese terms represent, in m any cases, only a
preferred attitude or a predom inating trend.
B y “ a ctive” w e m ean aggressive; possessing an attitud e m ore nearly
approaching th e role o f th e m ale in a heterosexual relation. B y “ passive”
we m ean submissive; possessing an attitud e m ore nearly approaching the
role o f th e fem ale in a heterosexual relation. T h e active hom osexual makes
of his hom osexual partner som ething more nearly resem bling a w om an, or,
in certain instances, som ething m ore nearly resem bling a child. A ctiv ity and
passivity are essentially m ental or em otional attitudes, accom panied, of
course, by corresponding physical behavior.
W e m igh t at this po in t risk th e m ention of another “ type,” although it
does not really constitute “ a prim ary division” ; and that is th e narcissistic
type. T h e predom in an tly narcissistic hom osexual (all hom osexuals are nar­
cissistic to a large extent) loves him self. F requ en tly he suffered as a child
from a lack o f m other-love, or he w anted a great deal m ore m other-love
than he received, and subsequently developed a strong m other identifica-
lion. Som etim es fear of th e m other plays an im portant part. F en ichel ob ­
serves :
“ In quite a num ber o f m ale hom osexuals, the decisive identification
w ith th e m other was m ade as an ‘identification w ith the aggressor,’ th at
is, in boys w ho were very m uch afraid o f their m others.”
I here are the cases w hich we have already referred to in w hich th e active
hom osexual m akes o f his hom osexual partner som ething m ore nearly re­
sem bling a child. H e identifies him self w ith his m other and loves him self
in the person of his partner as he had w anted his m other to love him . If,
on the other hand, he is predom inantly passive, he identifies the partner
w ith his m other and enjoys receiving from him the affection w hich he
lailccl to receive from his m other as a child. B u t this so-called narcissistic
type m erely constitutes a subdivision. Lie still rem ains either active or
passive, anal or oral.
By the anal type w e m ean, o f course, th e hom osexual w ho engages ex-
clusively or preferably in active or passive paederasty, w hose m ethod of
sexual con tact involves the use of the anus— his own if he be passive, his
partner’s if he be active. Sim ilarly, b y the oral type w e m ean the h om o­
sexual w ho, exclusively or preferably, m akes use o f his m outh in sexual
iclations. A ccordin gly w e speak o f active and passive fellatio. B ut here we
11111 into a contradiction betw een th e physical and the psychological be­
304 Overt Homosexuality Overt Homosexuality 305
cause, as a general rule, th e individual w ho perform s active fellatio is re­ W.ft t a X P; ^ mtinS p
attitude of one aS contrasted
lg
o
ch
sy
ally passive, w hile the individual w ho enjoys passive fellatio is really ac­
tive. W e can only speak of active and passive fellatio in terms of physical (M e n tio n o f the anal and oral types in hom osexuality should n ot be
approach. T h e relation of the oral type to fellatio is n ot th e sam e as that confused w ith discussions o f the anal and oral character in connection w ith
o f the anal type to paederasty. In paederasty th e distinction betw een active
co verT b v m 3nd PSychoses' 3 Sub’ect w hich is extensively
and passive is clear-cut and obvious. T h e active paederast penetrates the covered by m any psychoanalytical writers. W h ile anal and oral character
anal orifice; the passive paederast subm its to penetration o f his anal
men o f УЬ аП mP0? n t ° П th e ^ « g e n e s i s and develop-
orifice by his hom osexual partner. T h e procedure is an im itation of hetero­ ™ na ” an5 У T 3 PsyclK)analy t‘cal standpoint, the terms
sexual intercourse, w ith the anus substituted for a nonexistent vagina. B u t 3 3‘ ‘? nd ° ra , as ,u sed here exclusively to m ethods o f sexual
no such distinction exists where fellatio is concerned. T h e hom osexual w ho g atification, th at is, the em ploym ent, respectively, o f th e anus or the
perform s active fellatio is th e one w h o is penetrated; th e hom osexual m outh in hom osexual relations.)
w ho enjoys passive fellatio is actu ally the penetrator. In other words, so- 1 W h ' le the m entl0n o f the oral type instantly leads one to thin k o f fe l­
called active fellatio is really passive, and vice versa. W e speak of the latio, that is not the on ly form o f oral behavior. Excessive and protracted
individual w ho perform s fellatio as b ein g “ a ctive” only because, at least
ora/tvn e S o m e r 0Ser v al b0dy * 3 freqUent cha^ t e r h t i c o f the
in a m ajority of cases, he is physically aggressive; he “ does the w ork,” as ype. Som etim es this involves extensive use o f the tongue (th e tongue
it were, (on e hom osexual has referred to th e practice o f fellatio as “ w ork­
orfnwhMH b CXtenSiVf y em Pb y e d in fclla tio > too) in “ soul-kissing,”
ing” ) w hile his “ passive” partner does little or n othin g in a physical sense, or in w h at the hom osexual argot describes as “ going around the world ”
b u t it is he nevertheless w ho ejaculates into the oral cavity in the same w ich m eans licking the entire body w ith the tongue. Som etim es particular
m anner as he w ould into a vagina. In a psychological sense, therefore, he body areas are selected, on a partialistic basis. In analingus (what the
is “ active,” w h ile the so-called active partner, th e “ w orker,” is psychologi­ hom osexual argot calls “ rim m ing” ) the ton gue is used on th e anus A
cally passive. m asochistic hom osexual often wants to kiss or lick his partner’s feet O n e
D eterm in ation o f th e active and passive roles in fellatio, how ever, is
som etim es influenced b y the position assumed by th e respective partners. t he Tbuttocks
b X t To fh his
rteVsleeping
hat hepartner,
lay for and
the sucking
b etter P3rt o f an inh^very
on them 2 m
n uch
g
In a m ajority of cases th e so-called passive partner lies on his back, w hile the sam e fashion as an infan t w ould suck the m aternal breast. In this par-
the so-called active one operates from above. In colloquial phraseology, “ l * 4 ; b " tt° ck* had un doubtedly becom e a substitute for the fe-
the so-called active partner “ goes dow n on ” the so-called passive one. B ut ale breast, o f w hich the individual m ay have been prem aturely deprived
there are instances in w hich one partner lies w ith his m outh directly in infancy. K issing and licking the nipples is another oral activity fre-
under th e loins of the oth er and receives the penis in m uch the same
te iT a J s T gl Ш ^ CT tam h ° m0SeXUals’ and one occasionally en coun ­
fashion as a w om an w ould receive it in her vagina. T h is procedure changes ters a passive hom osexual in w hom the nipples have becom e a definitely
the custom ary pattern and introduces one w hich has a m uch closer rela­
r S t So Zthaet d n d -Wl^ K enVeS fr° m thei™ ^ a Hon a pleasm e com7
tion to paederasty; for here the partner w ho lies underneath is, of course, . able to that derived by a w om an from the caressing o f her breasts
“ passive,” w hile th e one over him is obviously “ active” ; the one above n these various form s o f oral behavior the distinction betw een active and
penetrates w hile th e on e b elow receives. It is an im itation of heterosexual
titudes than ° U , ° Пе’ f nd is dePen den t m ore upon psychological at­
intercourse, w ith the m outh substituted for the nonexistent vagina. B u t here titudes than upon physical aggressiveness. W h ile in a m ajority o f cases
also, as in the position first described, it is the penetrator w ho is psycho­ such oral antics are “ active,” there are obviously num erous exceptions
logically active, on ly in this particular instance he is physically active too,
s l H p T 'c e t a m E 'n ’ ^ ’ Wh° S6 iS ° П6 ° f submission and wor-
w hile it is the penetrated w ho is psychologically passive, and in this in ­ , . - Passive> no m atter how orally aggressive he m ay be
stance physically so as w ell.
p te S l w I f th e substitutes his partner’s nip
In fellatio, then, penetration spells activity in a psychological sense, 1 buttocks for the m aternal breast is psychologically passive in the
w h ile reception spells passivity, irrespective o f the physical activity or pas­ same sense as a nursing infant, in th at he is prim arily receprive a l t W h
sivity involved in the m odus operandi. us oral behavior is physically aggressive. ( O f course" a nursing n Z §*
W h a t about m utual fellatio, the position w hich colloquial phraseology also aggressive (active) to a certain extent.)
describes as “ sixty-nine” ? H ere w e have sim ultaneously b oth active and
* « ° f f 3? ’ With„a m a)ority o f absolute hom osexuals th e con-
passive behavior on th e part o f each o f tw o individuals. T h e answer can I ‘ ctive and passive are on ly relative. It is highly questionable
only b e that each is b oth. T h e only distinction betw een them m ust be w iclher there are m any hom osexuals w ho conform absolutely to type
 Overt Homosexuality
w hen it com es to actual practice. T h is is particularly true in th e case o f
th e prom iscuous hom osexual w ho m akes contacts in p u b lic places under a
social disguise. U n til they have an opportunity to be alone together, he
does n ot know the behavior pattern of the acquain tance he has just m ade
in a bar or n ightclu b or other sim ilar place. If it develops th a t they are
b oth active b y preference, obviously they can not be active together.
T h ere has to be a com prom ise, and on e o f them m ust assume the passive
role; or they m ay “ take turns” and thus exchange roles. T h e y are n ot like
a m an and a w om an w hose roles are already ph ysically created; their roles
are only psychologically created, and th e exigencies of th e social situation
call for m any com prom ises w hich th e heterosexual couple does n o t need
to consider at all.
H om osexual partners w ho engage in intercrural intercourse frequently
exchange roles, first one and then the other assum ing the m asculine po­
sition. W h o is active and w ho is passive? E ach of them is alternately
b oth in so far as physical behavior is concerned, although one of them
m ay b e m uch more active or passive psychologically than the other. W h o
is active and w ho is passive in m utual m asturbation? B oth partners are
active physically. T h e preponderance o f activity or passivity can only b e a
m atter o f feelin g or phantasy.
F en ichel says:
“ T erm s like subject hom oerotic and ob ject hom oerotic h ave only a
relative significance. A ctiv e hom osexuality in a m an m ay serve to repress
a deeper passive hom osexual lon ging and vice versa.
In conn ection w ith the discussion of active and passive types of h om o­
sexuals, it should also b e stated th a t these can b y no m eans be judged on
th e basis o f physical appearance or external personality. A stevedore or
a truck-driver or another individual w ho m ay have all the earmarks of
rugged m asculinity m ay b e a passive paederast. O n th e other hand, there
are m any effem inate m en w h o m ight b e suspected o f hom osexual inclina­
tions w ho are n ot hom osexual at all bu t w ho, in so far as their sexual orien­
tation is concerned, are far m ore norm al than som e of their neighbors
w ho have a m uch m ore m asculine appearance.
O v ert hom osexuality concerns itself entirely w ith those hum an beings
w ho though anatom ically b elon ging to one sex function at th e level of
the oth er sex. H ere w e have tw o types, one th a t m ay b e called the abso­
lute w ho functions entirely at the hom osexual level, w ith never as m uch
as an overt suggestion o f any relations w ith the opposite sex, and the
bisexual w ho appears to m ake an adjustm ent at b o th levels. 1 hough these
tw o types differ greatly from each other, it is n ot always an easy m atter
to determ ine to w h ich group one particular individual belongs. If an indi­
vidual has lived his entire life as an absolute hom osexual b u t there is one
recorded instance that at the age of seventeen he attem p ted heterosexual
relations and was or was n ot successful, this b ein g the only such experience
Overt Homosexuality 307
he ever had, should such an individual be classed w ith the absolute or
w ith th e bisexual? Research on the subject is sadly lacking.
W ith in the group of absolute hom osexuals there are again sexual sub­
divisions. W e have already discussed these as th e active and the passive,
th e anal and th e oral type, and have shown th at w ith respect to th e first at
least— the active and th e passive— any description is a m ore or less arbi­
trary one; th at frequent changes o f role occur; and that, in the last analy­
sis, activity and passivity can only be considered, at least in a m ajority
o f cases, from a psychological standpoint rather than from the standpoint
of physical behavior.
In term s of choice o f a love object, some hom osexuals are generally
prom iscuous and indiscrim inate; som e choose special types, e. g., young
boys of teen-age and teen-age only; some prefer blond boys o f about
tw enty, twenty-five years o f age, som e married m en, preferably having
children (evidence o f virility) etc.
In terms of personality make-up, physical and psychic, th e absolute h om o­
sexual m ay b e view ed from several angles w hich are divided into three
groups: ( 1 ) the prim ary sex characteristics (2) th e secondary sex char­
acteristics (3) the tertiary sex characteristics.
U nder the primary sex characteristics w e include all those physical, ana­
tom ical features w hich clearly, definitely and unm istakably differentiate
one sex from another, even if on the basis of bisexuality each sex may
have cryptic fundam ents o f the other. T h e testes and th e penis in the
male, the ovaries and the uterus in the fem ale are essentially anatom ical
characteristics th a t b elon g to the respective sexes. So far as w e know ,
llicse prim ary sex characteristics are not noticeably different in absolute
homosexuals than they are in norm al persons o f the same sex and it has
been determ ined th at the sperm atozooa in th e m ale hom osexual and the
ova in th e fem ale hom osexual are no different in any know n w ay from
I hose o f the norm al individual.
U n der th e heading o f secondary sex characteristics w e include those
which are found in b oth sexes b u t are in som e quan titative or qualitative
way different from those o f the norm al. T h e hair o f the fem ale is know n
Iо be softer, silkier and m ore w avy than that of the m ale. T h e distribution
ol hair is different. W o m e n do n ot have a grow th o f beard nor do they
have any hair on th e chest. T h e configuration o f the hair at the pubis is
Inangular, th e base inverted and the apex reaching toward th e labia. Flair
mi the abdom en is lacking. T h e breasts are fully developed. T h e hair of
men is coarser, has a w ider distribution in that it covers the m am m ae, the
1 l ust and th e abdom en and reaches below th e level o f the penis. G y n e ­
com asty in m en has been observed as also flat-chestedness in w om en, b u t
Ilie,sc are not necessarily an indication of hom osexuality b u t more an ex-
(iicssion of glandular disturbance. T h e menses are likely to start later in
hom osexual w om en b u t there is no absolute rule about it.
308 Overt Homosexuality
T h e norm al w om an has w ide hips and narrow shoulders. H om osexual
w om en, som e o f them at least, m ay have narrow hips and w ider shoulders,
approaching the m asculine type. T h e norm al m ale has w ide shoulders and
narrow hips. T h e m ale hom osexual is likely to have w ider hips and narrow
shoulders, h u t again there is no set rule abou t it. M u ch o f the popular
opinion n otw ithstanding, it is n ot, as a rule, possible to recognize b y sight
a m ale hom osexual or a w om an hom osexual though in a relatively small
num ber of cases th e m an m ay give him self away b y his particular b e­
havior. A good deal m ay b e regarded as b eing environm ental and cul­
tural; acquired rather than hereditary. T h e voice o f th e m ale hom osexual
is likely to be like th a t of the average m ale although H irschfeld rem arked
th a t w hen you get a large num ber o f them in a room and listen to their
talk from a distance, th ey sound exactly like a group of w om en chatting.
U n der th e heading of tertiary sex characteristics one includes those w hich
are chiefly behavioral or psychological. T h e hom osexual m an is apt to b e an
artist although th a t does n ot indicate b y any m eans th a t all artists are
hom osexual; far from it. H om osexual m en are likely to dress in a m ore
free and fancy w ay, w hich, how ever, m ay be purely cultural. W o m e n
hom osexuals can b e as lovely and attractive as th e average w om an and
can n o t be recognized, or differentiated from others, b y superficial be­
havior. In form er tim es, they used to dress rather conspicuously in
severely-tailored clothes, wear slacks, etc., b u t this has now becom e so
w id ely accepted th a t it has ceased to b e o f value as a differentiating
characteristic.
B. TH E BISEX U AL
T h e bisexual type differs in m any respects from th e absolute type. T h e
various personality characteristics— primary, secondary and tertiary as de­
scribed for the absolute hom osexual— do n ot hold as strictly for the b i­
sexual. Som e never marry, even though m aintaining relations w ith the op­
posite sex. Som e marry and find it difficult not to be married; b u t as a
group they are of th e passive m asculine type and their wives are active
and energetic, though perhaps the w eak, passive husband forces them into
a position o f dom inance. T h e general clinical im pression is th a t those
bisexuals w ho do n ot marry are o f the m ore active energetic type. W ith
reference to choice of a hom osexual love object, som e prefer very young
boys, som e older m en, or even old m en, some prefer m arried m en, etc.
T h e bisexual, like th e absolute hom osexual, is active or passive, anal or
oral. In a m ajority o f cases, how ever, h e is m ore likely to b e passive than
active, because passivity is th e elem ent w hich he finds lacking in hetero­
sexual relations. A s a fu n ctio n in g heterosexual he is expected to be active.
In hom osexuality, therefore, he seeks passivity. H e is m ore likely to be a
passive paederast or to perform active fellatio, w hich, as w e have already
Overt Homosexuality 309
insisted, is active on ly in the strictly physical sense, b u t really passive from
a psychological p o in t o f view.
In speaking o f bisexuals, w e m ust exclude those w ho are o n ly theo­
retically so. W h a t w e m ean here b y a bisexual is th e m an w h o alternates
>ctw een heterosexuality and hom osexuality. H is indulgence in one m ay be
m uch greater than his indulgence in th e other, b u t over a considerable
period o f tim e he indulges in b oth. N o w there is a type o f hom osexual
w ho at som e tim e in his life has had heterosexual relations, perhaps only
once perhaps a few tim es, perhaps for an appreciable period, b ut w ho has
ally passed over com pletely into hom osexuality. T h eo retically he is bi­
sexual, for he has shown not only th a t he had a heterosexual com ponen t
(of course every hom osexual has a heterosexual com ponen t o f som e d e­
scrip tion ), bu t th at he could function heterosexually (som ething w hich the
absolute hom osexual can not do regardless o f w hatever slight heterosexual
com ponent he m ay h a ve ); b u t he did n ot rem ain a bisexual in practice.
I Ie ceased to cultivate his Jieterosexuality and surrendered com pletely
lo hom osexuality; he becam e to all intents and purposes a hom osexual.
mm the standpoint o f theoretical classification, he is still a bisexual, b u t
from a practical stan dpoint he has ceased to be one. F or years he has led
a strictly hom osexual existence, and w hatever heterosexuality he once pos­
sessed has been abandoned and all b u t forgotten. T h is sort of m an is not
what w e m ean here w hen w e speak o f a bisexual, for he is m erely a h om o­
sexual w ith a bisexual past. W h a t w e m ean b y a bisexual is a m an w ho
continues to live on b oth sides o f the tracks; n ot one w ho on ce lived on
one side and then m oved over to the other, for this second man is like a
legal resident o f one jurisdiction w ho still continues to talk abou t the one
in w hich h e was born, b u t w hich hasn’t seen him , and w hich he hasn’t
seen for so m any years th a t it no longer remembers he ever existed.
W ith respect to th e bisexual, it seems probable th at social factors have
a greater influence on his hom osexuality than th ey do in the case o f the
absolute hom osexual. O n ce the latter has accepted hom osexuality as inevi-
1' , 1>1S conflict is usually reduced to a m inim um . H e becom es reconciled
In Ins hom osexual status, and sim ply tries to m ake th e best of a bad busi­
ness. B ut the bisexual, know ing th at his heterosexuality is socially approved
wl ul c his hom osexuality is socially condem ned, is in m any cases the sub-
I11 I о greater conflict. If he is predom inately hom osexual b y inclination,
he will nevertheless m ake a strong a ttem p t to m aintain his heterosexuality
hn social reasons; if he is predom inately heterosexual, he w ill experience
nl Ihe m ore conflict because o f his occasional lapses into hom osexuality,
heic are, how ever, those w ho are prim arily sexual and w ho accept homo-
■xiiahty along w ith heterosexuality as a m eans o f sexual gratification,
I hni choice o f either b ein g dictated b y op portun ity rather than by specific
1 <i lion. I Ins type o f bisexual is m ore likely to be active in hom osexual
" .il ions, because the em phasis in his case is upon sex rather than upon a
I'Hi licular kind o f psychological or em otional satisfaction.
Зю Overt Homosexuality
It is n ot our purpose here to discuss th e etiology o f hom osexuality. T h e
question of w hy an individual is hom osexual is part of the investigation of
neurosis W e are here concerned only w ith those w ho n ot on у are om o
sexual b u t w ho consistently engage in hom osexual behavior, ^ wrtii an
attem p t to separate them into their essential prim ary divisions w ith respect
to their hom osexual behavior patterns.
C. TH E W O M A N H O M O S E X U A L
T h e foregoing considerations apply to m en, b u t w ith som e m inor, perhaps
specific, exceptions or m odifications, m ay equally w ell apply to w om en.
T h ere are absolute w om en hom osexuals as there are a iso ute meni 10
sexuals T h e re are w om en hom osexuals w ho from as far b ack m
lives as they can rem em ber have m ade up their m inds never, never to
marry. O n e w om an hom osexual stated th a t th e very idea o f a penis is dis­
gusting to her and th a t th e m ere suggestion th a t a perns m ay ever ei
her vagina is so horrifying to her as to m ake her trem ble. H ere w e have
w h at we have fou n d am ong m ale hom osexuals— disgust w ith th e opposi e
sex A n oth er w om an hom osexual has always chosen for her partners w on
o f the definite fem in ine type, the type of w om an th a t.w o u ld a p p e a l to he
average m an; because in her psychological m ake-up she considcrcd h c^ cl
a m an. She was rather naive and artless in m any of th e ways of life and
naturally her choice o f a particular type of partner the fem in ine y j ,
d oom ed her to constan t disappointm ent. She w ould begin to go after
very w om anly w om an w ho usually w ould n o t understand w h at she was
after and then th e love object w ould suddenly get m arried or otherwise
disappear from th e horizon and leave th e patien t com pletely frustrated.
T h e re are how ever, w om en hom osexuals w ho are very ingenious and can
inveigle norm al young w om en into a love affair w ith o u t the young w om an
in question b ein g in th e least suspicious that she is being involved in a
hom osexual situation. I am also im pressed w ith w h a t « m s to b e a j c
that w om en hom osexuals are m uch m ore unscrupulous than their paralle
brothers and on ce they get hold of a victim they do n o t let her go un i
^ ir a g T o u p ^ w o m e n hom osexuals are m ore psychopathic than m en h om o­
sexuals and do n ot seek treatm en t as eagerly or as frequently as ie т а с
hom osexuals. Som etim es, how ever, strong anxiety feelings of insecurity
com ing from unconscious sources, or psychosom atic conversion Phenom ena
force them into treatm ent. T h e re is little d ou b t th a t they can b e he peel
if they are earnest in their desire; num erous cases have been cured
L ittle can b e said abou t the prim ary, secondary and tertiary character­
istics of fem ale hom osexuals. A n atom ically th ey do n ot appear to devia
strikingly from th e norm al, thus paralleling th e m ale, althou gh in com m on
w ith m any other neurotics they show certain deviations, as, or instance
irregularities of m enstruation, delayed m enstruation, and w hat is quite
Overt Homosexuality 311
characteristic— repugnance for m enstruation, and so on. T h ere m ay b e in­
adequate or incom plete developm ent o f the breasts b u t that in itself is no
indication o f hom osexuality. Som e have very w ell developed breasts, in­
deed. M a n y very norm al w om en are flat-chested or nearly so. T h e secondary
sex characteristics o f fem ale hom osexuals run parallel to those o f the m ale
althou gh in a m uch lesser degree, according to m y observation, though
according to Llirschfeld, they are even m ore m arked. In appearance they
look m ore like young boys rather than w om en, w hich is contrary to the
popular m isconception th at they are very m asculine. T h e m asculine type
of w om an is not necessarily an aggressive, active hom osexual. In terms of
tertiary sex characteristics, th e personality make-up and so on, they too
show som e deviation from the average althou gh again n ot as conspicuously
as th e male; or else they hide it m ore successfully.
As regards w om en bisexuals, this m ay b e said: A w om an ’s position in
our m odern culture is still a very dependent one in spite o f th e great
deal o f em ancipation th at has been effected. B eing dependent, a w om an
hom osexual is not as com fortable rem aining single as a m ale hom osexual,
l'o r this reason, m any w om en hom osexuals get married, alm ost forcing
them selves into m arriage because they w ant to escape the stigma o f spin-
sterhood, and they are quite conscious o f the social aspects o f their anom ­
aly. N eedless to say that they d on ’t m ake good wives. T h e y m ay or m ay
not have children. P eculiar forms occur am ong them . Som etim es a mas­
culine w om an marries a fem in ine m an and they m ake a good couple. It is
not always an easy m atter to classify them in groups unless in open and
easily observable form s. H ere is the case o f a w om an w ho married. A fter
a year a child was born and “ T h a n k G o d it was a little girl.” T h ree
m onths later she left her husband to w hom she gave no b etter reason for
leaving than th at she was n ot interested in m en at all, all she w anted
was to have a baby; she go t m arried only for the purpose of having a
baby. She has no interest in sex, has no interest in m en. She took the
liltie girl w ith her to her fam ily in north N ew E n glan d w hich consisted of
two unm arried sisters, three m aiden aunts and one grandm other and it is
111 these surroundings th at she was going to bring up her little girl— w ith
what results one can only im agine. Is this w om an a laten t hom osexual?
I 11ere is certainly very little heterosexuality in her. She has a m aternal
instinct w hich m ay be considered a branch of the norm al sexual urge b u t
Ilie norm al sexual urge in this w om an is lacking. H er statem ent “ T h a n k
( lod it was a little girl” is suggestive, and bringing up the child in an all-
woman environm ent certainly does n ot suggest m uch of heterosexuality.
In terms o f psychogenesis of the reaction, parallel etiology applies to
wom en hom osexuals as it does to m en. R ejectio n b y one parent, w ith con-
' 111icnt running to the other parent for security, love and protection, is
loiind here too. M ore than in ordinary neuroses, and not unlike th e cases
"I male hom osexuality, we find here attachm ents and fixations to parents
nl I lie same sex (hom olateral fixations), though fixations on the opposite
ji2 Overt Homosexuality
parent are also found. T h e fixations som etim es turn ou t to b e deceptive
and often secondary. T h e little b oy m ay have been draw n originally to
his m other, w ho for some reason or other did n ot accept him n ot as
m uch as he w ished anyw ay— then he ran to his father w ho did accept him
w ith resultant attachm ent. In such cases the m other always lurks m the
background. T h e sam e is true of the little girl. In hom osexuality, they
achieve sym bolically union w ith th e beloved parent. T h e infatuation they
feel for th e partner m ay b e m erely an expression of dependency on the
original parent. T h u s, w e find here as w e find in so m any other cases,
alm ost universally, bi-parental fixation. T h e psychogenesis of these cases
often goes deeper than ordinary neuroses, to the pregenital stage— sadistic
or anal-sadistic level. T h e indulgence in various paraphilias, as m the
case of m ale hom osexuals, often appears as a desperate attem p t to circum ­
ven t the incest barrier. H om osexuality is n ot as prohibited as incest.
W it h respect to m ethods of gratification, H avelock E llis says:
“ H om osexual passion in w om en finds m ore or less com plete expres­
sion in kissing, sleeping together, and close em braces, as in w hat is
som etim es called ‘lyin g spoons,’ w hen on e w om an lies on her side w ith
her back turned to her friend and em braces her from behind, fitting her
thighs into th e bend of her com panion ’s legs, so th a t her m ons veneris
is in close con tact w ith th e other’s b u ttocks, and slight m ovem en t then
produces m ild erethism . O n e m ay also lie on the other’s bod y, or there
m ay be m utual m asturbation. M u tu a l con tact and friction of th e sexua
parts seem to b e com paratively rare, b u t it seems to have been com m on
in antiquity, for w e ow e to it the term ‘tribadism w hich is som etim es
used as a synonym o f fem in ine hom osexuality, and this m ethod is
said to b e practiced today b y th e southern Slav w om en of th e Balkans.
T h e extrem e gratification is cunnilinctus, or oral stim ulation of th e fem i­
n ine sexual organs, not usually m utual, b u t practiced b y th e m oie active
and m asculine partner; this act is som etim es term ed, b y no m eans satis­
factorily, ‘Sapphism ,’ and ‘Lesbianism .
“ W h ile th e use of the clitoris is rare in hom osexuality, th e use of an
artificial penis is b y no m eans u ncom m on and very w idespread . . . T h e
artificial penis is also used b y hom osexual w om en in various parts of
th e w orld. T h u s w e find it m en tion ed in legends of the N o rth A m erican
Indians and it is em ployed in Zanzibar and M adagascar.
O n e m ale hom osexual w ho has had a great deal of con tact w ith h om o­
sexual w om en divides them into tw o classes, lesbians and dikes, stating
th a t th e lesbians are those w ho practice cunnilingus, w hile th e “ dikes” arc
those w ho em ploy an artificial penis. A ccord in g to his differentiation, the
“ dikes” are m ore aggressive and m ore “ m asculine” in their attitudes than
th e lesbians. T h e term “ dike” is, o f course, one o f the m any em ployed by
hom osexual slang. D o n ald W e b ste r C ory, in “ T h e H om osexual in A m er­
ica,” says:
“ T h e fem ale hom osexual has been called, alm ost universally and w ith
Overt Homosexuality 313
considerable acceptance, a Lesbian, som etim es (althoflgh rarely) a Sap-
phist. Som etim es lady-lover or woman-lover is heard. In th e inner circles,
th e cant-argot includes such terms for th e Lesbian as dike (or d y ke),
stud, and bull (m ore frequently bull-dagger) .”
W it h respect to the fem ale hom osexual w ho em ploys an artificial penis,
there is a possible interesting etiological conn ection w ith b oth the m ale
transvestist and the fetishist, for such a fem ale hom osexual, thus
equipped, is b y this artificial addition, a w om an w ith a penis. M o re than
one authority insists that a w om an w ith a penis is the ob ject sought by
the m ale transvestist, w hile, referring to fetishism , F ran z A lexander
says: “ It has always a ph allic conn otation and denies the absence of
the penis in th e w om an .”
F en ichel observes:
“ T h e hom osexual man replaces his love for his m other b y an id en ti­
fication w ith her; the fetishist refuses to acknow ledge that a w om an has
no penis. T h e m ale transvestite assumes both attitudes sim ultaneously.
H e fantasies that the w om an possesses a penis, and thus overcom es his
castration anxiety, and identifies him self w ith this phallic w om an. H ence
th e fun dam en tal trend of transvestitism is th e same as that foun d in h o ­
m osexuality and fetishism : the refutation o f th e idea that there is dan­
ger o f castration. H ow ever, the identification w ith the m other is estab­
lished not b y im itating her object ch oice b u t rather her ‘b eing a w om an.’
T h e transvestite act has tw o unconscious m eanings: (a) an object-erotic
and fetishistic one: th e person cohabits n ot w ith a w om an b u t w ith her
clothes, th e clothes representing, sym bolically, her penis; (b ) a nar­
cissistic one: the transvestite him self represents the phallic w om an un­
der w hose clothes a penis is hidden. Transvestites w ho are exhibitionistic
about displaying their fem ale attire show their sym bolic penis in the
same m anner and for th e sam e reason as true exhibitionists actually
show their penis.”
O f course, th e fem ale child does n ot suffer from th e fear of castration,
Iиit from the feeling th a t she has been castrated. It w ould seem, there-
fore, that a fem ale hom osexual, w ho attaches to herself an artificial penis
with w hich she tries to b ehave like a m an w ith her hom osexual partner,
1■■closely related etiologically to th a t same castration anxiety w h ich is r-e-
•.ponsible for the behavior of the m ale transvestist and the fetishist.
W ith respect to behavior patterns, w e can not apply to fem ale h om o­
sexuals the terms oral and anal type, as to m ale hom osexuals. A n oral type
Ihere m ay be, for w e know , o f course, th at th e m outh is extensively em ­
ployed hy hom osexual w om en, w hether in kissing, th e caressing of each
ol Iter’s breasts, or in cunnilingus; b u t there can be no such th in g as an
m il type in th e sense in w hich w e have used it in referring to m ale hom o-
■iiMials, w here it is invariably associated w ith paederasty. T h ere are a
lew w om en, how ever, in w hom hom osexuality is com bin ed w ith sadomaso-
1 lusm, w ho express a strong b uttocks partialism . O n e such w om an, w hose
314 Overt Homosexuality
controlling desire was to w h ip another on her buttocks, said th a t n oth in g
thrilled her so m uch as “ th e sight o f a w ell-fitted skirt.” T h is corresponds
to the interest o f certain hom osexual males w ho w ill go ou t of their w ay
to observe another m an w earing tight-fitting trousers w h ich accen tuate
th e outlin e o f th e buttocks.
SUMMARY
T H E M E A N IN G O F T Y P E S
T h e overt homosexual is fully aware
of his homosexuality and engages in
definite homosexual acts. There is a
great variety of these but they all may
be subsumed under the headings of
active or passive, oral and anal; by
active is meant aggressive; by passive,
submissive; though the terms them­
selves are not clearly differentiated
psychologically. By the anal type is
meant the homosexual whose method
of sexual contact involves the use of
the anus; his own if he is passive; his
partner’s if he is active. In fellatio,
the active partner is usually defined
as the one who is penetrated. In mu­
tual fellatio we have both active and
passive behavior. Other oral behavior
is excessive kissing, extensive use of
the tongue; here the distinction be­
tween active and passive is doubtful.
W ith the majority of absolute homo­
sexuals the concepts active and pas­
sive are only relative. Any description
is arbitrary; changes of role occur.
T he absolute homosexual functions
entirely at the homosexual level; the
bisexual appears to make an adjust­
ment at both levels.
Primary sex characteristics are no
different in absolute homosexuals
from those of normal individuals;
spermatozooa and ova are no differ­
ent. Some homosexual men or women
may approach feminine or masculine
types in secondary characteristics, as
Overt Homosexuality 313
pathic than men and do not as read­
Etiology in women parallels that of
ily seek treatment. W om en homosex­ the men; rejection by one parent with
uals appear to be more unscrupulous
consequent running to the other par­
than men; often enough, they do not
ent is often found here. Biparental
let go their victims until they are bled
fixations are common. M ore than in
white.
ordinary neuroses, we find fixations to
Some have well-developed breasts; parents of the same sex. T he psycho­
some are flat-chested, but flat-chested- genesis often goes deeper than that of
ncss in itself is no sign of homosexu­
ordinary neuroses, to the pregenital
ality. The secondary sex characteristics stage; sadistic or anal-sadistic levels.
i un parallel to those of the male,
Gratification may be secured through
though in a lesser degree. They look
voice, hair distribution, etc., but it is kissing, close embraces, mutual mas­
more like young boys than women.
not possible to recognize by sight a turbation, cunnilingus or an artificial
homosexual, though in a relatively In tertiary sex characteristics they penis, this last indicating possible eti­
show less deviation than do the men. ological connections with the castra­
small number of cases they may give
M any women bisexuals marry; since tion anxiety of the male transvestists
themselves away by their behavior. A
good deal may be environmental; ac­ a woman homosexual is not as com­ and fetishist. In a few women, homo­
fortable single as is a man and they
quired rather than hereditary. As re­ sexuality is combined with sadomas­
gards tertiary sex characteristics: be­ can better simulate heterosexuality. ochism and a strong buttocks partial-
I hey do not make good wives. They ism.
havioral or psychological, the homo­
may or may not have children.
sexual man is apt to be an artist,
to dress more freely. Homosexual
women cannot be recognized, even by
severely tailored clothes, since these
are quite universally accepted.
T H E B IS E X U A L
T he bisexual differs from the absolute
type in that he alternates between het­
erosexuality and homosexuality. Per­
sonality characteristics do not hold as
strictly for the bisexual. Some never
marry but maintain relations with the
opposite sex; some marry, but their
wives are apt to be active, energetic;
perhaps forced into dominance by
weak passive husbands. T he bisexual
may be active or passive, anal or oral,
but is more likely to be passive than
active. It is probable that social fac­
tors have a greater influence on his
homosexuality than in the case of the
absolute; he is the subject of greater
conflict.
T H E W O M A N H O M O SE X U A L
There are absolute woman homosex­
uals just as there arc absolute men
homosexuals. T hey arc more psycho­
17. LATENT H O M O S E X U A L I T Y

Л. G E N E R A L C O N SID E R A T IO N S

B. PARAPH ILIAS AND U N C O N S C IO U S

H O M O S E X U A L IT Y

C. H O M O S E X U A L E X P E D IE N T S: FELLATIO ,
C U N N IL IN G U S AND P A E D E R A S T Y

D. IN D E X E S OF L A T E N T H O M O S E X U A L IT Y

E. M A S T U R B A T I O N AS A F O R M OF
M ASK ED H O M O S E X U A L IT Y

F. D R E A M S AS I N D E X E S TO L A T E N T
H O M O S E X U A L IT Y

G. SOCIAL AND LEG AL ASPECTS

S U M M A R Y

17. L atent H om osexuality
A. G E N E R A L C O N S ID E R A T IO N S
T h e problem o f laten t hom osexuality occupies a far larger place in the
field of psychiatric consideration than is generally supposed. In com parison
w ith overt hom osexuality, its role in m ental and em otional disturbances
is a trem endous one. T h e overt hom osexual sooner or later becom es recon­
ciled to his anom alous condition, and his subsequent conflict remains pri­
m arily a social one. A t least he “ know s w h a t he is up against, as the
popular phrase goes; b u t the laten t hom osexual does not. B elievin g h im ­
self to be com pletely norm al, he can not understand w h y he is being criti­
cized socially for some o f his behavior w hich he justifies b y any num ber
o f rationalizations or presum ed reasons except th e real ones. H e is fighting
in th e dark; is engaged in w arfare w ith an invisible and unknow n enemy;
and th e m anifestations o f that conflict are alm ost infinitely varied. U n ­
conscious hom osexuality pervades and perm eates the entire field o f neu­
roses and psychoses; and it m ay be said that w hen and if th e problem of
unconscious hom osexuality is ever solved, th e m ost pressing problem s of
psychiatry w ill be solved.
T h e preponderance o f laten t hom osexuality is n ot at all surprising. M an
is a bisexual anim al and as such his heterosexuality is a biological con ­
dition supported and dictated b y th e prevailing culture. B u t th e same b i­
ological condition leaves th e hom osexual com po n en t unattended to, and
in hum ans unconscious. B u t though unconscious, it is far from being inert;
it m ay b e very active indeed. U nconscious hom osexual conflict in a very
large num ber o f individuals is m ore or less inevitable; for th e degree
o f interference b y the hom osexual com ponen t is dependent upon the vicis­
situdes o f the individual’s developm ent. In fan tile fixations, environm ental
influences, the intrusion o f such strong em otions as unrequited love, unas­
suaged guilt, undischarged hostility, early encouragem ent or prolonged
frustration of the heterosexual im pulse, religious inhibitions, seduction or
initiation b y unscrupulous adults, follow ed b y strong repressive actions
on the part o f their victim s— these and m any other factors enter into a
psychological picture in w hich the hom osexual com ponen t struggles for ex­
pression, and usually finds it on ly vicariously in neurotic or psychotic sym p­
tom s.
318
Latent Homosexuality 319
B. PARAPH ILIAS AN D U N C O N S C IO U S
H O M O S E X U A L IT Y
T h e consideration o f hom osexuality, b oth overt and laten t, is m ost im por­
tant, because it underlies all paraphiliac behavior and is especially difficult
to deal w ith. M a n y o f th e crim inal paraphilias are o f a type th a t do not
appear, at least superficially, as b ein g in any w ay related to hom osexuality.
Y e t virtually all paraphilias relate to unconscious, unresolved hom osex­
uality. F ellatio, cunnilingus, paederasty enacted in a hom osexual fram e­
work are overtly paraphiliac expedients; and they are also paraphiliac in
nature if enacted in a heterosexual setting expressing unconscious h om o­
sexual trends.
C. H O M O S E X U A L E X P E D IE N T S: F ELLA TIO ,
C U N N IL IN G U S AND P E D E R A S T Y
Fellatio m ust b e considered as b ein g basically a hom osexual adaptation or
expedient, because tw o m ale hom osexuals do not have th e m eans o f union
that heterosexuals do, b u t m ust use the m outh or th e anus if any sort of
penetration is em ployed. It m ay be presum ed, therefore, th a t w henever tw o
persons o f th e opposite sex, w hose relations are entirely w ithin th e hetero­
sexual fram ework, indulge in fellatio, such behavior m ust be an expres­
sion of an unconscious hom osexual com ponent. O n ly , for particular rea­
sons in their developm ent these individuals have n ot been able to fully
adopt overt hom osexuality nor are they fully satisfied w ith heterosexuality
proper; th e adaptation o f fellatio is a m idw ay com prom ise. Likew ise, tw o
wom en hom osexuals, being denied m ale organs, often resort to cunnilingus,
which is essentially a fem ale hom osexual adaptation. H ence in th e case of
1 man and a w om an, the perform ance o f cunnilingus b y th e m an m ust be
considered as stem m ing from a basic unconscious hom osexual com ponen t,
especially if the preference is initiated by the w om an, just as in fellatio
the preference m ay be initiated b y the m an. It m ay b e stated, therefore,
licit fellatio, cunnilingus, anal intercourse (paederasty) are hom osexual ex­
pedients and that th e utilization of such types o f behavior w ithin the
li.nncwork o f heterosexuality m ust b e view ed as a paraphilia or perversion.
V irtu ally all perversions (paraphilias) stem from an inadequately de-
' ' loped heterosexuality, the individual having b ecom e arrested m idw ay be-
Iwccn hom osexuality and heterosexuality; and it is these perversions th at
rive rise to a large num ber o f sex offenses.
#
D INDEXES OF L A T E N T H O M O S E X U A L IT Y
M 111у of Ihc indexes to laten t hom osexuality do not even am ount to w h at
wi w ould ordinarily describe as a sym ptom ; they are rather peculiarities,
320 Latent Homosexuality
recognized perhaps b y th e individual him self b u t dismissed as havin g no
particular significance. T h e individual knows, if and w hen he thinks abou t
it at all, that he likes to do this or that, and w h ile he m ay b e w illin g to con ­
cede th at it is a b it unusual, he attaches no m ore im portance to it than h e
w ould to his preference for certain kinds o f food. In this conn ection let
us consider a few exam ples:
1 ) A married m an, th e father o f three children, w h o was never involved
in any situation th at m igh t even rem otely suggest hom osexuality, and w hose
life has been entirely w ithin th e heterosexual fram ework, nevertheless ad­
m its the follow in g peculiarity: In m arital relations he likes to occupy the
succubus position, th at is, the fem in ine position, and to have his w ife as­
sume the m asculine position. H e also likes to have his w ife massage his
breasts. O f course, he has no breasts to massage; his w ife has w ell-developed,
norm al breasts, that w ould be an invitation to any norm al m an. T h is m an
w ould be deeply insulted and profou ndly disturbed if he w ere told that
he had a hom osexual com ponen t, yet th e behavior described is a fairly
clear indication of its existence.
2) A m an w ho suffers from occasional im poten ce finds th a t he can
restore his poten cy if he im agines th a t the thigh o f the w om an is really
th a t o f a m iddle-aged m an or o f a you n g boy, and th a t b y rubbing his
penis against the im agined m an’s or b oy’s th igh he is able to secure an
erection. O n e w ould thin k th a t in this case th e subject w ould certainly
d evelop som e degree o f awareness o f his hom osexual attraction, b u t h e
probably remains w illfu lly blin d to th e im plications o f his phantasy and
refuses to associate it w ith any hom osexual desire.
3) A m an confines his sexual interests exclusively to prostitutes, or he
w ill have sexual relations w ith a w om an w ho is n ot a prostitute on ly if
he can visit her in th e com pany of another m an w h o has sexual relations
w ith her also (preferably first), or if he know s th at she is having frequent
sexual relations w ith other m en. H is unconscious interest in all these situ­
ations is in th e oth er m an, or th e other m en, w hom he approaches indi­
rectly and unconsciously through th e m edium o f th e w om an, and n ot in
th e w om an herself. It is th e fa ct th a t he puts his penis into the vessel pre­
viously used b y oth er m en th at m akes him p o ten t. T h e type com m on ly
know n as th e D o n Juan is n ow generally recognized b y psychiatry as an
unconscious hom osexual w hose never-ending pursuit o f w om en is a mask
w hich conceals his unrecognized hom osexual interest.
4 ) T h e w ife of a physician is obsessed w ith jealousy o f her husband’s
fem ale patients and, unknow n to him , w atches them together through a
secret peep-hole, in order to convince herself th a t his attitu d e tow ard them
is a strictly professional one. U nconsciously, her interest is hom osexual
and is centered on the w om an — n ot on her husband. H er excessive jeal­
ousy is no m ore than a mask for laten t hom osexuality. In like m anner, th e
m ind o f the alcoh o lic paranoiac, w ho is terrifically jealous o f his w ife
Latent Homosexuality 321
for th e attentions she presum ably gets from other m en, is constan tly occu­
pied w ith pictures of th e other m en, m en tally undressing them , etc.
5) T h ere are other equally clear indications o f laten t hom osexuality
w hich are instantly recognized b y m any psychiatrists b u t the significance
of w hich is seldom realized b y th e individual w ho adm its his preference
for the practices involved. C onspicuous am ong these are fellatio and
cunnilingus. A m an w ho likes to have his w ife or som e other w om an
perform fellatio on him is invariably the possessor o f a fairly strong, if un­
conscious, hom osexual com ponen t. So is the m an w ho likes to perform cun ­
nilingus on his w ife or som e other w om an. B oth practices are inconsistent
with a true heterosexual aim, w h ich is entirely circum vented b y these
practices. T h e same th in g is true o f anal intercourse betw een a m an and a
wom an. T h e reason for this lies in the follow ing:
6) T h ere are further states of acute hom osexual panic frequently en­
countered in psychoses and psychoneuroses. In som e o f these cases th e
underlying hom osexuality is apparent because the patien t is obsessed w ith
the fear th a t he w ill be accused o f havin g hom osexual interests or be con ­
sidered b y others to b e a hom osexual. U nconsciously, o f course, he is not
so m uch afraid o f w hat other people m ay thin k o f him as o f the fa ct th at
what they thin k o f him m ay b e true. Psychiatrists are w ell acquainted
with the schizophrenic w ho hears voices accusing him of hom osexual prac-
I ices w h ich he stoutly denies. T h ese are his cravings, to w hich he dares n o t
give expression. In other cases th e hom osexual fear is displaced b y a
consciously-expressed fear of any num ber o f other things, or som etim es
by a general state o f fear w hich th e patien t is unable to explain. H e is
filled w ith a nameless fear for w h ich h e is unable to ascribe any reason.
7) A n o th e r com m on ly recognized index to laten t hom osexuality is rep-
rcsented b y th e various delusions o f persecution found in paranoia. It is
significant that in these cases th e persecutors are alm ost invariably o f the
ime sex as th e persecuted. T h e unconscious hom osexual attraction is
Imned into fear; th e fear requires explanation; and the persecutory de­
lusions are developed to explain the fear. “ H e hates m e” is invariably a
psychotic translation o f “ I love h im .” ( “ She hates m e” o f “ I love her” ).
8) O bsessional jealousy, som etim es leading to m urder, is n ot infre­
quently rooted in laten t hom osexuality. A n outstanding literary exam ple
ol Ihis m ay be foun d in T o lsto y ’s “ T h e K reutzer Son ata” in w hich the hero
c. torm ented b y th e phantasy o f his w ife’s infidelity w ith a m usician, but
nevertheless encourages the visits o f the latter to his hom e and betrays
by num erous su btle signs th at he is fighting an unconscious hom osexual
•it Iruction for th e other m an under th e guise o f insane jealousy of th e
an; and it is significant th a t it is his w ife w hom he slays and not the
m u giiicd rival. (T h ere are other and deeper sexual m otifs in this novel
" Inch arc not pertinent to the present discussion.) T h e com pletely baseless
l< .1lousy of L con tcs in Shakespeare’s “ T h e W in te r ’s T a le ” also carries a
■•Imug suspicion o f being predicated on unconscious hom osexuality. W e
322 Latent Homosexuality
m ust n ot be m isunderstood, however, as im plying th a t all jealousy has a
hom osexual basis, for there are, o f course, m any oth er psychological m o­
tives w hich enter into this not very n oble passion. P robably th e best know n
literary exam ple of jealousy is th at o f Shakespeare’s “ O th e llo ,” w hich b e­
longs in an entirely different category and has no hom osexual im plication
whatever.
9) C h ro n ic alcoholism furnishes one o f the m ost com m on fields for the
discovery of laten t hom osexuality. In case after case w e find th a t the
neurotic conflict from w hich th e patien t seeks escape via alcohol is a h om o­
sexual one. In som e of these cases th e hom osexuality can hardly be de­
scribed as “ laten t,” because, under alcoholic influence, it frequently breaks
through consciousness and results in overt hom osexual behavior; and in
such cases, o f course, th e patien t can not fail to becom e aware of the na­
ture o f his em otional difficulty, although even in som e o f these cases he
rationalizes his behavior past the bounds o f reason. O n e alcoholic frankly
adm itted having engaged in hom osexual behavior, b u t insisted that he did
so only to obtain liquor or the m oney for liquor. H e even adm itted
repeated thefts from hom osexual partners, w hich, to him , was proof that
h e was not hom osexual. In other words, w hile h e w ou ld adm it hom osexual
behavior, he persistently denied any hom osexual interest, and rem ained
obstinately blin d to the utter absurdity of his claim s. B u t in th e view of
th e psychiatrist anyone w ho for any reason indulges in hom osexuality is a
hom osexual. In other cases, however, hom osexuality rem ains a strictly un ­
conscious problem , the true nature of w hich is apparent only to th e trained
observer. T h e hallucinatory disturbances o f chronic alcoholics frequently
assume a disguised hom osexual character, particularly in attacks o f de­
lirium trem ens w here the accusatory voices are usually those of persons of
th e same sex and w here th e accusations are frequently concerned w ith
sexual perversion. Snakes are, o f course, one of the m ost com m on intrud­
ers into th e dom ain o f alcoholic delirium . O n e patien t reported a recur­
rent delirium in w hich a crow d o f m en rushed at him , seized him , and
tore off all his clothes, then stood around and laughed at him .
10) Jealousy in alcoholics often assumes an alm ost paranoiac character.
In his conflict betw een conscious heterosexual and unconscious hom osexual
desires, th e m an takes to alcohol w hich, b y depriving his hom osexuality
o f its sublim ations, brings to th e surface the crude hom osexual erotism .
T h is is then projected upon his w ife in th e form o f delusions o f jealousy;
th at is to say, he saddles her w ith his ow n desires and then, b y m eans of
jealous scenes, assures h im self th at h e is in love w ith her, i.e., th a t h e is
heterosexual. A ccord in g to his delusional pattern, she is the one whose
thoughts are full o f other m en. A ctu ally, how ever, these accusations are a
projection o f his ow n hom osexual interest.
1 1 ) T h e re are other and m ore apparently abnorm al behavior patterns
w hich are closely related to laten t hom osexuality. O n e of these is trans­
vestism (cross-dressing) w hich w ould seem to suggest, even 011 the surface,
Latent Homosexuality 323
a hom osexual connection. A m an w ho feels happy w hen he can w ear fe­
m ale clothing, or a w om an w ho feels happy w hen she can w ear m ale
clothing, is obviously related in som e w ay to the hom osexual, although
the real transvestist rarely engages in or is conscious o f any desire for
hom osexual relations. T h e re are, o f course, num erous overt hom osexuals
who on special occasions— H allow e’en, “ drag” parties, etc.— w ill “ dress
u p” in the clothes o f the opposite sex, som etim es w ith as m uch skill as
the professional “ fem ale im personator,” b u t these individuals do n ot rep­
resent cases o f true transvestism, in w hich th e assum ing o f th e clothes of
the opposite sex is a ,d istin c t end in itself. In other words, transvestism
is a separate paraphilia all by itself. N evertheless it can not he regarded
otherwise than as representing a thinly-disguised hom osexual trend.
12) Sadom asochism , particularly in so far as th e m asochistic side of
it is concerned, is another paraphilia in w hich laten t hom osexuality plays
an im portant part. T h e end-result represents a flight from norm al sexual
relationship. In m asochism it is th e fem in ine in th e m an that seeks the
m asculine in the w om an. M asochism appears as a substitute for direct
hom osexual expression. In m ost cases sadom asochists are n o t aware o f
their hom osexuality. Strong hom osexual attitudes are observed in maso-
cliists in the w ithdraw al from the sexual partner. T h e m en are im potent,
while th e w om en are anaesthetic w hen it com es to coitus. O rgasm is
brought abou t b y the fulfilling o f the m asochistic fantasy, the analysis of
which shows again and again that it is its hom osexual elem ents w hich re­
lease th e orgasm. T h is is not the place to discuss the com plex ram ifications
of sadom asochism . W e confine ourselves to the statem ent that exhaustive
investigation has shown it to be inextricably linked w ith unconscious h o m o ­
sexuality.
13) T h ere are a num ber o f fairly com m on peculiarities involvin g the
individual’s attitu d e toward other m em bers o f his or her ow n sex w hich
■"(' often indicative o f unconscious hom osexual interest. It has often been
slated that th e preference w hich m any m en show on occasion for com pany
nl their ow n sex in clubs, fraternities, the arm ed forces, etc., is due to and
IS Ihe expression of an unconscious hom osexual com ponen t, w ell-sublim ated
111 such cases. T h is is likewise true o f w om en ’s clubs, sororities, etc. M en
si a in free and relieved o f sexual tension in the presence o f m en only. O n
I lie other hand, there are m en w ho are habitu ally uneasy in the presence
nl other m en; w om en w ho are uneasy in th e presence of fem ale servants
and who, because of this, often suffer from various phobias and anx-
iclics. T h e inability to undress or to urinate in th e presence o f m em bers
"I Ilie sam e sex is often an expression o f underlying hom osexual interest.
\n overstressed interest in sports w hich provide opportunity for w atch-
IIn; men undress m ay be an expression o f laten t hom osexuality. T h ere
an adult males w ho neither seek nor care for fem ale com panionship and
"Im lead apparently asexual lives, hut w ho w ill he found to have a cor-
u 1 I and irreproachable fondness for m ale com pany, w ho are m em bers o f
324 Latent Homosexuality
num erous m ale clubs, especially enjoy sw im m ing, etc., and w hose phan­
tasies dw ell continu ally on nude m ale bodies. Artists w ho delineate fem ale
characters or give a detailed description o f fem ale love, w h ich they know
so w ell, are often thereby giving expression to hom osexual cravings of
w hich they m ay n ot b e consciously aware.
14) A n oth er expression of laten t hom osexuality is som etim es fou n d in
th e individual’s choice o f a heterosexual love-object, on an unconscious
hom osexual basis. T h e re are m en w ho are strongly attracted to m asculine
w om en; and there are w om en w h o sim ilarly fall in love w ith effem inate
m en. B oth effect, in a heterosexual fram ework, a com prom ise w ith an un­
conscious, hom osexually-directed desire. Som e m en w ill m anifest interest
on ly in w om en w h o lack secondary sex characteristics, w h o look m ore or
less like children and thereby represent interm ediary stages in developing
m anhood. O n e m an, praising his w ife’s body, said th a t she “ looked for all
the w orld like a you n g b o y .” A m an has b een know n to fall in love w ith
and m arry a girl because unconsciously he had fallen in love w ith her
brother. In th e sam e category is th e m an w ho pursues a m arried w om an
because unconsciously h e is attracted to her husband.
15) M a n y cases o f im poten ce and frigidity are conditioned on u n con ­
scious hom osexuality. H ere w e often find th e underlying factor to b e an
early fixation on a parent or a sibling o f the same sex. T h e re are also
cases in w h ich excessive heterosexuality is an expression of frustrated and
unconscious hom osexual desire. O n e alcoholic w om an w ho was hom osex-
ually fixated on her sister confessed to over 300 heterosexual relations.
Such a situation also involves an exaggerated defense m echanism . D en y ­
ing herself w h at she w ants and denying th at she w ants it, she plunges
into a continual orgy represented b y its opposite. M essalina, like D on
Juan, is often a disguised hom osexual. Insatiability is alm ost invariably an
index to an unconscious, unsatisfied desire.
16) In m any cases of voyeurism (peepin g) w e discover m anifestations
o f disguised hom osexuality. T h e P eeping T o m w ill invariably m aintain
th a t his interest is centered exclusively on w om en w ho are undressing or
w ho are com pletely nude; b u t it often develops th a t he is interested in
spying on couples engaged in sexual play or in the act o f intercourse, and
th at h e has little or no interest in th e w om an unless she is accom panied by
a m an. T h e same th in g is true o f individuals w ho collect or draw porno­
graphic pictures and w hose interest is fou n d to relate exclusively to those
w hich accen tuate th e m ale anatom y and the m ale genitals, althou gh these
persons w ould insist that it is th e w om an w ho is th e center o f attraction.
O n e patient, w ho exhibited a rem arkable talen t for drawing, prepared
several series of such pictures, after the m anner of the pornographic car­
toon books distributed through underground channels, and it was apparent
in each case th at it was the m ale characters w ho received his greatest at­
tention and w ho were depicted w ith the utm ost detail, although his os­
tensible interest was a heterosexual one.
Latent Homosexuality 325
Som e o f the other paraphilias— fetishism , exhibitionism , etc.— also con ­
tain hom osexual elem ents, b ut these are usually subordinated to other,
more prim ary factors, and are seldom m anifestations o f laten t hom osex­
uality per se.
17) O n e m ay say th a t signs o f laten t hom osexuality are everywhere,
and reasonably so, for the bisexual constitution o f the individual carries
'Ml 1 it a hom osexual com ponen t w hich in m any cases has not been suc­
cessfully repressed to the point w here its intrusion, in one form or an-
other, does not becom e m anifest sooner or later. In m any cases this in­
trusion is so m ild and inconspicuous that it remains unnoticed; in m any
other cases it form s the nucleus o f a severe psychoneurosis, or som etim es
a psychosis.
I1.. M A S T U R B A T I O N AS A FO R M OF M ASKED
H O M O S E X U A L IT Y
A frequently encountered form o f masked hom osexuality is m asturbation
O ften one does not have to go very far in the analysis of com pulsive mas-
Im ha tion to discover that it is intim ately tied up w ith laten t hom osexuality,
0 w hich the m asturbation itself is b u t the surface expression. A lw ays pro­
ductive o f suspicion is the claim o f a patien t that he m asturbates w ith ou t
imy accom panying phantasy. W h ile the unconscious phantasy in such a case
may not necessarily be a hom osexual one, there are also m any cases in
Which investigation w ill disclose that it is.
M any m asturbatory phantasies are so strongly indicative o f hom osexual-
ilv t mt it is difficult to understand w hy the individual does not perceive
1 us him self, and he un doubtedly w ould do so were it not for the strong
1iprcssion o f hom osexuality dictated b y the prevailing culture. O n e patient
iad 1cpeated m asturbatory phantasies o f m uscular men wrestling, b u t stead-
I i dl y denied that he had any hom osexual interest in these m en. Some-
Ilines, however, in these phantasies th e w restling m atch culm in ated in
Ihe victor m asturbating the loser. M a n y o f his phantasies, and som e o f his
■1‘ 1ms, centered around “ T a rza n ,” w h o was engaged in physical com bat
" ilh another m an and w ho always em erged the victor. Analysis uncovered
• it .ict th a t la r z a n in th e patient's dreams and phantasies represented the
I ' l l icn ts brother on w hom he had a hom osexual fixation, and that these
I "Min phantasies actually concluded w ith a scene in w hich th a t m ythical
I Iin meter m asturbated th e m an w hom he had defeated in com bat, that is
I" say, in w h ich th e patien t was m asturbated b y his brother. H owever,
Hi" patient’s strong religious inh ibition against any im plication of homo-
м suahty was so firm ly established th at w hat w ould have been obvious to
'I "lost- anyone else rem ained for a lon g w hile a closed b ook to him . ‘
I licrc are none so blind as those w ho w ill not see.”
Another patien t first m asturbated after w atch in g m ale acrobats and
Impcze perform ers at a circus, believing his excitation to be due it) envy
326 Latent Homosexuality
o f their superior physical developm ent— in w hich h e him self was rather
deficient— w ith ou t attach in g any hom osexual significance to the situation.
O n later occasions he several tim es engaged in overt hom osexual behavior,
b u t still clun g to th e illusion that he was only interested in physical cu l­
ture. Som e of these rationalizations seem ridiculous, b u t they illustrate the
lengths to w h ich an individual w ill go b efore h e w ill adm it th a t he is
hom osexual or th at he has any hom osexual interest.
It w ould seem as though m utual m asturbation w ould carry w ith it an
alm ost instant conviction o f the presence of hom osexual desire, b u t this is
denied in case after case. T w o m arried m en, b o th tem porarily separated
from their wives, go out together, usually under th e influence of alcoholic
stim ulation, for the avow ed purpose o f effecting heterosexual contacts (a
circum stance w hich o f itself is fraught w ith suspicion); failing to succeed
in this, they return hom e, go to bed and m asturbate each other. E ach of
them w ould vehem ently deny th a t he had any hom osexuality in him , b u t
tw o men do n ot engage in m utual or reciprocal m asturbation because they
have been heterosexually frustrated. E ach o f them m ight engage in solitary
m asturbation for th a t reason, b u t they w ould n ot m asturbate each other,
m asturbate together, or m asturbate in each oth er’s presence. Such b e­
havior is definitely a hom osexual m anifestation.
F. D R E A M S AS I N D E X E S TO L A T E N T
H O M O S E X U A L IT Y
D ream s, as any psychoanalyst knows, are one of the com m onest indexes
to laten t hom osexuality. T h e m an w hose anxiety dreams involve repeated
pictures of attack by another m an, or b y other men; w ho is pursued by
another m an, or b y oth er m en, b en t 011 doing him harm ; w ho is shot at,
stabbed, threatened b y savages w ith spears, clubs, arrows, knives, etc., is
alm ost always found to be a prey to unconscious hom osexual fear. D ream s
of physical conflict involvin g close personal contact, e.g., w restling, etc.,
are equally open to suspicion from th e view poin t o f repressed h om o­
sexuality. W e have a close parallel in the disguised heterosexual dreams
o f chaste w om en w ho are threatened b y bulls, w ild horses ( not to m ention
snakes) etc. W e encounter some m en w ho are troubled by snake dreams
(th ey are pursued b y a snake, a snake is in their bed, etc.) and w ho, in a
m ajority of cases, are fou n d to be struggling w ith a repressed hom osexual
com ponen t. ( W e are speaking, of course, in general terms. E very analyst
knows th a t phallic sym bolism can b e sadly overworked, and th a t only the
circum stances o f an individual case w ill determ ine w hether or n ot it is
valid in a particular instance.)
G. SO CIAL AND L E G A L ASPECTS
T h e problem of laten t hom osexuality, and o f overt hom osexuality too, of
course, sim ply cannot b e divorced from the problem o f th e social and legal
Latent Homosexuality 327
evaluation o f hom osexual practices. So long as society continues to regard
hom osexuality as the unpardonable sin, just so long w ill laten t hom osex­
uality continu e to be a source o f profound m ental and em otional disturb­
ance for th e individual. T h e average m an cannot say to him self, “ I have a
strong hom osexual com ponen t. So w hat?” T h e very m ention or the
slightest suggestion o f hom osexual interest fills him w ith boundless terror,
and he hastens to repudiate it b y every possible means. T h e current views
of society w ith respect to hom osexuality are derived from ancient religious
sources w hich were not prim arily concerned, as is popularly supposed,
w ith abstract morals, b u t w ith the idea o f nationalistic and institutional
preservation. It is not the idea of im m orality w hich is at the root o f these
ideas, b u t th e idea o f sterility. H om osexuality runs counter to the ancient
com m and, B e fruitful and m u ltip ly” (G enesis, 3 5 :1 1 ). It is th e same
idea w hich today lies behind the extrem e position o f the C a th o lic C h u rch
w ith respect to birth control. T h e C h u rch steadfastly disregards the prob­
lems o f econom ics, sociology, health, and any other practical aspect o f the
situation, and bases on so-called D ivin e com m and a principle w hich is
m otivated solely b y the aim o f perpetuating and increasing an institution.
I1or th e same reason, the C h u rch abhors th e th ough t o f hom osexuality and
places it in th e forem ost rank o f m ortal sins. T h e ancient H ebrew s, under
Moses, were m otivated b y an identical aim , and the extravagant prohibi­
tions o f D eu tero n om y w ith respect to w h at it repeatedly describes as
abom in ation ” are not concerned w ith morals, b u t w ith national growth.
O n e o f th e greatest needs of present-day society, and o f present-day
legal standards is a com plete re-exam ination of morals to determ ine w hat
is im m oral per se and w h at has been judged to be im m oral for m erely
practical, political or econom ic reasons. C rim in al law particularly often
fails also to discrim inate betw een behavior w hich is sim ply “ im m oral”
.Hid behavior w h ich is socially harm ful. A crim e is n ot a crim e m erely
because society or religion disapproves of it, b u t because it results in defi­
nite harm to others. M a n y so-called crimes in th e present day are no more
Ilian silly and socially-objectionable behavior on th e part o f individuals
mi Muring from neurotic disturbances w hich call for psychiatric treatm ent
1 it her than legal punishm ent. In m ost o f these cases, as a m atter o f fact,
legal punishm ent is useless because, upon his release from prison, th e indi­
vidual at once proceeds to repeat the same neurotic pattern w hich all the
prisons betw een here and hell can n o t change.
As long as hom osexuality, under any and all circum stances, is catalogued
1 a crim e, and is regarded b y society as th e worst o f all possible sins,
Hie latent hom osexual w ill continue to fight against the rem otest suggestion
ol his possessing a hom osexual com ponent, thereby increasing his diffi-
1 nlticx rather than alleviating them . Psychiatry alone can never solve this
pm blcm until it succeeds in converting society and th e law to a more
reasonable, practical and hum ane approach to the subject.
Let it, however, n ot be understood that there are n o crim inal aspects
328 Latent Homosexuality
of overt hom osexuality. T h e re definitely are. T h ere are circum stances in
w hich hom osexual practices are crim inal and in w hich definite steps
should be taken to prevent them . T h e m ost serious hom osexual crim e, and S U M M A R Y
th e one w hich should be strenuously fought, is the seduction o f the im m a­
ture. D evelop in g you th should be protected from th e hom osexual ap­
proaches of those w ho w ould w illfu lly interfere w ith its chances for G E N E R A L C O N SID E R ATIO N S
com plete heterosexual progress. A n y form o f coercive hom osexual activity
is also, of course, just as crim inal as any such form of heterosexual ac­ W hile the overt homosexual becomes
tivity. A n y form of force or coercion in th e sexual field is crim inal, regard­ reconciled to his situation, the latent
less of the sex o f th e persons involved. B u t a hom osexual union entered homosexual, believing himself to be
into b y tw o adults, w h eth er they b e m en or w om en, b y m utual consent, normal, is engaged in warfare with an
is no m ore “ crim inal” than a heterosexual union so entered into b y a m an invisible, unknown enemy. Conflict is
inevitable. T he homosexual compo­
and a w om an.
nent struggles for expression and usu­
T h is statem ent, o f course, ignores the consideration o f religion and the
ally finds it only in neurotic or psy­
con cep t of “ sin.” “ Sin” is a com m od ity of the C h u rch w ith o u t w h ich it
chotic symptoms.
can no m ore exist than a chain grocery store can get along w ith o u t canned
soup. T h e only sins recognized b y science are predatory sins, those w hich I'A K A PH ILIA S AND U N C O N SC IO U S
result in definite harm to others. W h ile psychiatry, and particularly psy­ H O M O SE X U A L IT Y
choanalysis, take cogn izan ce of m any m oral issues, these are considered
Virtually all paraphilias relate to un­
w ith in the fram ew ork o f th e individual’s adaptation to his environm ent, conscious, unresolved homosexuality,
and have a practical bearing on his psychological developm ent. T h e y are fellatio, cunnilingus, paederasty are
concerned w ith his relation to his fellow m an; n o t w ith th e dogm atic inter­ paraphilias in a homosexual frame­
work; they are paraphilias also if
pretation o f “ th e w ill o f G o d .”
enacted, in a heterosexual setting
W e have perm itted ourselves a digression from th e m ain top ic under
expressing unconscious homosexual
consideration; and w h at w e have just said is n ot related exclusively to the
Irends.
subject o f laten t hom osexuality, althou gh it does have an im portant bear­
ing on it. In conclusion, let us re-state these salient facts: E very hum an
H O M O SEX U A L E X P E D IE N T S : F E L L A T IO ,
b ein g is bisexual. C o n seq u en tly every hum an b ein g has a hom osexual com ­
I IIN N ILIN G U S, P A E D E R A ST Y
p onent. T h e degree to w h ich th at hom osexual com po n en t com es into con ­
flict w ith th e ind ivid u al’s peace of m ind, and th e degree to w h ich it causes fellatio is basically a male homosex­
h im to becom e the victim of em otional or m en tal m aladjustm ent is de­ ual expedient; cunnilingus a female
I mscxual adaptation. Virtually all
pend ent upon a great variety o f con trib u tin g factors. T h e task o f psycho­
p.naphilias stem from an inadequately
therapy is to m ake him conscious o f th e existence o f th a t com ponen t, in
developed heterosexuality, the indi­
order th a t h e m ay deal w ith it in a m anner best suited to the exigencies of vidual having been arrested between
his particular psychological problem . It can n o t b e buried; it can not b e ig­ homosexuality and heterosexuality. It
nored; he cannot lock it up in a b ox and throw aw ay th e key-. A n y such r. important to note that these perver­
m anner o f dealing w ith it is sim ply an invitation to m ore trouble. L aten t sions give rise to a large number of
hom osexuality occupies a far m ore im portant place in th e dynam ics of мл offenses.
neurosis and psychosis than is at present realized, and calls for an in­
INDEXES OF LATENT H O M O S E X U A L IT Y
creased am ount o f atten tion b y all students and practitioners in the field
o f psychiatry. Certain peculiarities of behavior are
indicative of unconscious homosexual
components present in heterosexuals;
piefcrence in a man for succubus po­
ol ion in intercourse, phantasies of re­
Latent Homosexuality 329
lations with another male; cultivation
of female physical features (e.g. ef­
forts to enlarge breasts, etc.), exclu­
sive devotion to prostitutes, or rela­
tions with a woman in the presence of
another man; or relations with a
woman who is known to have fre­
quent relations with other men. In
these situations the unconscious inter­
est is in the other man, approached
unconsciously through the woman.
Fellatio or cunnilingus with women
is inconsistent with a true heterosex­
ual aim. T he delusions of persecution
found in paranoia, obsessional jeal­
ousy, chronic alcoholism may be indi­
cations of unconscious homosexuality.
In many cases, the neurotic con­
flict from which the patient seeks es­
cape via alcohol is a homosexual one.
In some this breaks through and be­
comes overt; in others it remains un­
conscious.
Transvestism is obviously related to
homosexuality, though the real trans-
vestist rarely engages in homosexual
relations and would stoutly deny any
homosexual interests. Transvestism is a
separate paraphilia, but with a thinly-
disguised and sometimes all too evi­
dent homosexual trend. Latent homo­
sexuality plays an important part in
sadomasochism and in many cases of
voyeurism.
An expression of latent homosex­
uality is sometimes found in the
choice of a love-object; masculine
women and effeminate men are com­
promises with unconscious homosex­
ual desires. M any cases of impotence
and frigidity are based on unconscious
homosexuality. Fetishism, exhibition­
ism, etc., also contain homosexual ele-
3 зо Latent Homosexuality

merits, but these are usually subordi­ ligious sources, not primarily con­
nated. cerned with abstract morals but with
nationalistic and imperialistic preser­
M A S T U R B A T IO N AS A F O R M O F M A SK E D vation. Present society needs to re­
H O M O S E X U A L IT Y evaluate its morals to determine what
Compulsive masturbation is intimately is immoral per se and what has been
judged immoral for practical reasons. 1 8. INCEST
tied up with latent homosexuality.
M any masturbatory phantasies are Criminal law fails to distinguish be­
strongly indicative of homosexuality. tween behavior that is immoral and
M utual masturbation is definitely a that which is socially harmful. Many
homosexual manifestation. so-called crimes are only silly, socially-
objectionable behavior, calling for A. IN CEST, B IO L O G IC A L L Y 332
D R E A M S AS IN D EXES TO LATE N T psychiatric treatment, not legal pun­
H O M O S E X U A L IT Y ishment. B. IN CEST, C U L T U R A L L Y 332
Dreams of attack or pursuit by other As long as homosexuality is cata­
men, of physical conflict involving logued as a crime, the latent homo­ C. R E L A T IO N OL IN C EST TO PARAPH ILIAS 332
body contact, as wrestling, are open to sexual will fight against the homosex­
suspicion. Snake dreams are often ex­ ual component, thereby increasing his D. R E L A T IO N OP PARAPH ILIAS TO
pressions of a repressed homosexual difficulties. T he most serious homo­ H E T E R O S E X U A L D IP F IC U L T IE S 333
component. sexual crime is the seduction of the
young. Any form of coercive homo­
L. PARAPH ILIAS AND P S Y C H O S O M A T IC S 334
SO C IA L AND L E G A L A SP E C T S sexual activity is criminal. But homo­
Latent homosexuality is a source of sexual union entered into by two
P. R E L A T IO N B E T W E E N IN C EST AND
profound mental and emotional dis­ adults by mutual consent would seem
to be no more criminal than hetero­ H O M O S E X U A L IT Y 334
turbance for the individual. T h e views
of society are drawn from ancient re­ sexual union.
G. THE O E D IPA L PRO BLEM , THE F LIG H T
FRO M IN CEST, AND PARAPH ILIAS 335

NU MMA R Y 338

1 8 . Incest
A. IN CEST, B IO L O G IC A L L Y
W h ile hom osexual deviations am ong hum ans m ay b e regarded as a con ­
tin uation of those existing in the subhum an and in the rest of th e anim al
world, incest is a psychosexual cond ition th at obtains only am ong hum ans;
culture alone puts it am ong th e paraphilias. T h e anim al w orld takes no
cognizance o f the problem o f incest. T h ere is little d ou b t that th e progeny
o f various anim als, like dogs, cats, cows, horses and so on en gage in sex
relations w ith ou t reference to the fact that their sexual partners m ay be
their fathers or m others. M a n y fem ale cats have offspring by their sons. It
is even d ou b tfu l w hether a grow ing kitten know s th at this or th at cat over
there is its father, m other, brother or sister. It is guided m erely b y instinct
in its search for a sexual ou tlet and relief from tension. T h ere is a preva­
len t notion am ong certain pious folks th at anim als are saved from incest
by a G od-given instinct w hich m iraculously safeguards th em from such a
sinful union, b u t this is just one o f a parcel o f sim ilar fallacies springing
from m isguided puritanical influence.
B. IN CEST, C U L T U R A L L Y
T h e situation is quite different, how ever, in the case o f hum ans, for w hom
the problem assumes m ore than a m erely biological phase. W it h them it is
essentially psychosexual. ’W h ile it is true that there have been some prim i­
tive com m unities w hich seem to have disregarded incest, and hom osexual­
ity as w ell, it m ay be said th at alm ost universally there has been erected
am ong hum ans a strong barrier against incest. T h e definitions o f incest,
how ever, vary from extrem ely narrow ones w hich include only th e im m e­
diate kin— father, m other, sister, brother— to others w hich, in other cul­
tures, include first and even second cousins, uncles and aunts, nephews
and nieces.
C. R E L A T IO N OF IN C E ST TO PARAPH ILIAS
W h ile incest proper is a cultural paraphilia, it leads, in a circuitous way,
to biologic paraphilias. T h e patient, confron ted w ith an incestuous fixa-
3 3 2
Incest 333
lion on th e one hand and the incest barrier on th e other, finds it necessary
to effect a com prom ise th a t enables him to avoid or circum vent direct in­
cestuous activities b u t nevertheless perm its him to indulge his incestuous
desires indirectly, and perhaps sym bolically. T h u s, a man w ho has a fixa-
Iion on his m oth er is terrified n ot on ly at th e idea o f having sexual relations
with her, b u t even at th e idea o f having them w ith any other w om an, b e­
cause every w om an is, actually or poten tially, a m other and therefore
brings to his m ind a picture o f his own m other. Since libido m ust find an
outlet, h e resorts to the expedient o f indulging in sex relations th a t will
com pletely exclude the vaginal orifice. C on seq uen tly, he m ay indulge in
fellatio, cunnilingus, paederasty, w hich, to him , appears to com pletely
remove th e chosen activity from any im plication o f incest. ( W e are, of
course, discussing an unconscious m en tal process.)
I). R E L A T IO N OF PARAPH ILIAS TO
H E T E R O S E X U A L D IF F IC U L T IE S
There are cases, how ever, in w hich th e libido, needing outlet, cannot at
first and im m ediately resort to paraphiliac behavior, because education,
I mining, etc. interpose too strong inhibitions against such irregular sexual
practices. T h e individual, therefore, w ill continue to attem p t heterosexual
intercourse, w ith resulting m anifestations of im potence, usually ejaculatio
piaccox. T h is is a disturbance of poten cy w hich has the essential charac-
lii of com prom ise. T h e individual has sexual intercourse, and at the same
l i me lie does n ot have heterosexual intercourse. In som e instances there is
a close unconscious relation betw een ejaculatio praecox and exhibition-
1an. particularly w hen ejaculation takes place before introm ission; and
In llicse instances there is frequently an unconscious idea o f exhibiting
liimsclf before his m other. T h ere also enters into this picture th e idea o f
dr,appointing the w om an; revenging h im self on her for the disappoint­
ments in love to w hich lie was subjected by his m other as a child. F enicliel
. iys that ejaculatio praecox m ay “ arise as a reaction to a psychogenic
inhibition to active phallic sexuality.” T h is “ inhibition of active phallic
sexuality” is often a reaction to original incestuous desires.
\\ с have th e case o f a man w hose first attem pts at intercourse, at th e age
nl fourteen or fifteen, term inated in ejaculatio praecox. A third attem p t, a
c h or so later, ended the same way. V arious prem arital affairs were lit­
tle bel ter. W h e n he married, he could rarely induce orgasm in his w ife b y
imimal means. N o r were his extra-marital relations productive o f m uch
h e l l e r results. H e gradually adopted m ore and m ore form s o f prelim inary
( ч play in an a ttem p t to disguise his weakness. Sex play and cunnilingus
\veie resorted to in lieu of com plete and satisfactory intercourse. H e fre­
quently sought to have his fem ale sex partner perform fellatio. H e has also
played w ith th e idea o f analingus, although lie could never bring him self
334 Incest
Incest 335
to practice it. W ith all this there is evidence in his dreams and phantasies
mg fear th a t such a desire m ay be gratified. It is an alm ost instinctive fear
o f an increasing hom osexual trend, although at th e conscious level he pro­
0 that w hich is forbidden. A strong oedipal hatred m ay also beget fear
fesses the utm ost abhorrence of hom osexuality. His dreams betray a defi­
\\ Inch occasions flight into hom osexuality. If an individual hates his father
n ite hom osexual interest in his brother. H e has visions o f “ detached pe-
>ecause th e latter is a rival for his m other’s love, then hom osexuality ab­
nises,” etc. T h e paraphiliac picture grows as his p oten cy steadily declines. solves him from th e charge o f lovin g his m other too m uch; he loves no
If, under psychotherapy, he can resolve his O edipus com plex and free
wom an, b u t only m en. A m an w ho was fixated on all the fem ale m embers
him self from his incestuous tie to his m other, he w ill achieve satisfactory
of his f a m ily - h is m other and his three s is te r s - h a d an intense unconscious
poten cy and the paraphiliac tem ptations w ill vanish. w icd of his father because he could not separate his parents, and tried
( ncrgetically to prevent the marriage of his oldest sister. H is unconscious
E. PARAPH ILIAS AND P SY С H О SО M AT IС S mental reaction was: If I can not have th e fem ale m embers of m y fam ily
don t w ant anyone else to have them ; and he carried this idea uncon-
T h ere are further instances, how ever, w hen these expedients are n ot suf­
M lous у into his hom osexual relations, b elievin g that in such relations he
ficient; and the patient, unable to find an ou tlet even through these extra-
im m obilized a possible approach on the part o f another m an to his m other
biological activities, may develop psychosom atic sym ptom s w hich express
01 his sisters. T h e com bination o f love, fear and hate drove him from het-
sym bolically the same conflict. A you n g w om an w ho had a strong fixation
1'ioscxuahty into hom osexuality. H is entire hom osexual developm ent was
on her father realized th a t relations w ith him , even in phantasy, were pro­ .1 quadruple flight from incest.
hibitive and incest-laden because, o f course m ainly because, there could be
no genital intercourse; so she transferred her desires from below to above,
and began to play w ith th e idea of fellatio. B u t this, too, was far too heavy G. TH E O E D IPA L PRO BLEM , THE FLIG H T
a burden for her conscience to bear. F ellatio b ecam e associated in her IHR O M I N C E S T , A N D P A R A P H I L I A S
m ind w ith the idea o f som ething solid, resem bling m eat, and therefore, in
A m ajority o f m ale hom osexuals present an O edipus love for their m oth-
order to save herself from becom ing involved in an incestuous com plica­
<is. and in som e cases their excessive devotion to their m others is by no
tion, she developed a fear o f eating solid food (m eat) and presented her­
| " T a” unconscious m atter, but is frankly and openly adm itted, even
self to a psychiatrist w ith this specific com plaint. W it h th e resolution of
n lie extent o f their b ecom ing som ew hat boastful abou t it. It is alm ost as
th e incestuous conflict, she becam e w ell and was able to eat any kind of
" у were to say, I can speak of m y excessive love for m y m other, since
food. H ere w e have a situation w hich began as incest and then developed
[ i 18 n o th |ng sef al abou t it.” H avin g originally solved the incest prob-
b y stages, through phantasy indulgence, into a paraphiliac trend, and thence
1 >\ rejec m g t eir m others and, additionally, all other w om en they
into psychosom atic behavior.
•avc com e to associate sex exclusively w ith the thought o f other m en. C o n ­
tin e n tly their excessive m other-love remains sexless and carries w ith it
F. R E L A T IO N B E T W E E N IN C E ST AND "о lcproach. A sim ilar situation exists in the cases o f m any hom osexual
H O M O S E X U A L IT Y 10 S ° W’ a som etim es even profess, an excessive devotion to
fathers. T h e y firm ly believe th a t there is n oth in g sexual abou t it
T h e conn ection betw een incest and hom osexuality is n ot at first apparent.
'" " a " i m g ignorant o f th e fact that originally there was som ething sexual
N evertheless, through the m edium o f paraphilias, a direct conn ectin g link
"■ 1 1,e ass°ciatm ns o f such w om en in analysis are often found to be
betw een them m ay b e established. In m any cases, as has been frequently
;; wearisome repetition o f “ M y father, m y father, m y father,” demonstrat-
observed, hom osexuality is n ot so m uch a choice of persons o f on e’s own
i , <(inclusively their unconscious fixation on th e m ale parent toward
sex as sexual objects as it is a repudiation o f persons of th e opposite sex.
«'■om their conscious attitud e is that o f an ardent adm irer and a filial
In such cases w e alm ost invariably find th at th e original object choice was
an incestuous one— the attraction of son to m other, o f daughter to father,
I" a m uch m ore obscure fashion, fetishism is also traceable in m any in-
o f brother to sister, or o f sister to brother. In oth er words, th e hom osexual
pursuit is dictated actually b y heterosexual flight, th a t flight b ein g orig­ “ ;; .th ?. ? lght fr0m incest- T h e fetishist has n ot on ly renounced
b u t 1a11 lum an anat°m y, and has concentrated his erotic life on
inally from incest. It m ay b e m otivated b y love, fear or hate, or a com bi­
'lusciously selected sym bols, inanim ate objects w hich are usually fem ale
n ation of all three. Excessive love frequently begets fear, if th e love objccl
Mi'mu .ii s or accessories— various articles o f underwear, aprons, shoes, hand-
is an incestuous one, and therefore a m ost prohibited one. T h e very desire
‘ Is, etc. It is, o f course, significant th at these articles are nearly al-
to obtain som ething from an incestuous love object creates a correspond
" VS th0Se worn or used ЬУ w om en. T h e re are, however, cases in w hich
336 Incest
hom osexuality and fetishism are com bined, b u t in these instances th e fetish
usually exerts attraction only w hen w orn by another m ale, and is n ot, as
in the case o f th e true fetishist, an ob ject of sexual interest b y itself. T h e
hom osexual fetishist is also frequently sadom asochistic, generally exhibit­
ing a strong preponderance o f m asochistic interests.
O n e m ale hom osexual’s idea of a thoroughly satisfactory erotic experi­
ence was to be spanked b y a partner w h om he described as “ th e paternal
typ e.” H is trousers m ust be taken down b u t he m ust continu e to wear
w h ite shorts. T h e shorts were absolutely necessary and they had to be
w hite. H e him self never w ore any other kind, and he could n ot tolerate
colored shorts o f any description on anyone else. H e had his ow n w hite
shorts m ade to order, and adm itted that m erely p u ttin g on a fresh pair of
w h ite shorts frequ ently produced an erection. H e adm ired displays of
w hite shorts in store windows, and said that w atch in g another m an pur­
chasing w h ite shorts in a m en ’s wear store w ould create in him m ild sex­
ual excitem ent. In cidentally this m an never m asturbated m anually, bu t
w ould lie across a bed , clad in w h ite shorts, and w hip him self on the b u t­
tocks, thereby bringing on orgasm and ejaculation. H e was never ana­
lyzed, and th e specific origin o f th e w hite shorts interest rem ains unknow n.
H owever, he does associate it w ith the “ little w hite drawers” w h ich his
m other m ade for h im w hen he was a child, and his first rem em bered erotic
phantasy was th a t o f having th e hired m an w hip him over these little w hite
drawers. H is parents separated w hen he was four years old, and the part
w hich his father played in his infan tile life antedates his m em ory, b u t h e has
been told th a t his father frequently spanked h im as a very small child. H e
was a devoted son throughout his m other’s life, and at an advanced age
says, “ H ardly a nigh t, I th in k, passes w ith ou t a dream o f m y m other.
In another case o f com bined hom osexuality, fetishism and m asochism ,
th e preferred color was b lack and th e fetishistic objects were socks, slippers
and pajam as. T h e re was also a definite partialistic interest in feet. T h is
m an’s con trollin g phantasy was th a t o f actin g as a valet for a strict mas­
ter w ho w ould punish his slightest dereliction from duty w ith severe flagella­
tion; and the h eight o f this enjoyable picture represented the rem oval of
his m aster’s shoes, replacing them w ith b lack slippers (o f course the m as­
ter’s socks m ust b e b lack, to o ) , or gettin g him ready for bed and clothing
him in b lack pajam as. Kissing his m aster’s feet was also an im portant part
o f the cerem ony. U n fortu n ately the background of this case is n ot know n
and the subject was never analyzed. W h e n last heard of, h e had just ad­
vertised for a position as a valet, presum ably in th e h op e of finding a m as­
ter” w ho w ould fulfill som e of his cherished phantasies.
H om osexuality, fetishism , and sadom asochism all exhibit in com m on the
flight from w om an, or at least th e flight from any norm al approach to
w om an. T h ere are, of course, m any m ale sadom asochists w ho engage in
paraphiliac activities w ith w om en, in w hich they them selves usually play
Incest 337
a m asochistic role, b u t these relations are outside o f and generally exclude
actual intercourse. In practically all of these paraphiliac cases there can
be found a dem onstrable relation o f the patien ts’ fears and hates of in­
cest.
1 ransvestism is a com bination o f hom osexuality and fetishism w hich,
according to different investigators, presents varying psychogenic aspects
at different psychological levels, b u t there is no doubt that the flight is
from w om an, disguised in this instance b y the identification w ith w om an
(if the transvestist is a m an) and, like nearly all paraphiliac m anifesta­
tions, is rooted in incestuous attraction. Sandor R ad o says that the
m ale transvestist “ im personates to him self as w ell as to others the orgas-
I ically un attain able fem ale, the m other, to w hom he rem ained inseparably
attached by ties o f alim entary affection.”
Incest is also a factor of psychogenic im portance in m any cases of ex­
hibitionism .
Л patient w ith an unconscious incestuous attach m ent to his m other and a
conscious incestuous attach m ent to his sister, w ith w hom at th e age o f ten
lie had m utual exhibitionistic episodes, and at th e age o f sixteen episodes
involving th e im itation o f intercourse, becam e com pletely unable to
achieve a norm al sexual adjustm ent and substituted exhibitionistic ac­
tivity for norm al sexual relations. A n o th er patien t as a child engaged in
various sexual fam iliarities w ith his m other w hile she slept, and once saw
his father exhibiting his penis to his m other. His ow n unconscious wish
was to exhibit his penis before his m other, and in this case also exhibition -
с.lie activity becam e a substitute for norm al sexual relations.
In voyeurism , w hich is, from a behavioristic standpoint, th e mirror com ­
plem ent to and th e opposite of exhibitionism , w e also find a substitute
Ini norm al sexuality, and the psychogenic roots are often similar. T h e
very insatiability of the voyeur is an indication that his behavior is rnoti-
' hod by an unconscious aim w hich is prohibited, sym bolic and, being for­
bidden, never reaches its goal; it is unattainable, th a t is to say, incestuous.
II liis true aim w ere m erely to see a nude w om an, or a partially nude
woman, the attain m en t o f th at end w ould satisfy him , at least for the
I o n e b ein g, just as intercourse satisfies his norm al brother; b u t h e is never
Ac,lied, b u t goes on and on and on, forever seeking another and more
d m iniating vision— b u t never finding th e m other or the sister w ho was
lln original ob ject o f his voyeuristic interest. V oyeurism is essentially a
M iilbolic activity. It represents a search for the unobtainable— un obtain a­
ble because prohibited. T h e voyeur can never reach his goal. H is abortive
pn aph iliac activity is sym bolic o f un attain able incest.
In nearly all these cases, too, there appears to be a close conn ection be- 4
I" 1 ( ii I be paraphilia and m asturbation. T h e paraphilia represents not
mtly a flight from incest, b u t a solution of the problem o f m asturbatory
im potence. T or one reason or another, the individual has lost the capacity
 Incest ззд
338 Incest
flight from woman, ropted in incestu­ tween masturbation and paraphilia.
to m asturbate. O n e reason u n doubtedly is th at m asturbation per se evokes ous attraction. Incest is often of im­ T he individual has lost the capacity
prohibited incestuous phantasies w hich are intolerable to th e ego, and the portance in exhibitionism and voyeur­ to masturbate. Masturbation evokes
paraphiliac activity is therefore resorted to in order to disguise the con ­ ism. T h e voyeur never finds the incestuous phantasies; he resorts to
nection betw een m asturbation and incest, thereby en ablin g th e individual mother or sister, the original object of paraphilias to disguise the connection
to achieve orgasm. T h e close conn ection betw een the paraphilias and mas­ his voyeuristic interest. T h e problem between masturbation and incest.
turbation is evidenced b y th e fa ct th a t practically every paraphiliac ac­ of unconscious incest pervades inti­ Practically every paraphiliac activity is
tivity is an aid to m asturbation, and m any of them are accom panied b y or mately all neuroses, psychoses and pa­ an aid to masturbation; many are ac­
raphilias. companied by or culminate in mastur­
culm in ate in m asturbation. T h e transvestist invariably m asturbates either
A close connection appears be­ bation.
during or at the conclusion of his transvestic act ; in fetishism , th e fetish
is w hat excites the individual to th e point o f m asturbation; seem ingly he
can not m asturbate w ith ou t it. T h e voyeur frequently m asturbates either
w hile engaged in his voyeuristic activity or im m ediately thereafter. T h e
exhibitionist som etim es m asturbates w hile h e is exhibiting, som etim es
thereafter, although there are some cases in w hich the act o f exhibition ­
ism itself appears to be a m asturbatory substitute and involves no other
physical activity. H om osexual indulgence is frequently follow ed b y mas­
turbation, attesting to th e fa ct th a t the hom osexual activity in and o f
itself is n ot productive o f satisfaction. It is hardly possible to escape the
conclusion that the paraphilias represent an indirect and circuitous route
to m asturbatory activity; th at they are the m eans b y w hich the individual
recovers w hat w e m ight term , in his case, the lost art of m asturbation.

SUMMARY

Incest as a severely prohibited psy­ A woman who was fixated on her

chosexual condition obtains only
among humans. T h e patient con­
fronted with incestuous fixations on
the one hand, the incest barrier on the
other, compromises by indulging in
other paraphilias which remove the ac­
tivity from the implications of incest.
W h en the libido cannot resort to para­
philias, heterosexual intercourse may
be attempted with resulting impo­
tence.
A man whose early attempts at in­
tercourse ended in ejaculatio praecox
could rarely induce orgasm in his wife
by normal means. He gradually
adopted paraphilias. Dreams and
phantasies became increasingly hom o­
sexual. As potency declines, the para­
philiac picture grows.
father had forbidden thoughts of fel­
latio. She developed a fear of eating
meat, which was associated in her
mind with fellatio.
Homosexuality is less a choice of
one’s own sex than a repudiation of
the other sex, from which the individ­
ual attempts to escape because of
strong emotions of hate and fear. In
most cases, the original object choice
was incestuous. T h e homosexual has
solved the incest problem by rejecting
his mother and all other women. Fe­
tishism is often traceable to the flight
from incest. T h e fetishist renounces
women and all human anatomy, con­
centrating his erotic life on inanimate
objects, usually those worn or used by
women. Sadomasochism exhibits the
19. THE P A R A P H I L I A S

(P araphiliac E xpedients)

Л. C U L T U R A L PARAPH ILIAS 343

1. Incest 343

2. P aedophilia 345

3. R ape 346

H. B IO L O G IC A L PARAPH ILIAS 348

1. M asturbation 349

2. H om osexuality 349

3. Transvestism 350

4. Fetishism 351

5. Partialism 354

6. Sadom asochism 355

7. E xh ibition ism and V oyeurism 356

8. F rottage 357

9. N ecrophilia 358

го. Zoophilia (or Bestiality) 358

11. O b scen ity (or Pornography) 360

12. C oprop hilia 360

« SOME G E N E R A L O B SE R V A T IO N S
C O N C E R N IN G THE PARAPH ILIAS 362

I) THE M E A N IN G OF PARAPH ILIAS 362

342 T h e Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)

E. M A R R IA G E AND PARAPH ILIAS 367

F. H E T E R O S E X U A L P E R V E R SITIE S 371

G. A L L O SO C IA L P E R V E R SITIE S 374

1. E c o n o m ic P erversities 374

2. C rim in al Perversities 376

The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac
3. P olitical Perversities 378 Expedients)
4. C u ltu ra l Perversities 378

S U M M A R Y
T h rou gh ou t this discussion the fa ct has been em phasized th a t sexual o f

-M M : = * » ■ =

' '. '“ c T h e s e are a c t i v i t y asso eiated w ith th e para

f t it h eas i s z s m e m s ,b y wh,,c h i,,c paraphi,,ac ^

: 1-ь5 ‘й п ь '-" * !й
« . s s s s i 'K a
A, C U L T U R A L p a r a p h i l i a s
344 The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
jority o f cultures, and society does n ot recognize an issue from such a
union.
T h e prohibitions against incest are essentially cultural ones. M u rd ock
says:
“ T h e one social ph enom enon w ith w h ich sexual regulation is asso­
ciated in every k now n society is kinship. Intra-fam ily incest taboos are
absolutely universal. In n one o f the 250 sam ple societies, nor in any
other th a t I have ever read about, is either sexual intercourse or m ar­
riage considered perm issible betw een father and daughter, m other and
son, or brother and sister. Sporadic individual cases o f incest crop up
everywhere, o f course, and in som e instances incestuous unions are per­
m itted under h igh ly exceptional circum stances. T h u s am ong the A zan de
o f central A frica certain high nobles are allow ed to w ed their ow n
daughters, and brother-sister marriages w ere actually preferred in the
old H aw aiian aristocracy and in the Inca royal fam ily. T h e natives of
B ali in Indonesia perm it tw in brothers and sisters to marry on the
ground that they have already been un duly intim ate in their m other s
w om b, and am ong th e T h o n g a o f E ast A frica an im portant hunter,
preparatory to a great hu n t, m ay have sex relations w ith his ow n daugh­
ter— a heinous act under any other circum stances. In no case, h ow ­
ever, are such incestuous unions com m on, or perm itted to the general
run o f the p opu lation .”
Incest, as a m anifestation o f paraphilia, need n ot necessarily involve
actual sexual relations. K rafft-E bin g reports th e follow in g case.
“ Z., age fifty-one, superintendent, enam oured w ith his ow n daughter
since her puberty. She had to leave h o m e and reside w ith relatives abroad.
H e was a peculiar, nervous m an, som ew hat given to drink, w ithou t
m anifest taint. H e denied b ein g in love w ith his daughter, b u t the latter
stated th at he acted and b ehaved towards her like a lover. Z. was very
jealous of every m an w ho ever approached his daughter. H e threatened
to com m it suicide if she ever m arried, and on one occasion proposed
to her that th ey should die together. H e knew h ow to arrange things so
th a t h e could always b e alone w ith her, and overw helm ed her w ith pres­
ents and caresses. N o signs of hypersexuality. D id n o t keep a mistress
and was looked upon as a very decent m an.
W e have m entioned elsewhere th e frequently discovered relation be­
tw een incest and hom osexuality. A case th at cam e under m y observation
was th a t of a you n g w h ite m ale w ho, at the age of ten, was seduced b y his
older sister. W h e n he reached puberty, the sister frightened b y possible con
sequences, abruptly ceased th e relationship. T h e b oy later developed into
an absolute hom osexual. H e cou ld n ’t im agine him self developing an crcc
tion and havin g satisfactory relations w ith a w om an. “ I thin k, though, to
this day, that I cou ld develop an erection w ith m y sister w ith o u t difficulty.”
T h e author had under treatm en t a case of frigidity in a m arried wom an,
traceable to an incestuous relationship w ith her father at the age o f 15.
T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 345
A psychic traum a represented by early incestuous experiences lies at
the root o f a variety o f psychosexual disturbances.
A s a m atter of fact, in psychoanalytical practice w e are n ot usually con ­
cerned so m uch w ith actual incest as w ith the part w hich unconscious in­
cestuous interest plays in the form ation o f other paraphilias (w e have
already discussed this relationship in the chapter on Incest) although, as
in the cases m en tion ed above, instances o f early incestuous experiences
are frequently uncovered.
” • P a e d o p h ilia : Paedophilia (legally called statutory rape) if it involves
sexual intercourse w ith a fem ale child old enough to conceive b u t too
young legally to give consent, is n ot antibiological per se for it can result
in procreation; b u t it represents an alm ost universally recognized sexual
offense. In a m ajority o f cases of paedophilia w e are n ot concerned w ith
rape, b u t rather w ith sexual abuse, or w hat the law frequently calls carnal
knowledge. F or understandable reasons, th e average paedophiliac does not
progress to th e po in t o f actual intercourse, b u t satisfies him self w ith vari­
ous form s o f prelim inary sex play, although there are, o f course, cases in
which intercourse is had w ith fem ale children or in w hich active paederasty
is perform ed on m ale children.
( )ne case o f statutory rape cam e to th e w riter’s atten tion and was ana­
lyzed. It concerned a young w h ite m ale w ho left a very good job and be-
' .пне a salesman, going from house to house selling various wares. H e
would knock at the door o f a house, and frequently his knock w ould be
answered b y a little girl. T o his question as to th e whereabouts o f her
mother, she w ould often say that her m other was out, b u t was expected
Iо be back in about tw o hours, w hereupon he w ould offer to w ait for her
which th e little girl in her sim plicity w ould consent to, and b rib ing her
with candy and other things, w ithin a short tim e he w ould assault and rape
her. In the state w here it happened this carries a death penalty w hich is
what was expected. His people, however, were fairly prom inent and a psy-
■11iatrist was em ployed w ho m aintained in court that th e m an was a m ental
detective w hich needless to say he was not. H owever, th at rem oved him
Imm th e legal need of punishm ent and he was sent to a hospital for the
insane. A year later he was taken out o f th e hospital on a w rit of habeas
t m pus proceedings as if he had recovered from his m ental deficiency. O n e
would suppose th a t a man having faced th e electric chair once, the experi­
ence w ould act as a deterrent for further crim es o f this nature. N everthe-
IcM, w ithin a short tim e after his release he was arrested again on th e same
I Ilarge. T h is tim e th e district attorney’s office was n ot w illin g to “ play
ball w ith the law yer b u t a com prom ise was finally effected in th a t he
was told to leave the state and go elsewhere w hich h e did, havin g m oved to
\\ ashington. T h ere, w ithin a short tim e, he was arrested again, th e tw o
piuvious experiences obviously having failed to act as deterrents. W it h a
01 ord of having been in a hospital for the insane w hen he was arrested
 1 he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 347
346 T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
inflicting all sorts o f physical injury, occasionally even killin g her? A b o ve
in W a sh in g to n , h e was soon sent to S ain t E lizabeth s H ospital w here he
•ill, w hy should any norm al man wish to secure sexual outlet through the
cam e under m y care. H e was analyzed and cured o f his com pellin g urge,
use of force, w hen society provides m ore than fair opportunities for re­
the case having been revealed in analysis to be purely psychogenic in ori­
lease o f sexual tension through marriage, clandestine relations and pros-
gin T e n years after his discharge th e report o f a social worker was to t le I i 111tion?
effect that the m an has n ot gotten into trouble since, indicating that psy­
I licre is a type o f lust w hich derives its pleasure from th e overcom ing
chotherapy was effective in this case. T h e case dem onstrates th a t rape m ay
11I slu ing resistance. T h ere is a type o f sadist w ho visualizes situations in
w ell b e a psychopathological. condition and, therefore, approachable by
which his partner is b ound and helpless, or otherwise subm its to his pleas-
psychotherapy. uic w ith ou t resistance. T h e necrophiliac derives pleasure from the realiza-
lion o f the u tter defenselessness o f a corpse. Llow ever, there is in the popu­
Brom berg says: .. lar m ind an erroneous idea th a t rape and sadism are practically
“ T h e neurotic and schizoid m echanism s described in offenders gu ilty
'a nonym ous. T h is is n ot true. T o be sure, sadism is associated prim arily
o f rape or sadistic sexual crim e also are fou n d in varying degrees in
wi l h the idea o f th e infliction o f pain, b u t the apparent helplessness o f th e
pedophiliacs w ho m ake sexual advances to children. Pedophihacs are
sadist’s m asochistic partner is only sim ulated, for the m asochistic partner
particularly afflicted w ith anxiety regarding their sexual potency. L ike
ih lives pleasure from the infliction o f pain, passively, just as the sadist
th e rapist, th e pedophiliac is not a hypersexed individual, b u t one w hose
dciives such pleasure actively. If there be, how ever, pain in conn ection
sexual im pulses are distorted b y crippling anxiety. A large num ber give
"' III raPe> 1S incidental; the prim ary aim is the overcom ing o f the vic-
histories of im poten ce or partial im potence. It is evident th at the pedo-
lun. In m any cases, rape m ay be related unconsciously to early incestuous
ph iliac’s inferiority feelings lead him to search for younger and less
' lr .iics and the fury aroused b y th e O ed ip us com plex. In other words, the
form idable love objects w hose ignorance w ould prevent his deficiency
mi Inn m ay be a substitute for the crim inal’s m other, w ho naturally w ould
from b ecom ing obvious. T h e child sexual ob ject saves th e offender s ego insist the attack b y her son.
from blow s w hich m ight prove destructive to his m ental equilibrium . Brom berg says:
T h e fem ale child replaces an ad u lt sexual object, w hich appears u n at­
I he neurotic m echanism operative in rapists is based on an under­
tainable to the inh ibited pedophile. T h e b oy upon w hom perversions
lying inferiority feelin g w hich is reflected in sexual attitudes. T h e form
are visited is a substitute for un acknow ledged ad u lt hom osexual inter­
laken b y such feelings is a concealed fear o f the usual m asculine senti­
ests. T h e fact th at pedophilia develops out o f a background o f neurosis
ments and attitudes surrounding sexual con tact w ith w om en. Ruthless,
is partly dem onstrated b y its occurrence as an ‘occasional’ crim e m an
• gocentric attitudes toward wom en as sexual objects mask the disincli­
apparently adjusted individual. Such an offender m ay have a satisfactory
ne Iion to accep t social standards o f m asculinity because of a fear o f sex­
relationship w ith his w ife and live w ith a fam ily to w hom h e is devoted.
ual inadequacy. Aggressive sexual psychopaths are driven to repeated
W h e n th e w ife is pregnant or ill, ungratified infan tile tendencies m ay
а мм I conquests in pursuit o f th e em otional security th a t successful
appear, often as a startling phenom enon to the crim inal him self, in the
m asculine sexual dom inan ce brings. T h e frequent clinical finding o f
form of sexual play w ith a child. T h e m ainspring of this abnorm al sex
unconscious fem in in e tendencies in crim inals convicted of forceful rape
drive proves to b e the wish to be a child again, a regression to an earlier can he understood on this basis.
period w hen th e sexual instinct was expressed in partial im pulses ot
“ T h e factor o f aggressive sexual reaction to inner fear plays a greater
playing, seeing, tou ching, and so on.” part 111 directing the actions o f rape-murderers than has been realized.
Ib e rapist w ho murders the ob ject o f his sexual im pulse is m otivated
3. R a p e : L ik e paedophilia, this is a cultural paraphilia in every sense
by fear o f th e social consequences o f his act and, to an even greater de-
o f the word because it deeply violates our m oral sensibilities and bears
г. ice, by fear o f the strength o f his ow n sexual aggression. T h e m urder is
oth er evidence o f being a profou ndly abnorm al type o f behavior, since
1be response to the pressure o f guilty feelings and is n ot a true lust mur-
our entire culture is conditioned on w inn ing, giving and h old in g th e affec­
11' i sm cc tlie k illin § is not a sadistic aspect o f th e sexual act. Such crimes
tion of the opposite sex, so that a norm al individual is unable to respond
I" 1111 am ong individuals w ho are schizoid in their personality organiza-
properly except it be w ithin th e fram ew ork o f affection. T h erefo re it must
1..... or are n eurotically inh ibited in their search for an acceptable sex-
b e a m ost abnorm al reaction w h ich causes one to force his passion on an
11.11 object. In schizoid individuals, the rom antic coloring surrounding
u n w illing partner w ho resents, fights and rejects the aggressor. A ll cases of
к l.i Iions betw een m en and w om en is com partm entalized in the m ind
rape that have com e under the w riter’s care have proven to be profou ndly *unl rem ains unrelated to sexual im pulses.”
abnorm al. W h y should a m an violate a w om an, then abuse her physically,
348 T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
In th e author’s ow n experience, inferiority does n ot play the role in
rape ascribed to it b y Brom berg. Inferiority is there, to be sure, b u t it is
often secondary to som ething else (e.g., oth er privations, denials and re­
jections) and is usually com bin ed w ith other confluent factors.
Brom berg states further:
“ T h e sexual psychopath is characterized b y disturbances in the ap­
propriate fusion o f the sexual im pulse into his em otional life. C rim es of
forceful rape and sadistic attack indicate that several form s of personal­
ity disturbance m ay be responsible. T h ese can b e either com pensatory
behavior for neurotic inhibition, schizoid w ithdraw al into fantasy life
or, less com m only, intellectual dissociation due to insanity.
“ Psychological understanding o f rape and other sexual crimes is
enhanced b y analysis o f the m eaning of the victim in terms o f th e o f­
fen der’s ego. Study shows that the victim is a source of unconscious
gratification for the aggressive sex offender quite apart from her value as
a sexual object. B y placin g the sexual ob ject in an inferior, degrading role
through rape or sadistic and perverse acts, the offender satisfies his need
for a position o f sexual dom inance. T h is sense of dom inance, im plied in
rape or any form of sexual crim e, has th e corollary effect o f b elittlin g
the sexual object. T o the sexual pervert, b elittlem en t o f the sexual part­
ner is a source o f unconscious gratification because it satisfies hostile
im pulses directed tow ard w om en. In actuality, rapists show strong ele­
m ents o f m isogyny and distrust toward the w om en they place in the po­
sition o f sexual objects. Sexual inverts likew ise are im pelled tow ard an
attitud e o f m isogyny b y feelings of inadequacy regarding their own
sexual vigor. Aggressive sexual crim e, on analysis, proves to have the
m eaning o f a sym bolic statem ent o f the inferiority feelings of th e crim i­
nal and an expression o f hostility toward th e objects of his lusts. 1 hesc
tendencies are integrated in th e personality o f th e sexual psychopath
as the result o f long-standing em otional conflicts and stresses.”
B. B IO L O G IC A L PARAPH ILIAS
A ll o f th e oth er paraphilias, w hich m ay b e spoken o f as biological para­
philias, are antibiological per se; they all fail o f any possible biological
goal; no issue can possibly result from these. M asturbation, hom osexual­
ity, sadom asochism , fetishism , exhibitionism , voyeurism , transvestism , zoo
philia, necrophilia, and obscenity are all com pletely sterile form s o f sexual
activity; sterile in term s o f procreation and issue. A possible exception
m ay be noted in cases o f sadom asochistic activity by persons o f th e oppo
site sex w hich culm inates in coitus, b u t in such cases th e sadomasochism
becom es a form o f prelim inary sex play and is not, strictly speaking, a
paraphilia. T ru e sadom asochism is ind epen d en t o f norm al sexual rcla
tions and is an end in itself.
T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 349
1. M a stu rb atio n : B ecause it has no biological aim, m asturbation is, of
course, a paraphilia. W e have discussed its relation to hom osexuality,
transvestism, fetishism , exhibitionism , and voyeurism . It usually accom ­
panies obscenity (or pornography) w hich is generally represented b y por­
nographic draw ing or the w riting o f obscene letters.
I he statem ent that m asturbation is a paraphilia, how ever, calls for some
m odification. W e can not call, except qualifiedly, th e average you th fu l
m asturbation, w hich is practically a universal phenom enon, a paraphilia;
likewise w e have to qualify ad ult m asturbation w hich is practiced faute de
mieux, in reaction to sexual privation or under circum stances w hich
make norm al sexual intercourse im practicable or im possible (substitutive
m asturbation ), though there are adolescents and m en w ho prefer to be
abstinent rather than to m asturbate, n ightly emissions providing the out-
l< I. M asturbation as a paraphilia is either an end in itself, in w hich case it
is usually com pellin g in character and accom panied b y conscious or u n ­
conscious paraphiliac phantasies; or it is an adjun ct to som e other para­
philia, e.g., fetishism , transvestism, exhibitionism , voyeurism , etc. W e have
already discussed the intim ate relation betw een m asturbation and these
v.uious paraphilias, and have shown that, in nearly every case, the para­
ph iliac activity is either preceded, accom panied, or follow ed b y m asturba­
tion. In such cases m asturbation m erely supplies the sexual release for the
excitem ent w h ich leads to and accom panies the paraphiliac activity.
I lom osexu ality: T h is is, o f course, a paraphilia, for it has no biologi-
• 'I aim and can not possibly result in procreation. W e have already dis-
1 usscd the types o f hom osexuals and th e various paraphiliac expedients
I mployed in hom osexual relations. W e have also discussed the com m on
denom inator of th e flight from w om an in m ale hom osexuality, fetishism ,
IIud sadom asochism , as w ell as the close conn ection betw een hom osexual-
il\ and incest. Psychiatric and psychoanalytical literature abounds in case
In .lories o f b oth m ale and fem ale hom osexuals, w hich attest to the infinite
' 11' f l y o f their em otional attitudes and behavior patterns. T h e term “ homo-
M ''"u lity” is m eaningless in any descriptive sense, for it indicates nothing
beyond the fa ct th at the interest o f the individual is exclusively centered
In nl hers o f the same sex. T h e hom osexual picture includes everything
,lie m ost idealistic friendship to th e m ost prom iscuous debauchery,
in w hich respect, o f course, it parallels heterosexuality, w here w e find
(<l<.11istic love, m onogam y, polygam y (speaking figuratively, o f course),
14 (>111iscuity, and depravity. T h e only outstanding difference is in th e sex
"I ibe partner or love object. Persons w ho are disposed to believe that
In leroscxuality represents w h a t is “ good ,” w hile hom osexuality repre-
■nls w hat is “ b ad ,” are prone to forget th at in th e heterosexual field an
individual can be just as reprehensible and disgusting as in the homosex-
1111 W h a t is the career of a six-times divorced man or w om an if n o t an ex­
ample o f legalized polygam y, except th a t he or she is n ot perm itted to
350 T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
have more than one spouse at a tim e? A b o u t all th a t th e prom iscuous
heterosexual has to boast of is the fact th at he can b eget a child; b u t m ac­
tual practice he rarely does, doesn’t w ant to, and takes never-ending pre­
cautions to avoid doing so. N evertheless, th e fact that pot.sntmlly, he11s
biologically oriented is w hat makes him norm al, w h ile th e fa ct that
hom osexual is not, is w hat makes the latter a paraphiliac.
B ro m b e rg , referrin g to h o m o sex u a ls w h o b e c o m e in v o lv e d m crim in a l
activities, says: ,c
“ It is evident th a t every hom osexual psychopath has a specific histo у
o f his own perversion w hich is related to his offense. T h e hom osexual
w ho becom es involved in cases of sodom y or im pairing th e m orals o l a
m inor has a strong neurotic conflict revolving abou t Ins perversion w h ich
im pels him to expose him self to possible injury in quest o f sex ob]ec s.
T h e less neurotic hom osexual, on th e other h and, volu ntarily remains
in the com pany o f those sim ilarly afflicted. T h e presence o f neurotic a -
m ixtures provides the stim uli w hich change a private vice into a sexual
crim e. T h e effective factor in cases of overt hom osexuals w ho becom e
involved in sexual crim e, then, seems to b e th e influence of neurotic
gu ilt on their actions. T h ese offenders are un com fortable w ith their h o ­
m osexual im pulses yet they are subject to th e unconscious need o f ex­
h ib itin g their sexual problem . F eelings of inferiority and guilt are t ie
stim ulating forces causing these individuals to seek sexual con tact w i
m inors rather than w ith available adult hom osexual ob,ects. D isplace­
m en t of the goal o f intercourse w ith adult hom osexuals m favor of m in­
ors marks the fear o f public censure and indicates a sim ultaneous ex­
hibitionism aim ed at the exposure o f their gu ilty feelings. T hese
opposing wishes lie b ehin d th e conflict th a t is evident in those h om o­
sexuals w ho b ecom e sex offenders.
3. Transvestism: W h a t w e find in transvestism is essentially a com bina­
tion of hom osexuality and fetishism . C astration anxiety, if the transvestist
b e a m an, and penis envy, if th e transvestist b e a w om an, are th e psycho og-
ically controlling factors. T h e m ale transvestist is seeking a w om an w ith a
penis, w hile the fem ale transvestist tries to convince herself th a t she pos­
sesses a penis, i.e., th at she is a m an. B oth of them m ake a fetish o f the
clothes of the opposite sex in w hich they repeatedly attire th em st v .
h ave already m entioned th e conn ection betw een transvestism and laten t ho­
m osexuality, and also cited in th e first Section a case of transvestism .
H avelock E llis discusses transvestism as eom sm , a term denv
from the nam e o f th e C h evalier d’E on, w ho lived a considerable part о
his life as a w om an and w ho, prior to his death m 18.0, was
b y all as really a w om an, even b y th e E nglish wom an fn end w ,th w h om
h e lived and th e doctor w ho atten ded him in his fatal illness.
T ra n sv e stism is n o t as fre q u e n t in w o m e n as it is m m e n , sin ce th e gen
oral cu s to m is n o w to a llo w w o m e n greater fre e d o m in dressing, w h ic h thus
T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 351
provides the desired outlet. It is quite com m on to see w om en in severely
tailored clothes, collar and tie and slacks. L ittle m ore is necessary to com ­
plete th e picture. T h e case o f D o cto r M ary W a lk e r of som e fifty-five years
ago is w ell know n. She claim ed th at it was more professional for her to
be dressed in m ale clothes and it is said she received special permission
from Congress to do so. T h e author does not know th e elate o f her death,
but she was still livin g in 1914— an elderly gray-haired w om an in m en ’s
clothes and w earing a m odification o f a high hat. She did n ot look like a
man, b u t precisely like a w om an in m ale attire. H er costum e was w h olly
black.
Transvestism , as such, is not likely to b e involved w ith th e law , b u t there
is a definite law against it, and there are transvestists w ho dress up and
parade th e streets and are apprehended b y th e police.
•I. Fetishism : In this paraphilia hum an relations are dispensed w ith
allogether, and their place is taken b y a sym bol, the fetish, w ith th e aid of
which the patien t masturbates. U sually this is an article o f fem ale w earing
apparel— undergarm ents, aprons, shoes, hose, handkerchiefs, etc. Fetishism
becomes associated w ith legal offenses on ly w hen it is com plicated b y th eft
or by some form o f assault, e.g., braid-cutting, dress-slashing, etc. Some-
I inics th e fetish is hum an hair, som etim es a particular fabric, such as silk
in velvet, and attem pts to procure these surreptitiously m ay result in
arrest. O ccasion ally a fetishist w ill break into a house in order to steal fe­
male underclothing, leaving everything else untouched; more often the
coveted garm ents are stolen from clothes lines. M a n y fetishists m ake huge
collections o f the articles representing their chosen fetish. T h is is w hat
Nickel refers to as “ th e harem c u lt” because o f the resem blances o f the pa­
lm 11’s attitu d e toward these articles to th a t of an oriental poten tate toward
Ilie w om en w ho com prise his seraglio.
I. roncngold and Sterba report th e case o f a 30-year-old m ale w hose
Irtish was a rubber apron. H e stole such aprons from laundresses, fish­
wives, etc., and the stealing o f them was a necessary part o f his gratification.
M r would spread the apron on th e floor or bed, sit upon it naked, draw
one corner up betw een his legs like a diaper, and thus experience orgasm.
\t I lie age o f four he had seen his foster m other change her infan t daugh-
ln , 011 w hich occasions she em ployed a rubber sheet. H e was also able to
observe th at the little girl had no penis. H e had observed parental inter-
' 1mi sc w hich h e interpreted sadistically, and cam e to believe th at a w om an
hi'.l her penis during th e sexual act. In his fetishistic behavior he masochis-
I" illy identified him self w ith th e w om an, b u t overcam e his castration anx­
iety by m eans o f the fetish w hich enabled him to den y th e penislessness o f
I lie w om an. In another case reported b y the sam e authors th e fetish was a
ю ре willi w hich the patien t fettered him self, part of it passing betw een his
Ii г/, close to his genitals; and this case also represents a m arked com bina­
tion of fetishism and m asochism.
 T h e Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 353
352 T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
about on ce a w eek, b u t at that tim e he never m asturbated w ith silk under­
A n o th er rubber fetish in a case reported b y P ayne was a m ackintosh,
wear.
and in this case also th e patien t preferred one th at had been stolen. Som e­
Before m arriage he w ould have relations once or tw ice a week. W h ile in
tim es he w ore the m ackintosh (and n othin g else ), som etim es he sat on it
I lie arm y, he stole a piece o f underw ear from a girl and carried it in his
naked, as th e other patien t did on the rubber apron. Its use was always ac­
bag. H e had been married seven years and had tw o children, one six years
com panied by m asturbation.
and th e oth er less than a year old. H e stated th a t the last episode would
W e have already m entioned elsewhere th e m asochistic reaction o f cer­ not have occurred b u t for the fact that his w ife was aw ay and he felt very
tain shoe fetishists. P ractically any article of clo th in g or any com m on ob­ lonesome. H e further m entioned th a t he never discussed th e problem w ith
ject in daily use, m ay becom e a fetish, e.g., bandages, keys, b utton s, etc. his wife.
T h e fetish is frequently found to have a plurality o f m eanings. T h ere is a li e claim ed his married life was norm al, b u t on further inquiry it ap-
close association betw een fetishism and sadom asochism , and in fetishistic Iicared that it was anythin g b u t norm al as regards the strength o f the drive,
cases w e frequently find an adm ixture of other paraphiliac trends, e.g., I lie frequency o f indulgence and q uality o f perform ance. H e said that his
voyeurism , coprophilia, etc., these being occasioned by the particular cir­ il lations were about once a week, w hich is hardly adequate for one o f his
cum stances under w h ich th e fetishistic fixation developed in early ch ild ­ age. From further inquiry it appeared he suffered from ejaculatio praecox,
hood. lour strokes being sufficient to precipitate an ejaculation. H e further ad­
T h ere happened to com e under th e author’s care an adult w hite m ale, mitted th at on occasions he was n ot successful and could n ot m aintain the
erection at all, so th at n oth in g resulted from the efforts.
age 41, w ho was arrested and charged techn ically w ith housebreaking and
T o th e question of w h y he w ou ld n ’t just as w ell buy fem ale silk under­
larceny b u t was suspected o f being possibly a sexual psychopath. It ap­
wear instead o f risking arrest, he said, “ because I w ant to feel that it b e­
peared the im m ediate difficulty was traced b y him to three years previous
longs to som e particular w om an,” w hich reaction no d oubt goes back to
w hen quite “ accid en tally” w h ile looking for th e apartm ent of a friend of
I lie first instance at th e age o f seven w hen he took a girl’s underw ear be-
his, h e “ stum bled” on an open door o f another apartm ent, and w h ile there
' 11isc she jilted him and h e w anted to have som e rem em brance of her.
he took a w om an ’s silk underw ear w hich he said had always exercised for
T h e diagnosis in this case is quite obvious. W e are dealing here w ith a
him a great fascination. T h e feel o f silk m ade him sexually excited and
psychoneurosis, m anifesting itself chiefly b y sexual difficulties, even though
led to m asturbation. N o th in g happened as a result o f that, b u t tw o years
llic overt reaction w hich brought th e patien t to public atten tion was a
later he foun d h im self in a like position w h en , again, h e quite “ acciden­
predatory offense. H e belongs to the group o f cases w h ich have been diag­
tally” w en t into an apartm ent w hich apparently belon ged to som e wom an
nosed as fetishism , in w hich there is a com pellin g urge to indulge in mas-
and again stole som e silk underwear. H e was arrested b u t allow ed to go.
IIlibation requiring for its effectiveness an association w ith a fem ale gar­
T h e third tim e, w h ich was the last, the same th in g h appened and this tim e
ment. T h e m an is sexually inadequate even though h e is m arried and has
he was arrested, the charge pending.
H e stated that from as far back as h e could recall, h e was always fascinated Iwo children. In his sex life he seems to depart a great deal from th e aver-
b y w om en ’s silk underwear, w h ich he used for m asturbatory purposes. His irr norm al m ale. H is frequency in relationships is abou t on ce a w eek,
which is below the average of one o f his age. A s he states it, he has never
earliest recollection o f it was o f an instance w hen at seven or eight years
1 м ceded that, w hich makes it so m uch less than the average. A ddition -
o f age, he was keeping com pany w ith a little girl w ho one day jilted him
ill v, lie is n o t even very effective at the tim e o f sexual relations; four
for som ebody else. N o t so m uch because of revenge b u t rather to have
I In lists being w h at he considers th e average, w h ich could hardly m ean any­
som ething of hers th a t b elonged to her, h e stole her underw ear and for a
thing less than ejaculatio praecox. Furtherm ore, he is not always effective
year he used to play w ith it, rubbing his genitals against it. A fter a year he
1 veil in this lim ited m anner. O n occasions he shows im potentia paralytica,
got tired o f it and began to use a cleaning rag. A b o u t tw o years later, when
1 onccrning w hich he says that he “ w ithdraw s into h im self” ; that is to say,
h e was ten years old h e asked a little girl for her underw ear w hich she re­
I" is unable to effect any erection at all. In contrast to this, th e erection
fused to give to him . H e was very m uch embarrassed b y th a t and later he
•uni orgasm in m asturbation are m ore lasting and m ore profou nd. T h ere
stole som e underw ear from her. A t fourteen, he stole, as last tim e, some
1. little dou b t th a t further interviews along this lin e w ould have brought
underw ear from a ham per and used th a t for m asturbatory purposes. A fter
In I lie surface m ore psychopathological m aterial. In a case o f this kind it
that, on m aturing, h e dropped th e idea of underw ear and began to look
would also be illum in ating to talk to his w ife and find out w h a t sort of
for m ore norm al outlets, w hich continued u n til three years prior to his ar­
hi 111111 relationships they had. H ow ever, from th e m aterial available, it is
rest.
H e related his first real m asturbatory experience to th e age o f sixteen. ■11111c clear th a t this m an is psychosexually lim ited. H e is n ot a sexual psy­

354 T h e Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
chopath, since he has never been aggressive or assaulted anyone sexually
against their w ill.
A n oth er case o f fetishism th a t cam e to the w riter’s atten tion was that of
a w h ite m ale w ho was arrested a num ber of tim es on charges o f housebreak­
ing and larceny. H ow ever, an intim ate study of th e case revealed th at the
m an was n ot at all interested in stealing property or m oney b u t only u n ­
laundered fem ale underwear, w hich he later used for m asturbation pur­
poses. T h is is clearly a case of fetishism .
Still another case of fetishism is th at of a w h ite m ale w ho used to send
threatening letters to a neighboring girl of fourteen, dem anding that she
deliver to him her unclean underwear. H e was, of course, arrested. T h o u g h
h e did n ’t stay lon g enough for fuller study of th e case, an interesting fact
was revealed that as a child he suffered from enuresis and th e m other
seem ed to think that th e best w ay to treat it was to take his urincd under­
w ear and rub his nose w ith it. She th ou gh t that this w ay she w ould get him
aw ay from the bad practice of enuresis. W e do not know just w h at tie-up
there was betw een this set o f events of his life and th e later pen ch an t for
using girl’s underwear for m asturbation, b u t th at there was a conn ection
appears fairly clear.
Fetishism is not know n to exist am ong w om en, b u t psychoanalysis as
y et has n o t been able to fu lly explain the reason for this.
5. P artialism : In conn ection w ith fetishism , m ention should be m ade
o f partialism , w hich m any writers include under fetishism b u t w hich should
b e distinguished from it b y reason o f th e individual s exclusive interest in
a particular portion of the hum an anatom y. Perhaps th e best illustration
o f this distinction is th e difference betw een fo o t fetishism and shoe fetish­
ism, w hich are often discussed together as th ough they were identical. F o o t
fetishism , how ever, if it involves exclusive interest in th e naked foot, is
partialism , w hile fetishism proper in such a case is confined to th e interest
in shoes, slippers, or other foo t covering. Probably th e m ost frequently
encountered anatom ical selection in partialism is th e fem ale breast. B u t­
tocks also figure prom in ently in partialism ; and there are cases of so-called
hand fetishism w hich are really partialism , although it is correct to speak
o f glove fetishism , w here th e interest is centered on th e hand covering, just
as in shoe fetishism it is centered on th e fo o t covering. In oth er words,
partialism is anatom ical fetishism , th e exclusive or predom inant erotic
interest b ein g directed to a specific part o f th e hum an body. It is doubtful,
however, w hether w e should call partialism a paraphilia unless it can lie
dem onstrated th a t the erotic interest in th e particular anatom ical feature
is actually exclusive. A lm ost every individual has certain anatom ical pref­
erences, and traces o f partialism m ay be found in nearly everyone. A m an
w ho has a pronounced and overdeveloped interest in w om en s breasts,
b u t w ho nevertheless engages in norm al sexual intercourse, does not ex­
em plify partialism . B efore w c m ay apply th at term in such a case it m ust
T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 355
be shown th at he has no other interest in a w om an; that con tact w ith her
breasts is his sole avenue o f sexual expression. O n ly then m ay w e say that
he exhibits partialism and th a t he is a paraphiliac.
A case o f partialism th at has recently com e to the atten tion o f th e author
was that o f a youn g w hite m ale w ho was arrested in the art gallery as he
was supposedly looking at pictures and at the same tim e trying to brush
against w om en ’s breasts. T h a t seems to be his particular partialistic attrac­
tion. T h e case was not very accessible to psychoanalysis b u t it was b rought
out th at from early childhood he was very m uch interested in sex m atters
w hich were vigorously denied him b y his parents. His curiosity in sexual
matters was so great th a t one day he b etoo k him self to a local hospital,
and figuring th at there w ould be very few people on hand in m idafter­
noon, he w en t into a room where a w om an was lyin g in b ed and repre­
senting him self to her as a physician, proceeded to exam ine her. H is
explorations were quite extensive as w ell as intensive, b u t w hen he felt
that som ebody m ight com e in, he prom ptly withdrew .
<>. S a d o m a so ch ism : Pioneer investigators in the field o f abnorm al psy­
chology, e.g., Krafft-Ebing, talked about sadism and m asochism , regarding
llicsc as tw o separate and distinct perversions of the sexual instinct. W e
know now, how ever, that they are sim ply bipolar m anifestations o f the
same paraphilia. W e speak o f sadists or of m asochists only in terms o f the
preponderant trend exhibited b y particular individuals, just as in h om o­
sexuality w e speak of active and passive types; b u t every sadist possesses
certain elem ents of m asochism and every m asochist possesses certain ele­
ments of sadism, and there are occasions on w hich one suddenly gives
place to the other, just as— b u t b y no means as frequently as— in homosex-
ualily th e active type can becom e passive, or vice versa. Som e writers
have sought to substitute the term algolagnia, as em phasizing th e sexual
interest in pain, w hether inflicted or endured; b u t the term Sadom asochism
appears m ore clearly to suggest the essential com bination o f the two
contrasting phases o f this paraphilia. T h e term s Sadism and M asochism
were both derived from th e nam es o f m en w hose literary productions re­
lied cd their respective sadom asochistic interests— the M arquis de Sade and
( h u n t von Sacher M asoch— in the same m anner th a t H avelock E llis de-
lived the term E onism from the nam e of th e C h evalier d’E on.
Sadom asochism substitutes the infliction o f pain or the suffering of pain
11и sexual union. It m ay be either heterosexually or hom osexually oriented.
11 is perhaps th e m ost com plex of all th e paraphilias, being alm ost invaria­
bly luscd w ith one or m ore of the others. It is closely related to hom osexu-
ilily, usually laten t hom osexuality, b u t som etim es overt hom osexuality,
in id to fetishism (w e have already referred to th e frequently encountered
■adi(masochistic elem ent in fetishistic cases), and th e root of it, as o f prac-
Ih illy all Ilie paraphilias, is the reaction to th e fear o f incest. ( W e have
iilu ady discussed this in the chapter on Incest.)

356 The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
In sadom asochism there is som etim es a reversal o f roles. T h e paraphilia
involves a strong ascetic tendency, w h ich is part o f th e religious ecstasy to
b e found in the history o f saints and martyrs w ho seek to eradicate the
sinful lusts o f the flesh” b y means of flagellation or other painfu l form s o f
penance. A s a consequence o f his deep religious sense o f guilt, th e sadist
som etim es becom es a m asochist, th e original sadism b ein g then turned
against his own ego. T h e m asochist, on the other hand, som etim es suddenly
turns on his sadistic partner, revealing the original sadism against w hich
his m asochistic trend is an unconscious protest. In certain instances such
a sudden change o f attitu d e results in murder.
A hom osexual m ale w h o regarded h im self as “ m ildly m asochistic form ed
a friendship w ith another hom osexual m ale m asochist w ho w anted to be
treated sadistically, and the first m an expressed him self as utterly surprised
at th e ease w ith w h ich he assumed the sadistic role. H e gave his com ­
panion an unm erciful lashing, leaving marks w hich rem ained for over a
week, and after they had retired, lay aw ake w orrying lest th e other, w ho
was w ell advanced in years, should succum b to a heart attack as the result
o f such harsh treatm ent. H e said afterwards, ‘ Perhaps I am a sadist after
all.”
7. Exhibitionism and Voyeurism: T h ese can b e considered together
because, like sadism and m asochism , they are bipolar activities w hich com ­
plem ent each other. T h e y are, how ever, usually separate and distinct 111
practice. T h e exhibitionist is rarely interested in voyeurism nor the voyeur
in exhibitionism . T h e exhibitionist says, in effect, “ I w ant to show you
w h at I’ve g o t” ; th e voyeur, “ I w ant to see w h at you ’ve got.” T h e very na­
ture o f their respective activities is suggestive of psychosexual infantilism .
T h e legal term for exhibitionism is In d ecen t Exposure; th e voyeur is fre­
quen tly called a P eeping T o m . B oth exhibitionism and voyeurism aic
frequently, one m igh t say universally, accom panied or follow ed b y m astur­
bation. T h e y are w h at w e m igh t term nuisance offenses. T h e prevailing
n otion th a t either one im plies a threat o f assault is w h olly w ith ou t founda­
tion . T h e superficial appearance o f aggressiveness on th e part o f the ex­
h ib ition ist leads th e ignorant observer to the erroneous conclusion th at lie
is a dangerous individual, whereas, as a m atter o f fact, passivity is probably
th e outstanding elem ent in his personality m ake-up, this passivity often
grow ing out of an extrem e narcissism, stupidly encouraged or even en­
gendered in childhood b y th e excessive love and adm iration o f foolish
m others. T h e voyeur, w hen detected, is som etim es m istaken for a po ten ­
tial burglar or for som eone con tem platin g a sexual assault; b u t this, too,
is a m istaken notion , for he only w ants to see. H is sex is all in his eyes, as
it were.
V oyeurism is som etim es com bined w ith fetishism and transvestism . W e
have the case o f a you th w ho first stole fem ale underwear, then dressed
T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 357
him self in it, then engaged in extensive voyeuristic activity, and concluded
by m asturbating in the stolen undergarm ents.
It is n ot entirely true that exhibitionism is n ot observed in w om en. It
is, although n ot anyw here on th e same scale as in m en. T h ere was a re­
ported case in the newspapers several years ago, of people passing through
an art gallery and paying little atten tion to w h at was supposed to be a
picture o f a nude w om an along w ith other pictures, w hen suddenly the
picture began to m ove and it was revealed that it was a w om an w ho was
com pletely naked, exposing herself to the public.
N. F ro ttage: T h is is a little know n paraphilia in w hich th e man obtains
orgasm b y rubbing against a w om an ’s buttocks, usually w hen she is fully
clothed. A s a pattern o f antisocial behavior it is a m ild form o f assault. It
is often u n detected b y the victim w ho, if she is aware o f it at all, believes
II to be a m atter of accident, since it usually occurs in a crow ded subway,
Ims, street car, elevator, or other place w here people are massed together
III a restricted area. It is frequently confused w ith b oth fetishism and par-
lialism, b u t differs from b oth, for the frotteur’s interest is n ot in th e mate-
lial w ith w hich th e w om an ’s buttocks are covered, nor does it appear to be
centered in the b uttocks as such, b u t in th e act o f rubbing against them .
111 Section O n e, I have already given an abstract o f a case o f exhibitionism
wliich was com bin ed w ith incest and frottage.
Krafft-Ebing reports th e case of a m an w h o “ stated th a t at th e sight
nl a noticeable posterior a of a lady, he was irresistibly im pelled to prac­
tice frottage” ; and also another case of a w idow er, w hich he describes as
follows:
“ F or som e tim e he had attracted atten tion in churches, because he
crowded up behind w om en, b oth old and youn g indifferently, and toyed
w ith their ‘bustles.’ H e was w atched, and one day he was arrested in th e
net . . .
“ For tw o years he had been subject to the unhappy im pulse to go in
crowds o f people— in churches, at box-offices o f theatres, etc.— and press
up behind fem ales and m anipulate the prom inent portion of their
dresses, thus producing orgasm and ejaculation .”
\ patient w hose com pellin g paraphilia was transvestism reported th a t he
never m asturbated m anually, b u t always by rubbing against som e soft ob-
i" I. such as th e back o f an upholstered chair, etc., always w hile clad in
I'm ale clo th in g or fem ale underwear, and th a t h e also frequently mastur-
Ihi led by rubbing against his w ife’s buttocks, b u t th at she had to b e wear-
1111; a slip. O n the occasion o f his first m asturbation he was w earing a skirt
u liicli lie had stolen from his m other, and achieved orgasm and ejaculation
hv nibbing against a door. T h ere w ould appear to be a certain connec-
Iпи 1 between these activities and frottage, although this patien t never ap-
pmnchcd w om en in public places after the m anner o f a frotteur.
358 T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
9. Necrophilia: Fortu nately this paraphilia is com paratively rare, al­
though some investigators m aintain that it is m ore frequent than is com ­
m on ly supposed. In clinical practice one com es across cases th a t closely
sim ulate or approach necrophilia. T h e m ale partner asks his fem ale part­
ner to lie as m otionless as possible, as th e least m ove on her part m ay
m ake him lose th e erection. Stekel reports a case w hich was traced to
an early childhood experience w hen the patien t tried to have relations w ith
his sister w hile she was asleep. E verything had to be absolutely still and
quiet lest she w ake up.
N ecrophilia is so repugnant to all cultural standards th a t it strikes us
as n ot on ly peculiarly revolting b u t even as fantastic. W e are disposed to
associate it w ith vam pires, werew olves, and other such legendary m onsters.
E ven cannibalism is m ore understandable, for th e average individual
knows about cannibalism , w h ich he usually associates w ith past genera­
tions o f prim itive and savage tribes, w ho never even heard o f necrophilia.
It is possible, however, that a num ber of cases o f robbery o f new graves,
th e m otive for w hich was th ou gh t to be the th eft of jew elry or other val­
uable articles buried w ith a corpse, actually represent cases o f necrophilia,
th e real m otive b ein g th e sexual possession o f th e dead body.
N ecrophilia is intim ately associated w ith extrem e sadism. T h e defense­
lessness o f th e corpse is an im portant factor. T h e necrophiliac is usually
psychotic, frequently epileptic.
B rill reports a case o f a m ale hom osexual w h o w en t to work for an
undertaker in order to overcom e his extrem e fear o f dead people, and there­
after progressed to the po in t w here he “ repeatedly attem pted fellatio on
corpses.” Brill states that th e patien t resorted to necrophilia because the
corpses were totally passive and helpless.
Iwan B loch describes “ sym bolic n ecrophilia” as follow s:
“ A prostitute or som e other w om an m ust clothe herself in a shroud,
lie in a coffin, or on the ‘bed o f d eath,’ or in a room draped as a ‘cham ber
o f death ,’ and during th e w hole tim e m ust pretend to be dead, w hilst
the necrophilist satisfies h im self sexually b y various acts.”
10. Zoophilia (or Bestiality): Sexual relations w ith anim als are m ainly
associated w ith adolescents in rural com m unities, and seldom represent
m ore than a very few episodes in th e entire life o f an individual, m ost of
them being o f a m ore or less experim ental nature. It is d ou b tfu l if we
should regard such isolated instances as representing a paraphilia. If,
how ever, th e behavior pattern becom es fixed and there develops a positive
and con tin uin g sexual attraction toward anim als, there is, o f course, a
definite paraphilia involved.
V iew ed as a sexual offense, the legal attitu d e tow ard such cases appears
to b e based, as it is in so m any other cases, on a sense o f outraged morals
rather than on a consideration of the actual harm resulting from the b e­
havior itself. W e are rem inded of th e case reported b y Krafft-E bing:
The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 359
“ W ., aged sixteen, a shoem aker’s apprentice, caught a goose in a
n eighbor’s garden and com m itted bestiality on the fow l until the neigh­
bor approached. O n b eing accused by the neighbor, W . said, ‘W e ll! Is
Ihere anythin g w rong w ith the goose?’ and then w en t aw ay.”
T h e legal attitu d e in such cases should really reflect the culp rit’s ques­
tion in this case: “ Is there anythin g w rong w ith the goose?” T h ere are, o f
( nurse, recorded cases in w hich extensive dam age has been done to small
animals various kinds o f fow l, rabbits, etc.— b y a paraphiliac w ho was a
victim o f protracted zoophiliac practices, b u t the law appears to b e m ainly
concerned w ith the so-called im m oral nature of the behavior rather than
with the practical aspect o f resulting damage.
Havelock E llis observes:
B estiality is very rarely found in towns. In th e country this vice of
the clodhopper is far from infrequent. F o r the peasant, w hose sensibili-
iics are u n cultivated and w ho m akes b ut the m ost elem entary dem ands
from a w om an, the difference betw een an anim al and a hum an being
in this respect scarcely seems to be very great. ‘M y w ife was away too
long, a G erm an peasant explained to the m agistrate, ‘and so I w ent
with m y sow.’ It is certainly an explanation that to the un cultivated
peasant, ignorant o f theological and judicial conceptions, m ust often
seem natural and sufficient.
B estiality thus resembles m asturbation and other abnorm al m ani­
festations of the sexual im pulse w hich m ay be practiced m erely faute de
niieux and not as, in th e strict sense, perversions o f th e im pulse . . .”
I he last paragraph o f th e passage just quoted echoes w h at w e have al­
ii -.idy said, nam ely, that zoophilia m ay be regarded as a paraphilia only
v lien it involves the deliberate selection o f anim als as sexual objects. Ellis
1 ilcs a case o f a 21-year-old m ale concerning w hom he says: “ W o m e n
11.id 110 attraction for him , b u t he w ould copulate w ith the mares upon his
l.illici s farm . T h e same author also refers to the case of a 16-ycar-old boy,
described as precociously m ature and fairly b right,” concerning w hom he
luys:
I Ic was, however, indifferent to the opposite sex, though he had am ­
ple op portun ity for gratifying norm al passions. Flis parents lived in
Ilie city, b u t th e youth had an inordinate desire for the country and was
therefore sent to school in a village. O n the second day after his arrival
II school a farm er missed a sow w hich was found secreted in an out­
house 011 th e school grounds. T h is was th e first o f m any incidents in
w hich a sow always took part. So strong was his passion that on one occa­
sion force had to be used to take him away from the sow he was caressing.
Nc did not m asturbate, and even w hen restrained from approaching
sows he had no sexual inclination for other anim als. Flis nocturnal pol­
lutions, w hich were frequent, were always accom panied by images o f
w allow ing sw ine.”
V bile w c m ay refer to any single episode o f zoophilia as paraphiliac

56o The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
behavior, w e can on ly designate as paraphilias those cases in w hich the b e­
havior pattern is fixed, com pelling and repetitive. W e refer to th e practice
o f fellatio, cunnilingus, etc. w ithin a heterosexual fram ew ork as paraphil­
iac behavior, b u t w e can only describe the individuals practicing these
acts as b eing victim s o f a paraphilia w hen such activity becom es an aim
in itself and excludes norm al heterosexual relations.
11. Obscenity (or Pornography): T h is m ight be described as a form of
psychic m asturbation, although it frequently leads to physical m asturba­
tion as w ell. A s a sexual offense it usually takes the form of a violation of
th e postal laws, though it som etim es involves the defacin g o f pu b lic b u ild ­
ings and th e com m ission o f public indecency, in w hich case it has a certain
indirect relation to exhibitionism ; for w hile th e exhibitionist exposes his
ow n sexual organs in public, the perpetrator o f obscenity draws pictures of
im aginary ones on walls, fences, etc., or scrawls invitations to or descrip­
tions of lew d acts. B u t his behavior represents an end in itself, as does each
o f the other paraphilias, instead o f b eing partial im pulses w hich they origi­
n ally were; (th at is essentially w h at m akes them paraphilias). T h e y are all
divorced from biological considerations. T h e y are abortive and, in th e
eyes o f th e norm al individual, senseless avenues o f sexual gratification
erotic blin d alleys, as it were— and in nearly every*case they either violate
law or involve auxiliary activities w hich violate law.
A n yo n e w ho has ever been in a public com fort station is fam iliar w ith
th e sort o f w riting and draw ing w hich exem plifies obscenity or pornog­
raphy. Som e cases o f obscene letter w riting involve psychosis. O n e such
person m ailed obscene letters w h ich em bodied his hallucinations, and said
that they contained things “ th e voices told h im .” Som etim es th e writer of
obscene letters selects particular types o f addressees. O n e m an w rote vu l­
gar and obscene letters for m any years to prom in ent society w om en. In
addition to th e satisfaction derived from obscenity, such a case probably
involves also a special form o f hatred directed against a particular class.
A n o th er m an w rote obscene letters “ to a m aternal type of w om an h e had
m et.” T h is m ay have represented the discharge o f a strong m oth er hatred,
w ith underlying unconscious incestuous attachm ent.
A com m on exam ple o f pornography, o f course, is th e individual w ho
makes extensive collections o f obscene pictures or pam phlets w hich arc
invariably used as an aid to m asturbation.
12. C o p ro p h ilia : C oprop hilia, w ith its related form s, U rophilia, M yso-
philia and other related reactions, represents the obsessive interest in e x ­
cretory processes and products. It is u n dou bted ly a paraphilia in every
sense o f th e word. W h ile it is n o t observed as frequently as other para
philias, it sends its su btle ram ifications into m any neuroses, so that one
m ay say th a t in any neurosis a coprophiliac elem ent is discerned sooner
or later and has to be dealt w ith if the neurosis is to b e cleared up. A s a
paraphilia, it is un likely to involve m anifestations o f antisocial behavior,
The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 361
although these, too, are occasionally encountered. In urophilia th e p a ­
tien t feels strongly im pelled to consum e hum an urine. O n e som etim es finds
a case o f m ale hom osexuality in w hich th e subject desires his partner to
urinate in his m outh, and there are cases in w hich tw o m ale hom osexuals
urinate on each other’s bodies. W h ile exhibitionism as an antisocial ph e­
nom enon is m ost often accom panied b y m asturbation, there are occa­
sional instances in w hich it is accom panied or follow ed b y urination.
U n der the general heading, C oprop hilia, w e usually include a variety
of perversive interests any or all o f w hich w e m ight describe loosely as
hangovers from infancy.
A braham observes:
“ T h ere are cases o f fetishism in w h ich th e sexual anom aly shows it­
self in an unrepressed, i.e., a fully conscious, pleasure in disgusting
odours. In this so-called sm ell-fetishism pleasure is very frequently ob ­
tained from the odour o f perspiring and unclean feet; and these attract
the p a tien t’s scoptophilic instincts at th e sam e tim e.”
In this conn ection w e recall th e case o f a m ale hom osexual w ho w ould
request his partner to abstain from b ath in g for several days, and particu­
larly from w ashing his feet, after w hich he w ould proceed avidly to lick
I lie other’s dirty b od y and especially his feet.
H avelock E llis says:
“ In Parisian brothels (according to T a x il and others) provision is
m ade for those w ho are sexually excited b y the spectacle o f th e act o f
defecation (w ith ou t reference to con tact or odor) b y m eans of a ‘tab ­
ouret de verre,’ from under the glass floor of w hich the spectacle of th e
defecating w om en m ay be closely observed.”
I iavelock E llis also contributes th e follow ing:
“ T h e sym bolic sexual significance o f urolagnia has hitherto usually
been confused w ith the fetichistic and m ainly olfactory perversion b y
w hich th e excretion itself becom es a source o f sexual excitem ent. L o n g
since T ard ieu referred, under the nam e of ‘renifleurs,’ to persons w ho
were said to haunt th e n eighborhood of q uiet passages, m ore especially
111 Ihc n eighborhood o f theatres, and w ho w hen they perceived a w om an
em erge after urination, w ould hasten to excite them selves b y the odor
ol the excretion. Possibly a fetichism of this kind existed in a case re­
corded b y B elletrud and M ercier ( A nnales d’Hygiene P ubliq ue, June,
1904, p. 48 ). A weak-m inded, tim id youth, w ho was very sexual b u t n ot
иItractive to w om en , w ould w atch for w om en w ho were about to urinate
,nid im m ediately they had passed on w ould go and lick the spot they
had m oistened, at the same tim e m asturbating.”
Л regression to infan tile preoccupation w ith coprophiliac interests is
lieq u cn tly encountered in certain psychoses, particularly in m elancholia
mil in certain types o f D em en tia Praecox, b u t this lies outside the scope

362 T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
of our present discussion, w h ich is concerned w ith abnorm al sexual prac­
tices b y individuals w ho otherwise present a relatively norm al picture.
С SOME G E N E R A L O B SE R V A T IO N S
C O N C E R N IN G THE PARAPH ILIAS
It is perhaps alm ost unnecessary to say th a t all of the paraphilias w hich w e
have discussed have their special psychogeneses, for all paraphilias are
h igh ly specific form s of psychological reaction.
T h e psychological determ ination of th e paraphilias has three aspects—
overt bisexuality, overt hom osexuality and laten t hom osexuality, he re­
lationship of the paraphilias to these three factors has already b een dis­
cussed. A ll of the paraphilias are likew ise tied up w ith nicest. In practically
every case, analysis w ill reveal th at a flight from incest is th e starting point
of the paraphilia. Im potence is also a controlling factor m all the para­
philias; b u t im potence is very often related to incest. D isturbances о
p oten cy are always accom panied by som e k in d of paraphiliac indulgence.
D. TH E M E A N IN G OF PARAPH ILIAS
D esp ite the extrem e character and th e poten tially dangerous crim inal as­
pects o f a few o f them , w e should n ot allow th e term perversion or para­
philia to frighten us. A bnorm al as they appear to be in their extrem e
p athological form , it m ust be rem em bered th a t actually they are nothing
m ore than gross exaggerations of reactions th a t are norm al to all hum an
beings at one stage or period of life or another. In this respect they have
a certain kinship w ith the psychoses, w hich also represent extrem e form s 0
norm al personality patterns. W e speak o f th e schizoid type or th e m anic
type o f personality make-up, w ith ou t stopping to thin k that, carried to
their utm ost extrem e, such personality types w ould represent a correspond­
ing type of psychosis. It is all a m atter of degree.
A ll children are norm ally exhibitionistic or voyeuristic, w ith o u t any
know ledge of th e sexual im plications of such behavior. T h e y are trem en­
dously curious abou t the facts of life, and they invariably know som ething
abou t them lon g before they are told. T h e parental notion th at little Jim­
m ie “ know s n oth in g abou t such things” is n ot only a stupid fallacy, b u t
som etim es a tragic m istake. A s the individual reaches adulthood, such sex­
ual curiosities are lost sight o f as aims in them selves and b ecom e m erely
side expedients in reaching a norm al genital goal, w h ich is sexual inter­
course. N orm ally m ost m en and w om en indulge in a certain am ount ot
exhibitionism and voyeurism . W o m e n like to display their physical beauty
b efore m en, w hether it b e represented b y the face, body curves, shapely
legs, or some other physical attribute; and m en, too, like to display their
prowess, strength and virility before w om en. T h e sam e is true of those
m ild reactions w hich m ay com e under the heading of sadom asochism : ca­
The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 363
ressing, stroking that m ay pass into h ittin g, and likewise passively accep t­
ing beatings. T h ese trends constitute w h at w e call forepleasure. T h e y all
help or lead to th e consum m ation o f the final act o f intercourse.
In exceptional cases, how ever, these form s o f forepleasure, w hich in the
course o f norm al developm ent should have disappeared as sexual activi­
ties in them selves, becom e separated from th e m ain stream o f sex life and,
instead of being subservient in th e ad ult to the ultim ate sexual goal, w hich
is genital intercourse, becom e independent aims and activities b y them ­
selves. T h is is the essence of paraphilia. It is then th at w e en counter ex­
hibitionism and peeping (voyeurism ) in the adult. T h e paraphiliac has
not learned to “ put away childish things.” Psychologically he has n ot ma-
Iured; em otionally he has not becom e an adult.
P aedophilia also grows out of an entirely norm al stage o f childhood, for
it is natural for children to play w ith other children; b u t there are some
individuals w ho, on growing up— physically b u t not em otionally— do not
leave their childhood sexual objects behind them , but remain, as it were,
arrested at a childhood level. W e then have a physical adult w ho remains
psychologically a child and w ho, as a child, w ants to engage in sexual play
w ith children.
A certain am oun t o f force, in a m ild form, is used in norm al sexual
relations. M e n are supposed to b e th e carriers of energy, w hile w om en are
supposed to be the passively receptive ones to such energy. T h is is seen in
the differential physiological fun ctions of the m ale and fem ale. T h e m ale
carries sperm atozoa w hich are exceptionally energetic m icroscopic animals,
vigorously m oving to and fro w ith their little b u t pow erful tails, and w ith
great vigor and energy penetrate th e m em brane o f the fem ale cell, w hich
thereupon becom es fertilized. T h e m ale is the energy carrier, th e w om an
is Ihe passive recipient. B u t in certain cases such a norm al display o f
force becom es exaggerated, and th e m an and th e w om an m ay b ite each
oilier. T h is exaggerated display o f force m ay proceed to even greater ex-
I mines. It becom es a perversion or paraphilia w hen such activity appears
lu he m ore im portant than the act o f intercourse proper (w hat was origi­
nally the sideshow has b ecom e the w hole circus); and it m ay progress to
the point w here th e sex act is dispensed w ith altogether, and the sexual
behavior o f the couple becom es a frank participation in sadom asochism
bn its ow n sake.
T h u s view ed, rape m ay also b e considered as a greatly exaggerated re-
ii' lion. In m ost cases o f rape, o f course, the elem ent of love is com pletely
bi< lin g , w hich is not the case in norm al sexual relations; b ut the use of
Imre remains and assumes gigantic proportions.
I lie late D o cto r Loren В. T . Johnson told the present author o f the casd
nl .1 man w ho married a m ost attractive w om an, w ith w hom he apparently
was 111 love, but found him self com pletely im poten t in m arital relations.
<)nc (lay llicy took a stroll into the park and suddenly the m an threw his

364 T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
w ife on the grass, vigorously ripped her dress off, forced him self on her
and had a m ost pow erful erection and ejaculation. N eedless to say, the
w om an was very m uch frightened. B u t it appears th a t the m an had as a
particular love requisite th e need for the use of force. O n ly force could
m ake him produce a vigorous erection. Intercourse love requisites vary
greatly am ong people and this was one h igh ly specific love requisite.
A ll children pass through a hom osexual phase. T h e boy despises girls
and forms close friendships w ith other boys; th e girl has no interest in
boys, b u t develops “ crushes” on other girls. E ven tu ally these attitudes give
place to th e aw akening of norm al heterosexual interest. W h e n they fail
to do so, how ever, and th e b oy or the girl rem ains fixed at this hom osexual
stage o f developm ent, w e have the paraphilia w hich w e call hom osexuality.
T h e paraphilias, therefore, m ay b e regarded as quan titative exaggera­
tions o f norm al hum an behavior that have reached th e p o in t at w hich they
b ecom e qualitatively different. It was the philosopher H egel, I believe,
w ho said that som etim es quantity m ay develop into quality. A drop of
w ater is a drop o f w ater anywhere, yet the ocean consists of an im m ense
aggregation o f drops o f water, w hich becom es subject to forces th a t a sin­
gle drop o f w ater know s nothing about.
O b scen ity or Pornography constitutes little m ore than extensive elabo­
rations o f a you th fu l period w hen boys take delight in profanity, w ith the
idea o f shocking others, or look up dirty words in th e dictionary, stim u­
lated b y sexual curiosity. T h e adult w ho writes obscene letters or scrawls
lew d descriptions or draws phallic pictures on th e walls of buildings is still
a child for w hom sex has never lost its alluring m ystery.
It w ould seem to b e alm ost unnecessary to say th a t coprophilia as a para­
ph iliac m anifestation is directly traceable to early childhood, or even to
infan tile, interests. A s a m atter o f fact, there are num erous peculiarities
am ong norm al individuals w hich represent reaction form ations based on
early coprophiliac interests. F eren czi has discussed th e successive m od­
ifications w hich these interests undergo in developing childhood.
“ T h e ch ild ’s interest for dejecta experiences its first distortion through
th e smell o f faeces becom ing disagreeable, disgusting. T h is is probably
related to the begin nin g of the upright gait. T h e other attributes of this
m aterial— m oistness, discolouration, stickiness, etc.— do n ot for th e tim e
b ein g offend his sense of cleanliness. H e still enjoys, therefore, playing
w ith and m anipulating m oist street-mud w henever h e has the chance,
likin g to co llect it together into larger heaps. Such a heap of m ud is
already in a sense a sym bol, distinguished from th e real th in g b y its
absence of sm ell. F o r th e child, street-m ud is, so to speak, deodourised
dejecta.
“ A s the ch ild ’s sense o f cleanliness increases— w ith the help o f paeda-
gogic measures— street-mud also becom es objectionable to him . Sub
stances w hich on accou n t o f their stickincss, moistness, and colour arc
The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 365
apt to leave traces on th e b ody and clo th in g becom e despised and
avoided as ‘dirty things.’ T h e sym bol of filth m ust therefore undergo a
further distortion, a dehydration. T h e child turns its interest to sand, a
substance w hich, w h ile the colour o f earth, is cleaner and dry. T h e in ­
stinctive joy of children in gathering up, m assing together, and shaping
sand is subsequently rationalised and sanctioned by the adults, w hom it
suits to see an otherwise unruly child playin g w ith sand for hours,—
and they declare this playing to be ‘health y,’ i.e. hygienic. N o n e the less
this play-sand also is n oth in g other than a copro-sym bol— deodourised
and dehydrated filth. . . .
“ Progress in th e sense o f cleanliness then gradually makes even sand
u nacceptable to the child, and the infan tile stone age begins; the col­
lecting o f pebbles, as prettily shaped and coloured as possible, in w hich
a higher stage in th e d evelopm ent o f replacem ent-form ation is attained.
T h e attributes o f evil odour, m oisture, and softness are represented by
those o f absence o f odour, dryness, and now also hardness. W e are re­
m inded of the real origin of this h ob b y b y the circum stance th at stones
— just as m ud and sand— are gathered and collected from the earth. . . .
“ A fter stones com es the turn o f artificial products, and w ith these the
detachm en t o f th e interest from the earth is com plete. Glass, marbles,
buttons, fruit pips, are eagerly collected— this tim e no longer for th e
sake o f their intrinsic value, b u t as measures of value, so to speak as
prim itive coins, converting th e previous barter exchange o f children
into an enthusiastic m oney exchange . . .”
Perhaps n ot quite all the paraphilias can b e described as exaggerations
1! normal phases o f childhood. T h ere appears to be no childhood parallel
01 fetishism , although m any fetishistic fixations are th e outgrow th o f
h o n g childhood preferences for or interest in certain inanim ate objects
n certain specific substances. Transvestism , how ever, is an elaborate ex-
ension o f the “ dressing-up” games o f childhood.
Feldm an observes:
"F reu d found th at in perversions one com ponen t o f th e polymor-
pliously perverse infan tile sexuality determ ines sexual life. H e pointed
011I that the phenom enon is closely related to the O edipus com plex, and
em phasized th e existence o f genital excitations in early infancy.
“ I his was further elaborated b y F en ichel w ho de-em phasized the role
ol constitution al factors in perversions and pointed out that frustrations
niiil Ihreats force the pervert to fortify h im self in a safe infan tile posi­
tion.
"I'ran z A lexander considers sexuality, b oth pregenital and genital,
v. a drainage system of energies in excess of th e needs o f self-
pi cs'crvation. F eld m an w ould not relegate sexuality to this satellite role
■ии I would rather look at self-preservation and sexuality as a team , al-
Icm atcly supporting each other.
"A ccord in g to R ado, fear and gu ilt force the pervert to abandon the
збб T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
‘standard perform ance’ of sexual activity; he can fu n ction w ith the rep­
arative adaptation’ of his perversion. F eld m an agrees w ith R ad o to the
extent that the hypothesis of bisexuality has to be abandoned b u t feels
that clinical evidence m ilitates against M asserm an’s interpretation of
R a d o ’s theory th a t sexuality is n ot a prim ary form of ‘libidinous’ ac­
tivity b u t a derivative o f it.
“ Feld m an found th at orgastic preparedness is present at birth in b oth
sexes. M o st o f th e pregenital functions serve the needs o f self-
preservation b u t borrow sexual energy from th e inadequately used geni­
tal orgastic position. D u e to a threat of opposition to his genital drives,
th e pervert entrenches him self behind nongenital actions and disguises
his real aim, viz., to reach genital orgasm. Through these supplem entary
interpretations F reu d ’s theory gains in scope and validity.
“ F eld m an ’s therapeutic techn iqu e is in accordance w ith these views.
M ain atten tion is paid to th e rem oval o f those obstacles w hich stand in
th e w ay of m ature heterosexual gratification w hile interpretation o f the
com plicated m echanism s of th e existing perversions is undertaken only
w hen and as far as necessary.”
T h e re are m any com plex factors in th e developm ent of th e paraphilias
w hich can on ly b e resolved after protracted psychoanalysis. O u r purpose
here is m erely to indicate th a t they are n ot th e m onstrous and unreason­
able abnorm alities w hich th e average individual considers them to be, b u t
th at they proceed in a m ore or less system atic m anner from specific psycho­
logical causes; and that they are n ot to be regarded w ith fear and horror,
b u t w ith sym pathy and understanding. T h e y are diseases, like tuberculosis
and polio; and like these, and all other diseases, th ey call for expert and
intelligen t treatm ent. E ach has its specific psychogenesis and is therefore
am enable to a particular treatm en t suiting it.
T h e above considerations have already suggested that in dealing w ith
paraphilias w e are dealing w ith an abnorm ality b elon ging to th e early
developm ental period in a person’s life. Since it was form ed during a pe­
riod o f one’s life w hen intelligen ce has n ot yet taken com m and of the
individual’s behavior, th e person in question can no m ore b e b lam ed for
having developed a perversion than h e could be b lam ed for developing any
other disease. A n d just as there h ave been m any m en in this w orld who
have been born w ith or later developed handicaps w hich did not, h ow ­
ever, prevent them from b ecom ing useful citizens, even w orld leaders, the
same attitud e should b e taken w ith reference to th e paraphilias. Byron had
a club foot. Should we have ridiculed him or ostracized him because o f this
deform ity? It did not prevent him from b ecom ing one o f th e grcatcsl
w orld poets. D ostoyevski suffered from epilepsy. It did not prevent him
from b ecom ing one o f the suprem e novelists o f th e w orld. 1 resident R oose­
v e lt was crippled by polio. It did n ot prevent him from b ecom ing one ol
the greatest leaders Am erica has produced. R obert L ouis Stevenson sul
fered from tuberculosis. l i e stands today as one of th e shining lights in
T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 367
English literature. E lizab eth B arrett B row ning, a great poetess in her own
right, was a cripple. Laura B ridgm an, born b lin d , deaf and dum b,
achieved a great em inence. H elen Keller, b lin d , deaf and dum b since th e
age o f tw o, has achieved a high degree o f em inence in spite of such a great
handicap. I here is further, the case o f A lec T em p leto n , w ho is quite an
accom plished pianist in spite of his blindness. B ach becam e blin d and Bee-
Ihoven deaf toward their later life. It did not lessen their artistic produc­
tivity. C harles S tein m etz was a hun chback— his contributions to electricity
stood on a par w ith other geniuses in th e field. O n e could go on and find
m any m ore cases o f m en and w om en w ho have been handicapped from
birth, early or later developm ent, yet were n ot prevented from b ecom ing
masters in their chosen vocation. Likew ise, because an individual has suf-
lered a deviation in his psychosexual developm ent, w hich has forced on
him an unorthodox form o f sexual orientation, it need n ot prevent us from
recognizing that in all other respects he m ay be quite norm al. T h e h om o­
sexuality of Frederick th e G rea t did n ot prevent him from b ecom in g a
great warrior. T chaikovsky and M oussorgsky, b oth great com posers, were
homosexual. Jean Jacques Rousseau was an adm itted exhibitionist, yet
•lands in th e forefront of great hum anitarians. A n d re G id e, N o b el Prize
winner in literature, was consistently and openly a hom osexual. Should w e
condem n his w ritings because o f that? O f course, no m ore than w e should
1 ondem n the writings of F lau b ert because he was an epileptic. O scar W ild e ,
loi all his hom osexuality, is still one o f the w orld ’s great poets. M ed ical sci­
ence could do som e corrective therapy w ith reference to som e deform ities,
and perhaps n oth in g about m any others. In like m anner, psychiatry could
do a great deal for som e types of paraphilias, w hile in other types it could do
nothing m ore than to leave the m atter alone, as it is the case in other dis-
1 c os. B u t w e have no more right to condem n hom osexuality and para­
philias than w e have to condem n other physical deviations and abnorm ali­
ties.
I M ARRIAG E AN D PARAPH ILIAS
I l i ne is little doubt that the m ajority of people in this w orld are norm al
' si 1.illy and, therefore, w ithin marriage the relations are, as a rule, norm al.
II 1 ould hardly b e otherwise, for th e w orld population is increasing in pro-
1 " " I ions to alarm even the m ost conservative population student. It m ust
I" adm itted, how ever, th at a far larger proportion o f abnorm alities is
Iniiiid in marriage than is ordinarily believed, m ostly on th e part o f m en
' il lici than w om en. T h e re are m any m en w ho, though otherwise very good
I iinily m en and m uch devoted to their wives and children, nevertheless
1....... lor w hat they call “ thrills.” I am n ot referring here to the typ e of
"i m who is u n faith fu l to his w ife and establishes relations w ith another
""in .m outside o f marriage, w hich relations, too, m ay b e entirely w ithin
368 The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
th e fram ework o f norm al heterosexuality. I am referring to th e m en w ho
though they m ay be very good husbands, very good fathers, nevertheless,
occasionally, perhaps regularly, like to “ run” ou t on their wives for a spe­
cial sexual entertainm ent w hich m ay b e in m ost cases soixante-neuf w ith a
w om an w ho makes a speciality of it, or individual fellatio, or less often,
cunnilingus or anal relations. T h e m an is asham ed to tell his w ife o f his
cravings and w hile th e w ife, too, m ay be not so u n w illing to indulge in a
deviation, she is afraid to share th e idea w ith her husband lest b y suggesting
it she m ay lose his esteem for her. T h e same m echanism operates in m en.
O f the cases that have com e to th e observation of th e author, there is one
recorded w here the entire sex life o f the husband and w ife was virtually
n othin g b u t indulgence in perversions (paraphilias). O n ce in six m onths
they w ould resort to norm al intercourse as if to m ake them selves thin k, in
their ow n eyes, that they w ere norm al.
In m ost cases, how ever, it is chiefly on the part of a m an. H ere is the
case o f a very attractive you n g m arried w om an, m other of tw o children,
w ho developed hysterical attacks. T h ese were traced to th e fact th a t the
husband had n ot been paying her m uch atten tion sexually, w h ich made
her very anxious and insecure. It developed, how ever, th a t his indulgence
in paraphilias had becom e an obsession w ith him and was depleting
him sexually so m uch th at there was very little left for his w ife. A n other
instance is th a t o f a young m arried w om an w ho frankly adm its th a t she
craves perversive activity b u t fears to express her w ish lest she lose her hus­
b an d ’s favor and b e degraded in his eyes. She is entirely frigid in relations,
b u t finds it necessary to m asturbate after relations.
W h ile in m any cases the craving for paraphilias appears to th e person
as som ething abnorm al th a t has to be fought, in som e cases it is accepted
as entirely norm al, as a m atter o f course.
T h ere is th e case of a m arried w om an o f the upper class o f society, who
has led an unblem ished, even if n ot very interesting, sex life w ith her hus­
band. N o th in g seem ed farther from her m ind than indulgence in abnor
m alities. T h e n , after som e seventeen years o f m arriage som ething
intangible and undefinable drew her to seek th e com pany o f some othci
m an, and instinctively she sought ou t one w ho gave every evidence of be
ing abnorm al, probably hom osexual. T h e y established relations in which
the m an suggested fellatio. T h e w om an accepted that w ith ou t any qualms
o f conscience, as if it w ere entirely a m atter of course and as if she had
been used to that for years.
A n d here is a like situation, though enacted in qu ite a different set*
ting: the acceptance o f a paraphiliac m asturbation in lieu of norm al sex
ual expression. M r. and M rs. A X present them selves in th e office w ith idcii
tical com plaints: irritability, fatigue, headache and restlessness, almosl .1
fo lie a deux. O n e interview revealed that in order to avoid pregnancy,
th ey indulged in m utual m asturbation— “ after all it is so m uch the sam e” ;
The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 369
and th e sym ptom s presented were th e frequent consequence of masturba-
ion, w hat Feren czi called “ one-day neurasthenia.” T h e presum ed con ­
venience o f substituting m asturbation for norm al relations was a quaint
uitionahzation. F or even at b e s t - a n d it is never at b e st-m a stu r b a tio n is
lln tT a H F e T theref°1re’ 1Can never lead t0 the com plete satisfaction
at is achieved in norm al relations, the unsatisfied residuum appearing in
Ihe form o f a variety o f em otional and psychosom atic com plaints T h a t the
sym ptom s com plained o f during th e day had anythin g to do w ith their
piactice at night, has never occurred to them . H um an beings are not very
clever m correlating cause w ith effect. T h e y were advised to stop the pram
kc and resum e norm al relations, w hereupon th e sym ptom s disappeared.
id here is a w om an w ho, unlike th e others m entioned, is teetering on
с edge betw een neurosis on the one hand, and prom iscuity and paraphilia
th e o th er, b u t ca n t q u ite tak e th e la tte r steps. S h e ca m e fo r tre a tm e n t
. nxiety neurosis, seem ingly pure and sim ple. T h ere is hardly a phobia
I she misses. H er greatest fear is fear o f dying, or choking herself to
' .HI'. S h e carries w ith h e r in h er b a g a sm a ll b o ttle o f w a te r so th a t she
! 1 S b f any t im e it is necessary, b ut it has never been found to be neces-
■ • . e was m arried before and divorced her first husband for any num-
I '1 of capricious reasons that a girl o f nineteen w ould give. B etw een her
I si marriage and her present marriage, there was a period o f three years
ih n 'n clffion s mC sllC dlV<arced herself nlm ost com pletely from all the fam-
laditions and lived a life gay and fancy-free. She got herself tied up
" " I another m an w ho has led her into all sorts o f channels of sexu il
. .i.m h tT n °r’ >bUtt i’ ShC haS rem ained frigid. T h en , suddenly guilt
• p wi l her and as a reaction to her transgressions she developed
"s anxiety neurosis. She now goes to church regularly, prays devoutly
H som ehow it does n ot quite help her. She is a m odern T h ais, w ho can ft
find enough aton em en t for her past guilt.
I" Ihe first 125 sessions o f analysis there seem ed to be n othin g wrong
II t ? aT ty WhiGh dom inated th e entire clinical picture
I n after the anxiety began to subside and her tension was relieved, she
1 ."in css concerned w ith her fear of dying and was not so fearful o f trav-
; NIK m buses or tunnels or going through unfam iliar streets, or b eing a lo n l;
<1 was a с to accom m odate herself to the presence of other people. W e
I' ' и that she is Narcissa personified. She has arranged in her hom e a sne-
!;!'u h Л ° Ut en tireu glaSS‘ M ° St m ornings she undresses herself
""Мм с у dancing around nude adm iring her body. She is in love w ith her
" >ocy likes to see its shape and curves. She is pert and dim inutive
.7 ;ГГи 7T 1 3Sk hCr: “ W h y don>t У°“ t ^ for M iss A nter­
ior and T к W a sb m g t° n?” “ 0 h >d°c to r,” she says, “ one look in the
',d kn0W ef c% w h ere I belon g.” Strange are the ways o f nar-
' M 'sm , blindness and insight at the same time.
W h ere there is so m uch narcissism, there are bound to be other abnorm -
• 1 u s Ol icy are all tied up 111 the same b u n d le and tied w ith the same

T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
string. T h e sexual situation w h ich un til now was apparently in the back­
ground and w ell covered b y the front picture o f anxiety, now began to com e
to the fore. W e discovered th a t though she has frequent relations w ith her
husband, w hich to him is a necessity, she remains entirely frigid, b u t the
cause was n ot apparent. It then developed th at her m ind was occupied ob­
sessively w ith paraphiliac pictures. T im id ly she brings a dream in w h ich
she is in lovin g em brace w ith a w om an, perceives an orgasm and wakes up
frightened at the very idea o f it. O n w itnessing clogs copu latin g she gets
excited and has to m asturbate. O v er and over again, her dreams are filled
w ith m en w ho m ake love to her. She strongly objects to their love-m aking.
B ut, after all, w ho puts these m en into her dreams if n ot herself? She al­
ways adm onishes the m en in her dreams not to go beyond a certain point
in love-m aking, that they can not possess her sexually. B u t she offers a
com prom ise; instead o f having intercourse, she allows them to perform
perversions and in return she perform s perversions on them . It is interesting
that in all these dreams o f other m en tem ptin g her, th e husband is not
present, nor even is there a consciousness th a t she is married, suggesting
the process o f annulm ent. In oth er dreams m en ask her to marry them sug­
gesting again th e same m echanism .
A ll her dreams are variations of th e same them e. In one dream, a colored
m an is threatening to rape her and she tries to defend herself against him
b y tellin g him she is pregnant and, therefore, could n ot have relations. A
large m an grabs her and puts his organ betw een her legs. It was so large
th at she cou ld n ’t help b u t perceive an orgasm im m ediately. She dreams of
colored fellow s in th e room to w atch her dressing. “ I th ou gh t I w ould tease
him , so I p u t m y bra on and asked him to hook it for m e. H e p u t his arms
around m e and felt m y body, w hereupon I had an orgasm and w oke up—
darn it.” It can readily b e seen th a t w hile she is absolutely frigid in her
relations w ith her husband, she responds w ith a fu ll orgasm to any situa­
tion that suggests perversions or paraphilias, anythin g that is n ot legitim ate.
She m ay have had relations w ith her husband, b u t th e next m orning she in­
dulges in m asturbation in order to produce th e orgasm th at she missed
before, then she states: . . . “ D u rin g th e past m on th w ith ou t any con ­
scious know ledge on m y part, I have had orgasms in m y sleep th a t aw ak­
ened m e. T h ese have occurred several nights in a row .”
A s analysis develops w e find that in her preoccupation w ith perversions,
there is a great variety to choose from . Besides b ein g preoccupied w ith or­
dinary instances o f fellatio and cunnilingus she even dreams of perform ­
ing m asturbation on a partner (n o t her husband) b y stim ulating his anus
w ith her finger, then using her ton gue there, (analingus) w hereupon she
has an orgasm and wakes up in a nightm are. Perversions and gu ilt go hi
gether.
She is now pregnant. She dreams she has a b eau tifu l baby girl, born will)
big b lu e eyes and b eau tifu l curly blo n d e hair; she, herself, is an attractive
young w om an w ith b lu e eyes and attractive curly b lo n d hair. In another
T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 371
dream she dreams o f the same baby, b u t is fearful that the child w ould be
anything bu t perfect, perhaps because she, the patient, has done som ething
wrong and it m ight be taken out on the baby. G u ilt still follow s her closely,
keeps her m ore or less w ithin the lim its o f norm ality. It is a cultural brake
that controls our prim itive tendencies.
M any frigid w om en, like their im poten t brothers, w ill resort to prom is­
cuity in th e hope o f solving their frigidity. Som e, however, unable to solve
Hie problem b y extra-marital b u t norm al sex relations, w ill resort to
paraphilias in the h op e th at this m ay b etter solve the problem .
Behind m any cases o f frigidity there often stands an unconscious incest
harrier. H ere is th e case o f a w om an w ho married a childhood chum of
hers, and in the courting days everything seem ed to b e entirely lovely.
I here was m uch m anual indulgence and exploration, w hich on occasions
would bring them to orgasm, b u t strangely enough, no sooner were they
pronounced m an and w ife than the bride becam e com pletely frigid. A n a l­
ysis showed that she took her husband for a father figure w hich, therefore,
l>V becom ing an incest barrier, interfered w ith norm al relations. Premari-
l.il relations were not fraught w ith the incest barrier because th e m an was
1ill not her husband and, therefore, not yet a father figure.
I H E T E R O S E X U A L P E R V E R SIT IE S
W c com m on ly designate as perversive, a type of behavior w hich not only
pics against accepted social m odes of conduct, b u t has an elem ent of wil-
lul defiance abou t it. W h e n w e speak o f perversive behavior w ith ou t fur-
llici delim itation, alm ost universally w e take it as referring to hom osex­
uality and related paraphilias. H ow ever, properly the term perversity should
apply to any sexual situation th at appears to be definitely departing from
Ilie established, socially acceptable course and goal. V ie w e d thus, it m ust
I" adm itted that there is a great deal o f perversive behavior w ithin the
lu m cw o rk o f so-called norm al heterosexuality. E ven when th e reaction
is lim ited to genital relations, there are often a great m any deviations
which, in terms o f m orality and cultural standards, could hardly be re-
i; iiilcd as anythin g less unregenerate than any perverse activity.
11ere is a m an to w hom heterosexuality is the A lp ha and O m ega o f life,
lie is tall, dark and handsom e. H e specializes in virgins. A m oon lit night,
in even w ithout m oonlight, a canoe and sweet whisperings is all th at he
in i ds. If I am to believe m y one inform ant, he has sired m ore illegitim ate
>li ih 11cii than one w ould be able to find am ong others o f his type. In the
p n i " ular instance I cam e to k n ow o f him , he induced the young w om an
i" yield to him 011 the prom ise that he w ould marry her later on, w hich
fiinii I lie beginning he had 110 intention of doing. W h e n he attem pted rela-
• ' mid the girl got scared o f the possible consequences, he assured her
lb il lie was sterile, w hich lie was not. T h e scoundrel begrudged her the sim­
372 T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
plest protection h e could give her because he w ished to get all the physical
satisfaction he could. W h e n the young w om an got pregnant, he com pletely
w ashed his hands of her, and w hen she threatened to report him to authori­
ties, he said “ If you can go out and yield to one m an, for all that I know
you m ay have had dealings w ith other m en. H ow can you prove that I am
th e father o f the child?” T h e young w om an inform ant has seen him in
public on three different occasions w ith three different young w om en. It is
d ou b tfu l w hether a paraphiliac could resort to so m uch dishonesty and
chicanery as this m an.
Perhaps th e greatest mass iniquity w ithin th e field o f heterosexual per­
versities is no doubt prostitution. A large section o f you n g w om anhood is
b ein g sacrificed every year to the M o lo ch o f heterosexual drives. Prostitu­
tion, although effected entirely w ithin th e fram ew ork of heterosexuality,
m ay be justly view ed as a perversity, because it defies th e biological goal
o f procreation and, although an issue m ay result from such relation of
m an and w om an, this w ould b e entirely an exception th a t w ould only em ­
phasize th e rule. Y e t society does n ot regard it w ith th e opprobrium that
it regards other perversities. In fact, it h alf heartedly condones it. N ap o ­
leon carried an arm y of prostitutes w ith his arm y o f m en. T h e Russian
general, K uropatkin, has observed that on the eve of a great b attle which
m ight be fatal to soldiers, m any soldiers have com plained of painfu l erec­
tions w hich it was necessary to reduce b y th e use o f drugs. It seems that,
confron ted w ith death, the urge to life and procreation becom es so much
stronger. P rostitution may have a reason, even if only in part, to satisfy a
particular need, b u t it always chooses for its victim s w om en of a certain
type and psychological make-up, so w ell pointed ou t b y G lover. Also, odd
as it m ay seem, prostitution has enabled the w om en o f th e b etter class to
m aintain their m orality or chastity, as so w ell pointed ou t b y L ecky in his
“ H istory o f E uropean M orals.”
A n d one m ust further bear in m ind that, along w ith prostitution goes a
large arm y o f m esdam es, pim ps, procurers of all sorts, w h ite slavers, etc.,
as nefarious a lo t o f social parasites as one could see in any situation; and
far worse than could be found in the instance o f perverts and homosex
uals.
H ow ever, conventional prostitution does not exhaust all that legili
m ately belongs to the field. T h ere is a great num ber o f kept w om en and
half-kept w om en w ho are sacrificed in the same way. T h ere are many
you n g w om en w ho have not qu ite com e to th e level o f prostitution, still
desiring to m aintain som e evidence of self-respect. T h e y work during the
day and accept gratuities during the night, n ot always, perhaps, in I In­
form o f m oney, b u t in the form of clothes, jewelry, etc. W h e th e r the eco
n om ic factor o f underpaym ent is a factor here, and to w h at extent, is
difficult to say.
A s a part o f prostitution w e find m any high grade club houses which
are n oth in g m ore than glorified houses o f prostitution. A good charactcri
The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 373
nation o f it is given in A lan H yn d ’s book, “ T h e G ia n t K illers,” in the chap-
Icr called P ittsburgh’s Hostess N u m b er O n e ” ; also in th e various books
by I lerbert Asbury. W h a t puzzles one is not the existence of such houses,
but that th ey are supported alm ost entirely by married m en w ith estab­
lished fam ilies. W h a t is it th at they find in these clubs that they can ’t find
conventionally in their home?
W h ere there is prostitution there is police protection, bribery and cor-
1uption. W h e re there is police protection, there is politics. W h e re there is
pm slitution there are alcoholism , drug addiction and venereal disease
also. I restitution is closely connected w ith crime. A ll th e W h ite Slavery
laws do not seem to have the least effect in stopping the traffic.
I о indicate the invidious ram ifications o f prostitution in our life, I
qtiolc the follow ing from th e K efauver report:
Som e years ago,” M r. C o n n ell said, “ w ith regard to this particular
area o f prostitution know n as T h irteen th Street, the good people o f one
0 the churches, I believe it was the B aptist faith, w anted to build a
church in th e neighborhood. A fte r due deliberation, the city officials de­
cided th at the girls had a prior right to the locality, so the church people,
il Ibey w ished to avoid that, w ould have to build som ewhere else.”
N ext to prostitution and half-prostitution, let us consider th e im m ense
am ount o f infidelity going on extram aritally. T h is is no attem p t to be­
lli He the institution o f m arriage or to stigm atize the iniquities foun d in it.
" 'C are very m any good solid m oral marriages, w here both spouses re-
'" iii 1 .ut ifu l to each other for life, b u t it is also an undeniable fact th at
l ( 11 is a great deal o f infidelity going on w ithin marriage. A lo n g w ith
1 " ' “ T ? ^ nsidered the prom iscuous m an, from th e on e w ho m ay occa-
•aiiiially slip” ou t o f th e house to the m an w ho is continuously and steadily
" l,S(;uous, so th at it has becom e a part of his life. In m any o f these cases
i « с deal w ith unconscious or laten t hom osexuality, as already given, for
I lin e arc m any men in w hom this is less prom in ent than in others.
om en are m uch superior in this respect to m en, and a w om an w ill
;,vcr ш апУ tim es before she w ill em bark on extram arital expedi-
* e r e are m any o f them that do. T h ese w om en are especially
n . H illed from those w ho suffer from frigidity, since a frigid w om an, no
• ■ ban her im poten t brother, always feels that the problem is not w ith
" 1 but w ith her husband and, therefore, she looks for other m en w ho w ill
1"Hi!1 out her “ passion.”
VIml her type of heterosexual perversity is the prem arital relations in
»< i" b boys and girls, especially boys, indulge before gettin g married. In
' inc. ol m orality this definitely deviates from the regular course and,
lliciclorc, from the po in t o f view o f morals, m ust be regarded as a per-
Vii'.lry.
VN In и all the evil that flows out, directly or indirectly, from prostitution
'N ram ifications, extram arital and prem arital relations, is com nared
1 1lie evils that flow out o f hom osexuality and perversions, it w ill be
374 The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
discovered that the form er overshadows the latter in trem endous propor­
tions. N o t un til society can clean up th e problem of prostitution, has any
m em ber o f the com m u nity any right to condem n w h at flows ou t o f h om o­
sexuality and perversions.
G. A L L O SO C IA L P ER V E R SITIE S
I. E con om ic Perversities: A ld ou s H uxley in P o in t C o u n ter P o in t has
expressed the b elief that the instinct o f acquisitiveness has m ore perverts
than the instinct o f sex, for people seem to him m ore peculiar abou t m oney
than about their loves. T h ere is a great deal of truth in th e statem ent and
the m atter concerns n ot on ly people w ho are misers and hoarders, b u t the
great mass o f m ankind w ho are forever preoccupied w ith m oney m atters.
T h e truth of this statem ent com es out very clearly w hen one com pares
biological instincts w ith th e instinct o f acquisitiveness. N orm ally, biolog­
ical instincts have a certain rhythm . H unger com es and w hen it is appeased
b y an adequate supply o f food, it ceases to press th e individual. T h e in ­
dividual neither can nor cares to take in m ore food; for th a t m atter there
is virtually no place to put it. T h e b od y w ill rebel against m ore food
that it can not absorb or m etabolize. T o be sure, a person m ay be driven
to glu tton y by some peculiar psychological situation w hich prods him on
to seek m ore food even though the b ody can not take care of it physically.
A striking incidence is observed in pathological conditions such as cancer
w here the individual appears to have an insatiable appetite w h ich, h ow ­
ever, is due not to direct need o f food b u t because the cancer cells absorb
th e food th at should n orm ally go into th e channels to m aintain a normal
body.
T h e same situation in an even m ore striking w ay is observed w ith the
sexual instinct. T h e pressure m ay b e very great, th e tension alm ost un ­
bearable b u t once th e instinct is satisfied and th e individual is relieved of
the tension, th e instinct recedes into abeyance w ith ou t troubling the in­
dividual until the next rhythm appears. In th e intervening period th e in­
dividual neither can nor cares to indulge in sex. A fte r relief and satisfac­
tion the sexual apparatus in th e m an refuses to work. Though m entally
the man m ay b e ever so w illin g to react w ith one m ore erection, if it would
on ly com e, biologically h e is u nable to do that. T h e organ w ill refuse io
b ecom e erect, there w ill n ot be sufficient drive or voluptuousness, there may
be little or no ejaculation, since the sem inal vesicles have b een em ptied
previously and n ot yet replenished and there w ill, therefore, be no orgasm.
E ven in pathological cases such as is found in cases o f satyriasis in certain
psychopaths the individual m ay go to the extrem e lim it o f sexual gratifica
tion just as he m igh t go to th e extrem e lim it o f physical food, hunger and
thirst gratification; a period com es w hen th e body is com pletely exhausted
and unable to react further. E ven wom en, w ho assum e a m ore passive
T h e Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 37;
role in sex relations, can stand on ly so m uch aggression and no more.
Strum pets have been know n to leave the brothel after a period o f over-
indulgence b y an excessive num ber o f patrons. E ven in cases o f n ym pho­
mania, w here there is a relentless drive for seem ingly un attain able satis­
faction, a tim e com es w hen the subject m ust take a rest for the purpose of
recuperation from sheer physical exhaustion. T h u s, in b oth instincts,
I bough the appetite m ay be greater than hunger, there is a lim it even to
appetite. A n a to m y and physiology have p u t a lim it to b oth instincts after
Ilie instincts have been satisfied for th e tim e being.
N o such situation, however, is observed in acquisitiveness. N o t being
directly biological, there are no anatom ical and physiological barriers as
in the case of hunger and sex to put barriers or brakes toward th e acquisi­
tion of m ore m oney. O n e deals here w ith im agination w hich is alm ost
limitless. P eople have been know n to be preoccupied w ith acquisition of
m oney to virtually an im possible degree w hen the m oney could not be of
any possible use to them . M o n ey m eans pow er and it w ould seem that the
acquisition o f m oney is directly related to acquisition o f power, th e need
ul w hich has b ecom e perverted. For norm ally one should wish to acquire
only as m uch as is im m ediately necessary to take care o f sustenance; per-
li'ips to provide som ething for th e future in a reasonable way; b u t w hen
Ilie acquisition o f m oney, instead o f b ein g a means to an end, becom es
in end to itself, then we have definite pathology and definite perversion of
IIи instinct. 1 lie character type o f a miser has been adm irably described
by M oliere and Pushkin. M arx called this drive th e fetishism o f com m odi­
fies.
I lurt all this m oney is not needed or usable is som etim es evident from
die behavior of individuals w ho acquired vast fortunes. T h ere are great
Am erican tycoons w ho were know n to react very acutely to any sort o f
11 и11petition to the po in t of w illingness to destroy com petitors’ property,
diivcn apparently b y an insatiable urge to acquire more and m ore al-
Ibough they cou ld n ’t possibly m ake use o f it even had each one lived a
bin к li ed thousand years. T h e n w e witness the phenom enon o f “ from gilt to
guilt.” As old age was approaching and th e m an felt him self w ith one foot
Hi Ibe grave, ready to m eet his M aker, th e guilt w ould catch up w ith him
iiinl lie w ould begin to distribute this m oney for all sorts o f charitable pur-
I'l'M's in the h op e that this m ight dissipate the guilt connected w ith the
|h ivcrsive acquisition o f m oney. T h is is probably the m echanism behind
in my charitable endow m ents. I have been told b y people in the know th at
m any people w ho work on W a ll Street com m it suicide w hen the gu ilt
1 ill 1 lies up w ith them and they find them selves in an impasse.
M ention has already been m ade o f the desire for pow er b u t w h y should
mic w ant power? W h a t m ay be back o f such perversive acquisition o f power?
I br answer is insecurity. A s w e are born insecure, we live in a thoroughly
" т с u 1с world and therefore the feeling o f insecurity gnaws at our vitals
in м 1 giving any rest. W e do not know where the next blow m ay com e from ,
376 The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
no m atter how w ell fixed w e m ay be. W h o know s w h a t is going to be next?
Pow er is our defense against insecurity.
2 . C rim in a l Perversities: T h is perversion o f acquisitiveness m anifests it­
self a great deal in crim inal behavior. H o w otherwise can w e explain th at a
U n ited States Senator, or a cabinet officer pledged to give the people serv­
ice in terms o f highest integrity, should fall a victim to a deliberate and
consciously arranged-for graft? H o w can w e explain th at a U n ited States
Congressm an should fall so low that during th e course of w ar w hen our
very national existence was threatened, lie, disregarding national interests
w hich should b e forem ost in the m ind of any citizen, succum bs to the
tem ptation o f accepting graft and bribery? In the last few years there have
been alm ost w holesale cases o f em bezzlem ent o f funds from banks and
other m onetary institutions. T w o years ago there appeared in newspapers
news o f em b ezzlem ent o f hundreds o f thousands of dollars in banks b y a
num ber o f people in one state— Pennsylvania.
A fact well know n to crim inologists and other workers in the field is
that unorganized predatory crim e, w hose com position is of misdem eanors
o f all sorts, p etty thievery, m ajor crim es such as robberies, burglaries, b an ­
ditry, m urder in th e course o f robbery, and so on, is b y far greater in vol­
um e and extent than organized crim e could ever be. T h e result of its pred­
atory activities run into m any m illions o f dollars. Y e t it was decidedly
w orthw hile th at the K efauver C o m m ittee b rou ght out the lesser though
still trem endous significance of organized crim e, and how extraordinarily
widespread and influential it is, its vast ram ifications entering into all
aspects o f our life. It has been pointed ou t b y the K efauver C om m ittee
that, in the past five years, a m illion and a h a lf dollars has been played on
th e policy wheels alone in C h icago. N eedless to say, operations of this
m agnitude— and the policy w heel is only one o f m any gam bling devices,
could not, o f course, exist w ith ou t large graft being paid to dishonest
police officers for protection. O n e o f them was referred to by C h ica g o news­
papers as th e richest cop in th e w orld, w hose assets am ounted to $360,-
000 a year. P olitical cam paigns, it was learned, were m anaged at times
w ith m oney received from graft. T h e re was cited a case w here in 1948 a
contribution o f $100,000 was arranged b y an individual towards a cam
paign for a gubernatorial election. A n instance has been cited of a stale
senator w ho has served in th e legislature for m any years, yet was also
know n to be conn ected w ith th e underw orld and has adm itted receiving
help from underw orld figures; o f a congressm an, w ho for eighteen yea i s
was a m em ber o f the state legislature b u t w ho was also a friend and .1
counsel o f num erous and notorious C ap o n e gangsters, and him self arrested
frequently on num erous charges. Incidents were uncovered showing llial
in Kansas C ity fraud m oney was used to elect m agistrates. A further in ­
stance was uncovered w here a sheriff, his brother and his chief crim inal
deputy were running a gam blin g book right in the cou nty jail. Л11 instance
T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 377
was cited o f a certain sheriff; th e report says there is no d oub t th a t he
com pletely failed in his d uty to en force th e laws o f th e state, and th at he
not only aided and abetted violations b u t that he, personally, participated
ill a m ajor violation. It has been learned th at a few Federal Internal R eve­
nue agents participated in obvious shakedowns. O n e agent even enclosed a
' н crnm ent franked envelope in his letter dem anding m oney from th e rnad-
amc o f a house o f prostitution. T h e hearings not only turned th e national
spotlight upon crooks, b u t started a chain reaction th at sw ept com placent
sheriffs out o f office and reached into high state politics. It was further
learned th a t an active participation existed— am ountin g alm ost to sub­
sidization— in gam blin g affairs b y certain elem ents o f lawyers, accountants
and tax consultants. C rim e, vice and corruption seem to go together w ell.
I lie conviction o f graft is so im bedded in som e people that one saloon
Keeper piously deprecated the fact o f th e police cracking dow n on gam ­
bling and other illegal enterprises. H e expressed him self to the effect that
lie would open up even m ore gam blin g places and even som e red-light
districts. It has got so that a girl can’t w alk dow n the street. T h e y raped
three w om en the other night. If they had a little o f that I thin k w e w ould
I" better off. . . . T h e prostitutes brought a lo t o f business into this
town. H us tow n was b u ilt up for th at reason, because it was a wide-open
loWn.” 1
I lie C o m m itte e found m ore than seventy separate item s o f business into
" Inch hoodlum s have infiltrated, from advertising and autom obiles to such
legitim ate b u sin e sses haberdashery, hardware and hotels, dow n to unions
и id washing m achines. E ven such a com m on carrier o f com m unication as
1In- W estern U n io n has been know n to be literally infested w ith agents
hn saw opportunities for taking bribes and com m unications from gam ­
blers.
N ot satisfied m erely w ith m ob interests in illegitim ate enterprises, th e
underworld has further created a poten tially dangerous situation b y b fil-
li-diiig legitim ate fields such as hotels, real estate and th e construction
business. T h e y have gotten together to extort huge sums o f m oney from
m ovie industry b y threatening to call a strike o f a gangster-controlled
muon.
« •amblers have been know n to contribute generously to churches. M o n ey
" ' known to be collected from gam blin g organizations, for charitable
Hid church organizations. T h e investigation o f the C o m m itte e has estab-
h hed that all m ajor brewers and large distilleries have granted franchises
In hoodlums, including som e o f th e top ranks o f organized crime.
W ill 1 reference to Frank C ostello, it was stated th a t in th e opinion of
; ' ( b m m ittee, he had exercised a m ajor influence upon N e w Y o rk ’s
1 ""m a n y I la ll D em ocratic organization, because o f his personal friend-
1 "I' - willi those officers. Perhaps the m ost nefarious organization was that
I M m dcr, Inc., w hich was a tightly run organization believed b y the
....... . to b c responsible for the e x e c u tio n o f betw een 120 and 130
 378 The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 379

persons throughout the country. T h e underw orld is know n for its terrible
power and ruthlessness.
Federal agents have been know n to b e in close financial con tact w ith SU M M A R Y
notorious brothel keepers, and have been know n to seek a loan for such
brothel keepers to help them , in one instance, to lease a h otel near a m ili­
tary installation. In return for this it was prom ised th a t th e many- ГЛ Н Л Р Н П Л А С E X P E D IE N T S
thousand-dollar tax cases against them w ould be substantially reduced and
that they, the brothel keepers, w ould be protected from crim inal prosecu­ Г.11 aphilias are forms of sexual activity
tion for tax frauds. Som e agents have been know n to go so far as to write which run counter to accepted social
letters to these m adam es on Treasury D ep artm en t stationery, and allow ed behavior and which are characterized
them to use franked envelopes requiring no postage. Iiv Ilie absence of a biological aim.
T h e C o m m itte e has learned that the individual w ho com m its a crim e is Paraphiliac expedients (i.e., paeder-
not the m an to fear in our society. T h e threat and danger to our govern­ 1 Iv. fellatio, mutual masturbation,
■Ic.) are means by which paraphiliac
m ent com es from organized gangsters and racketeers. T h e conclusion of
nullification is accomplished.
the C o m m ittee, after investigation in C h icago, was th a t organized crim e
and political corruption go hand in hand and that, in fact, there could be \ CULTURAL P A R A P H IL IA S
no big-tim e organized crim e w ith ou t a firm and profitable alliance be­ Incest is not antibiological, but it vio-
tw een those w ho run the rackets and those in p o litical control. 11I14 established social laws. Intrafam-
Som e gangsters have been know n to achieve pre-em inence in all three i!\ incest taboos are almost universal.
fields, have becom e a h oly trinity in some areas in th e U n ited States: in Many psychosexual disturbances result
crim e, politics and business w ith dope and gam blin g as outlets. fli 1111 early incestuous experiences.
Psychoanalytical practice is not usu­
3. Political Perversities: A lo n g th e same lin e w e also have to consider ally concerned so much with incest as
th e perversity th a t arises in our political life, so w ell illustrated in th e case with (lie part played by incestuous
of the politicians w hose num ber is legion, w ho m ake to the electorate very mscious interest.
definitive promises o f reforms b efore election only to betray th em so com Paedophilia is not antibiological
pletely as soon as the election is over. /'11 sc but is almost universally recog-
II' i'il as a sex offense if it involves
4 . C ultural Perversities: A n d w h a t abou t th e m ore universal cultural 1 Mini intercourse with a female child.
perversities? Perhaps th e grossest perversion in our tim es is th at w h ich be Pin average paedophiliac contents
gan w ith the w on d erfu lly hum anitarian m ovem en t of various socialisms I self with forms of sex play.
going back to th e French R evolu tion , con tin u in g through Rousseau, A case of statutory rape involved a
O w en , Proudhon, G od w in , M arx and others, and then, as if to turn upon while male, a salesman going from
itself, developing into the very opposite o f w h at socialism and com m unism door to door. Frequently his knock
originally stood for into th e gross perversion w h ich w e now know as would be answered by a little girl;
bolshevism . O n e could cite further instances from religion, a very touchy In would offer to wait for the
niollicr, assault and rape the child.
subject to be sure, b u t all religion starts w ith love and faith in G o d and
I Ic was arrested three times on the
m ankind only to betray itself in the vast num ber o f inhum an cruelties and
'"iinc charge. W h en finally sent to
religious wars w h ich in th e nam e o f G o d and hu m anity have killed m il­ St. Elizabeths, he was analyzed and
lions o f people, as w hen the M oham m edan s in India were fighting the ' 11red; the case was revealed as
Buddhists, the M oham m edan s figh ting th e C hristians, th e C hristians fighl I'liiely psychogenic in origin.
ing M oham m edans, etc. T ru ly, in th e great mass o f hum an perversities, According to Bromberg, the paedo-
sexual perversities are b u t a sm all grain on th e sands o f a vast beach. tohHliic's anxiety regarding potency
I p i i i I 1. him to seek younger and less
hiiiiildahlc love objects.
Rape is a cultural paraphilia. All
rape cases seem abnormal; the nor­
mal individual responds only within
a framework of affection. Rape and
sadism are not synonymous; the pain
in rape is incidental; the primary aim
is the overpowering of the victim. It
may be related to early incestuous de­
sires; the victim being a substitute for
the mother, who would naturally resist.
Underlying inferiority feelings and the
sense of dominance are important in
rape.
B. B IO L O G IC A L P A R A P H IL IA S
All other paraphilias are sterile forms
of sexual activity; since no issue could
possibly result from such relations.
Masturbation is a paraphilia, except
for the average youthful masturbation,
and adult masturbation practiced in
reaction to temporary sexual privation.
Homosexuality has no biological
aim. The homosexual picture includes
everything from idealistic friendship
to promiscuous debauchery. Homosex­
uals who become involved in sex of­
fenses have neurotic conflicts revolv­
ing about the perversion, which impel
them to expose themselves to possible
injury.
In transvestism, castration anxiety
in men and penis envy in women are
the controlling factors.
Fetishism is associated with legal
offenses only when it is complicated
by some form of assault, as braid-cut­
ting, or when efforts to secure the fet­
ish result in arrest.
A white male, age 41, technically
charged with house-breaking and
larceny, had been three times ar­
rested for stealing women’s under­
wear. For many years he had used
380 T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)
women’s underwear for masturba-
tory purposes. A t 7 or 8 he had
been jilted by a little girl; to have
something of hers to keep, he stole
her underwear and played with it
for a year. Later he stole underwear
from two other girls. He had been
married seven years; had two chil­
dren. He had relations with his
wife only weekly, and suffered from
ejaculatio praecox, occasionally im-
potentia paralytica. He is psycho-
sexually limited, but not a sexual
psychopath; he has never been ag­
gressive or assaulted anyone. Fetish­
ism is not known to exist among
women; it is not known why.
Partialism, or anatomical fetishism,
should be distinguished from fetish­
ism. Foot fetishism is partialism; in­
terest in shoes or slippers is fetishism.
T he most frequently encountered ex­
amples of partialism are the human
breasts and buttocks.
Sadism and masochism are bipolar
manifestations of the same paraphilia,
complementing each other, sadomas­
ochism (active and passive algolag­
n ia). Every sadist possesses certain
elements of masochism, and vice
versa. Sadomasochism substitutes in­
fliction or suffering of pain for sex­
ual union. It may be heterosexually or
homosexually oriented; the root is re­
action to the fear of incest and homo­
sexuality.
Exhibitionism and voyeurism psy-
chogenically complement each other,
although the practitioner of one is
rarely interested in the other. Both
are frequently accompanied by mas­
turbation; they are nuisance offenses,
generally implying no threat of as­
sault.
Frottage is a mild form of assault;
the frotteur obtains orgasm by rub­
bing against women’s buttocks or
body.
Necrophilia is comparatively rare; it
is associated with extreme sadism; the
defenselessness of the corpse is an im-
portant factor. T h e necrophiliac is
usually psychotic, frequently epileptic.
Zoophilia or bestiality is usually as-
sociated with the experimental activi-
ties of adolescents in rural communi-
ties. According to Ellis, it resembles
masturbation practiced faute de mieux
and is not strictly a perversion. It is a
paraphilia only when it involves the
deliberate selection of animals as sex-
ual objects.
Obscenity or pornography is a form
of psychic masturbation, and has a cer-
tain relation to exhibitionism.
W e usually include under сорго-
philia a variety of perversive interests,
hangovers from infancy. Coprophilia
is unlikely to involve manifestations
of antisocial behavior. A coprophiliac
element is discerned in every neuro-
sis.
C. SOM E GENERAL C O N S ID E R A T I O N S
C O N C E R N IN G TH E P A R A P H IL IA S
Psychological determination of the
paraphilias has three aspects; overt hi
sexuality, overt homosexuality and la
tent homosexuality. All paraphilias
are tied up with incest. Impotence is
also a controlling factor.
D. THE M E A N IN G OF P A R A P H IL IA S
Paraphilias are only gross exaggera I
tions of reactions normal to all Iiu j
man beings at one stage or another, I
The paraphiliac has not learned to pul
away childish things. Children art I
normally exhibitionistic and voyeuiis- 1
tic; as the child matures, the sexual
curiosities become merely expedb*
ents in reaching a normal sexual goal, I
In exceptional cases, these forms ol
forepleasure become independent
aims.
It is natural for children to play I
with other children; some do not I
leave their childhood sexual o b jo e ln
T he Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients) 381
I" hind them. A certain amount of
3 sively with paraphiliac pictures, ho­
lone is used in normal sex relations;
1 mosexual and heterosexual. She is
" I" ' "iay occasionally be seen as a
I in love with her own body; she
ru ,illy exaggerated reaction. A ll chil-
I dances nude before mirrors. She in­
........... through a homosexual phase,
I dulges in masturbation following
"'hieli later gives place to normal het-
I normal relations with her husband;
noicxual interests; when it fails to
I orgasms in her sleep follow dreams
do so we have homosexuality. Copro-
| of perversions with partners, not
I'llilia is directly traceable to childish
I her husband. G uilt keeps her more
fantile interests. Transvestism is
] or less within the limits of normal­
но exten sion o f dressin g-up gam es.
1 ity, as a dutiful wife.
I here appears to be no childhood par­
M any frigid women resort to prom­
allel for fetishism.
I iscuity, some to paraphilias, in the
Ilie sexual abnormalities mentioned
1 hope of solving their frigidity. Be­
belong to the early developmental pe-
hind many cases of frigidity stands an
111111 in a person’s life and are some-
I unconscious incest barrier. A woman
Ihlug for which he cannot be blamed,
I who reached orgasm with her lover
U01 .1lould such handicap prevent him
I before marriage, became frigid after
.... becoming a useful citizen. Many
I their marriage. After marriage, her
"tld leaders in literature, music, sci-
I husband became a father figure; the
P» htics h a v e b e e n h a n d ic a p p e d
I incest barrier interfered with normal
I'hr.ically or psychosexually. Psychia- relations.
Im could help some paraphiliacs and
do nothing for others; but we F . H E T E R O S E X U A L P E R V E R S IT IE S
hue 110 right to blame them.
One includes, broadly, under the term
1 •I, M AH III A C E A N D P A R A P H I L I A perversity, any type of behavior that
1 willfully defies accepted social and
" ''bin marriage, relations as a rule
] moral modes of conduct. There are
но normal but a number of abnormal-
I perversities within the heterosexual
IIU'. arc found. M en or women may
I framework, which includes many in-
tunc perversive activity, but fear to
dividuals who resort to any form of
' 'I оcss the wish to wife or husband.
deception in order to achieve their
..... couples regularly indulge in
heterosexual goal, be it seduction of
Jiincisions. A couple complaining of
women or raping under the threat of
ibiilicnl symptoms, headache, irrita-
death. Prostitution furnishes one strik­
I' ■lutigue, restlessness, were found
ing instance of heterosexual perversi­
In In- substituting mutual masturba­
ties, as great a sexual iniquity as hu­
tion lor intercourse. Upon their re­
manity can witness, and all within the
union,’, normal relations, the symp-
framework of heterosexuality, and this
Innc, disappeared.
vast army of prostitutes carries with
' young married woman suffered
it a nearly as vast number of mes-
bum phobias and fear of choking
dames, pimps, procurers, white slavers
: In, death. She has been divorced;
and like social parasites. One must
I hi'lwccn her first and second mar­
further bear in mind as a part of per­
lin es she was involved with a man
versities within heterosexuality, the
"ho led her into all sorts of sexual
misbehavior. In spite of frequent
great amount of premarital relations
existing among the young of the pres­
" bilious with her husband, she is
ent day, as well as extramarital rela­
fugld; her mind is occupied obses­
tions so frequently observed within
382 The Paraphilias (Paraphiliac Expedients)

marriage. All this is of much grosser
moral violation than the rather lim ­
ited field of perversive and homosex­
ual behavior provides.
G. A L L O S O C IA L P E R V E R S IT IE S
Am ong the allosocial perversities, one
notes (a) in the field of economics,
the greed and esurience so frequently
observed in our economic life, a drive
that operates throughout one’s mature
life much more relentlessly and much
more continuously than the sexual in­
stinct, which normally requires relax­
ation; (b) criminal perversities which
include not only what we know about
the actual criminal, who is either an
individual criminal or belongs to or­
ganized gangs, but the large amount
of criminality observed in daily life
that does not quite reach legal atten­
tion. N ote the Kefauver Report,
which shows clearly the relationship 20. THE P S Y C H O N E U R O T I C BASIS OF
between economics, politics, gam­
bling, drug addiction and criminality. P E R V E R S I O N S ( P A R A P H I L I A S )
If one views our cultural situation sub
specie aeternitatis, one can see our
whole life is pervaded with perversi
ties, against which the perversities in
sex life appear as a grain of sand on A. N E U R O S E S A N D P A R A P H IL IA S —
an ocean beach. A C O M P A R I S O N 3s 5

Ik C A S E S T U D IE S ?s 9

C a s e O n e : H o m o s e x u a lity 39Q

C a s e T w o : E x h ib itio n is m 393

C a s e T h r e e : M u lt ip le P a ra p h ilia 396

С G E N E R A L C O M M E N T S 39y

1. T h e P s y c h o n e u ro tic S tru ctu re o f P a rap h ilias з9у

2. T h e S o cia l A sp e cts o f P a rap h ilias 398

3. P a ra p h ilia s a n d P sy ch o p a th ies— A C o m p a ris o n з99

l> C O N C L U S I O N S 4o0

S U M M A R Y 40Q

2 0 . The Psychoneurotic Basis of
Perversions (Paraphilias)
an d m r a p h ilia T h e ty p e o f n e u ro tic t h a t w e o b serve in d a ily life is t
ty p e th a t im presses us as th e ten d e r, h a r m l e s s ra th e r m ferm r e v cn c h i
ish tv n e o f in d iv id u a l, fo r w h o m life is to o great a b u rd e n to b ear, w hereas
th e p a ra p h ilia cs th a t o rd in a rily c o m e u n d e r o b serv a tio n g iv e th e im pres-
! t T S Ch a rd -h o iled , sh o w in g p s y ch o p a th ic,
e sta b lish e d stru ctu ra liz e d ch ro n ic ty p e , as to a p p ea r to ta у
th e n e u ro tic . N e v e rth e le s s , as o ur k n o w le d g e o f th e situ a tio n p ro gres
le ha“ “ L e d th a t on d e ep er an alysis, tire tw o r e a c t,o n s a r e ‘ fo u n d to
h a v e m a n y p o in ts in e o m m o n a n d th e n w e d iseo v er t h a t th o n g h so v e t ,
d iffe re n t su p erficially , th e y arc rea lly sisters u n d e r th e skin.
P ^ A a p s o n e o f th e m o st d ifficu lt s tu m b lin g b lo ck s in th is m a tte r o f d if­
fe r e n tia l d iagn o sis is th e m a tte r o f a p p e lla tio n a n d la b e lin g , n e m o ie 1
d iv id u a ls b e in g regard ed as “ u n fo rtu n a te ” w h ile p a ra p h ilia cs w ere desig-
n a te d a s d e g e n e ra te s.” T h is is o n e o f th e m o s t £ [in lin e . O n e does n o t see h e re a n y flu c tu a tin g e m o tio n a l d istu rb a n ces,
h o ld s stro n g ly in th e m e d ic a l p ro fessio n , th e firm ly h e ld b e lie f t h a t per
S o n s are d e ge n e ra cies a n d as sn ch h a v e n o p la ce rn
tic e . M o d e r n p sy ch ia try , h o w ev er, h as co m e о rc co g n i specific
d egen eracies b u t illnesses in th e fu ll sense o f th e w o rd , h a v in g spec he
e tio lo g ie s a n d courses, a n d as b e in g fu lly a m e n a b le to
p sy ch ic diseases. N e ith e r th e term p erversio n n o r ^ ■ми so o b v io u s in th e case o f th e h ysteric. A s th e ir so cial a n d p erso n a l
it does a t o n e o f m o ra l in d ig n a tio n ) has a n y
sion* a n d b v p re fe re n ce th e term p a ra p h ilia is ch o sen 11 P
n a te a form o f sea iife t h a t d e via fcs fro m th e n o rm a l. A s s n d n . ,s ™ w
h e re as a fo rm a n d an exp ression o f a n euro sis, to w it, th e ParaP ™ Щ
n eurosis, g e n e tic a lly related to h y sterica l a n d o th er n euroses. io u g i
T h e Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias') 385
reaction s are o fte n sp o k en o f b y th e m o re co n se rv a tiv e p sych iatrists as p sy­
ch o p a th ies, b e ca u se th e se in d iv id u a ls o fte n g e t th e m selve s in v o lv e d in a n ti­
social b e h a v io r (sexu al o ffe n se s ), I sh all a tte m p t to sh o w th a t th ese reac-
I ions, rath er th a n b e in g p s y c h o p a th ic , are esse n tia lly p s y ch o g e n ic in th e ir
nature, th e ir sy m p to m a to lo g y a n d e tio lo g y b e in g tra ce a b le to un con ­
scious e m o tio n a l facto rs, w h ile th e a n tiso cia l c h a ra cte r o f th e ir b e h a v io r,
giv in g it a p s y c h o p a th ic fag ad e, is e n tire ly in c id e n ta l a n d seco n d ary, an d
is also p re d ica te d o n p s y ch o g e n ic situ atio n s.
Л. N E U R O S E S A N D P A R A P H IL IA S —
A C O M P A R I S O N
II m u st b e a d m itte d th a t w h e n e x tre m e ty p e s o f e a ch are ta k en , n euroses
and p arap h ilia s a p p ea r as far a p a rt as th e p oles. T h e ty p ic a l hyster-
ical n e u ro tic p resen ts to us a m e d le y o f sy m p to m s, e m o tio n s ten d e r an d
labile, easily in v ie w o f all, th e p a tie n t distressed a n d u n h a p p y , an d o fte n
1 d istu rb in g in flu e n ce on th o se a ro u n d h im . H is sex u a lity, w h ic h is u n i­
versally w ith in th e lim its o f a c c e p te d h e te ro se x u a lity , is as m o b ile and
lliictu a tin g as is h is s o m a tic a n d b e h a v io r s y m p to m a to lo g y , a n d sup erfi­
cially a t lea st gives n o clu e to a n y p arap h ilia s. It is o n ly in th e u n c o n ­
scious m e n ta l life th a t o n e d isco vers th a t h is m e n ta tio n is q u ite fre q u e n tly
p ico ccu p ie d w ith all sorts o f p arap h ilia s w h ic h h o w e v e r rem a in repressed.
-
R epressed th o u g h th e y are, th e y d o n o t re m a in , h o w ev er, e n tire ly w ith o u t
.nine o vert exp ression . H e is n o t h a p p y in h is h e te ro se x u a lity a n d w ith in
I lie lim its o f his h e te ro se x u a lity h e is lik e ly to b e g iv en to a v a rie ty o f sex­
ual e xp ed ien ts w h ic h o n analysis are fo u n d to b e b u t p a ra p h ilia c disguises
II id m asks. W h a t o th e r sig n ifica n ce ca n th e re b e a tta c h e d to su ch b eh av-
,
1111. for in sta n ce , as m a stu rb a tio n im m e d ia te ly a fte r an a p p a re n tly n o rm a l
intercourse, o r in sisten ce on ce rtain p o sitio n s w h ic h are n o t regu larly d e ­
m anded in n o rm a l relatio n s, etc.? N o n e o f it gives h im th e satisfactio n
i u v e d , a n d tro u b le d an d u n h a p p y h e expresses h is d issa tisfa ctio n b y a
i iricty o f so m a tic a n d e m o tio n a l d istu rb a n ces b e h in d w h ic h o n e w o u ld
hardly su sp ect a sexual a n d p a ra p h ilia c e tio lo g y .
The ty p ic a l p a ra p h ilia c, o n th e o th e r h a n d , p resen ts q u ite a d ifferen t
Mu in d ivid u a l b e in g u su a lly q u ite co m p o se d a n d a p p a re n tly w e ll b al-
III к cd. In va in d o es o n e lo o k h e re fo r a n y p h y sica l s y m p to m a to lo g y co m -
|. n.ible to th a t fo u n d in h y sterica l neuroses; n o n e is fo u n d . It w o u ld al-
n i" ,i a p p ea r as if th e in d iv id u a l’s a b so rp tio n in his p arap h ilia s p reclu d es
hi overflow in to th e ch a n n e ls o f h y p o ch o n d ria a n d a c u te a n x ie ty w h ic h
n l|iistm en ts do n o t a p p ea r to d iffer fro m th e average, it w o u ld seem th a t
Hillside o f th e ir sex life , th e y a p p ea r to us as p e r fe c tly n o rm a l in d iv id u a ls.
W in n as th e h y sterica l n e u ro tic is n o t co n scio u s o f his p a ra p h ilia c tren ds,
I" lin ing h im s e lf to b e sex u a lly e n tire ly n o rm a l, th e p a ra p h ilia c is q u ite
. |
386 T he Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias)
aware of being different sexually from th e average and the norm al, though
th a t in itself is of little m om ent or w orry to him . N evertheless, abnorm ali­
ties there are, and th e sex life o f th e paraphiliac, w hile superficially less
capricious than th at of the average hysteric, bears at th e sam e tim e a m ore
com pulsive character. It is obsessional and all-consum ing, th e individual
seem ingly living m ainly for th e purpose o f satisfying an apparently in­
satiable sex urge.
T h e above considerations, how ever, concern only th e extrem e types ot
each group and it m ay b e reasonably expected that as such they w ould not
be recognizably related. C o m m o n ly and popularly, it is often m uch easier
to n ote superficial differences than to d etect underlying points in com ­
m on th at require m ore careful and m ore precise studies. There is, there­
fore, som e justification for the current m isconception th at separates the
neuroses and paraphilias. T h e difficulty is enhanced b y th e fact that overt
paraphiliacs as a group rarely look or com e for treatm ent, for they are
satisfied w ith their type o f sex life and since, as a rule, they have no phys­
ical or other sym ptom atology, they do n o t feel th e need of seeking a p ay
sician’s help. H ow ever, starting from the extrem e end o f each group, one
has no difficulty in n oting a series of gradations so closely approaching
each other as to alm ost merge, w ith sym ptom atologies com m on to both
types. It is then, th a t com ing to the atten tion of th e physician, it is a m uch
less difficult task to discover th e genetic relationship betw een the tw o.
O f m any such gradations existing, w e can only n ote a few here. C o m ­
m en ting (a ) on the problem on another occasion, I called atten tion to a
type o f individual, in w h om th e m anifestation of neurotic anxiety is so
com pletely rationalized th a t its recognition is difficult, as for instance,
in those cases w here the anxiety is alm ost invariably associated in the
conscious m ind w ith econom ic insecurity, th e individual claim ing that he
is n ot afraid of this or th at in itself (accident, sickness, e tc .), b u t on ly be
cause o f th e expense w h ich it entails, th e loss of tim e, absence from woik,
etc. involved. Sim ilarly, there are persons of obviously neurotic make-up
w ho rationalize their unconscious paraphiliac tendencies, w h ich they are
d im ly aware o f b u t th e presence o f w h ich they excuse on the ground of
preoccupation w ith their h ealth , etc., as in th e case of th e m an w ho oh
viously goes out of th e w ay to discuss his b ow el m ovem ents, the size, coloi
and odor of his stools, th e frequency and force o f his urination, etc., oil
the pretext th at these things are indexes to his physical condition and must
b e duly observed in th e interest o f hygiene. T h e sam e individual, w ho a
ther know s n othin g abou t dreams or w h o refuses to b elieve th at they posses»
any significance, w ill discuss in detail and w ith great am usem ent, anxicly
dreams w hich at once betray to anyone at all fam iliar w ith them pro
nounced paraphiliac conflicts in th e dreamer.
In the next series o f gradations, w e n o te several types in w hich the claims
o f hysteria and paraphilia often seem to b e abou t equally divided. In one
type of individual th e conflict betw een the consciousness of the paraphilia
T he Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias) 387
and the dem ands o f the super ego becom es so intense that the result is a
.cries o f periodic outbursts o f incoherent anger w ith th e environm ent, and
Ilie individual is described as “ tem peram ental” or “ extrem ely difficult” by
IIis associates, w ho are generally ignorant of th e claim s o f his paraphilia.
( )i the type o f an individual w ho for a lon g tim e rem ains apparently un-
1 mi.scious o f his paraphiliac tendency, presenting only th e neurotic sym p­
tom of supposed illness; then, w hen the stress of the paraphiliac tendency
lorces itself unm istakably upon the conscious atten tion , the neurotic sym p­
toms gradually disappear, forgotten in th e p atien t’s absorption w ith his
paraphilia. O n e knows o f individuals typically hysteric w ho becam e actu­
ally ill m en tally because the preoccupation w ith paraphilias had becom e
mi obsessive that it threatened to break through th e social barriers; terrified
ill Ilie danger o f losing out in favor o f the paraphilias, th e individual has
llius been driven to com m it suicide. In the instance o f alcoholics one ob ­
serves quite universally th e presence of a large unconscious hom osexual
com ponent w hich does n ot give them rest; and it is singularly true that
when th e hom osexual com ponen t begins to press too heavily to the surface,
Ibe individual then escapes via alcohol in the h op e o f thus stilling the para-
pliiliac trends. T h is som etim es succeeds, b u t often it only m akes m atters
worse because alcohol has a tenden cy to break the pow er o f sublim ation
md therefore allow s th e individual, w h ile under th e influence o f alcohol,
lo indulge in hom osexual and other paraphiliac practices, w hich they
would never dream of, in a sober state. A gain , on e som etim es observes
i ni l c psychotic states in w hich th e individual, panic-stricken, desperately
*1 niggles w ith unconscious paraphiliac trends that dem and overt expres-
11in: then for seem ingly unexplained reasons the patien t suddenly yields
III 1 paraphilia, and m iraculously recovers. O n e m ay offer here as a general
(imposition that the more reconciled to his paraphilia th e individual be-
iiiiius and th e greater the extent to w hich it m onopolizes his conscious
nl Icut ion— particularly if he is capable o f idealizing it and ignoring the
disparity betw een it and prevailing social standards— the less likelihood
I lin e seems to be o f a display o f sym ptom s.
There is a type o f hom osexual in w hom th e hysterical sym ptom s are in
nl 11 \.1nee as lon g as th e individual is engaged in hom osexual pursuit; b ut
when for w hatever reason, he abandons this and tries to lead an ascetic or
IIn iioughly abstem ious existence, he prom ptly falls a prey to a host of
tin mi lies predicated upon th e presence of im aginary diseases or th e threat-
on d im m inence o f insecurity or danger. T h is anxiety is an expression of
ни unrequited and floating libido. It is particularly from this type of case
Hot we gain the impression that the w ider scope th e individual is able to
t и i to his paraphilia, or th e m ore fixed atten tion he rivets upon it, the
It о likely lie is to be preoccupied w ith baseless and im aginary fears. B u t it‘
I* when the paraphiliac patien t has a breakdow n o f his own, often an
in ule hysterical episode w hich necessitates treatm ent, th a t lie com es to the
n lIn ilion o f a psychiatrist. In such cases the paraphilias remain in the back­
388 The Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias)
ground and their intim ate relation to the hysterical neurosis is discovered
only later in th e course of treatm ent. Q u ite universally they arc then diag­
nosed as neurotics. T h ere is no d oubt, how ever, abou t their b ein g para­
philiacs seeing th e dom inan t role th at paraphilias play in their life, just as
there is no d ou b t o f their being full fledged neurotics judging b y the varied
sym ptom atology and behavior displayed.
T h ere is another group of paraphilias th a t som etim es com es to th e atten ­
tion o f the psychiatrist. It is the case of th e typical paraphiliac w ho has
run afoul o f the law (sex crim es) and is sent to a m en tal hospital (or
referred to a psychiatrist for private care) in w hich case th e stim ulus for
treatm ent is provided m ainly by the desire to regain freedom or escape
punishm ent. Such cases are usually diagnosed as psychopathies. T h e y are,
however, neuroses, just as th e other cases are.
T o sum it all up, paraphilias are neurotic expressions representing, in
all probability, fixations at earlier levels, perhaps th e pregenital; w hich
w ould explain w hy they appear constitutional-like and, seem ingly at least,
as established behavior reactions. T h e hysterical reactions, on the other
hand, represent later fixations, perhaps at the O edipus level. T h e more
com plete th e earlier fixation, th e less likely it is to b e related to later points
of fixation; and conversely, if the developm ent has n ot been arrested com ­
pletely at a particular point (and it rarely is ), then th e greater w ill be
th e instrusion o f later elem ents.
T h u s, w hen view ed in terms o f genetic dynam ics, paraphilias and neu­
roses are n ot th e opposites o f each other b u t sisters under th e skin and
basically the same. Paraphilias are neuroses in every sense of the word as
measured b y th e usual standards w ith w hich w e com m on ly evaluate neu
roses. N o less than neuroses, they have their constitution al bases b u t these
are surely no m ore frequent than nor significantly different from those
w hich w e find in neuroses. L ik e neuroses they are the results o f lifelong,
thw arted developm ent and o f a sexuality th a t in no wise differs from that
o f other neuroses, except in b eing arrested and fixated at a particular
and probably earlier point. Paraphiliacs have in com m on w ith hysterics
th e fact that, popular opinion notw ithstanding, they are h igh ly sensitive
individuals, neurotics all. In too m any instances to b e regarded as ex­
ceptions, they can convert, displace, com pensate, repress and affect any
m echanism as truly as hysterics can. M o re significantly yet, paraphiliac
trends, hardly if ever expressed as established reactions b u t form ing a
large part o f th e unconscious m ental conten t, are found in abundance in
hysterical, com pulsive and other neuroses. T h ere the difference between
neuroses and paraphilias is n ot so m uch in kind, or even in degree, as pci
haps in th e po in t and age of fixations.
I he Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias) 389
I». CASE STU D IES
I shall attem p t to dem onstrate th e thesis that th e relation betw een neuroses
and paraphilias is not m erely inciden tally concom itan t, but entirely in­
tegral, one flow ing ou t o f th e other, by th e presentation o f three cases of
Winch two have been arrested specifically charged w ith a sexual offense:
<-n rying obscene pictures in one case, exhibitionism in another case. T h e
Ilin'd case, that o f G . S., cam e to us prim arily because o f hysterical convul-
s and num erous other neurotic m anifestations. H ow ever, he only tech ­
nically escaped arrest; actually he has engaged in a variety o f sexual be­
havior, m uch o f w hich carries arrest and punishm ent. T h e lives o f these
are heavily charged w ith paraphiliac interests and they are equally
lull of neurotic sym ptom s. I shall further attem p t to show th at these in­
dividuals are not m erely paraphiliacs w ho also happened to be neurotics,
"i. conversely, that th ey are neurotics w ho also happened to be paraphil-
i.h s, but that they b elon g to a particular type o f neurosis in w hich the
p-naphihac behavior has either broken through th e barriers of repression,
mil gaining ascendancy, has becom e part and parcel o f the w hole struc-
l"ic; part o f a chem ical com pound, n ot a separate ingredient o f a physical
mixture; or else, it is an expression o f arrested developm ent, o f psycho-
1 xtial infantilism .
T h ou gh the consideration o f this type o f cases is of exceeding impor-
1 nice b oth clin ically and theoretically, it is o f still greater social signifi-
«nin e, especially as view ed from the standpoint o f forensic psychiatry. It
r. necessary to break here a prejudice that stands in the w ay of a m ore
1 11lightened approach to the problem o f crim e. T h is prejudice is th at sex­
ual deviations and abnorm alities are expressions of psychopathic behavior
" id because o f this th e individuals in question are fu lly guilty and respon­
sible before law. C on trasted w ith paraphiliacs from the standpoint o f fo-
n m-ie psychiatry, m ost o f th e hysterics are innocuous socially, because the
Indulgence in various paraphiliac tendencies remains w ithin th e lim it of
I и individ u als preoccupation and does n ot transgress social norms. T h e
I’ " iplnhacs, on the other hand, m ay transgress the social norms and for
Ih r . reason often becom e involved in socially prohibited behavior. Since
(hey arc genetically interrelated, it is entirely proper to treat paraphil-
1' is neuroses. W h ile their grouping w ith psychopathies leaves th e con-
n ll0Peless o f psychotherapeutic approach, for by com m on consent
|m. hopathy is n ot curable, their grouping w ith neuroses provides imme-
di.de hope o f am elioration or care. A n d if their behavior is recognized
' hi expression of unconscious m otivations and n ot o f psychopathy, their
|'l i ' ll is urged, is not in a jail but in a hospital, and their treatm en t n ot
punishm ent, b u t psychotherapy. In doing so w e are according them th e
" н е consideration as we do the other types o f crim inal behavior, such as
II" predatory or hom icidal crimes m any of w hich are now recognized as
39o T he Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias) T he Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias) 391

b u t sym ptom atic expressions of psychoses or neuroses, to b e treated as
such, nam ely, psychotherapeutically and n ot pum tively.
1. CASE o n e : H O M O SE X U A LITY
S u m m a r iz e d T a b u l a t i o n
N eurotic Reactions
Background
Paraphiliac Reactions
“ IT. B .” is a 30-year-old w h ite m ale w ho has been hospitalized since 1932 fo l­
low ing an acute neurotic disturbance resulting in large measure from a
venereal infection and clim axed b y an acute hysterical attack w hile visit­
ing a general hospital for exam ination. H e showed m arked im provem ent
lollow ing th e death of his m other abou t w hom he had worried a great
deal. H e adjusted satisfactorily to all parole privileges b u t rem ained w ith ­
out am bition and was afraid to try to m ake an econom ic adjustm ent on

M a s tu rb a tio n
Ilie outside.
H y p o c h o n d ria
T a in te d h e red ity T h e history shows an abnorm al attach m en t to and em otional depend­
1. F a th e r a p p a re n tly n e u ­ ence upon the m other, w ith w hom the patien t slept u n til he was nine;
ro tic and a lc o h o lic to Ircquently thereafter un til he was 16; and on a few occasions until he was
S y p h ilo p h o b ia H o m o s e x u a lity
an e x te n t.
F e lla tio — a ctiv e 20. E arliest erotic interests as w e com m on ly find in th e history o f so m any
2. M o t h e r e x tre m e ly n e u ­
A n x ie ty a n d passive homosexuals were bisexual, b u t becam e exclusively hom osexual after a
ro tic, h y ste rica l, e x c it­
1. F e a r o f b u rg lars. P a e d e ra sty — a ctiv e lew half-hearted attem pts a t heterosexual adjustm ent had resulted in com ­
a b le, e tc . P s y c h o tic b e ­
2. F e a r o f snakes. a n d passive plete failure. W h e n separated from his m other b y econom ic circum stances
fo re h e r d e a th .
3. O n e grea t-u n cle e p ile p ­ 3. W a r w o rry. (billow ing his father’s death w hen he was nine years old ) w hich forced
4 . F e a r o f im p o te n ce . Ins m other to seek w ork away from her hom e tow n, he was lon ely and
tic .
V o y e u ris m
4. A n o th e r g rea t-u n cle miserable, m ourned her absence and failed to adjust satisfactorily either
n e u ro tic (fits o f d ep res­ in or outside o f school. Subsequent occupation al adjustm ent was poor, even
S u ic id a l te n d e n cie s E x h ib itio n is tic
sio n ) .
te n d e n cie s 1llcr being subsequently reunited w ith his m other. H is progress into
5. F e m a le d ista n t co u sin (R e la te d to h y p o ­
pmmiscuous overt hom osexuality was gradual, b u t by th e tim e he was
p sy c h o tic a t o n e tim e. ch o n d ria a n d to
ю it had becom e fairly persistent and fixed. H e had one unhappy love
6. A n o th e r d is ta n t fe m a le eva sio n o f resp on si­
all air w ith a boy and had crushes on several others, b u t for th e m ost part
co u sin h a d “ ta n tru m s .” b i li t y ) .
lir. hom osexual adjustm ent was m ade on a low level, and his places of
P a e d o p h ilia c u iidczvous were m ost frequently pu b lic toilets. F ollow in g his protracted
F a u lty h o m e situ a tio n .
te n d e n cie s a iiciation w ith an older m an, he acquired m ore m oral stability b u t was
(O v e rp r o te c te d b y
m o th e r w ith w h o m h e In fe rio rity •Iill inclined to occasional lapses. H is hom osexual a ctivity caused him
C a n n ib a lis tic fan tasies
sle p t u n til h e w as 9, a n d I nnsiderable m ental conflict for social reasons and he bitterly resented the
M a s o c h is m (T h o u g h ts o f tast­
o c c a sio n a lly th e re a fte r b uns o f opprobrium w hich were heaped upon him b y other patients w ho
(M a n ife s te d b y p sy­ in g b lo o d o f h o m o
u n til h e w as 2 0 ) . M'cincd to recognize his hom osexual make-up. Prom iscuous sexual indul-
c h ic d e te rm in a tio n to sexual p a r tn e r ).
IV m e was invariably follow ed b y anxiety w hich took th e form of syphilo-
F e ars im p la n te d b y m o th e r su ffer fro m in cu ra b le
pliubia. W h e n his behavior was such as to preclude any possible basis for
re la tiv e to v en e re al dis­ disease; re la te d to
lliis fear, he becam e hypochondriacal and worried about various neurotic
ease. G . C . in fe c tio n h y p o c h o n d r ia ) .
re su ltin g fro m a ctiv e \ mptoms, the principal one o f w h ich was a pain in his back (presum ably
p a ed erasty . Z o o p h ilia (sin g le cpl II ".lilting from m other identification, since she suffered from a sacroiliac
S o m n a m b u lism sode; n o subsequent 11 ик Iit ion preceding her d ea th ); entertained fears o f cancer or other in-
R e lig io u s te a c h in g o f
o n es). • 111 able disease and seemed to show an unconscious m asochistic determ ina-
m o th e r, w h o w as a n ar­
Htni to suffer from som e im aginary ailm ent, to find som e other set o f cir-
d e n t C h r is tia n S cie n tist.
1 iniislances about w hich to distress him self, all apparently related to an
iimlci lying sense of guilt.
E very psychotherapist of experience m ust h a ve in his records at least a I Ic was arrested once in a park on a suspicion o f exhibitionism o f w hich,
few e a L o f analysis of hom osexuality, exhibit,onrsm , transvestrsm, r t d biiwcvcr, he was n o t guilty. W h e n searched, h e was discovered to have in
th a t he has treated and cured or im proved. 1 he presentation o f sue 1 .111 « lit'i pocket obscene pictures o f a m ale nude b od y w ith penis exposed and
s e s s h o u l d convince any unbiased observer that these paraphilias arc c, о т I. T h e pictures were o f him self.
sentially neuroses and arc as am enable to treatm en t as neuroses. In his personality make-up, apart from his paraphiliac activities, patien t
 392 I fie Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias)
\Л. u -iu y n u iU S ) 393
can best be described by the fam iliar phrase “ a good b oy.” H e w ants to
please others and to be liked by them . H e has the cow ardice of the typical
neurotic, b ut it is believed th at w hen cornered he w ill fight, although fight­
in g w ould be a m atter o f last resort.
Hons o f strong libidinal fe e l'n g 0 represe,rt,nS гаеге1У capricious varia-
H e is honest to th e p o in t o f stupidity (guileless) and n ot at all versed in
th e necessity for diplom acy as opposed to candor. H e has very little under­ sci!,usntsrio f f h f p eS are ‘ Ie,fin ild y related t0 Irouroscxuality. T h e con-
standing o f the politics o f any given situation.
H e is not studious, says he doesn’t understand how he even learned to I'- ir. A ctu a lly it is a fear o f loss o f
C
,
L unconscious
* * * «
castration
read and write. H e never m ade a satisfactory adjustm ent in school and
never m ade a really satisfactory occupational adjustm ent, his longest pe­
riods of occupation having been as a m essenger b oy and an elevator
•be " » n „ c r o f i f f l S S S T ” they " My S yn b 0 ,“ ■ " * <a f t o
operator. M o re than once he quit jobs because he was “ sick and tired of
w orking or because he th ough t he was w orking too hard for too little
J L ' C L h o C d n f T h e L L ' ? iS 7 te,y Suggesled by lhe persi* “ “
m oney. H e is essentially lazy, n ot only m en tally b u t also physically; and
yet at times he w ill w ork thoroughly and industriously at som ething which
he him self has initiated, such as cleaning a bathroom , polishing silver
cleaning cupboard shelves, etc. H e is splendid in a sick room and would 2 . CASE T W O : e x h i b i t i o n i s m
probably m ake a good m ale nurse if he had th e capacity for the study and
Sum m arized T abu lation
discipline necessary to secure the requisite training. W h a t he does he does
Background
thoroughly, b u t is unnecessarily slow in doing it (because it is done to the Neurotic Reactions Paraphiliac Reactions
accom pan im ent o f day-dream ing) and procrastinates a long tim e before 1iiintcd heredity
Inferiority feelings
actually begin nin g it. Exhibitionism
1 father, nervous break­ Alcoholism
W h ile he seems to have a certain am ount o f pride abou t m oney matters down. Voyeurism
and abou t im posing on others, one gains the impression that unconsciously 1 Mother, high-strung,
he w ould like to have som eone m aintain him . T h is is n ot actually so much Masochism (states of Masturbation
violent temper, alco­ self-pity)
from laziness as from feelings o f inadequacy w ith respect to econom ic and holic.
social adjustm ent. H e says, “ I am as afraid o f the w orld as a two-year-old i Maternal aunt a suicide.
baby. ’ J Tem per tantrums (with Cunnilingus
I Maternal uncle had two
assaultive tendencies). Homosexuality
His predom inant characteristic is represented b y com plete dom ination nervous breakdowns.
o f the pleasure principle, m anifested prim arily by a desire for a state of Compensatory ideas of
" 111У Home Situation Passive with
com plete irresponsibility. W h e n he is w hat h e calls “ relaxed,” he is unusual artistic abil­
i Quarrelsome parents. women.
ity; fame-winning po­ Fellatio
happy— he has n oth in g to do and n othin g to worry about, b u t feels secure I’atient ovcrprotcctcd. Passive and
tentialities, etc.
and at ease. A t other tim es his prevailing anxiety (syphilophobia, hypo- I I oo closely associated active with
chon dn a, etc.) makes him a prey to m ore or less continuous worry about with mother. men.
is health, his sexual powers, etc. H e seldom worries abou t the future, I < lass-conscious (snob­
Suicidal tendencies Narcissism
however, b ut lives, as he expresses it, “ from day to day.” bish) ideas implanted
by mother.
Sadistic fantasies (of
Mother has terrific
In this case, som e o f the neurotic reactions are in part conditioned by forced sexual acts, Sadism (attempted
temper.
his m em ory o f the suggestions o f a neurotic m other. T h e syp h ilo p h o b ia not involving pain). rap e).
and the hypochondria were both suggested b y her. She talked to him abonl """ballo n s at hands of
bullying schoolmates, etc. Zoophilia
syphilis (before he was old enough to know w hat it w a s), and her own hys
\ p o s p u d ia s
ten cal reactions were suggestive o f hypochondriacal ideas. Fear generally
is un doubted ly connected w ith the p atien t’s sense o f guilt, growhm out ol
the O edipus situation, w hich latter, too, appears to be directly responsible
for his hom osexuality. It is suggested that the paedophiliac tendencies may
a ?yposp dias *hich
factor in bis exhibitionism , for w hich he was arrested and *■
“»
 T he Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias)
finally com m itted to St. E lizabeths. H as confessed to som e 200 episodes
o f exposure, a great m any voyeuristic episodes, and at least one episode о
attem p ted rape (there appear to have been a cou ple m ore) H istory 0
persistent m asturbation, som e of it associated w ith his exhibitionistic ex­
periences. H istory o f hom osexual relations (passive fellatio, b u t occa­
sionally a ctiv e ), alcoholism , cunnilingus w ith at least one w om an m any
phantasies o f it w ith others) and lim ited norm al heterosexual relations
exclusively w ith prostitutes. ...
H eavily tainted heredity. F au lty hom e environm ent w ith constantly
quarreling parents. A m b ivalen t em otions tow ard m other, on e extrem e
being represented b y assaultive tendencies.
C ow ard ly as a child, b u llied by schoolm ates. O n ce forced to kneel and
kiss another fellow ’s shoe. Snobbish ideas instilled in him b y his m other.
Increased feelings of inferiority because of hypospadias, acne, large nose,
thinness, hand-m e-down clothes, etc.
E arly m utual nrasturbatory experiences w ith other boys and som e pas­
sive fellatio. L ater som e active fellatio in conn ection w ith alcoholism . Er­
ratic occupation al adjustm ent, gradually grow ing poorer because of alco­
holism and laziness. O n ly consistent effort was m ade in vocal lessons w hich
had to b e abandoned because o f throat cond ition resulting (patient
claim s) from im proper tonsillectom y.
G row in g sense o f frustration w ith w om en. E xh ib itiom stic activity came
on apparently in an attem p t to overcom e inferiority feelings resulting
from this and the hypospadias, th e voyeurism going along hand m hand
b u t always secondary to th e exhibitionism . T h e attem p ted rape was ap­
parently th e result of frustration and alcohol. (T h is episode was n ot an
attem p t at norm al intercourse b u t at forced passive fella tio ).
In his personality make-up, he is outstandingly egocentric and lazy; es­
sentially a coward. H e is incapable of any satisfactory occupation al ad­
justm en t because o f interference b y his paraphilias and his alcoholism as
w ell as his general laziness. H is occupational ability has shown a gradual
decline; in recent years it has been negligible.
D isposed to believe him self capable o f accom plishing great things, usually
in som e artistic field, and equally disposed to find never-ending excuses
for his failure to accom plish anything.
Sentim ental, alm ost m audlin, in his attitu d e toward w om en w ho attract
him greatly overem phasizing their attractiveness and credulous m Ins
conviction th a t they ought to b e interested in him , apparently reacting
tow ard them in a sort o f O ed ip al fashion. H e w ould really like to have,
a w om an support and protect h im as his m other has done
A p paren tly ill-tem pered (like his m o th er), though th e hospital records
do n o t disclose extent of his tem per reactions; w ith his m other these in­
cluded violence.
T h e Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias) 395
Sensitive to external defects w hich conflict w ith his narcissism— acne,
skinniness; lack of good clothes; a large nose, etc., etc., and m aking these
things th e basis for m any o f his inferiority feelings.
Sneaking? (T h ere is som e history o f p etty thievery w hen he was younger
— stealing gas, m oney from m ilk bottles, etc.— b u t it is not know n w hether
Ibis tendency was m erely a tem porary phase or has persisted in later life.)
N o remorse for past antisocial acts, b ut self-condem nation for acts w hich
lie believes to have been foolish. Likes to talk about his sexual m isde­
meanors and relishes their m em ory.
In this case the Inferiority Feelings w ould seem to be intim ately con ­
nected w ith all o f th e paraphiliac reactions w hich involve either abortive
sexual activity or definitely com pensatory activity. E xhibition ism , voyeur­
ism and m asturbation are all essentially defeatist sexual characteristics,
linked w ith the patien t’s failure to achieve m ature sexual goals, w hile
hom osexuality is either an arrested stage of sexual developm ent or a regres­
sion to an earlier stage o f such developm ent. T h e alcoholism , hypo-
1 liondriasis and m asochism (states of self-pity) are really all a part o f the
Inferiority, and the alcoholism particularly is intim ately connected w ith the
lil latio w ith m en, w hich is, o f course, one m anifestation o f hom osexuality.
<hnnilingu s is definitely conn ected w ith inferiority, w h ile passive fellatio
with w om en has a narcissistic and com pensatory character. T h e tem per
I 1111rums are frustration reactions, and therefore inferiority reactions and
ini', on a sm all scale, similar to the sadism exhibited in the attem pts at
i.ipe. 1 hese latter, it is believed, did not have so m uch the aim o f achiev­
ing adult sexual relations as o f overcom ing th e torm ent o f inferiority
Itvling because o f th e failure to achieve m ature sexuality.
I lie com pensatory ideas of unusual artistic ability, fam e-w inning po­
ll ail ialities, etc. are com pensatory fantasies and in their sphere are not
Unlike the narcissism and exhibitionism . T h e y are narcissistic, and really
II institute exhibitionistic fantasies rem oved from th e sexual field. Instead
nl exhibiting his penis, he exhibits his m ental prowess and superiority,
fin sadistic fantasies o f forced sexual acts are m erely the prelude to the
I'.llient’s actual attem pts at rape, w hich have already been referred to as
■I' pi rate com pensatory efforts to offset the torm ent of inferiority.
1 • S. is a 33-year-old w h ite m ale w ith negative heredity save for a nervous
Iber w ith a tend en cy to acute irritability.
IImm the age o f 3 to the age o f 7 he was in private schools w here he ap-
p nriitly m ade b u t slight educational progress. Afterwards he w en t to night
liool but only reached the 5th grade and played hookey a great deal,
lb occupational adjustm ent was always poor, com plicated w ith quarrel-
tiiinienes.s and intoxication.
I b claim s to have m asturbated since the age o f 4. H e had an early hom o-
IPsnal experience w ith another hoy w ith w hom he had intercrural inter-
396 T h e Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias) The Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias) 397

CA SE T H R E E : M U L T IP L E P A R A P H I L IA
two other jobs in b u tch er shops or grocery stores; fired from both, first
as result of a quarrel, second because o f intoxication. In 1912 secured
Sum m arized T a b u la tio n
position in Stew ard s departm ent on a coastwise ship, m ade m any trips,
Background N e u r o tic R eactions Paraphiliac R eactions left in 19 17 to enlist in Arm y. O n e courtm artial in Arm y. D ischarged in
1919. Subsequently worked in a shipyard, in tw o hotels, as a dishwasher in
I n fe rio rity fee lin g s M a s tu rb a tio n
As a little fellow he used to a lum ber town,^as a logger in th e w oods (lum ber cam p?) but “ couldn’t
fear his mother and says he H y p o c h o n d ria sis F e lla tio stand the w ork.” W e n t to sea again in a coastwise ship. E ntered the M a­
never had a real mother’s
( A u to -fe lla tio )
mie H ospital w hen ship cam e to N ew Y o rk . H is occupational history
love. A lc o h o lis m
seems to be liberally pun ctuated w ith quarreling and being drunk.
M utual exhibitionism with a S u ic id a l te n d e n cie s H o m o s e x u a lity I lospital ward notes describe him as industrious and contented only
little girl at age 4. P a e d e ra sty when occupied, b u t high strung and nervous, quick tem pered, flying off
C o n v u ls io n s
Hie handle easily.
Excessive religious atmos­ C a n n ib a lis tic fa n cie s (A u to -p a ed era sty )
phere of Catholic schools
M u tis m C u n n ilin g u s In th e instant case we seem to have a m ore or less continuous regression
age 3 to 7, with correspond­
ing faulty secular educa­ N e g a tiv ism C o p r o p h ilia to the anal sadistic stage o f infan tile developm ent. T h e undisciplined
tional progress. (Never pro­ pleasure principle seems to have com e into conflict w ith th e religious dis­
U ro la g n ia
gressed beyond fifth grade.) cipline he received early, and to have resulted in a com prom ise by which
P a e d o p h ilia
S e lf-m u tila tio n (? ) religious sym bolism was m ade to serve erotic ends. N early all o f the neu-
Constantly changing menial
N a rcissism rolic reactions appear to have been conn ected w ith superficial religious
jobs with no capacity for
P ro m iscu o u s h e te ro ­ E x h ib itio n is m «leas m asking the inner sense o f guilt, whereas the paraphiliac reactions
occupational adjustment.
sex u a lity . wci e the natural result o f the polym orphously perverse m anifestations of
M a s o c h is m
M other very nervous and 1 ic infantile pleasure principle. H ypochondriasis, alcoholism , suicidal tend­
D e p re ssio n V o y e u ris m
easily aggravated. encies and convulsions were all escape m echanism s directed as much by
cur of responsibility (to him self) as b y gu ilt feelings; w hile m utism, nega-
course and on w hom he perform ed fellatio. H e had incestuous phantasies ivism and self-m utilation were disguised form s o f “ penance” directed
concerning his m other and sister and tried to practice auto-fellatio and by the religious ideas he had had drilled into him . Pleasure (usually sex­
ual pleasure) and religion are the on ly tw o things he knew . W h e n the
auto-paederasty. :
In 1930 he was hospitalized in a tuberculosis hospital in Louisiana fol­ pleasure breeds too m uch guilt, he dresses it up in religion and becomes
low in g w hich he renewed his interest in religion and from then on becam e masochistic. Perverted religious ideas are probably responsible for the per-
a religious erotom aniac. A p parently this was in response to an ovei 'm lcnce o f som e o f his paraphiliac behavior, notably coprophilia and uro-
w helm in g sense of gu ilt consequent upon paraphiliac overindulgences. 1 lc j lacMia, w hich also becom e interwoven w ith m asochistic phantasies.
drank urine, ate faeces, tried to circum cise him self w ith a trow el, attem pted
several forms o f self-m utilation. H e gave expression to m utism and ncga I G E N E R A L C O M M E N T S
tivism apparently under the influence of religious ideas. It is h ighly sug­
gestive that even in the course o f propitiation and aton em en t w hich con I The Psychoneurotic Structure o f Paraphilias: T h e current concep-
stituted th e m ain features of his acute breakdow n, paraphilias were not nf Psychoneurosis is very narrowly circum scribed and altogether too
entirely abandoned b u t on the contrary, were constantly played w ith in limilcd. W e w ill diagnose as hysteria an undoubted case o f conversion or
phantasy, show ing the close relation betw een paraphilias and neurotic "T equally conspicuous som atic m anifestation, if a t the same time defi-
Rilcly psychotic m anifestations are excluded. A vast num ber o f reactions
phantasy life.
« I11. I1 if m easured in terms o f m ental conten t, psychic behavior and dy­
O f th e oth er aspects of his life and personality traits, it appears that namics involved, undoubtedly belon g to th e group o f neuroses, are not
after leaving school he m ade a poor occupational adjustm ent, giving up bn bided here b u t are put elsewhere, m ost often in the psychopathies. W h o ,
jobs or being fired. O n ce he quarreled w ith th e boss and was fiicuj "i instance, can doub t th at kleptom ania, as w e see it clinically, is a symp-
once he “ got drunk and lost ou t.” H e m ade tw o trips to sea as a m c ij expression o f a full-fledged neurosis? Y e t if com ing under observa-
b oy on an arm y transport and “ got drunk w henever lie could. I lad
* J p sy ch ia tric h o sp ita l it is lik e ly to b e d ia gn o sed P sy ch o p a th ic
398 T he Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias)
Personality, w ith or w ith o u t psychosis. O n e does not treat a case o f pyro-
m ania very long before he realizes the essentially psychogenic basis o f the
reaction, yet w ith o u t exception the institu tion al psychiatrist w ill call it
Psychopathic Personality, and ignore the m ore obvious aspects. W h o , hav­
ing studied the nonpsychotic, chronic alcoholics, can dou b t their being
fun dam en tally psychoneurotics; y et universally th ey are never diagnosed
as such, but as Psychopathic Personality w ith ou t psychosis or else chronic
alcoholism — not insane since adm ission. Properly, they b elon g to the
group of neuroses.
It is the essential thesis of this presentation that in th e various para­
philias we are dealing essentially w ith neuroses, m ainly because, like neu­
roses, they are surface sym ptom atic expressions of underlying unconscious
m otivations. O n analysis they reveal them selves as having essentially the
same psychic structure as neuroses; and like neuroses, are approachable
and curable b y psychotherapy. T h e ir grouping w ith psychopathies preju­
dices us against any such approach, for by com m on consent psychopathy
is not curable. T h e ir grouping w ith neuroses forces the adm ission of the
psychic basis and thus provides hope of am elioration or cure. Furtherm ore,
these individuals often get them selves involved in socially prohibited sex­
ual behavior. If this behavior is recognized as an expression of uncon­
scious m otivations and not of psychopathy, their place, it is subm itted, is
n ot in jail b u t in a hospital, and their treatm ent n ot punishm ent, b u t
psychotherapy.
2. T he Social Aspects of Paraphilias: T h u s, view ed in any m anner and
from any angle, these cases can by no m anner of means be grouped under
the heading of psychopathy. T h e “ n orm al” paraphiliac, if w e except the
sexual behavior proper, is as norm al an individual as one wishes to
m eet, a law abiding citizen in the com m unity and frequently a leader. If
his sex life deviates from the norm al and the average, it is, after all, en­
tirely his ow n concern. E ven if he gets into conflict w ith law on accou n t of
som e sexual transgression— w hich transgression, as pointed out, is psycho-
genically conditioned and is m erely sym ptom atic of an underlying neurosis
— th at still does not m ake him psychopathic. W h a t indeed is there in him
th a t is psychopathic beyond the fa ct that he cam e into conflict w ith the
law? T o be sure, he is techn ically a crim inal b u t only because society
chooses to brand his sex life as crim inal. E ven granting, for the sake of
argum ent, that his sex life bears an antisocial character, it is n ot difficult
to see th at such crim inality has no other significance than th a t o f a neu­
rotic sym ptom , traceable to definite psychogenic m otivations, thus ceasing
to be an expression of psychopathy. Such psychopathy is a counterfeit
psychopathy, purely sym ptom atic, and secondary to som e deeper primary
condition.
If w e take the other extrem e, th a t o f neuroses, w e are w ell acquainted
w ith their position in society. W h a te v e r these individuals entertain in­
T he Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias) 399
wardly and unconsciously, is entirely their affair, for society sees nothing
and hears n othin g o f it; w hatever personal problem s they have, they pay
llicir own price for it. However, and contrary to th e prevalent opinion,
neurotics, too, frequently get into conflict w ith the law, not necessarily be­
cause o f a sexual crim e, b u t m ost often because o f a crim e that is of a
predatory or vio len t nature (against perso n ), b u t that still does n ot m ake
lliem psychopathic. T h e m iddle group presented b y the type o f case de-
scribed in the instant discussion are prim arily neurotic as w ell as para-
philiac, even if at times antisocial.
H ow vastly different are those cases from cases o f prim ary or essential
psychopathy (an eth op ath y) in personality make-up, in social behavior,
in llicir peisonal attitudes toward life problem s, differences so w idely apart
as to appear to have n othin g in com m on w ith each other.
!. Paraphilias and Psychopathies—A Comparison: T h ere seems to be
no doubt, as pointed out 011 previous occasions, that the true psychopath
does have a sex life th at deviates considerably from th e norm al, b u t it
is not the type of sex life that is likely to involve him w ith the law on a
charge o f such a sexual offense as for instance hom osexuality, paedophilia,
incest, exhibitionism , transvestism, etc., w hich are punishable b y law, in
some states very severely. In the great m ajority of cases, all these are types
ol sex crim es th at involve individuals of the paraphiliac type and the m oti­
vation is not psychopathic b ut psychogenic. N o one w ould suppose that
1111 individual charged w ith incest or exhibitionism does it all for purely
p л с hopathic reasons, that is, he has some ulterior conscious m otive behind
il. 1 his is n ot denying, o f course, that the psychopath too m ay becom e
involved in these types o f behavior, arrested, and punished accordingly,
lull even then the m otive m ost often w ould be psychopathic rather than
psychogenic. A case com es to the author’s m ind o f an individual w hom he
would regard as b elon ging to the prim ary type o f psychopath. T h is m an
was charged w ith bigam y. T h e situation was th at w hile married, his w ife
111 another city, he m et a girl w ho was an heiress to a considerable sum
"I m oney. H e m arried her and thus com m itted the act of bigam y for
which he was arrested, tried, and sentenced, b u t the m otive here was en­
tirely predatory, his hope b eing o f gettin g the girl’s m oney. T h is was, of
course, poor judgm ent w hich is characteristic o f the psychopath. It m ay be
imled that on arrest he was foun d to have obscene pictures in his pocket
which again is a sexual offense and it was stated b y his first w ife that he
h i. attem pted on occasions to have sodom istic relations w ith his little
hoy, another sexual transgression. Y e t it m ust b e stated that b y and large
I hr psychopath is not the one w ho form s th e bulk o f people charged w ith
sexual crim es, how ever abnorm al his sex life m ay otherwise be. H e m ay
pH \ on and cheat a w om an, m ay get him self involved in all sorts of
difficult sexual situations, and m ay, because o f poor judgm ent, lack of
и-flection and poor inhibitions, even be guilty o f a sexual offense. W ith
400 The Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias) T he Psychoneurotic Basis of Perversions (Paraphilias) 401

all, the m otive w ill be predatory and psychopathic and n ot em otional and sex crimes, no matter how abnormal sodes and one attempted rape. His
psychogenic. their sexual life may be. T he normal history shows homosexual relations,
paraphiliac, except for his sexual be­ cunnilingus with one woman, per­
havior, may indeed be an entirely nor­ sistent masturbation, limited normal
mal individual. Conflict with the law heterosexual relations. Exhibition­
D. C O N C L U S IO N S
does not in itself make him psycho­ ism is apparently an attempt to over­
Perversions (Paraphilias) are still regarded quite universally b y psychia­ pathic. His criminality is a neurotic come inferiority feelings resulting
trists as belon ging to the group of Psychopathies. T h e purpose of this pres­ symptom, traceable to psychogenic from frustration with women and
entation was to show th at paraphilias are basically neuroses and should be motivations, not an expression of psy­ hypospadias. The rape attempt was
recognized as such, th at they have an intim ate relationship to other neu­ chopathy. These cases are vastly dif­ apparently the result of frustration
roses, such as hysterical neuroses, w ith w hich they share m any features. ferent from those of primary psycho­ and alcohol. His personality is ego­
A n attem p t was m ade to dem onstrate the points in com m on and the points pathy (anethopathy); the individual centric, lazy, cowardly. He would
has no ulterior motive, which the true like to have a woman support him
in difference b y the presentation of several relevant cases and pertinent
psychopath (anethopath) has. as his mother did. Exhibitionism,
discussions. Since paraphilias have the same voyeurism and masturbation are de­
T h e recognition of paraphilias as neuroses is im portant not only from a
psychic structure as neuroses, they are featist sexual characteristics, linked
clin ical and theoretical standpoint b u t from a forensic po in t of view as curable by psychotherapy. Their with his failure to achieve mature
w ell since these paraphilias and related reactions contribu te m ost to sex grouping with neuroses forces admis­ sexual goals. Neurotic reactions are
crimes. It has been further subm itted that th e proper treatm ent for this sion of the psychic basis, providing inferiority feelings, alcoholism, mas­
type of case and crim e is psychotherapy just as it is for neuroses in general. hope of cure. The place for those in­ ochism, compensatory ideas, temper
volved in socially prohibited sexual tantrums, suicidal tendencies, sadis­
behavior is in a hospital, not in jail. tic fantasies.
Case 1. H. B., white male, age 30,
Case 3. G . S., age 33. Technically
hospitalized for acute neurotic dis-
S U M M A R Y he escaped arrest, but has indulged
lurbance resulting from venereal in­
in a variety of prohibited sexual be­
fection. He was arrested once on
havior. Neurotic reactions include
more attention he gives his paraphilia, suspicion of exhibitionism; was
Perversions are forms and expressions inferiority feelings, hypochondriasis,
found to have in his pockets pic­
of neuroses, genetically related to hys­ the less likely he is to be occupied alcoholism, suicidal tendencies, con­
tures of himself nude, with erect
terical and other neuroses, and as with baseless, imaginary fears. But vulsions, self mutilation, depression.
penis (narcissism). He was abnor­
such, fully amenable to treatment. Pa­ when he gives up the paraphilias, hys­ Paraphiliac reactions include mas­
mally attached to his mother;
raphilias differ from hysterical neuro­ terical reactions emerge. turbation, fellatio, homosexuality,
Paraphilias and neuroses are basic­ slept with her occasionally until he
ses in that the paraphiliac is conscious paederasty, coprophilia, exhibition­
was 20. A t 20, his homosexual
of being different sexually; in the hys­ ally the same; they have constitutional ism, voyeurism, narcissism, paedo­
Icndcncies were fixed, but caused
terical neurotic paraphilias remain re­ bases. T he difference is perhaps mostly philia. School and occupational ad­
in the point and age of fixation. Para­ him considerable mental conflict
pressed. justments were poor. He had in­
philias represent fixations at earlier, (terrific gu ilt). He has never made
In some, the claims of hysteria and cestuous phantasies regarding
perhaps pregenital levels. Hysterical 11 satisfactory school or job adjust­
paraphilia are about evenly divided. In mother and sister. He shows a more
ment. He is hypochondriacal; his
some hysterical individuals the obses­ reactions represent later, perhaps Oed- or less continuous regression to an
ipal, fixations. predominant characteristic is domi­
sions with paraphilias threaten to anal-sadistic stage of infantile de­
M any reactions which belong to the nation of the pleasure principle; de­
break through the social barriers. In velopment. Pleasure (usually sex­
neuroses, such as kleptomania, pyro- sire for a state of complete irre­
alcoholics, a large homosexual com­ ual pleasure) and religion are the
mania, alcoholism, are commonly put sponsibility.
ponent is quite universal. In some only two things he knows. Per­
psychotic states the individual desper­ elsewhere, mostly among the psycho­ <Vise 2. J. D . W h ite male, age verted religious ideas are probably
ately struggles with unconscious para­ pathies, though they are clearly neu­ 19. lie was arrested for exhibi­ responsible for the persistence of
philiac trends. In some homosexuals, roses. Sex offenses are usually diag­ tionism, and confessed to some his paraphiliac behavior, interwoven
hysterical symptoms are in abeyance nosed as psychopathies. They arc, /00 episodes, also voyeuristic epi­ with masochistic fantasies.
only as long as the individual en­ however, neuroses. Psychopaths do not
gages in homosexual pursuit. The form the bulk of people charged with
21. SEX LIFE IN P R I S ON

Л. A T T IT U D E S T O W A R D SEX LIFE OF
PRISON ERS 4° 4

B. E AR LY R E A C T IO N S TO SEX P R IV A T IO N
IN P RIS О N 4°5

C. A B N O R M A L SEXU AL P R A C T IC E S IN
PRISON 407

I). P AR A PH ILIAC (P E R V E R S IV E ) T R E N D S
AND B E H A V IO R 408

L THE LATE E FF E C T S OF SEX P R IV A T IO N

IN PRISON 410

F T R E A T M E N T 411

S U M M A R Y 41 3
 Sex Life in Prison 405

so little o f positive value tow ard a m ore scientific and m ore hum ane
understanding of crim e. T h o u g h he deals daily w ith m etabolism disturb­
ances am ong prisoners, the physician fails to see it in terms of its b eing
but secondary to the devitalized and devitam inized food that is b eing
served in prison. T h o u g h he sees sexual irregularities fairly flaunted in his
lace daily, he does n othin g abou t their am elioration and universally as­
2 1 . Sex Life in Prison sumes a puritanical attitude, condem nin g th e prisoner, w hich is as reason­
able as to condem n a patien t w ith a m alignancy because of ill-sm elling
putrefying tissue. In com m on w ith laym en, discussion o f hom osexuality by
physicians is pervaded w ith a feelin g of revulsion; hom osexuality is spoken
of as debauchery and evil, hom osexuals as dregs, and n oth in g b etter is
A. A T T IT U D E S T O W A R D SEX LIFE offered for its solution than forcible repression and punishm ent. O n the
OF PRISON ERS oilier hand, w e should n ot criticize the prison physician too severely. H e,
after all, plays b u t a m inor role in the prison adm inistration in w hich
W h a te v e r m otive or m otives society m ight have had originally in using
11is position is of secondary, even negative, im portance. W it h the m edical
im prisonm ent as a m eans of handling the crim inal, they all have seem ­
load heavy, the tim e and opportunities lim ited, he becom es perforce a
ingly failed of their purpose and prom ise. T h e m an w ho coined th e terms
dispenser of pills, and rarely has th e opportunity, nor under the circum ­
“ reform atory” and “ penitentiary” as applying to jails and prisons m ust
stances of lack o f cooperation on th e part of the adm inistration, the in-
have possessed a grim sense o f hum or; it is d ou b tfu l w hether at any tim e
i Imation to study the situation w ith care and atten tion . N evertheless, even
in th e history of m ankind th e w elfare of th e offender was truly a part ot
in the face of such lim itations, m any physicians b oth inside and outside
the purpose of th e im prisonm ent. Reform atories, in point of fact, do not
ol prison are developing a truly professional attitu d e toward th e problem
reform , for n othin g in them is conducive to reform ation; they are excel­
ol crim inality. A broader and m ore tolerant understanding of the situation
len t schools of crim e, and the m ajority of inm ates leave them as confirm ed
liy the m edical profession is b eing now expressed, the m ore enlightened
crim inals rather than reform ed m en. W it h b itter w it, th e inm ates often
view b eing to regard crim inality as a disease, m ainly psychic in nature,
speak of them as “ deform atories.” A n d penitentiaries are th e very last
that as such it is curable, and th at its solution and cure w ill never be pos-
places and confinem ent, the very least opportunity for one to b ecom e peni­
ublc w ithou t a definitive cooperation of th e m edical profession. T h e pur­
tent and rem orseful. T h e bitterness and hatred engendered b y a vicious
pose o f this contribution , how ever, is less a description o f th e sexual
environm ent all work against the developm ent of such reactions.
pm blcm as it is found in prison— som e work on this has already been
It w ould be a m istake to speak of sex life in prison as som ething apart
done by Fishm an and K arpm an— as an intim ate discussion of the un­
from the rest of prison life. T h e physical, m oral, social, psychic and sex
healthy, even vicious em otional states found as concom itants and con-
aspects are all intertw ined, m u tu ally and reciprocally affecting each
•МЧpicnces o f th e sexual situation in prison, w ith the hope th a t this may
other T h e y are all part and parcel o f a vicious system th a t brings
lead to a m ore concerted m ove on th e part of th e m edical profession to
abou t as a result, if it did n o t have it for its original purpose, th e brutal­
n nicely the situation.
izing and degradation of the hum an b ein g called crim inal, and only tends
to stabilize th e reaction. B u t it is in sex life, m ore, perhaps than in any
other aspect of th e life of th e prisoner, th at one sees reflected as in a II EARLY R E A C T IO N S TO SEX P R IV A T IO N
crystal the grossness and viciousness of the w h ole situation. IN P R I S O N
T h e m edical profession, b y the very nature o f its situation, has always
Hull the sexual activities of an individual do not cease w ith his im prison­
been in the vanguard of hum an progress. T h e w elfare of the patient as I
ment is easily understood w hen it is realized th at the sexual urge is too
particular individual has always been em phasized as against th e m ore re*
' li mental and instinctive to be com pletely controlled by confinem ent. N at-
m ote social aspects and im plications. E xp erim ent is view ed as superior In
III ally, and cpiite from the beginning, efforts are being m ade, especially by
precedent; old m ethods are readily abandoned, to give way to new er m eth­
tin, more norm ally sexually constituted prisoner, to m aintain his hetero-
ods. It is therefore a m atter of great w onderm ent, and disappointm ent as
m ч11a Iit y. V isits of fem ale mem bers of th e fam ily, even w ith a screen in-
w ell, that w ith so m any physicians on th e staff of prisons, even quite aside
ii m ulion, often case th e tension a good deal, albeit it makes the situation
from th e problem s o f crim e th a t now and then com e to the physician s
а! lim es m ore provocative. If such visits arc not arranged, the prisoner
atten tion through his private practice, m edicine has thus far contributed
4<э6 Sex Life in Prison
w ill attem p t to establish a correspondence w ith som e w om an outside w hose
nam e he chanced to learn from a m ate or from a paper. L ack in g this,
he m ay m ake a path etic attem p t to w rite letters to an im aginary fem ale
and him self answer him self for her, using different stationery for him self
and for her. In m any instances, persistent and often desperate attem pts
are m ade b y prisoners to secure a heterosexual outlet, and great ingenuity
is displayed at tim es in effecting it, th e m ethods running anyw here from
bribing th e guards to contactin g through th e darker causeways som e fe­
m ale outside, especially if a w om en ’s prison is under th e sam e roof, or
nearby. B u t such successes are rather exceptional and the large num ber
of prisoners have to reconcile them selves to a life o f heterosexual priva­
tion . H ere it is n ot amiss to m ention th e terrific display of jealousy shown
b y som e prisoners w ho are either m arried or have le ft sweethearts on
th e outside. O n e observes here w ith pain and anguish individuals w h o are
virtually consum ed b y jealousy w h ich affects th e m an’s sleep, appetite, and
w hole being, furious accusations of the children b ein g som e on e else s
children. A ll this adds another em otional burden to a life already heavily
laden.
H ere one asks a question, “ Isn’t there such a th in g as self-control.
G en erally speaking, self-control or repression is n o t an easy m atter even
at best, as th e w idespread nervous breakdow ns having an obvious or veiled
sexual causation clearly indicate; b u t it is still possible in som e cases
w hen one is free since there are so m any other personal, social and cul­
tural outlets open to the individual into w h ich to direct his energies, that
is, to sublim ate. In such cases th e individual draws upon inner resources,
often essentially neurotic in character, w ith w h ich to effect such sublim a­
tion w hich, though at best rarely com plete and satisfactory, is still w ithout
any obvious untow ard effects on th e personality. B u t such sublim ation b e­
com es practically im possible in prison w here all avenues of personal ex
pression are com pletely shut off from the individual. W it h th e repression
forced from above, it becom es an external proscription w hich in the nature
o f things is m uch resented and fou gh t against. H a te against and defiance
o f authorities are m ild terms w ith w hich to express th e em otional attitude
o f the prisoners tow ard this prohibition, and th e adoption o f abnorm al
form s of expression is often as m uch out o f necessity as it is out o f de
fiance.
N o d oub t som e attem p t at self-control is m ade b y som e prisoners, es­
pecially b y those w ho have a short sentence to serve, and probably in the
early period o f im prisonm ent even am ong those w h o have a lon g sentence
to serve, the tension is relieved through n octurnal em ission. B u t it is
hardly correct to speak of this involuntary enforced physical abstinence,
so far rem oved from satisfaction, as sublim ation. It is n ot only inferior to
it, b u t has as w ell a deteriorating effect on th e personality; at any rate, if
the individual has a fairly lon g sentence to serve, th e self-control, such
as it is, soon breaks and lie is then confron ted w ith a choice o f som e ah
Sex L ife in Prison 407
normal sexual practice, m ore especially o f m asturbation or hom osexuality
in m any o f its forms. T h is is because sublim ation and repression being
allogether im possible in prison, the tension created b y continuous priva­
tion increasingly tends to seek and find som e form of m otor release, and
il norm al outlets are not provided, abnorm al practices naturally take their
place. A b n orm al sexual practices, therefore, are, to speak conservatively,
very com m on in prisons and though there are no statistical statem ents
available, and in the nature o f things these probably can not b e m ade
available, anyone w ho has studied prisoners at all, has no difficulty in
convincing him self th a t these practices are n ot only com m on b u t universal.
C. A B N O R M A L SEXU AL P R A C T IC E S
IN P R I S O N
M uch of the external physical environm ent in prison favors the develop­
ment of sexual abnorm alities. C ells are often overcrow ded, three and m ore
may be in one cell, and wardens do n ot b other them selves w ith th e prob­
lem of providing the prisoner w ith suitable cellm ates. A s often as not, a
young delinquen t m ay b e p u t in the same cell w ith a m uch older offender
and it is n ot long before th e form er has to give in, or else, not infrequently,
nsk liis life. T h e situation is even more difficult and trying w hen prisoners
aic put to sleep in dorm itories instead o f cells. Beds are p u t very close
uid Ihe sight and sm ell of naked bodies, th e parading and exposure w hich
i' unavoidable, charge th e atm osphere w ith excessive stim ulation. A side
Imm all this, tim e plays heavily on th e prisoner. E ven if he is fully occu­
pied w ith work during th e day— and m any prisons fall short o f such
provision— he is still left w ith a great deal o f tim e to him self. In the con-
m sa tio n s exchanged, the favorite topics, because practically th e on ly top-
II s kf t, are crim e and sex, sex and crime. W b e n alone, there is readier
phantasy indulgence, com pensating for unpleasant reality, and this not only
pmvides the m atrix for m asturbation and hom osexual indulgence, b u t
■<111:1 lly incapacitates th e individual for life on the outside w hen he is dis-
1 1urged.
M asturbation as a sexual outlet derives its value n ot from the physical
pi 1u iss, w hich in itself is insignificant, but from th e accom pan yin g phan-
1 l ies w hich give the process a norm al or abnorm al character. A s such,
Him 'fore, it is not always abnorm al. In one form or another it m ay be
m l lo b e indulged in quite com m on ly b y norm al people b ut is given up
• и leaching adolescence. Indulgence in m asturbation even later in life as
-1 lem porary expedient m ay have b u t little ill effect on a norm al individual,
пн c such individual always has b efore him the hope o f early con tact w ith
1 Ii male. If the practice is indulged in as a tem porary substitute because
bn normal o u tlet is presently not available (th e m ate m ay be away, sick,
' l' I. I lie accom pan yin g phantasies w ill picturize a norm al relationship,
'пн Ii m asturbation, because o f its purely substitutional facultative charac­

408 Sex Life in Prison
ter is n ot abnorm al. In prisons, how ever, such indulgence carries b u t
little hope of early con tact w ith the opposite sex and th e accom panying
picturization, therefore, can not b e m aintained lon g. W o r s t of all, the prac­
tice, because o f readier access, is liable to b e excessive and get ou t from
th e individual’s control. T h e reason for such excessiveness lies in this, that
at best th e practice provides only an approxim ation of th e desired goa
and therefore m ust leave the individual sexually unsatisfied, thus provid­
ing a reason for further indulgence in th e hop e of reaching the goal It
thus happens that instead o f controlling th e indulgence, the individual b e­
com es a victim o f it and other prisoners are able to spot such a chronic
m asturbator,” b y w hat they regard as definite sym ptom s, the appearance
and acuteness o f w hich varies in the m ain w ith the frequency of th e prac­
tice In the opinion o f m any prisoners th e practice leaves its tell-tale
marks in a worn and pallid look, a glassy cou nten an ce and a fixed stare
w hen n o t engaged, the m outh open, w hite or yellow w axen com plexion,
seclusiveness and cowardice; loss of energy, physical as w ell as m ental,
w ith a sort of com pensatory and alm ost abnorm al increase in appetite,
easy irritability and flightiness, frequent spells of deep depression; even
convulsive seizures. M a n y o f the so-called prison psychoses, acute as well
as chronic, often have for their im m ediate etiology sex privation, and one
is frequently impressed w ith th e rem arkable rapidity w ith w hich these
sym ptom s disappear on th e approach o f the expiration of the sentence.
It is also suggestive th at in this artificially produced and abnorm ally m ain­
tained psychosis, th e sym ptom s are m ore acute than those observed in
civilian life. In th e latter, tem porary m asturbation produces at m ost a train
o f transient sym ptom s such as fatigability, insom nia, hypersensitiveness,
etc., som etim es term ed O ne-D ay-N eurasthenia (F e re n czi), w hile m the
obligatory type o f m asturbation, though it too m ay be follow ed b y a hkc
and even m ore grave neurasthenic syndrom e, there is a com pensatory neu­
rotic satisfaction derived from indulgence in lon g established w ishfulfi mg
phantasies w hose developm ent is certainly m ore natural than those arti­
ficially cultivated in prison.
D. PA R A PH ILIA C (P E R V E R S IV E ) T R E N D S
AND B E H A V IO R
T h u s in prison, as the h op e of gaining access to a person o f th e opposite
sex recedes farther and farther, th e transition from this type to th e more
abnorm al expressions takes place sooner or later, b u t so insidiously as to
b e hardly observed. T h e individual m ay find it difficult to phantasy an
accustom ed scene, and to reinforce him self, h e m ay use a photograph or a
picture of a w om an cu t ou t from a m agazine and m asturbate w ith th e aid
of such stim ulus. T h is, o f course, allies it closely to fetishism . A n d when
h e m anages to secure a piece of fem ale apparel, using the same for maslur-
bation purposes, w h at is it b u t fetishism , artificially fostered because ol
Sex Life in Prison 409
privation of norm al sexual outlets? O r he m ay im provise a fem ale dress,
perhaps even a H aw aiian or South Sea Island dress, and hula-hula dance
liimself into a frenzy w h ich is finally relieved b y m asturbation. A n d w h at
is this b u t transvestism, another paraphilia?
T hu s, as the accom pan yin g phantasies gradually develop an abnorm al
character picturizing paraphiliac situations, th e m asturbatory practice as­
sumes a definitely pathological aspect. N o w , in daily life w e m eet w ith
neurotics w ith w hom m asturbation is com pulsory, w ho prefer m asturbation
In heterosexual activity, even w hen and if th e latter is available. W h a t an
individually developed neurosis m ay bring about in civil life through subtle
interplay o f early fam ily influences, th e prison environm ent brings about
by constantly forcing regression to low er levels of sexual adaptation; th a t
с. Iо say, m asturbation even tually changes its originally facultative charac­
ter to th e com pulsory obligatory form .
There are, to be sure, a num ber o f individuals w ho w ill resort to and
limit them selves to m asturbation. B ut in a large num ber o f cases, w hether
Ilie individual has started w ith m asturbation or not, hom osexuality is often
inserted to, and openly or secretly, is indulged in quite freely. O n e here
must bear in m ind that there is an intim ate relationship betw een masturba-
and hom osexuality. B ehind th e obligatory type o f m asturbation is the
indulgence in paraphiliac phantasies, back o f w hich is unconscious hom o-
MMiality; w h ile all paraphilias center around hom osexuality, of w h ich they
iiu only lateral derivatives, and are universally b ound up w ith com pulsive
m.islurbation.
The ease w ith w h ich on e succum bs to the practice varies greatly, some
г through an acute em otional conflict b efore they finally yield to the
Iu<ssiire, som e b ein g never able to succum b to it and developing neurotic
"i psychotic reactions, often in the nature of a panic w ith a strong para­
noid linge; or this m ay persist in th e form o f an acu te or chronic prison
psychosis. T h ere seems to be no doubt, too, th a t m uch of the prison rioting
мшу be traceable to this. M an y, how ever, experience no great difficulty in
mi icom ing th e barrier, th e hom osexuality playing upon the original bi-
■uinl constitution. Furtherm ore, a num ber o f overt and confirm ed hom o-
' Minis find their w ay to prisons and this cannot b u t help to m ake easier
IIn breaking o f th e barriers. It m ust b e rem em bered that in th e absence
"I Ilie balancing influence of the fem ale, the hom osexual, especially the
h 111inine hom osexual, presents to th e prisoner th e nearest approach to
II m ininity. T h ere is a considerable group o f prisoners, w ho for all their
mipcificial psychopathies, are basically neurotic w ith unconscious homo-
" Mi nl i l y entering as a large com ponen t. T h is is easily aw akened and
bn night to the surface under th e pressure of heterosexual privation and
Hu tension it engenders.
Thus it happens that if these m asturbation and hom osexual practices
' unlinue for any length o f tim e, they “ grow ” or get so fixed in th e individual
l l iid even on discharge from confinem ent he often finds him self unable to
4-Ю Sex Life in Prison
return to norm al sex activities. O n e know s of young boys, of w hose hetero­
sexuality there was no previous doubt, w ho after a confinem ent of several
years, have becom e confirm ed hom osexuals, taking on fem in ine character­
istics on discharge and b ecom ing hom osexual prostitutes, w ith consequent
dem oralization o f younger elem ents w h om they initiate into hom osexual
activities.
In such a restricted environm ent, w hich only tends to accentuate the
worst o f the egoistic and psychopathic traits, a paranoid atm osphere
charged w ith so m uch irritability and tension, w ith so m any sharp wits
acutely b en t to secure physical release o f the sexual tension, th e relation­
ship established betw een prisoners is often a high ly com plicated one. D eep
jealousies, b itter rivalries, enm ities o f all sorts based all too often on a
sexual situation are prom inent, w ith frequent threats o f m urder and even
occasionally an actual m urder o f th e subject or th e rival as th e case may
be.
A s far as w e k n ow th e on ly step taken b y prison authorities to control
sex is violen t suppression. Prisoners are b ein g punished in all sorts of
ways for any evidence o f sexual m isbehavior, b u t th a t this does not seem
to have th e intended effect is evident from th e fa ct th a t sexual practices
today persist in prison as they ever have before. It seems th a t th e very
suppression engenders hatred and defiance w hich still further stabilize
th e reaction.
O n e m ay w ell question w hether the prevalence of sexual abnorm alities
in prison is increasing or decreasing. T h is cannot be answered directly
since the general opinion is th a t it is qu ite universal and further increase
is im possible, w h ile at the sam e tim e there is no reason to believe that it
is in any way decreasing, since th e same conditions operate now as have
operated before.
E. TH E LATE E FF E C T S OF SEX P R IV A T IO N
IN PRISON
F rom w hat has already been stated, the situation is fraught w ith many
dangers, b oth for the individual as w ell as th e com m unity. T h e dangers il
carries for th e individual are m ost obvious w h ile he is still in prison,
though they are fu lly present w hen he is outside; th e effect on the com
m un ity becom es evident w hen the m an is discharged and let loose. W h ile
in prison, th e effect on the individual is essentially th at o f a disintegration
o f personality. It could hardly b e otherwise; for the forced redirection of
a norm al sexual im pulse into aberrant channels disturbs and unstabilizex
th e entire personality. It is ou t of this that th e effect on the com m unity
arises. A n y individual w h o has served any sort of sentence and has yielded
to th e pressure o f abnorm al sexual practices can b e considered on his
discharge from prison as abnorm al, even if superficially h e does not show
any obvious evidence o f abnorm ality. If he was m arried, he can not now
Sex Life in Prison 411
be Ilie good husband th at he was before. If, previous to confinem ent, he
was single and heterosexual, th e experiences in prison incapacitate him
lor norm al sexual adjustm ent. H e is m ore likely to rem ain single w ith no
urge or capacity for m arriage and w ith a greater possibility for leading a
bisexual, rather than only a heterosexual life. A s for th e younger offender,
" 1111с it is true th at the m ajority o f adolescents, b y the tim e they com e to
Hie reform atory or prison, have already had som e sexual experiences, ve-
nereal diseases included, they nevertheless are still in the form ative period
ol llicir life, easily influenced and easily im pressionable. T h e disintegra-
lion o f personality therefore is greater in th e cases o f young boys w hose
sn.ility is not yet stabilized and w ho, w ith or w ith ou t significant previous
м xual experiences, are led into tem ptation b y older prisoners; b y bribing
Hliil cajoling the novitiates are soon forced to yield to hom osexual ad­
d u c e s . T h ese practices begun early have a decidedly harm ful effect on the
tm m g boy w hen h e is discharged, even though th e period m ay have been
1 brief one. W h ile , therefore, sexual practices in prison do n ot seem to
и picscnt a direct threat to the com m unity at large, they are a danger to
lb, individual in question and, on discharge, to th e com m un ity as well.
\s foi th e effect of abnorm al sex life in prison on increasing sex crimes
mi I lie outside, it is in the m ain indirect and rather m inim al. T o think
•il Iuirwise, it w ould be necessary to prove that those w ho are gu ilty o f so-
' illcd sex crim es have, previous to their arrest for sex crim e, b een con-
Imrd in prison for one reason or another, have learned abnorm al sexual
Iи и tices in prison, and as a result have later com m itted sex crimes. T h is,
hi Ini' as w e know , has never been shown to be the case, although, as'
1 'led, there m ay be a rem ote and indirect relationship. In another sense,
however, the relationship is quite definite. T h is refers to the already de-
'11 11bed indulgence, w hen released, in abnorm al practices established w hile
hi confinem ent. Such indulgence requires seeking o f mates and prey, w hich
in' naturally recruited from the younger and unsophisticated m em bers o f
IIn 1 (im m unity. T o o , th e individual w ho w h ile in prison has been led b y
b u rr or bribery into hom osexual prostitution, is also likely to continue
и 1 hom osexual prostitute w hen on th e outside. T h ere is thus b rought into
' iteration another problem of hom osexual prostitution and crim inality,
• problem all its ow n, w hich need n ot, however, concern us here at present.
I T R E A T M E N T
b "ilh e r question th a t presents itself is: can an individual b e rid or cured
"I Ihrsc aberrations once they have been acquired in prison, that is to say,
il uill horities can n o t control it, are there other means b y w hich the prob-
1....... . be reached, through psychiatric treatm ent, for instance? B u t a •
dmi l generation ago, the answer w ould have been negative. N o m eans
»| и then know n to m edical science th a t could effect the cure o f the dis-
lor it is a disease; nor was the public ready to accept such means
412 Sex Life in Prison Sex L ife in Prison 413
even if it were available. T h e tw o W o r ld W a rs how ever, along w ith other individual is responsible for having neuralgia or dyspepsia. It is difficult
radical changes, b rou ght abou t a larger and m ore sym pathetic under­ I" understand by w h at strange logic m en have arrived at the conclusion
standing of th e problem , m ore frankness in its discussion, and definitely lli il before a m an can be im proved he m ust first be hum iliated and brutal-
the hope of am elioration and curability. G en erally, the treatm ent o f sexual 1 111. Ihe m ore progressive elem ents of the com m unity realize now the ut-
abnorm alities acquired in prison is essentially th e sam e as the treatm ent ii 1Iutility o f attem p tin g to control hum an behavior by punishm ents w hich
of sexual anom alies and deviations observed in daily life am ong individuals iml\ engender further hate and further m isbehavior, and are advancing the
w ho have never been in prison. A n d these can b e cured. E very psychiatrist id. ,1 that prisons be abolished, and the crim inals be treated b y psycho-
of experience and com petence has in his records cases o f hom osexuality lli. iapeutic means. T reated as a hum an being, the crim inal w ill respond as
th a t have been cured, and cases of paedophilia (sexual attraction toward in Ii. W h e n prisons are abolished and hospitals take their place; w hen the
c h ild ren ), exhibitionism and peeping, transvestism (cross-dressing or male tt mien, the jailer, and the guards are replaced b y th e doctor and the
and fem ale im personation ), etc. th a t have definitely yielded to treatm ent. muse, abnorm al sex practices in prison w ill disappear as th e devil with-
H ow ever, in treating cases of sexual aberration as developed in prison, ili.iws in the ligh t o f day.
th e psychiatrist really deals on ly w ith the late results of a vicious environ­ 11 was not m ere warm hum anity, b u t sound psychological observation
m ent. A fter all, sex life in prison, extrem ely m oribund as it m ay be, is Hi.il prom pted O scar W ild e to speak thus:
b u t a part, and a very integral part at that, of the extrem e pathology that
is presented b y prison life as a w hole. T o a large extent, the fundam ental “ T h e vilest deeds like prison weeds bloom w ell in prison air,
control w ill have to com e from th e m edical profession and the social an 11 is only w hat is good in man th at wastes and withers there . . .
thorities, from a change in their w hole attitu d e tow ard im prisonm ent. As A n d they scourge th e weak, and flog the fool, and gibe the
old and gray,
previously stated, vio len t suppression can not control the sex practices. 1 lie
only way th a t such control could b e accom plished w ould evidently b e by And som e grow m ad, and all grow bad, and none a word
m ay say . . .
providing prisoners w ith m ore norm al sexual outlets than they have been
accustom ed to, b u t it is dou b tfu l w hether the present prison system will 1 he fetid breath o f living D eath chokes up each grated
screen,
allow that. It is n ot conceivable th a t the prison authorities w ould let a
prisoner’s w ife visit the prisoner and spend an intim ate hour w ith him, And all b u t L u st is turned to dust in H u m an ity’s m achine . . .
E ven such an enlightened prison warden as T h om as M o tt O sborne, who A n d b y all forgot, w e rot and rot, w ith soul and body
m arred.”
dared as m uch as any w arden ever has, did not go beyond allow in g IIn'
prisoners’ people, wives or sweethearts, to see them , presum ably because * onvcntional L aw , Penology, and C rim in ality and other social encroach-
w hile m ore than this m ay have a beneficial effect in some cases, it would ......... l‘ave so far failed to solve the problem o f crime. It is essentially
be distinctly irritating in other cases, and b u t further increase the already I I 1 I for the m ore enlightened elem ents of m edicine, psychiatry and the
heightened tension. ib 11.1 m ically oriented elem ents of the other professions interested in social
In any event, could the prison authorities go beyond that, could they emblems.
condone “ im m orality” ? T h e idea appears less reprehensible w hen w c rc
call that every arm y of soldiers is follow ed b y its arm y of prostitutes and
th e generals know how inefficient an arm y w ould b e otherwise. If the pm
I H M M A R Y
pose o f im prisonm ent is to redeem the individual, so that on release hjj
w ill be a b etter citizen, w hy n ot treat h im at least as th e generals trOH
th e soldiers? T h is idea, however, carries some dangerous im plications, II II" illtitude of authorities towards T he sexual urge is too elemental to
sexual liberties were allow ed in order to prevent habitu ation of abnormal III" sex life of prisoners is a wholly be controlled by confinement. The
sexual trends, w hy indeed n ot give m ore personal liberty to th e prison, i '"liable one. Sexual irregularities prisoner may first struggle to main-
in order to prevent social and individual disintegration of personality? ни Haunted daily in prisons, but au- tain heterosexuality, but opportunities
A n d if you do this all along th e line, w hy n ot go to th e logical lim it and Hliiillii s assume a puritanical attitude, for sublimation are impossible, and ab-
abolish prisons altogether and devise som e other m eans o f treating offend " Wing the prisoner. No other so- normal forms of expression are often
ers? R ecen t advances in the scientific study of crim inals have brought If) И is offered than forcible rcpres- adopted from necessity.
jinn uni punishment, which is there- The physical environment, crowded
ligh t the rather startling discovery that fundam entally crim inals are piv
I"" 11.night with bad psychological conditions, dormitories, young delin-
chically sick people, no m ore responsible for their behavior than anotlin
pMHt ijUcnccs. quents put in the same cell with older
414 Sex L if e in P rison
offenders, favor sexual abnormalities.
Masturbation, which derives its value
from accompanying phantasies that
give it a normal or abnormal charac­
ter, becomes compulsive.
Transition to more abnormal expres­
sions takes place gradually. Confine­
ment taps the abnormal resources of
the personality. In many cases, homo­
sexuality is indulged in freely. All
paraphilias center around homosexu­
ality, of which they are only lateral
derivatives, bound up with compulsive
masturbation. M any undergo severe
conflict before yielding to the pres­
sure; some never succumb but develop
neurotic or psychotic reactions. If mas­
turbation and homosexual practices
continue, they becom e fixed; upon re­
lease many individuals find themselves
unable to return to normal sex activi­
ties. T h e only step taken for control
is violent suppression, but abnormal
sexual practices persist.
T he late effect of sex privation in
prison are grossly pathological. The
entire personality is disturbed; the in­
dividual is incapacitated for normal
sexual adjustment. T h e youth, still in
the formative period, who is seduced
by older offenders, is apt to remain
single and lead a bisexual if not en­
tirely homosexual life. Those who 22 . THE N O R M A L PERVERT
have been led into homosexual prosti­
tution are likely to continue as homo­
sexual prostitutes on the outside.
Treatm ent must consider the etiol­
ogy and pathology. Sexual abnormal­ SUMMARY
ities acquired in prison can be cured. 454
V iolent suppression cannot control
these practices; the only control would
be by providing prisoners with nor­
mal sexual outlets. T h e present prison
system will hardly allow that. Funda­
mentally, criminals are psychically
sick people, not responsible for their
behavior, who cannot be improved
by being humiliated and brutalized.
W hen prisons are replaced by hos­
pitals, abnormal sex practices in
prison will disappear.
 T he Normal Pervert 417

norm al pervert is one w ho, despite th e handicap im posed b y an unortho­

dox and socially unacceptable sexual orientation, does m anage to lead an
otherwise norm al life according to general standards o f ordinary behavior.
I le is really no different from the individual w ho suffers from a physical
handicap and w ho nevertheless contrives to m ake for him self a way of
life th a t is generally useful and attended w ith m ore than an ordinary
am ount o f satisfaction. B ut w hile th e victim o f a physical handicap is
2 2 . The Normal Pervert praised for his efforts, the victim of a psychosexual handicap is condem ned.
' I'lie principal reason is because the victim of a physical handicap is re­
garded as havin g suffered a m isfortune, w hile th e victim of a psychosexual
handicap is labeled a pervert as though his psychosexual handicap were
a m atter o f volu ntary choice and deliberate selection, an idea w hich, of
A frequent topic of discussion am ong psychiatrists engaged in intensive
course, is erroneous and absurd— one of the m any offshoots o f the dia­
psychotherapy is w hether all perversions are to b e regarded as pathological
bolical, ecclesiastical doctrine o f “ free w ill.” T h e distinction is a m oral
form s of sexual behavior or w hether certain types or certain degrees of
011c. Society contends that there can b e no such th in g as a m oral pervert.
perversions m ay fall w ith in the sphere o f norm al hum an behavior A s re- 1
B u t w hat is moral? W h e th e r som ething is or is not moral is a question
gards this, tw o opinions are held. O n e starts w ith th e assum ption th at the
ordinarily determ ined b y prevailing social opinion. T h ere is no abstract
only norm al psychobiological sexual behavior is th a t of genital intercourse
determ ination o f morality; th e concept is derived from social judgm ent,
because it leads to th e procreation o f the race, and th a t any form of sexua
which has b een prom ulgated b y religion and confirm ed to a greater or
d eviation, regardless of its nature, is, b y the very fa ct of its deviation, |
lesser extent b y law. B oth religion and social judgm ent are often arbitrary
abnorm al. A norm al person is one w ho never at any tim e cares to indu g I
and stupid, and so is law.
in any other form of sexual behavior except the norm al and generally
O u r existing culture declares sex to b e a biological instinct designed for
know n form of sexual intercourse betw een the tw o sexes.
I lie propagation of the species. R eligion and nationalism are interested
T h e other view holds th a t the m ore extrem e form s of perversions are 1
111 human increase because it contributes to their ow n econom ic and politi-
u n doubtedly pathological. H ow ever, in their m ilder form s and degrees, es- I
1 11preservation and growth. C on seq uently, sexual activity w hich contributes
pecially if they are indulged in as a subsidiary part of norm al relations, |
In lliese ends is “ m oral” ; w hile sexual activity w hich defeats those ends
as a sort of prelim inary, they should b e regarded as fallin g w ithin the
r. “ im m oral.” T h e Jews were dead set against any sex deviation (w hich
fram ew ork of th e norm al. T h u s, m any psychotherapists go on the assump-
Is described repeatedly in the O ld T estam en t as “ abom in ation ” ) and they
tion that any psychobiological deviation from norm al sex expression m u s t*
have elevated this into a principle, though it is believed by som e that
he pathological and, therefore, there can b e no such an individual as the Я
basically their attitud e was that such behavior did n ot m ake m ore Jews.
norm al pervert occasionally discussed am ong psychoanalysts. N evertheless, ■
I In- Rom an C a th o lic C h u rch is against birth control w hich m any sincere
w e do find individuals w h o apart from the particular deviation, appear 1.) V
people accept as a principle, though some cynics believe that the under­
b e perfectly norm al in every respect. I cite here tw o instances.^ 1
lying reason for prohibition against birth control is th a t it does n ot m ake
T o m any psychiatrists and to th e average laym an, th e term th e normal !
more C atholics.
pervert” is an absurdity, a contradiction in term s. T h e psychiatrist sees ,
T h e average religiously oriented individual m aintains th at sexual activity
perversions as som ething w hich in its very essence is pathological w hile I
should be engaged in on ly for the purpose o f b egettin g children w hich in
th e laym an looks at the idea o f perversion w ith disgust w h ich latter may 1
bill sincerity they believe, b u t in actual practice w e know th a t m ost indi-
b e view ed as a defense against an originally preferred attitude; for cln l-J
vlduals try b y every know n m eans to avoid th e very th in g w hich is pro-
dren indulge in all sorts o f sexual experim entations w h ich include p c iv c i-1
fi .'.<•( I to be believed as th e on ly justification for sexual indulgence. H ere
sion- th e disgust is a later cultural d evelopm ent. T h e laym an s attitude j
1 a conflict betw een principles and procedure. T o assure th e race its procre-
tow ard th e situation has a certain ring o f truth in it; to a certain extcn , j
1I1011, nature has placed a great prem ium o f pleasure and gratification on
considered solely from an arbitrary, theoretical standpoint, his view may I
•и н relations and on th e sex act particularly, w h ich runs the gam ut of
be correct- b u t if society has learned anythin g at all in th e past у усдгИ
Intolerable drive and ecstasy. Som etim es it is high ly charged w ith the em o­
it has learned th a t the arbitrary and th e theoretical are not satisfactory I
tion w hich w c call love, w hen it becom es a truly sacram ental rite, an ideal
standards o f judgm ent; and in another sense, therefore, th e use of Ifie I
fusion o f th e physical and th e em otional, and if the couple thus engaging
title w hich w c h ave chosen is fu lly justified. W h a t is m eant here by ft

418 The Normal Pervert
in it are married, it m ay even involve a true desire to b eget a child. A
great m any married couples do w ant c h ild r e n - in d e e d a m ajority of them
d o - b u t even they don’t w ant a child to result from every m utual orgasm
they have, and do not even pretend they do. T h e individual, therefore,
sees in sex chiefly th e pleasure aspect and does not realize the role he plays
as a link in the vast chain of life.
T h erefore, to brand as perverse and im m oral any form o f sexual ac­
tivity sim ply because it is sterile, is m erely playin g into th e hands ot a
theoretical concep t th at has no scientific basis.
W h a t is sexually im m oral? T h a t w h ich victim izes; th at w hich works
harm to another hum an being; n ot th a t w hich violates some com pletely
dogm atic theory.
C onsidered from this p o in t of view , there still rem ains, how ever, a great
m any sexual acts w h ich are obviously im m oral. R a p e is certainly im moral;
it forcibly imposes the sexual w ill o f one individual upon another. Sexual
offenses against children are im m oral because they endanger norm al anc
natural developm ent. Seduction m ay b e im m oral if, like rape, it imposes
th e sexual w ill o f one person upon another, even though the m eans em ­
ployed are persuasive rather than forcible. Sexual excesses of any kin d arc
im m oral from an abstract standpoint to the same extent that other excesses
are. Self-control and abstinence, to a reasonable degree, are indispensa­
b le in all fields o f activity. T h e satyr is 110 different in this respect from
the A r o n ic alcoholic or the glutton or th e gam bler. T o o m uch and too
often n ot only w eaken character b u t vitiate enjoym ent. Ice cream every
day makes ice cream valueless. T heater-going every n ight makes theater­
going a h abit, n o t a pleasure. B ridge every afternoon is vice, n ot relaxation
or recreation.
B u t there are so-called perverts (a h igh ly ob jection ab le term ) w h o arc,
apart from their unorthodox sexual orientation, as moral as, if not more
moral than, m any o f their “ norm al” brothers and sisters. T h e ir morality,
as contrasted w ith the immorality o f their m ore prom iscuous com panions
in social opprobrium , is characterized b y a sense o f social responsibility,
conservatism , a w ell-developed repression, and frequently a high degree ol
sublim ation.
Characters
T h e “ m oral pervert” is to b e found, for th e m ost part, in th e homo*
sexual field.
L e t us consider th e case of Y and Z. T h e y are “ m arried” in th e hom osexual
sense. T h e y rem ain faith fu l to each other. T h e ir interest is centered m their
h om e life. T h e y do n ot visit bars or cocktail lounges. T h e y have a smul
circle o f friends w h om they entertain and b y w h om they are entertained
a t occasional private parties w h ich are of a strictly social nature, and
som etim es o f a definitely cultural nature. T h e y have their respective 10 >•
T he Normal Pervert 419
I)ics w hich they pursue independently. T h e y lead a healthy, happy, quiet
life, and are far m ore “ m oral” than th e prom iscuous heterosexual m an,
Iо say n oth in g of th e prom iscuous hom osexual one. T h ere are of course
many com parable situations am ong pairs o f hom osexual w om en w ho live
logether.
O r consider T . w ho lives alone, w ho has had num erous futile love affairs
which have furnished th e stim ulus for m any literary creations. H e has
never visited a bar or a n ight club, has never gone “ cruising,” has never
made an acquaintance in an unconventional m anner. H is hom osexual con ­
tacts have been few and far betw een and h ave always been confined to
individuals w ho were friends first and hom osexual partners afterwards, and
vvlio were them selves hom osexually oriented to begin w ith. H e is a good
exam ple o f b oth repression and sublim ation. H e is a “ m oral pervert.”
T h e next subject X . is a 59-year-old m an, a bachelor, w ho, in terms of
usual social relations, has m ade, it seems, a m ost excellen t adjustm ent. H e
is honesty personified. T h e idea of taking advantage of som ebody else is
' ntirely foreign to him . H e has an unusually keen sense of responsibility.
I Ic is a m an o f superior intelligence and is em ployed by a large industrial
organization in th e position of a secretary. H e has never been late to work,
nearly always h e is a little early. W h e n , as happened occasionally, he
had been late, he signed out for an hour on his annual leave rather than
In have lateness recorded against him . A s regards his work it isn’t neces-
411 у to w atch him . H e has such a keen sense o f responsibility th at he w ill
never leave th e work undone regardless of how m uch work is piled up on
Inn 1. H e is w h at is called in com m on parlance, a “ glutton for w ork.” H e
has been know n to com e on his tim e off (Sundays, holidays and other
I lines) in order to catch up w ith the work w hen it happened th a t the work
became heavy and the organization did n ot feel like engaging another
person to help him .
lie is an absolute hom osexual. V e r y few people in the office k n o w it
all hough he belongs to th e type th a t m ight b e identified as such w ith ou t
much difficulty. I was am azed to learn o f th e very m uch restricted sex
hie lie has led. In his entire life of fifty-nine years, w hich therefore in-
• hides probably a good forty years o f active sex, he has k now n b u t ten
I" njile intim ately. W h e n the average hom osexual m eets accidentally a рег­
ии who appeals to him , he w ill go out of his w ay to get acquainted w ith
Hie man w ith th e h op e th a t a relationship m ay b e established. O u r m an,
however, is unusually circum spect. H om osexuals, as a group, are k now n to
vidl 1rirks and other places w here they congregate for m eetings, b u t n ot
I hi man. H e is unusually careful and cautious, w ill not associate w ith any-
unless he is absolutely sure that th e situation is safe and protected
which speaks, o f course, for w ell-controlled repression.
This m an, to people w ho do not know of his in tim ate sex life, w ould
tlppc.u to be a perfectly healthy, norm al individual w ith o u t any suggestion
nl any abnorm ality or deviation. T h e chances arc h e is going to live out

42o T he Normal Pervert
his life of sixty-five, seventy, or seventy-five years w ith o u t havin g ever got­
ten into conflict w ith th e law or w ith any social agency. Is this m an nor­
mal? Is he a norm al pervert or is he abnorm al? If he is, it m ust be only
in th e terms o f th e particular deviation b u t it is hardly proper and logiea
to regard a perversion as pathological behavior using th e very behavior
as a part of definition.
T h e m an, ordinarily in fairly good health, has o f late years b ecom e su
iect to num erous colds. R ecen tly he developed w h at was diagnosed as a
virus infection in the chest. W h ile he was am bulant, h e had to stay away
from work for several weeks b y the order of th e doctor. It is this situation
th a t revealed so clearly th e b itter tragedy of the elderly hom osexual, and
the loneliness of age. H e had no one to take care of him . T h e re was no
father or m other, no w ife or children, no brothers or sisters to see him
through this difficulty. H is erstw hile friends have all disappeared. 1here
was a tim e w hen they eagerly sought each oth er and visits w ere frequent
b u t as they grew older, he becam e less interesting and appealing to them
and as before they were now running after younger fleshpots. His: financia
condition did n ot perm it him to go to a hospital w hich properly he should
have done, or at least engage a nurse. U n d er these circum stances, n ot al­
low ed to go out, he w ould have virtually starved to death were it n ot tor
his ow n physician bu yin g him various groceries and brin ging over oc
casionally som e h o t food.
C h aracter N . is a D o cto r of Science w hose social behavior is as exem plary
as th at of anyone o f the norm al people, perhaps even m ore so. W h ile he
doesn’t participate in any social activities, b ein g busy w ith work m his
ow n specialty, his social relationships are o f th e highest order. H e plays
th e piano w ell and is a patron of arts. H e com es from a rem arkable
fam ily, in that there are at least four other m em bers of his im m ediate
fam ily having postgraduate doctorate degrees in assorted specialties, l i e
com es from old A m erican stock th a t any A m erican w ould b e proud of. In
terms of social behavior this m an is as upright and m orally straight as
any man could be. H is on ly deviation is that from th e established moral
codes. H is private life, how ever, is qu ite another m atter. H e is m ore than
m erely an overt hom osexual. H e has a type of hom osexual neurosis w hich
relentlessly drives him on to seek ever new partners. W e have counted
up no less than 375 partners th at he had in his younger years. H e is unab e
to establish any intim ate personal relationships w ith anyone, partly be­
cause of his ow n neurotic make-up, and partly because it is n o t readily
possible w ith in th e fram ew ork of hom osexuality to establish such a union.
H e is thus forced to “ cruise.” In every b it of th e spare tim e th a t he has, he
goes out in search o f “ trade.” T h e drive is m ost com pellin g and almost
all-consum ing. T h e sexual tension is always great, and relentlessly presses
its discharge. H e frequently makes trips ou t o f tow n, partly because lid
doesn’t w ant to becom e too easily recognized b y th e vice squad as 0110
T h e Normal Pervert 421
who is looking for “ trade,” and partly because th e city in w hich he lives
is too sm all and doesn’t provide sufficient “ trade” for his purpose. H e
therefore makes frequent trips now to N ew Y o rk , now to P hiladelphia,
llaltim ore, W a sh in g to n and other points South and W e s t. H e is so hungry
lor any “ trade” that he has, on a num ber of occasions, been victim ized
by sexual predators w ho can w ith ou t difficulty spot him as a victim . T h e
lollow ing is an accoun t o f a single instance, one of m any, w hen he was
victim ized. It is given in his own words.
“ O n e Saturday n igh t I w en t to a stag dance. I m et a girl w hom I took
home. She had her room m ate w ith her so actually the three of us w en t in
my car. W e w en t out to a tavern for a bite, then w e w en t to their apartm ent
011 27th Street. I did n ot stay, I just escorted them up and left right
away. T h e n I w en t cruising. I d on ’t rem em ber h ow m any people I picked
up and gave rides to. I guess there were m ore than the one abou t w h om
I am going to tell.
“ I was driving out the avenue som etim e around four a.m. U n der the
marquee o f the theater I saw a fellow thum bing a ride. It was raining. H e
said he was going to F orestville and he looked interesting, so I told him I
would take him all the way. I steered the conversation easily to sex. It
turned ou t th at he was hard up, it was several weeks since he had had a
girl. I rem arked th at his suit looked like a tuxedo. H e said it w asn’t, and I
I'cl t of it to see w h at it was like, got m y hand around the region of his fly.
T h e conversation w en t to how hard up he really was, and h e said h e had
.111 erection that was getting him kind of cram ped. H e said he w ould get it
out for a breath. I felt o f it. It was large and circum cised. I knew it was
just the kind of penis I w anted to perform fellatio on. H e told m e there
was a good place in a cem etery in F orestville w hen I suggested h e m ight
I now w here w e could go. W e w en t to th e cem etery. H e enjoyed consid-
' 1ably how I perform ed fellatio on him . E ven tually, and it was n ot a lon g
lime, he had an orgasm. H e relaxed. W h e n I got ready to start up, he put
liis hand on the ignition key and said ‘stop right there.’
“ He said he was only seventeen and had a brother w ho had been m ade
queer and he was going to take m e right to th e police station in Forest-
vilie. H e said th a t I knew w hat they did w ith people like m e, they sent
I hem to Springfield. I begged him n ot to take m e to the police. T h e n he
lold m e to get out and com e around to th e other side. H e m oved over
iiilo the driver’s seat. H e put the keys into his pocket. T h e n he asked me
In show him m y w allet. I showed it to him and he looked at everything in
II I had only a couple of dollars in cash. I begged him n ot to take m e to
Ilie police station, that I was going to a psychiatrist to find out w h at was
llic m atter. T h e n h e started looking in all m y pockets. H e w arned m e in a
m enacing voice n ot to try anythin g funny. H e found m y checkbook w hich
I had forgotten to take out of m y pocket w hen I dressed for th e evening.
Mr looked through it. H e saw a couple of tickets I had to the concert,
which lie had taken from m y w allet. H e asked m e w hat they were. I told

422 The Normal Pervert
him I had a date to take a girl to the concert on W ed n esd a y night. H e said
he did n ’t think people like m e were interested in girls. T h e n he asked me
h ow m uch w ould it he w orth to n ot go to th e police station. I th o u gh t and
said tw enty dollars. H e m ade a couple of other remarks abou t things he
found in m y b illfold . H e w anted to w rite dow n m y address. 1 hen he asked
m e how large was m y balance. I told him betw een $ 35° and $45 °- sa^
to w rite him a check for thirty dollars. I did. H e said th at if the check was
no good he w ould get me. T h en he did not like the signature. H e looked
at one on m y insurance card and decided it was all right after all. T h e n he
said to com e back to the other side. I got b ack in th e driver’s seat. I asked
him for the keys and h e gave them to m e. T h e n he said I should drive him
to a place in Forestville. H e showed m e a k n ife and said I shouldn t try
any fancy stuff. H e w en t on abou t the check being good w h ile w e were
going to Forestville. H e told me th at if it w asn’t good he w ould get the
boys after m e. H e also told m e h e had been in n ight club shows. I let him
off w here he w anted and w ent hom e. It was som ew hat after five w hen 1
got hom e.
“ A w eek later, abou t six o’clock in the m orning, the doorbell of my
h om e rang. It aw akened both m y sister and me. I wondered if it could
b e the fellow I had m et a week before. I did n ot know then w hat tim e it
was. M y sister asked me if I w ould answer the door. She opened m y door,
and so I did n ot need to p u t on the light. I put on m y slippers and in my
pajam as w en t dow n. I opened it and there was the fellow I had expected.
H e asked m e if I recognized him . I had turned on th e hall ligh t before
opening the door. I told him yes and to com e in. Fie cam e in and said
he w ould have to talk fast. I took him into th e kitch en and he told m e he
did n ’t know w h eth er he had killed a m an or not. I did not get straighl
w hether it was th at n ight or a n ight or tw o ago. Fie said th a t the cops
w ould be after him . H e needed some m oney as he was going to Florida. I
gathered that he was in a car w ith at least one other fellow . Fie asked me
h ow m uch cash I had. I told him abou t tw enty dollars. H e then asked me
how m uch could I spare from m y check book. I th ou gh t a few seconds
and said fifty dollars. H e m ade it sixty-five. I told him to w ait and I
w ould get it. H e insisted on com ing up w ith m e. W h e n w e got upstairs in
m y room I took part of the m oney from m y b illfold and th e rest from my
drawer. I w rote him a check for seventy dollars w hich he said to make, i
asked him if he had any trouble w ith the other check. H e said no. T h e n lie
said this one had b etter b e good too or I w ould hear from the boys. I Ic
said he w ould send m e a hundred dollars w hen he got a job in Tam pa,
and th a t he w anted the tw o checks sent to him w hen I got the hundred.
T h e n he asked m e if I had a sport coat. H e had seen m e w ith one the time
w e had m et. I opened m y closet to get it. H e saw m y top coat there and
took off his. H e then pu t on m ine. H e took that and the sport coat. l i e lei I
his old topcoat. M in e was alm ost new. T h e n h e w en t downstairs w ith me
after him . Fie said he w anted those checks w hen lie sent m e the hundred,
T he Normal Pervert 423
or I w ould hear from th e boys. T h e n he w en t out the door. I turned off
I lie h all ligh t after I had closed the door. I looked o u t th e w ind ow and
saw a dark new m odel car start up the street. It looked like a B uick or
( ddsm obile sedan o f th e 1947 or 1948 m odel. I can ’t b e sure as our door
w indow has a plastic covering w hich is not perfectly clear. A lso it was
1.lining and dark outside. W h e n I w en t to bed it was six o’clock.
“ B oth checks had left b lan k the nam e o f th e payee.
“ D u rin g our various snatches of conversation he told m e th at he had
been on a trip w ith some friend of his through the east and m iddle west.
T h a t the friend had stopped in O h io. It was 011 this trip th at he had had
IIis last tim e w ith a girl. T h e story w e cooked up for his having th e check
was that I had borrowed the thirty dollars from his friend w ho was B ob S.
I hat the friend had gotten th e m oney from this character w ith w hom I was
dealing, and this character was to get th e thirty dollars from m e.”
Character D . is a professor o f E nglish Literature, age fifty-one, unmar-
1ird, w ith little likelihood of every marrying. T h e university w here he
leaches is located in a suburb o f a very large m etropolitan city. T h o u g h
lie would have all th e reason in the w orld to live on or near th e cam pus, he
prefers to live in th e city. H e stands high in the academ ic fraternity. H e
1. .1 m an o f unim peachable integrity and honesty, a keen observer of hum an
n ilure w ith a very realistic understanding of hum an and social problem s.
I le is respected b y all w ho know him and there are m any people, b oth
liniii the facu lty and private life, w ho com e to him for advice and guid­
ance because of his fine insight into hum an behavior and intuitive un-
1lei.standing o f their problem s. W h ile it is com m on ly believed am ong
psychiatrists th a t any m an w ho remains a bachelor past the age o f forty,
и .'.aidless of rationalizations offered, has som ething w rong w ith him , n o th ­
ing appears overtly w rong w ith this m an. H e seems to b e even more norm al
Ilian the average norm al m an. Flis private behavior, however, shows a num-
Iни of peculiarities. H e m aintains a large apartm ent w hich is m ore ex­
pensive than he can afford on th e relatively sm all salary h e gets. F o rtu ­
nately, how ever, he has an additional private incom e from an estate. T h e
apartm ent fills a great need for him and is a very im portant part of his life.
W om en never com e to this apartm ent. T h o se w ho com e are usually young
ami middle-aged m en. T h e m an is a hom osexual w ith th e m ost inn ocen t
1 pe of hom osexuality that one could find, nam ely, m utual m asturbation,
• Ini 11 makes the norm al heterosexual w onder h ow silly can a hom osexual
d 1, but th at happens to b e his preferred form o f release of sexual tension,
Ihough on occasion h e allow ed him self to be the recipient o f other types of
paiaphilias. Several tim es a w eek one can see him visiting various bars be-
Iw eni th e hours o f eleven p.m . and tw o a.m., w h ich bars are usually visited
In people o f his type. A d d ition ally, he has often been seen w andering
through th e city streets at three or four o’clock in th e m orning, strolling
leisurely, in the m anner of the proverbial bear w ho clim bed to th e top of the
 T h e Normal Pervert 425
424 T h e Normal Pervert
( )ne n igh t I had five different m en taking sexual liberties w ith m e at the
m ountain to see w h at he could see; this m an is cruising w ith th e obvious
same tim e. I nearly died o f thrills. O n e perform ed fellatio; one orally
purpose ot looking for and getting “ trade.” H om osexuals as a group do not
stim ulated m y nipples; one attem p ted paederasty; one used his tongue on
often establish perm anent relations and one has to be on th e go all the tim e
my legs betw een m y knees and m y genitals; and another had his head be-
to look for ever new sources and partners. N eedless to say that anyone he
Iwcen m y legs from the rear, orally stim ulating the penis of the one w ho
w ould m eet at such places and hours w ould b e som eone like him selt. U n e
was attem p tin g paederasty. I nearly had a fit before I ejaculated.
tim e h e cam e close to getting caught. O n e n igh t h e picked up an un com ­
“ T h is is the sort of th in g that is carried on to excess in this kind of place.
m only attractive m an w ho was very m uch like him self: tall, w ell b u ilt w it 1
( )n one occasion I was gettin g a rub-down, and the attendant, w ho was a
fine delicate features; they w en t to the new m an’s room (a great m ista e)
nice looking young fellow wearing n oth in g b u t a pair o f big-legged shorts,
w here they indulged in m utual m asturbation, the new partner apparently
got m e on the table and did alm ost everything in th e book. H e bathed,
b ein g as m uch of an expert in th e field as our professor was. O n the con­
rubbed, kissed, and finally perform ed fellatio. (I could wish at times
clusion of th e episode, th ey indulged in a friendly chat, b u t th e newly
I lint I had n o t had som e o f these experiences, b u t I have.) E ach person
found “ love” aroused our m an’s suspicion b y asking m any apparently ir­
wlio goes into a well-run Turkish b ath is required to take a shower before
relevant questions, etc. T h e new found “ love” turned out to be a vice
going in, and is given a clean b ed .”
squad m an. A n other appointm ent was m ade, b u t never kept. O u r professor
m anaged to escape in a m ost ingenious w ay all th e nets set for him and
And here is another m an w ho had a high m ilitary rank during th e war
thus he was never charged.
.uni is now em ployed in civilian life in a productive capacity. L ik e m any
A n oth er one of his outlets was atten d ing H ealth C lu b s or T u rkish baths.
others, he is o f a high m oral character, upright, honest, entirely dependable
H ere is his report: , , , , , , 1 hi id responsible in all his other dealings w ith people. H is preferred m ethod
“ I have been to T u rkish baths or so-called H ealth C lu b s on several oc­
11I seeking sexual partners is through T u rkish baths. N o w Turkish baths
casions. T h ese are to b e found in a num ber o f large cities. M y experiences
uc an entirely respectable institution b y no m eans stigm atized b y th e fact
in these places follow ed the sam e general pattern. Y o u go to th e w indow
Unit they are visited and haunted by paraphiliacs in search of satisfaction,
and pay a fee, and lock your w allet and w atch and any other valuables
uny m ore than a respectable h otel is stigm atized b y b ein g used for various
in a lock box. T h e n an atten d an t gives you a tow el and a sheet, or a towel
illicit purposes, be th e individuals paraphiliacs or norm al people registered
and a robe, and shows you either to a room or to a locker in a locker room
there as m an and w ife w h ich they are not. H ere is h ow our m an describes
Y o u are to undress and put on the robe, or p u t the sheet around you, and
go through th e shower room ; and after th e shower go to a bed either in ii visit to a T u rkish bath . T h e accoun t is given in his own words.
" I w ent in and go t a room . It was 011 the third floor w here there are only
your room or in a dorm itory hall w here there are a num ber of beds.
“ M o st of the occupants o f these beds are there for the same purpose. moms. I undressed and put on a w h ite m uslin gown w h ich is furnished. I
O n e can rest on his bed or get up and roam around, w earing his robe 01 walked around th e third floor, b u t did n ’t see anyone interesting. T h e n I
w ith his sheet draped around him . Pretty soon, if you stay on your bed, wt 11I to th e second floor w here there are a few rooms and dorm itory beds.
or stay in your room and leave the door open, you w ill begin to have I walked around there and saw tw o fellows w alking around too. O n e had
people com e b y and look you over. Y o u m ay observe that they usually glasses on and looked as if he m igh t be interesting, b u t I did not pay
have an erection. P retty soon contacts w ill be m ade, and som eone will much atten tion to him . I did n ot see anyone to keep m e interested then, so
sit dow n on your bed and start to take personal liberties w ith you. You I went on dow n to th e basem ent w here they have the baths. I took off m y
w ill do the sam e w ith him , and later it w ill lead to all kinds of intimacies, gown and hu n g it on a hook. I w en t into the shower and took one. T h e n I
and finally result in one or the other perform ing fellatio, or perhaps 111 wi 11I into the steam room . It was so fu ll of steam th a t you could on ly see
the tw o of you engaging in m utual fellatio. I have seen as m any as six I couple o f feet. I w alked around and saw a fellow w ho looked interest-
or seven couples in a dorm itory room engaged in sexual activity at the iii" I talked to him for a bit, b u t did n ’t m ake any passes at him . T h e n I
same tim e. T h e rooms are usually dim ly lighted, so th at one cannol sec wi 11I out to th e plunge. I saw a fellow at th e opposite end w ho looked
too m uch of w h at is going on. O f course there are n one b u t m en present. lull resting. H e was th e only one in at the tim e. I w alked in and swam to
I have always enjoyed these experiences because I felt that the place was IIic oilier end. T h e fellow I had been talking to in the steam room had
protected from the law and th at I could be free to do as I wished; and, ' 1hi ic but and was standing b y the plunge. I started talking to the fellow
too, because there w ould be so m any nice looking m en there, all of w hom In I lie water. I did n ot m ake any passes at him . T h e fellow w hom I had
were com pletely nude at tim es and looking for the sam e thin g th at 1 was. la Iked to in th e steam room was circum cised and quite hairy. H e had dark
 T he Normal Pervert 427
426 T he Normal Pervert
not thin. A s I m oved m y head dow n he slid dow n on the bed and I turned
b lon d e hair. A s h e stood there I did b ecom e interested in him . H e w en t
around for a m utual fellatio. W e seemed to fit quite w ell in spite of how
into th e dry h ot room and I w en t in after him . H e did n ot show any signs
short he was. A fter a m inute or tw o he ejaculated. T h e n w e stopped and he
of gettin g an erection so I w en t back into the steam room .
got up. H e said he was afraid he had n o t done m e m uch good, b u t he had
“ A fter I had gone in th e door opened and I could n ot see w h o ас со
enjoyed it. I told him it was quite all right. T h e n w e put on our gowns and
in I w alked around and th e fellow w ith glasses w h om I had seen earlier
w ent out. I w en t to get a drink of water.
on the second floor was there. H e had a b eau tifu l circum cised p e m sW Ie
“ O n m y way back from gettin g a drink o f w ater I m et the fellow w ith
was n ot hairy. H e was slightly heavier than I usually like b u t he did at­
glasses. H e started w alking w ith m e so I did not have to ask him back to
tract m e. 1 asked h im h ow could he see in th e steam w ith his glasses on.
my room , I k new he w ould com e if I did n ot ask him n ot to. H e asked m e
H e replied th a t h e could n ot see w ith ou t them , so it was an even choice
what the other fellow and I had done. I told him we had had a sixty-nine.
D u rin g this conversation I had le t th e back of m y hand rub against his
I Ie w anted to know how w e m anaged since th e other fellow was so short.
penis. H e m oved closer and I started playing w ith it and it got erect
I said it had w orked ou t all right, b u t I had n ot ejaculated. W e w en t into
w en t over to th e side w here there are benches and lay back against one
my room and took off our gowns. H e lay on the bed. I told him w e now had
them . I started perform ing fellatio on him . H e seem ed to b e e n p y m g .
lots of tim e so w e could b oth enjoy ourselves. 1 started perform ing fellatio
T h e door opened and I stopped. H e asked m e w hy I had stopped. W e w an ­
011 him . H e said he was tired, but enjoyed it. I then practiced analingus.
dered around and saw the fellow I had seen before. T h e fellow I ha been
T lien he turned back to his back. I perform ed som e m ore fellatio on him
perform ing on said there was no reason to get scared as b c b r v t
but only partially. H e seemed to get a b it m ore excited. It was fun doing
w ho had just com e in. H e lay b ack on th e b en ch and I perform ed onA
just w h a t he w anted. F in a lly he ejaculated. H e seemed to have had a good
some more. T h e other fellow w andered away. A fter a ^ d e m y fellow
lime. H e got up and put on his gow n and left. I w en t ou t for a drink of
said h e was tired and guessed it w ou ld n ’t do m uch good then. H e
water.
had had three sessions th e n igh t before w ith active anal ^tercourse^
“ O n the w ay back I cruised around a little. I looked in one o f the doors
“ T h e n I w en t o u t and took another look in the plunge. T h e re was quite
Ihat was open and saw a fellow w ith a huge penis lyin g on his bed. H e
a good looking b o y in it. H e was slim and was circum cised. Som ehow he
was not circum cised. H e looked like a fellow I had seen dow n in th e b ath
did n ot appeal to m e as m uch as did th e one I h ad just seen in e s; ea
earlier. T h is fellow had attracted b y atten tion , b u t he had not attracted m e
room . H e did n ot seem to w a n t to talk to m e so I decided о go ac: p-
especially, because he was n ot circum cised, and was a little heavy. H e had
stairs. I w en t to th e second floor and saw a fellow lyin g on a beck I s
looked quite m asculine. I looked around a b it more, and cam e back and
to m ake a pass at h im and h e said no. I w alked around a h ttle b u t did
looked in his door again. I decided to go in and perform on him if he
not see anythin g I w anted. T h e n I w en t b ack to th e third floor. Som e peo
wanted me to. I did this. T h e n I closed his door and sat on the edge of
pie had their doors open. T h is is an invitation to com e m and at least
Ilie bed after taking off m y gown. I began perform ing. T h e fellow was
start playing around. I did not see anyone w ith the door open w ho ap­
blonde and was n ot especially hairy. H e began to m anipulate m e w ith his
pealed to m e. I saw a fellow w andering around m w hom I got som e inter­
lingers. I was in an awkward position so I w orked around so I was lying
est. Just as I was abou t to get near him to start m aking passes,
Mu' other way. T h en as I perform ed on him I becam e aware th a t he was
into his room and closed th e door. I w andered around a b it more.
iirip rocatin g. W e got into a tig h t em brace. T h e n w e separated. H e asked
“ A t th e end of one o f th e halls there was a fellow sitting. It was dark,
1110 if he could perform pederasty. I told him I was sorry th a t I could n ’t
b u t I thought h e looked sufficiently interesting to m ake p a s s e s w orthw hile.
permit it. H e said th at was alright. I asked him if I should leave his door
I had seen him cruising around. I stood in front of him and let m y gown
o p e n . Fie said yes. So I put on m y gow n and w en t out for a drink of water.
open I had h a lf an erection and h e reached ou t and played w it
I ben I w en t back to m y room and to sleep.
T h e n som eone cam e and h e stood up and w en t dow n th e h all and stood.
Later I w aked up. I th ough t I w ould go out and look around. I w en t
I w en t dow n and stood beside him and p u t m y hand on his penis,
down to the second floor, b u t did n ot see anyone interesting there. So I
was erect. T h e n I asked h im if h e w anted to com e to m y room . H e said yes.
nl back to the third floor. I saw th e door open of th e room into w hich
W e w en t in and just as w e did, I saw th e fellow w ith glas«;s c™ is j
I Iind seen the fellow go w ho had interested m e earlier, b u t w h o had gone
around on m y floor. H e was just at m y door and saw us go in. H e did n ot
nilo bis room before I had a chance to m ake a pass at him . I looked in and
say anything, and w en t on. T h e fellow and I, w hen I had closed th e Л
In was there awake lying on his bed. H e was of course nude. I w en t in and
took off our gowns. W e lay on th e bed and necked a little T h en . I moved
m anipulated his penis a bit. T h e n I asked him if I should close the door,
m v head dow n to his penis. It was n o t circum cised, b u t did ,km back
lb said yes. T h e n I took off m y gown and sat down on the bed. I started
w ill H is body was reasonably hairy. H e was shortish and n o t heavy, but
428 T he Normal Pervert
perform ing on him . H e was circum cised; his penis was n ot too b ig. H e was
w ell bu ilt, and reasonably good looking. I perform ed on him for a w hile
and he began to express gratification and reciprocation. I caressed his
testicles lingually b u t did n ot attem p t analingus. T h e n he asked m e if he
could perform pederasty. I told him I cou ld n ’t perm it it, and asked him
if he w anted m e to perform on him . H e said yes, th a t he liked it very m uch
the way I did it. I perform ed on him for a w h ile longer and finally he
ejaculated. Afterw ards he lay there exhausted. I then left.
“ I decided to see w hat m y open door w ould bring. I w en t in and took
off m y gown and lay dow n on m y bed. I left the door w ide open. Several
people looked in, b u t I kept m y eyes h a lf closed, so I could n ot tell w ho
they were or w hether the same one looked in m ore than once. In a couple
of m inutes after I had lain dow n an old fellow w ith a fringe of w hite hair
cam e in and m anipulated me. I responded a little and then h e asked m e if
he could perform on me. I told him yes, and he took off his gow n and
started to perform on m e. H e asked m e if I w ould pinch th e nipples on
his breast. I did so and he began m asturbating. T h e n he asked m e to pinch
the nipples w ith m y nails. H e appeared to get quite excited at that. H e be­
gan perform ing on m e some more, and k ep t m asturbating. A lso I kept
pin ch in g the nipples. T h e n I said I guessed I was too tired for any result.
H e got up and left. I closed the door and w en t b ack to sleep.”
“ I waked up and w ent out to see w hat tim e it was. It was around seven
o’clock in th e m orning and I decided I had tim e for a party if I could
find one. I w alked around m y floor. I w en t to th e drinking fou n tain and
there was a reasonably interesting fellow getting a drink. I let m y hand
brush his buttocks. H e w en t into the lavatory to urinate and I took a drink.
I could see him from th e fountain. H e showed m e his penis w h ich was not
erect. It was circum cised, and looked a little interesting. H e w en t down
the hall and I w en t in to urinate. O n m y w ay dow n the hall I saw him stand­
ing. I put m y hand on his gow n and started to feel of his penis. T h e man
w ho had charge of changing sheets and so forth cam e along and so I
stopped feelin g of th e fellow . T h e n w e b o th started w alking around. 1
saw no one else on th a t floor so I w en t dow n to th e second floor. T h ere I
saw several interesting people. T h e first one I saw was a fellow I had ti it d
to m ake up to earlier, and decided he w ould n ot be interested. I l i a c
was a tall light-haired fellow near him , and I sat dow n on th e next bed.
A fter a couple of m inutes th e fellow w ho I had decided w ould not be in­
terested cam e over and w aked up the fellow beside w hose bed I was sit
tin g and another fellow , and told them it was tim e to go. T h e y got up
and left. T h e n I w en t over to another b oy I had seen. H e was one of I In­
m ost attractive ones there. H is b od y looked around seventeen, his fact-
looked around tw enty. H e was lyin g alm ost on his back. H is gown w ai
pulled up above his waist lin e and was open all th e w ay up the front. 1 lo
had a b eau tifu l circum cised penis w hich looked as if it w ould b e small when
it was erect. H e was apparently asleep. H is testes were drawn up to liil
T h e Normal Pervert 429
penis. I started to run m y fingers over his penis and testes and he p u t his
hand over them and turned over on his side. H e had nice buttocks. I really
w ould have liked to have practiced pederasty on him . H e had a streak of
hair th at ran from betw een his legs right up his buttocks. A ll in all I really
felt disappointed th a t I could not get him into bed. I w ould have done any-
I Iring he w anted; I w ould have perform ed fellatio on him , practiced anal­
ingus or kissed his w hole body; he could have practised pederasty on m e as
m uch as he w anted. (Strangely, I w ould not have let the boy w ith glasses on
w hom I had perform ed w ith so m uch satisfaction earlier in the night,"
brown me. T h is boy on th e bed was cute.) T h e n on a nearby bed I saw
I lie fellow w ith the circum cised penis w hom I had exchanged feels w ith a
few m inutes before. H e was on the bed on his back w ith his gown pulled
tlown, b u t open enough to show his penis. I started to feel of it and he
gently pushed m y hand away. T h en I w en t to another fellow I had seen
011 a bed. I could n ot tell if he were asleep, b u t did not think so. H is gow n
was covering him com pletely and he was lyin g on his back. I drew m y
hand over th e gow n over w here his penis should b e several times. I could
fell he was awake. T h e n I slipped m y fingers inside. H e opened his eyes
and put his hand up m y gown. I asked him if he w anted to com e up to m y
room for a b it. H e said yes. W e w en t up. H e was tall and slim. H e had a
crew cut. M y first estim ate o f his age was thirty-five or so. W h e n w e got
into m y room and were nude I raised it to forty-five. T h is was a b it disap­
pointing as I had th o u gh t he was younger and his w h ole b od y looked
lorty-five. H ow ever this was only a fleeting feeling. W e em braced stand­
ing up. H e was an inch or so taller than m e, and he picked m e up. W e did
seem to fit w ell. W e kissed, and finally lay dow n on the bed. I d on ’t re­
member if he was circum cised; I think so. W e necked a little and then
engaged in m utual fellatio. W e fitted w ell, b u t n ot quite as w ell as had
I lie blonde fellow and I. Som ehow w e m anaged to reach a clim ax at about
Hie same tim e. I think I ejaculated first. It was a fine party all told. A fter
I fiat I w en t dow n and took a shower and le ft.”
( ilizen W illia m K . “ D a d is one o f the best know n and highly respected
m e n in the com m unity. W h e n h e was still a youn g m an, he was elected to
an im portant position in the educational field and held the office for som e
leu years. H e was the youngest person to ever hold the office. Establishing
Ineccdents and breaking records seems to have been one o f his aims in life.
I It- gave up this position to m ove to one o f the N ew E ngland colleges
and com plete his education. W h ile atten ding college, he worked full tim e
ill a governm ent job and supported a fam ily o f several children. W h e n I
1 ■a freshm an in college, the psychology professor illustrated a point to
IIn class b y citing th e exam ple of a m an w ho had worked full tim e at one
job. part tim e at another, taken care o f a large fam ily, and attended school,
finishing w ith the highest average ever attained in the history of the school.
ЛIlei ward, lie identified that student as D ad.

430 T he Normal Pervert
D a d did substitute teaching in a num ber o f d ifferent schools. H e served
for about a year as principal of a large techn ical school. H e is w ell thought
o f b y m em bers o f th e teaching profession and b y his m any form er students.
Selling real estate probably brought D ad his greatest success and pleas­
ure. H e spent m any years doing part-tim e selling, during w hich h e broke
every record for sales th at had been m ade in th e com pany b y full-tim e
salesmen. T h o se records included th e num ber o f houses sold, th e volum e
o f business in terms of am ount o f m oney w hich people paid in and the
size o f individual transactions. H e w on first place in every sales contest
he ever entered. H e also m ade a friend every tim e he w en t to talk to any
b od y abou t real estate, w h eth er he m ade a sale or n ot. H e never gave th e
impression that he was a high pressure salesman. A lo n g w ith his real
estate business, he developed a sizeable loan business. T h is flourished for
as m any years as his interest in it rem ained. H e still does som e business in
trading in suburban property.
C red it com panies have taken a great deal of D a d s tim e since their
early organization. H e used to attend th e national conventions. Through
these he m et m any people and devoted a great deal o f tim e to helping
them . H e has saved several m en from losing em p loym ent because of exces­
sive indebtedness. I know of one case w here he personally called upon
each creditor of one of these m en and arranged for paym ents acceptable
to b oth, then obtained approval of the loan and finally w en t to the em ­
ployer and m ade a personal appeal for the m an to b e k ep t on th e job.
D a d assumed responsibility for the m an’s honesty, and prom ised to make
good the entire am ount if the m an should fail. H e then m ade arrangem ents
w ith the m an to bring his uncashed paycheck each payday and a statem ent
o f expenses. D ad took out of th e paycheck first the m oney ow ed the com ­
pany and then helped the m an plan the spending o f the rem ainder so as
to stay out o f debt. T h a t m an w ill be D a d ’s friend to his dying day.
D a d ’s tend en cy to do so m uch m ore than was required of him , such as
in th e story above, extended to everything he did. F o r exam ple, w hile
teaching school, he w ould stay and h elp backw ard students to keep up
w ith th e class, giving those students free tutorin g as lon g as they felt they
needed it. H e w ould do it also for students w henever they asked for help
or seem ed to need it, regardless of w h at school they attended.
If he foun d a m an w ith a fam ily w h o had no hom e of his ow n, (and
was unable to pay for it) he often arranged for th e m an to get a loan
w h ich he (D a d ) w ould pay for ou t o f his ow n personal checking account
and then he w ou ld let th e m an work for him to pay off the debt. I1or ex­
am ple, a poor has-been carpenter b u ilt a porch on th e side of our house
w h ich w e did n o t need and M o m chd n ot w ant, just because D a d had paid
th e first installm ent on his house. H e seldom had a house purchased in
this fashion lost. In fact, I do not know o f a single one th a t was dropped
after he “ b o u gh t” it for the person.
T he Normal Pervert 431
D a d never refused to do a favor for anybody w h o asked him . H e w en t
ou t o f his w ay to offer to do favors for others.
D a d was a m an w ho m ade him self know n to as m any people as possible.
W h e n atten ding a conference, he w ould be sure to get acquainted w ith the
leader. H e m ade sure th at people h old in g im portant positions k n e w him
well. T h e people “ in charge” — regardless of w here h e was or is— know
W illia m К . I am sure he w ould have no hesitation in going to the W h ite
H ouse and introducing him self to th e President if th e secret service m en
would let him in. T h e political leaders, the civic leaders, the leading edu­
cators, the bank presidents, th e owners and managers o f m ost o f th e prin­
cipal business and industrial firms, etc., all know W illia m K ., because he
has m ade it a po in t to find a w ay to do som ething for them . I th in k h e has
dozens o f influential people w ho feel that they are in som e w ay personally
indebted to him for favors he has bestow ed.
ITe is a leader in the church and an influential officer. H e is regarded b y
I lie church m em bers as a deeply religious person.
A n old lady in her eighties cam e to visit m e n ot lon g ago. She had been
present w hen m y younger sister was born. She lived across th e street from
us at that tim e. She told m e and this sister o f m ine th a t a finer father than
ours had never lived. She said that she had never seen another m an so
devoted to his fam ily. O u r other neighbors probably share th a t opinion.
T o the casual observer, h e probably appears to b e a very devoted father.
Several years ago, D a d returned to politics b y filing for a political office,
lie was elected w ith an overw helm ing m ajority. A t that tim e, a form er
xludent o f his told m e th at he is such a good, clean, C hristian m an th at he
could not lose the election. She is th e sister of a college professor and told
me that her brother shared that opinion. She said th a t as soon as the
announcem ent cam e out in the papers, th e facu lty o f th e college volun-
Ia lily joined together in support of him . H e later ran for reelection and
received alm ost ro o % o f the votes cast.
I spent m y early life being referred to as his daughter. W h e n e v e r I
met anybody new , th at was always m entioned. H e was so w ell know n, that
I was quite surprised to m eet a person w ho did n ot know him .
I have never heard an unkind word spoken abou t D a d except by M o m
and us children. I have never had an inkling th a t anybody outside his fam ­
ily bad an unkind th ou gh t about him . Fie seem ed to b e a livin g exam ple
ul goodness, kindness, helpfulness, and righteousness, as far as th e com ­
munity was concerned.”
Events Leading to E pisode at A ge F ifteen . “ T h e only indication I can re­
call o f any sexual interest in m e b y m y father was th e tim e w hen I was
eleven years old w hen he tried to teach m e to dance. I could feel his erect
jiciiis tou chin g m e w ith every step he took. I had the feelin g th a t it was n ot
exactly proper and kept pulling away. H e seem ed to take no notice o f m y
 T he Normal Pervert 433
432 The Normal Pervert
Perhaps I should have said that I wanted to see his penis. T h e great effort
reluctance to com e close. H e k ep t right on dancing close enough to m e to
he m ade to keep it from showing caused m e to concentrate m y attention
have the penis tou chin g m e w ith each step. I tried to believe that he was
upon the possibility that I m ight see it.
unaware of it, b u t I am n ot sure I convinced m yself. I w anted to think
M a n y years of hearing D ad urinate and im agining I was w atch in g him
th a t he was n ot n oticin g th e penis because I felt that it was w rong to have
or joining him were a good preparation for w h at was to com e. D u rin g
this thin g happening and did not like to think he w ould do it on purpose.
those same years, I saw him often w ith only his underwear on, holding
I felt sure th a t this was not the w ay boys m y age danced. I thou ght m aybe
to the front of it for th e purpose o f concealing a penis w hich I could
D a d was old-fashioned and did not know any better.
im agine I was seeing. T h is, also, contributed to the preparation for actually
I had the same feelin g about the dancing th a t I had w hen h e took us
seeing and holding th at penis. It was already so fam iliar to m e in phan-.
to the sw im m ing pool to teach us to swim . H e w ore a cotton sw im m ing
tasy that the sight o f it in actuality was n ot particularly shocking.”
suit w ith no support. I was dreadfully embarrassed because none of the
other m en at the pool looked like that. I felt then th at he did not know
Traum atic E xperiences with Father at A ge F ifteen . “ In th e sum m er of
th at people were supposed to w ear anythin g else under their suits. This
that year I was atten ding special classes offered at school for extra credit.
m ay have been true, for he had n ot swum since th e old sw im m in’ hole
By accum ulatin g th e extra credits earned during this and the follow ing
days o f his boyhood. H ow ever, th e w orst part was th a t h e cam e out
summer, I was able to com plete high school in three instead of four years.
dressed in the same fashion th e next tim e w e swam. L ater on, he did
M y father suggested to m y m other that she take the tw o smaller ch il­
dress properly. It m ay have been because h e learned or it m ay have been
dren to her m other’s farm for a w eek’s vacation. I could n ot go because
at M o m ’s insistence. . I was in school. A lth o u gh M o m w anted a vacation and a visit w ith her
I rem em ber D ad parading around the house in his underwear, clu tchin g
parents, she hesitated to leave m e ‘to run w ild .’ A fte r m uch persuasion
at th e front of it as if he were trying to prevent exposure. I rem em ber
by D ad , and w ith his solemn prom ise to look after m e and not leave me
the pot of strong-sm elling urine th at always sat under his bed. H e used it
to do as I pleased, she reluctantly agreed to the plans.
during th e n ight b u t refused to em pty it. H is excuse was insom nia. H e
I was at an age w here I disliked visits w ith relatives, and tried to avoid
said th at if he got up to go to the bathroom , he becam e too w ide awake
going at all. H ow ever, m y m other insisted that I ride dow n w ith the fam ­
to get back to sleep. I can recall hearing him during th e night, urinating
ily so m y grandparents could see m e and I could pay m y due respects.
into the pot. I do n ot know w hether his urinating w oke m e or w hether m y
I )ad and I left M orn and the children at the farm and started hom e.
stirring around w oke him , b u t the noise of the urination I recall vividly.
It was on the return trip that the ‘hon eym oon ’ started. T h e first ten
W e always slept w ith bedroom doors open, as I recall. T h a t m igh t have
miles were travelled over unim proved country roads. T h is required con ­
had som ething to do w ith m y having urination fantasies during m asturba­
centration and some driving skill. A fter reaching the highw ay, D a d began
tion. I think I can recall lyin g in b ed during and after his urination,
alm ost im m ediately to ask questions. H e w anted to know if I had had
im agining th at I was w atch in g him . T h o se fantasies could have b ecom e the
any im proper advances from boys. W h e n I answered in th e negative, he
fantasies of standing in m en’s toilets, w atch in g them urinate. T h a t accounts
Iold me th at I probably w ould have and drifted im m ediately into a dis­
for m y desire to see m en urinate. L o ok in g at th e pot in the daytim e stim u­
sertation on courtship in France. H e said that w hile w om en in this country
lated fantasies of him in the process of filling it. It was a childish kind of
wait until they are married before having sex relations, sexual intercourse
sexual gratification. It was an im aginary sex experience in w hich D ad
is accepted as part o f courtship in France. H e then told m e about the use
played the leading role. W h a t happened w hen I was fifteen was not
of condom s and said that people in Fran ce use them all th e tim e. H e then
very different from these fantasies, because there again he was th e chief
told me that he first learned of them after Jack was born. H e told m e that
perform er, and I was m ore of a spectator than a participant.
some close friends of th e fam ily used them , b u t that th e first son’s con-
H earing D a d urinate m ade m e w ant to w et the bed . It m ade w e w ant,
i option was the result of a broken one. H e then warned m e about im-
also, to be using a pot. I thin k I had in m ind that he w ould enjoy w atch in g
pmper use o f them , stating th at one could be used several tim es if
m e use the pot as m uch as I w ould enjoy w atch in g him . Som e of my
washed and pow dered after each using. H e then told m e that if I should
m asturbation fantasies were of a w hole room fu ll o f m en w atch in g m e
c v c i be overpowered b y a m an, I should insist that he use a rubber.
urinate into a pot. IГ seem ed that he expected m e to be raped. A ccord in g to law , I suppose.
I thin k D a d ’s clu tch in g at th e front o f his underw ear was the beginning
I was. l i e told m e that some boys w ould deliberately punch holes in rub-
of m y expecting to see a m an h old in g his penis every tim e I see a m an's
licis to cause girls to becom e pregnant. H e said that som e girls carried
hand in front of him . I m ust have expected to see D a d ’s penis during all
Iheir ow n rubbers w ith them to be sure th at they were safe. H e then de­
those years he was calling atten tion to it by appearing to be concealing it.
434 The Normal Pervert
scribed how a rubber should be worn to insure against breakage. T h is led
to a description of the penis and its role in the sex act. I expressed surprise
at his description of the head and foreskin. T o him , this was an invitation
to bring forth ‘exhibit A ,’ his penis.
M y em otional reaction up to this point was one o f com bined pleasure
and guilt. I sensed D a d ’s intense pleasure in the discussion. I, too, felt
that I was indulging in a forbidden pleasure. H is attitu d e tow ard the sub­
ject and obvious em otional involvem ent in the story m ade its tellin g totally
inappropriate. T o m e, listening was indulgence in a pleasurable sin. As
w rong as I felt it to be, I had no desire to term inate it. In fact, the desire to
perpetuate th e em otional reaction lasted for a great m any years. C om m en t:
T h is reminds me of the interruption of a T V thriller for a com m ercial.
R eturn ing to the sequence of events, D ad continued his description of
the perform ance of th e penis, com pletin g it w ith the story o f th e occur­
rence of the ejaculation. H e had now bu ilt up a setting w hich perm itted
a dem onstration to b e introduced. Exposure o f his penis was accom panied
b y the verbal offer to provide visual evidence of the head and foreskin
abou t w hich I had just heard. H is penis, upon exposure, was erect. W ith
his own hand, he first dem onstrated m ovem ent of th e foreskin back and
forth over the head. H e then reached for m y hand, brought it in contact
w ith the penis, placed it around the penis, asked m e to grasp it tightly,
and w ith his hand on m ine, m oved it back and forth. It was qu ite obvious
th at he was undergoing an intensely pleasurable experience. H e kept urg­
ing me to hold tightly, and showed m e how to m ove the skin of his penis
up over the head and back again. H e m entioned that th e m ovem ent of
m y hand back and forth over th e rim w here th e head joins th e rest of the
penis gave th e greatest sensation of pleasure. T h ere was no ejaculation.
H e replaced his penis in his trousers before reaching that point. T h ere was
a long silence follow ing that, w ith some conversation on oth er subjects
after the period o f silence had elapsed.
D u rin g a subsequent lull in th e conversation, D a d reached for m y hand,
placed it on his penis w hich was still inside his trousers, and I felt il
enlarge and b ecom e erect. A s soon as it was hard, he took it o u t again so
I could repeat th e previous m asturbation perform ance. I had learned my
lesson w ell and was pleased th a t this second perform ance m et w ith his
approval. O n ce again, he replaced his penis in his trousers just short ol
ejaculation. T h is repetition o f th e original dem onstration established an
undeniable m utual gu ilt situation. It was done solely for th e pleasure ol
the participants, w ith no pretense th at it was for any other purpose. (T h e
original dem onstration was justified b y D ad w hen he pretended that lie
was educating m e in order to prevent m e from experim enting w ith boys Iо
satisfy m y curiosity.)
U p un til now, I have com pletely overlooked th e fa ct that during this
second perform ance D a d played w ith me. I was unable to recall this uni il
now, because I was n ot ready to acknow ledge m utual guilt. T h e second
T he Normal Pervert 435
perform ance was o f man and w om an playin g w ith each other, w ith m utual
|. easure as the sole object. H e pulled up m y dress and instructed me to
pi cad m y legs far enough apart for his hand to stroke the vital parts I
was rather tim id about com plying, and he had to urge me to spread m y
c gs farther apart and to m ove closer to him . W h ile I was playing w ith
ms penis w ith m y left hand, he was playing w ith me w ith his right and
g lding the car w ith his left. I believe th a t from that experience cam e the
one1 L T SSa8e ' и 0 ? " 5 during m asturbation. I have unconsciously
oncealcd from m yself this very first touch o f his upon me, because it has
I ovided m e w ith sexual satisfaction through m asturbation ever since. Som e
the urination fantasies reproduce this experience, carrying it to satis-
. С ory conclusion b y substituting urination for ejaculation. W h e n our jour-
i.cy was over and w e arrived at hom e, I had had a sex experience with
■ w hich was u ninhibited by gu ilt or other cultural controls. Its failure
0 com pletion had been caused as far as I knew on ly by the need to operate
car safely and by the lack of privacy of broad daylight on the open
li ghway. F rom th at experience cam e fantasies o f urination w hich always
incurred m pu b lic b ut were usually concealed from all b ut the partici­
p a n t I he urination itself had an elem ent of gu ilt in it, because it was
мking place in an inappropriate setting, b u t the am ount o f guilt in this
Vpc of fantasy was m inute in contrast to th at w hich accom panied other
fantasies having their origin in the later experiences o f that week.
1 11 IUC\ WaS j ° ( fur* j r sex talk ог РЬУ until bedtim e that evening. W e
'’p r e s s e d for bed at the same tim e. A fter I had on m y nightgow n
II before I had taken dow n the covers on m y bed, D a d cam e for m e and
< me into his bedroom . It seemed quite natural th at he should do this I
инк I rather expected it. I m ay even have hesitated to get into m y ow n
" 1 in anticipation o f som e kind o f advance from him .
ln ii;atlVC’ 3nd COmPIied w illin gly w ith everything he
. , V . told m e w here 111 bed to lie— next to the w all. I scram-
1 >« into place quickly, follow in g his instructions. It was a hot sum m er
mi: »t and as he usually did on the hottest nights, he had placed the pillow s
' i IC' f ° 0t o f tk e bed w here there was m ore breeze from the w indow s
first, w e m erely repeated the play w e had enjoyed so m uch during th e
! P hom eward. D ad then again assumed the “ teacher” role
Hus was to overcom e the gu ilt of further intim acies in w hich w e were
iiboiit to indulge. I use the plural, ‘w e,’ advisedly. B oth o f us w ere antic-
ipn n i g greater pleasures. H e w anted to show m e th e position the man
'iv M.iics in sex relations. H e had m e spread m y legs far apart until he was
10 to u d l the, ° P ening ^ the vagina w ith his penis. I did as I was told
и"'.""u n g the role o f an obedien t child. A lth o u gh I had participated ac-
v d y in m utual m asturbation play in the car, w ith pleasure w hich m ust
ve l)ecn apparent, I now concealed m y enjoym ent.
Had m oved his penis back and forth slightly, lettin g it touch m e as
I" cam e forward, and pulling back from m e into the air as he m oved
436 The Normal Pervert
backw ard. H e told m e that his penis m ust n ot enter m y vagina because it
w ould destroy som ething w hich m ust b e saved for m y first n igh t of m ar­
riage. W h e n his pleasure had b ecom e very intense, he decided that it was
tim e for m e to learn how a rubber should be used. H e w ent to get one,
and returned in a m om en t w ith it. H e had to turn on th e lights to show
me how to put it on. B efore turning on the lights, he checked all the
w indow shades carefully, fearing th at the neighbors m ight be able to see
in. H e even rem arked that the neighbors should not find out th a t I was
sleeping w ith him . W h e n he had assured him self th at the w indow s were
b lin ded securely, h e turned on the ligh t and rolled the rubber on to his
erect penis, allow in g som e slack at the end. H e cautioned m e to rem em ber
th a t this was im portant to prevent breakage. H e then turned off the light,
leaving the rubber in place— just as I expected him to do. I had know n
w hen he w en t for th e rubber th at he intended having an ejaculation. I
hoped he w ould.
Im m ediately, he was on top o f m e again. O n ce more, I m ade him re­
quest m e to spread m y legs far enough apart to perm it him to find my
vagina. T h is reduced m y gu ilt feelings. H e continued w here he had left
off, this tim e not qu ite so cautiously. H e checked to see how far his penis
was penetrating and told m e that on ly the head was going inside. H e
k ept asking m e if it hurt, and I assured him th at it did not. H e w arned me
repeatedly th a t I m ust stop him if I felt any pain at all. H e even turned
on th e ligh t one tim e to check for blood. H e felt m uch relieved w hen there
was none. H e k ep t asking m e if it felt good. H e seem ed to b e alm ost
pleading for a positive response from m e. I lied and said I felt n oth in g at
all. I was b urn in g w ith desire and alm ost w ild w ith pleasure, b u t I re­
m ained absolutely m otionless. H e told m e he could n ot understand w hat
was w rong, and added that under sim ilar conditions m y m other would
have clim bed on top of him and begged for him to proceed. T h is I could
n ot believe. I recalled how she always pushed him away w hen h e cam e
near her. I m ay have preferred n ot to believe this because I did n ot like
to think that she could please him m ore than I. I did not like his m en tion ­
ing her nam e. Perhaps in addition to m y guilt, it was because he com ­
pared th e tw o of us to her advantage.
T h e ejaculation occurred as I lay m otionless, observing every m ovem ent
and reaction. I felt D a d ’s heavy breathing. I felt his increased tension
and heightened excitem ent. I k new w hen the clim ax was reached by feeling
his reaction. M y part m igh t b e com pared to th at of an observer at a horse
race. First were th e prelim inaries in preparation, follow ed b y th e start.
E xcitem en t increases as th e race progresses and heightens, up to the fin­
ish, w h ich is th e clim ax, after w hich com es the letdow n. T h e observer at
the race does n ot participate, b u t feels an em otional experience throughout
w hich parallels that o f the racers them selves.
U p o n com pletion o f the act, D a d sent m e to the bathroom to sec if there
had been any bleeding. W h ile I was there, he cam e in w ith the rubber
T he Normal Pervert 437
still on. H e said h e w anted to show m e w h at had happened. H e took it
off and em ptied the contents into his hand, pointin g out to m e that the
semen looked like m ilk gravy. I did not think so at all. I liked gravy, and
ill's certainly did not look like anythin g to eat. I thought it was nasty, b ut
did not say so. H e cleaned the rubber w hile I w atched. W e w en t back to
his bed to go to sleep. Fie fell asleep first. I lay for a long tim e, thin kin g
about w h at had happened and enjoying m y thoughts.
I he great care I was required to take to prevent entry of his penis into
my vagina was to prevent breaking som ething that had to rem ain intact.
I lie breaking of the hym en w ould have been th e incrim inating evidence
ol our guilt. It was im portant to preserve it in order that our guilt could
not be discovered. W h ile its preservation served to reduce our feelings of
guilt, it also prevented m e from having an orgasm. T h is act was so filled
with guilt th a t D a d w ould n ot risk leaving its evidence (a broken hym en )
iu my care, even though I was capable of guarding the secret. D a d ’s guilt
was strong enough to prevent m y full participation. H e started som ething
and then becam e too frightened to finish it. H e denied m e the full pleas­
ure toward w hich th e entire proceeding was directed because, he said, I
had to save th at hym en for some future husband. H e m ust have been
afraid I w ould tell m y future husband w ho had broken m y hym en. I
learned later that he was also afraid I w ould tell m y m other. I also was
afraid, probably because I sensed his fear, b ut perhaps also because I, too,
h it guilty. O u r fear caused me to steadfastly disavow any feelin g of en-
joym ent and turned th e experience into a one-sided dem onstration, w hich
1csulted in disappointm ent to me.
by assum ing m y role o f passive acquiescence to assuage m y own guilt
and deflect accoun tability from m yself, I increased D a d ’s gu ilt and prob­
ably brought on his acute anxiety. T h a t anxiety m ay have served to
change th e series o f events from their originally intended course. If I had
been an enthusiastic, or even responsive, participant from the beginning,
I lu re m ight have been com plete participation b y b oth of us. N o b o d y know s
what the result o f such a perform ance m ight have been. I am concerned
only w ith understanding the results o f w h at did happen.
After th at first night, I slept w ith D ad every n ight until the one im ­
m ediately preceding M o m ’s return. T h a t was the n ight he told m e I should
"■Inrn to m y ow n bed and cautioned me not to tell M o m w h a t had h a p ­
pened. I felt th at this was superfluous and should have rem ained unsaid.
I Ih ink I felt insulted b y his im plication that I m ight tell. N o th in g
new occurred on the subsequent nights. T h e experience o f the first n ight
was repeated, m inus the instructions, and w ith ou t th e inspection o f the
semen. I hose nights b rought pleasure to both o f us. I continued to refuse
In acknow ledge m y pleasure, thereby denying m yself th e satisfaction I
<itivcd and bew ildering and disappointing D ad.
A lter M o m s return, there were a few isolated instances o f stolen ‘feels’
 T he Normal Pervert 439
438 T he Normal Pervert
:iЫе and dom inated b y th e m an. T h is was follow ed b y com pletion o f the
w hen she was in other parts o f the house. O n e tim e was after she was m
sex act b y th e m an, leavin g the w om an com pletely out o f th e picture. I
bed D a d cam e to m y room w ith an erection, felt m y b od y p u t m y hand
becam e th e m an in order to accom plish this. By assum ing the role of the
on his penis, and urged m e to play w ith it. I did for a b rief m om en
man at the tim e of insertion of th e penis, I still k ep t m y vagina unen­
after w hich h e w en t into his room . T h ese experiences produced so m uch
tered and th e hym en intact.
guilt m m e that I had to stop them . A fter m y first refusal, D a d never ap-
^ 1 1 97
John X . was the one exception in this pattern. H e fooled me. H e was not
proached m e again. ns w eak as I had expected him to be. John refused to let m e take charge
E ffect up on E m otion al D evelop m en t. “ T h is experience at age fifteen has ujion insertion of the penis. A ffectionately, gently, and firm ly h e dem anded
had a pow erful influence over m y subsequent behavior. Som e of the resu my subm ission. H e finally obtained it, b u t that was after m ore than a
of it are obvious, b u t I suspect th at there are others th a t have n ot been month of giving all his tim e, atten tion , and energy to fulfilling m y wants,
discovered. I shall begin b y describing som e of th e obvious results below . while showering m e w ith gifts daily (gifts he never paid fo r). H e placed
me on a pedestal and m ade a queen o f me. H e w ould n ot let m e lift a finger
SE X r e l a t io n s w it h o t h e r m e n : “ I expected all m en to do as m y-father
to do anythin g for m yself or for the children. H e did all of th e things that
had done. W h e n e v e r I was alone w ith a m an, I had n oth in g to say. I could
bad to be done w h ile I sat and w atched. H e is the on ly person other than
thin k o f n oth in g w h ich w ould contribute to conversation. I his, 1 believe
my father w ho ever indulged m e so. H e was more atten tive than D ad , b u t
com es from th e fa ct th a t th e first m utual sex play (in the car) w ith D ad
jiroduced th e same result. H e fulfilled m y dreams. H e was m y fantasy-
began during a lu ll in th e conversation. W h e n w ith a m an I seemed to
man. H e was m y father. If he had not been so ind ulgent and atten tive in
have the attitu d e th a t I was available, ready, and w aiting. I sim ply sat,
other things, he w ould never have succeeded in obtaining m y submis­
said n othing, and w aited for his advances. If he was too aggressive, re­
sion during the sex act.”
sisted. I did n ot w an t a m an w ho m ight take control, for this was to ■
duplication of m y experience w ith D ad . I had to be in control in order to
“ U p un til I m et Y ., m y first husband, m y sex experiences w ith
m a r r ia g e :
m ake th e reproduction an au th en tic one. If the m an had less self-assurance
lioys had been confined to the duplication of the experience w ith D ad in
and I felt th a t I could take charge, I ‘reluctan tly’ subm itted to his pre­
I lie car. In fact, it had not progressed quite that far. I had never held a
lim inary advances. A fte r considerable persuasion, I w ou ld le t him lead me
penis, oth er than D a d ’s, in m y hand. Y . had a car. W e sat n ight after n ight
to th e point of insertion o f the penis and then stop him . ns с up ica cc
111 it and played w ith each other, gradually w orking up to the point where
m y part o f the sex experience w ith D ad . A fte r several such perform ances,
I held his bare penis in m y hand.
usually over a period of weeks, if I had assured m yself th at I could con­
11 was I w ho led th e w ay in first inserting th e head o f it w hich he m oved
trol the m an, I perm itted entry of the penis. ■ i .• hack and forth according to m y instructions un til he had an ejaculation.
A ccep tan ce o f th e penis was for th e purpose of producing an ejaculation.
I I1is we did for a num ber of evenings w ith ou t breaking the hym en. T h e n
O n th e few occasions w hen I was able to engage in sex play w ith a m an to
one night I urged him to thrust it on inside all th e way. I think it frightened
th e po in t o f entry of th e penis in m y vagina, and then cause h im to have
111111 because I had been so insistent previously that the hym en b e pro-
an ejaculation outside m y vagina, I was fully satisfied. T h is was an exact
Icetcd. H e w arned m e that it w ould probably break. I told him I did not
d uplication of the experience w ith D ad . T h is, how ever was very hard to
dire if it did. T h a t was w hen it broke. I had no regret abou t it.
accom plish because it was so unsatisfactory to th e m en. T h erefore, found
M y husband had already told m e he w anted to marry m e w hen he fin-
th a t I had to accept th e m an’s penis in order to produce the ejaculation
i'.licd school. T h is m ade it easy for m e to ask to have th e hym en broken.
w h ich I needed to com plete m y reproduction of th e experience w ith a t.
I did not have to save it for m y future husband because he was th e one
As soon as th e penis entered m y vagina, I sw itched roles. As lon g as t ic
who had broken it. T h is w ould not have happened as it did if I had n ot
penis was outside m y body, I was passive b u t responsive. W h e n the entiy
had I lie experience w ith D ad . T h is was th e direct result of th a t experience.
took place, I assumed th e role of m y father. In these experiences as ш
I was disappointed to learn that insertion o f the penis did n ot produce
m y first, I could n ot afford to perm it the penis to enter m y vagina; them
loi me th e same kind o f satisfaction that D ad and Y . seemed to get from
fore th e penis becam e m ine and I w en t into action to produce m y cjat
• |,inflations. T h a t was at age sixteen th a t I b ecam e aware o f m y frigidity.
u lat’i on. I had assumed the m asculine role and produced the m asculine
I have been livin g w ith it for m any years.
clim ax. N aturally, there could be no orgasm for m e, as a w om an, because
( '.nilt overtook m e and forced m e to press for an early w edding date,
I had lost m y id en tity as a w om an. T h is strange phenom enon com pleted
bc.ir of pregnancy and gu ilt over fornication caused m e to get m arried
th e authen tic reproduction of the experience w ith D ad . 1 here was n.t
il age seventeen. T h e experience w ith D ad caused 111c to indulge in forni­
prelim inary sex play betw een m an and w om an w hich was m utually enjoy-

440 The Normal Pervert
cation. T herefo re, he caused m e to get married. T h ere was th e additional
fear of a repetition o f the experience w ith D a d w hich drove m e to fornica­
tion. B y duplicating the experience w ith som eone else, I reduced the danger
of repeating it w ith D a d .”
: “ D u rin g m y first marriage, I tried to b e an adult. I was seven­
r e g r e s sio n
teen years old, b u t even aside from th a t the odds w ere against m y having
a successful marriage. It was during the first W o r ld W a r b u t oddly
enough m y husband was unem ployed m ost of the tim e. M y eleven dollars
a week supported th e tw o of us. H e was so im m ature that he did not
k now how to look for em ploym ent or to help w ith anythin g to b e done
about the house. H e was as dependent upon his m oth er as I was upon m y
father, perhaps m ore so. W h e n the marriage term inated and I returned to
m y parents’ hom e to reclaim m y position o f im portance there I was weary
w ith the struggle. I was also angry w ith D a d for h avin g caused m e to teel
forced into a m arriage w hich had turned ou t so poorly. , , ,
A t th e first opportunity after m y return hom e, I told D a d th a t lie had
caused m e to get m arried by trying to m ake m e grow up too soon, ac­
cused him o f cheating m e of m y childhood. I told him th a t from the
earliest of m y m em ories I could recall throughout m y childhood his urging
m e to grow up into a w om an. I told him I intended to recapture th e child­
h ood I should have had. I told him I intended from th a t tim e on to be a
little girl. I thin k he knew that this was m y protest over the results ot our
sexual experiences. I was w ell aware th at th a t was w h a t I was talking
about, even th ou gh I did n o t say so directly.
A t th a t tim e, I regressed to an age younger than fifteen m an attem p
to eradicate th a t experience w hich was giving m e such difficulties. 1 acted
like a child and I felt like a child. I w anted to b e a child and to rem ain a
child. I did no reading because I did n ot w ant to learn. L earn in g is grow­
ing and I feared I m igh t grow up if I learned m ore than I knew . T hroug
analysis, I am trying to eradicate the effects o f that experience at age 1 -
teen. If I can do that, it w ill no longer b e necessary for m e to continu e to
retard growth, developm ent and m aturity.”
Sex Training for M y Sisters. “ T h ere is strong evidence to support m y sus­
picion th at b o th of m y sisters had experiences sim ilar to m ine m learning
about sex from D ad . . unhappy misfits am ong our schoolm ates, Sarah was probably the m ost pop-
I have had a feeling that Jean had a ‘lesson sim ilar to m ine short у
after I was married. Supporting this feeling is the sim ilarity in our early
sex experiences. I had relations w ith the first m an I dated after m y sc x
lesson from D ad . Jean had sex relations w ith th e first and only m an M i
ever dated. I secretly m arried the m an w ith w hom I had relations. Jean
also secretly m arried the m an w ith w hom she was having relations. 1 was
very un com fortable at hom e after m y sex experience w ith D a d I Ins con­
tributed to m y leaving, first to get m arried, and later to leave th e city and
stay away perm anently. I thin k this m ay have been the reason for Jean
T h e Normal Pervert 441
leaving and staying away. She was married to a m an w ho has beaten her
m any tim es and w ho alm ost killed their youngest child w hen she was
about tw o years old b y b eatin g her severely. Jean preferred this treatm ent
to leaving her husband and returning hom e.
I am sure I w ould not have entered into extra-marital sex relations so
readily w ith ou t m y “ lesson.” I feel sure, also, th a t Jean w ould have been
most unlikely to do the same if she had n ot had som e encouragem ent from
I hid. I feel this w ay because w e had b oth been brought up b y M o m to
111ink that sex was very, very bad. O u r w illingness to participate in sex
1clarions so early probably cam e from the same source— D a d ’s advances.
I thou ght un til recently that sister Sarah had escaped D a d ’s influence.
T h e clue that she, too, had had her lesson cam e at a dinner conversation.
Zach, our brother w ho im itates D ad in every w ay possible, m ade the remark
that D ad has the highest moral standards of any person on earth. A spon-
lancous burst o f sarcasm cam e forth from Sarah. She began w ith ‘T h a t’s
what you th in k!’ She follow ed her opinion b y an exam ple w hich if taken
lilerally, was totally inappropriate for th e po in t she was trying to m ake.
I saw her cu t her exam ple short, stopping am idst confusion and embar-
lassment. T h is was m y clue to w hat was really in her m ind.
Sarah’s exam ple o f D a d ’s im m orality began in this way. She told that
about a w eek before she le ft her hom e to go aw ay to college, D a d handed
lu r a book abou t sex w hich he told her had been h igh ly recom m ended by
a doctor. She was embarrassed and puzzled at first, she said. She wondered
why lie had w aited so lon g to present her w ith th e book, because she was
eighteen years old and had been going w ith boys since she had been about
twelve. She continued b y saying that th e b ook had in it pictures of the
male sex organ and a description o f its functions. A t this point, she stopped
hu rt and said no more. T h is, in itself, w ould be n o exam ple at all of im ­
morality on D a d ’s part. T h e fact th a t she used it as an exam ple indicates
tli-il she left th e real conn ection w ith im m orality unsaid. I asked her if she
gave him back the book and she said that she was too embarrassed to even
bilk about it. I feel sure th at D ad follow ed up th at presentation of the
book w ith a real-life dem onstration o f th e subject it discussed.
Subsequent developm ents in Sarah’s life indicate th at she, too, had her
lesson.’ U p un til Sarah w en t aw ay to college, she had had an entirely
dillcrcnt life from m ine and Jean’s in high school. W h e re Jean and I were
ulai girl in the w hole high school. She belonged to a sorority, was the
ilium m ajor for tw o years— th e first person to ever hold th e office for
two years. It was th e outstanding and m ost desired position in th e social
in livijies o f th e school. She had m any, m any friends. She was very af-
111 1innate toward D ad . M o m said th a t as a result, she was able to get
Imm him anythin g she w anted. O n m y visits hom e, I often saw her clim b
lip on his lap and tell him w hat a nice D ad d y he was, then ask for som e
II ииicy for w hatever she w anted, get th e m oney, and dash away to spend it.

442 T he Normal Pervert
C on trary to Sarah’s happy, popular high school life, she chd n ot m ake
out too w ell at college. A t th e end of the first year, she had no desire to
return hom e despite the fact that all her friends were there and she had
had a very happy life there. S om ething had happened to change her. I
thin k it m ust have been the ‘lesson’ w h ich she apparently had had im ­
m ediately before leaving. She urged m e to let her com e to live w ith m e at
th e end o f th e first year at college. I found her a job and she stayed w ith
m e for alm ost tw o years u n til she was married. F rom the tim e she cam e
here to five up un til now, she has m ade high ly critical remarks abou t D ad.
She has affection for M o m , b u t n ot for D ad . She had had a com plete
change in her feeling and attitude tow ard D ad . I noticed today w hen wc
were all together that she was irritable and cross w ith D ad . She is unkind
to him . She acts as if she feels tow ard h im th e same k in d of hostility 1
had for him during th e tw enty-tw o years follow ing m y sex episode w ith
h im .”
S tu d en t L com es from a very good hom e. T rad ition ally, several gener­
ations o f his fam ily graduated from th e same college. Though having ex­
ceptional gifts in m usic, h e has been induced by his fam ily to study en­
gineering as a profession that w ill give him econom ic security w hile using
his m usic as an avocation. H e is a top student in college, on the D e a n ’s list,
and his behavior record in college is irreproachable. T h e case is cited here
to show the m anner in w hich police usually handle arrests o f sexua о
fenders, not a creditable perform ance. T h e college is a private institution
w ith about 2500 students in attendance. T h e college is located on the out­
skirts o f a fairly large city. T h e college has a small cam pus police force of its
ow n and does not depend on th e city police for any disturbance, though
there is som etim es a conflict abou t this. . . . . , liad signed the confession. T h e C h ie f o f P olice w ho was con d uctin g the
S tud en t L was arrested one n ight on a charge o f exhibitionism , the
claim of the police being th at it was for soliciting for hom osexual pur­
poses. T h e follow in g is the accoun t given b y the student:
“ I was arrested b y the city police and taken over to the station. I was
naturally very m uch upset, and it is hardly necessary to say th a t I did not
offer to m ake a confession, and that had I been th in kin g clearly I w ouldn I
h ave signed one, because I k new th a t all o f the facts can b e brought out
at th e hearing, th e officer’s promises n otw ithstanding. T h e confession was
n ot prepared b y m e, b u t was m ade in th e follow in g m anner.
“ T h e C h ie f of P olice asked m e questions abou t w here I had been at
various tim es o f m y life. H e typed a biography contain ing dates and places.
T h is provided a record show ing m y w hereabouts during every m on th of my
life. T h e n he told m e th a t any inform ation I gave him w ould b e used
against me. H e started asking questions. F o r exam ple: ‘W h e r e did you first
see this boy?’ ‘H e turned up th e alley?’ T h ese were typical questions,
L ater he read m e th e answer to one question as he had w ritten it; it
included the statem ent th a t I w anted the b o y to let m e go dow n on him.
T he Normal Pervert 443
N ow I never said anythin g o f this kind. In our discussion b efore h e started
typing th e confession, h e had tried to p u t the words into m y m outh th at I
wanted th e b oy to go dow n on me. His w hole approach had been th a t be­
cause I had exhibited m y penis to this boy, and told him I had an erection
he knew that I w anted th e boy to perform an unnatural sex act. I told him
I had w anted to find a girl as m y conversation showed. Fie said I knew
Ihat w asn’t true, that I had w anted th e boy to perform on m e, h ad n ’t
I? I denied th a t m otive. T h e n he said I w anted to perform on the boy.
W a sn ’t that so? I denied that also. T h e n h e said they had had cases like
Ihis before, and if I w ould tell them w h at they w anted, they w ould be
hotter disposed toward me. In answering his question at th e tim e o f typ­
ing th e confession I had n ot said anythin g abou t w antin g to perform on
I lie boy, and I told him I th ough t that part o f th e answer shouldn’t be
Ihere, as it was neither fact, nor even an intent. Fie ignored that and passed
10 the next question. W h e n he had finished, he typed another statem ent
concerning m y past sex life, w hich he said w ould not be used in court;
lie m erely w anted it for reference. T h is included ideas he had developed
(hiring a discussion of m y sex life.
“ Furtherm ore, I was intim idated, even threatened into submission, and
•is a result I signed th e confession under great duress, in order to protect
myself at th e m om ent. W h e n th e P olice C h ie f put the confession in front
ol me to sign, an action that startled m e, because he had w ritten th e w h ole
lliing (it certainly was not a verbatim transcript of w h at I had said ), I
ici|uested a law yer to advise m e before I signed it. I believe this is m y
constitutional right; or am I w rong in thin kin g that every citizen o f this
country is en titled to counsel under those conditions? In fact, I had asked
I lie arresting officer the n ight before if I could have a law yer, and he said
yes, b u t no law yer or anyone to obtain one for m e showed up un til after I
interview, and w h o typed th e confession, b ecam e q u ite angry w h en I re­
quested a law yer. A s tim e w en t on h e was gettin g angrier and angrier, and
I I bought h e w ou ld h it me, unless I com plied w ith his request and signed
mi I lie d otted line. I have been in th e service and am b y no m eans a coward;
In have a fistic en counter w ith a m an is one thing, b u t to b e closeted in a
■•mall office and threatened b y tw o b urly policem en w ho seem set to force
1 confession from you, is quite another m atter. T h e P olice C h ie f w en t on
In a m enacing m anner th a t if I was obstinate they could and w ould tele-
г.mph to every place I had ever lived and get any record I m ight have, and
1In n I licy w ould throw th e book at me. W h a t is this b u t an outrigh t threat
nl libel and blackm ail? A ll this did n ot help m y m ental state o f course;
11 only increased m y fears. H e m en tion ed such charges as exhibitionism
|m I public indecency; but, m ind you, h e did n ot m ention th e charge of
solicitation or incitin g to com m it sodomy. M y first th o u gh t was to prevent
Inquiries to any o f these places, as I had no record, and did n ot w ant the
news o f m y arrest to becom e widespread. Also, I th o u gh t th at their good
444 T he Normal Pervert S T he Normal Pervert
w ill w ould prevent th e spread of th e story b efore groups of people I had
“ T h e officious behavior of th e police to w hich I just referred was this.
Shortly after m y arrest I w rote out in longhand, at the request of th e ar­
resting officer, a statem ent granting the borough police perm ission to go
through m y possessions in m y h otel room . I did this because the office
asked m e if I was going to give him perm ission, or w ou ld w e have to get
the m an out o f bed at one o’clock?’ O f course, I did n o t w ant to create ill
feelin g b y gettin g th e officers of th e tow n up at one о clock in lie morn
ing, so I w rote th e perm ission. T h e police w en t directly to th e lob by and
started inquiring w here m y room was. T h e process of inquiring brought
other people into th e case, because the police officers gave th em ipy lhi -
m ore address, w h ile elsewhere I had been listed as from F lorida Finally
m y registration card was found and m y room location was obtained
received all o f this inform ation from a friend o f m ine, w ho told m e that
th e village police w ere quite perturbed, because of agreem ents th a t the
city police w ould n ot com e into the village w ith o u t first consulting th e vil-
^ ^ A f t t 't h e threats and false prom ises, I was in no cond ition to refuse
to sign th e confession and th e other statem ent w hich the C h ie f o f Police
had said was for reference only. T h e P olice C h ie f did perm it m e grudg-
ingly to m ake tw o m inor alterations, b u t I did n ot dare try deleting
false statem ent concerning perversion, because of his hostile a n d ^
ing attitude. It seems to m e that a confession obtained under th e circu
stances I have outlin ed is q u ite invalid. A case in po in t is one recenriy
published in th e newspapers, w here a m an signed a confession to having
com m itted a m urder, and a few m onths later th e alleged victim showed
up w ell and alive.”
T h e above should convince anyone th a t psychiatrists get their m fo n ” '1
tion from and about th e individual in a m anner totally different from w
is usually done, such as direct interviews, asking pointed questions and
gettin g equally precise answers, and certainly different from the po 1
vdiose chief purpose is conviction o f th e m an through inform ation and
^ H s t f y experience th at th e police th e country over appear to have their
ow n brand oPf psychiatry. T h e y have very n aive and sim ple ideas abo
sexual crimes. I take, as an instance, the charge of ex nbitionism . So
as th e police can see and think, all exhibitionism is for the purpose flj
solicitation. T herefore, w h en they apprehend a m an e x h iu tm g ni>b.
their im m ediate interpretation is th a t the m an lias exposed h im self for I
purpose of solicitation. T h is, how ever, I need hardly em phasize, и Ш
from b ein g true. M o st cases of exhibitionism are not for re purp Я I i i i i i k I any num ber o f reasons w h y she cou ld n ’t go out w ith boys. She
solicitation at all, b u t for private purposes o f their ow n and have no n U
cn cc to solicitation. O n e know s m en to have exposed them selves U f o .e
445
dozens o f w om en, w ith o u t th e least effort b ein g m ade at soliciting; there
is, however, alm ost always concom itan t m asturbation. It m ust be borne in
m ind that th e m ajority of these m en are sexually incom p etent in norm al
sex relations, and exhibitionism serves m erely as a substitute and a vicari­
ous outlet, w h ich w ould be a very poor substitute for a norm al m an, b u t
is quite satisfactory from th e standpoint o f the neurotic involved. It is even
true w hen m en have exposed them selves before m en, th at it has turned out
to be for the purpose o f being stim ulated in solitary m asturbation.
It can be seen from th e above th at th e signed confessions of those
arrested on a sexual charge, are, for th e m ost part, invalidated b y the
circum stances w hich attended the signing. First, at the tim e o f com m ittin g
such offenses as exhibitionism , it has lon g been know n th at during th e at­
tack all individuals are in a dazed and confused state, n o t k n ow in g w h at
they are doing and n ot being able to rem em ber correctly and precisely
what they have done. In th e ligh t o f m y experience I can assure you that
11icy do not vpluntarily offer a confession, and had they been thin kin g
clearly, they w o u ld n ’t have signed one if for no other reason than that all
I lie facts can be brou gh t out at the hearing, th e officer’s promises n otw ith ­
standing.
Mary Jane: M a ry Jane was born and raised in a small m id-western city
vvliere her father had a general store. A s a child and adolescent she had
not shown any o f the usual traits associated w ith neurosis, such as mis­
behavior, tem per tantrum s, disobedience, belligerence and so on. She was
particularly under th e w ill o f her m other, w ho could do alm ost anything
with her. B egin nin g at th e age o f fifteen, she had expressed strong desire
to move to a larger city, b u t could give no explanation for it beyond stating
I lint it was aw fu lly dull in their hom e tow n and perhaps there w ere b etter
opportunities for developm ent in a larger city. She had no particular tal-
1ails except, perhaps, she had a nice voice. She sang in th e church choir,
uni she hoped th at a larger city w ould provide b etter opportunities for
Ilie cultivation of her voice. She cou ld n ’t thin k o f anythin g else that she
could or m ight w an t to do there. F or som e unexplained reason, she rather
iiliicd aw ay from boys in th e neighborhood, seem ingly in obedience to her
inollier’s dictum that boys w ould only get her into trouble, and she did
uni want to get into trouble. A few peculiarities stood out in her. T h o u g h
lie was sm all in size for a w om an, four feet, eight inches, she refused to
"' high heel shoes as her other schoolm ates did. She refused to use
or lipstick or any other fem in ine make-up, saying th at w h at was
jjnocl for her m other was good enough for her. It seem ed th a t she did n ot
• не tq em phasize or capitalize on such fem in ine charm s as she m ight
Ii m Though her folks have lon g w anted her to get married, she always
Would say there was no sense in m arrying a youn g boy w ho h a d n ’t a cen t
In his nam e, and probably w ould n ’t have anythin g for ten years more.
446 The Normal Pervert
T h e n he w ould, in all likelihood, w an t children, and she kn ew th a t they
w ere a lo t of trouble unless one had plenty o f m oney to raise them w it 1.
She therefore told her folks th a t in a larger city there was a greater op­
portunity to m eet people of m ore substantial m eans, to w h ich th ey agreed.
F or from their po in t o f view , n oth in g was too good for their little gn .
H er parents, after listening to her endless pleas for going to the m etrop­
olis and seeking opportunities for voice cultivation, finally acquiesced,
lettin g her go. H er first year in the m etropolis was not particularly event­
ful She seem ed lonesom e and shy, n ot very easy to m ake com pany w i 1.
N evertheless, she did w rite hom e w on derful stories as to how w ell she was
gettin g along, after she secured a job as a clerk in an office. T o all seeming
intents and purposes, she was one of th e m any girls w h o drifted into a
large city seeking opportunities to m ake good, b u t her private life revealed
m any of the reasons for her form er behavior. She shied aw ay from boys,
n o t because it w asn’t safe to go w ith boys, b u t because the girls com pany
appealed to her more. She w anted to go to a large city because she dim у
recognized early th a t she had very definite hom osexual tendencies which
she could n ot very w ell reveal b y her behavior w here she lived, b u t if
she could go to a large city, no one w ould k n ow her. She also recogm z
th a t her reason for going was n ot her voice culture b u t the h op e of tyi g
herself up w ith some artistic people, am ong w hom she w ould find m ore 0
her type. H er first job was as a filing clerk m an office, b u t shc dKl no
stay there very lon g as there were only a few people there. She then
th o u gh t th at she w ould go into nursing or becom e a waitress. S he с
th e latter, as she could then be am ong m any girls and she could move
freely from one restaurant to another w hen the particular one she worked
at did n ot suit her. She finally fou n d in M ild red a com panion s t a b l e fi­
ller, and this tied her to th e city still m ore, and away from her h om e tow .
She is a Lesbian, a hom osexual w om an w ho has no interest m th e opposite
SC M ary Jane lived w ith M ild red very m uch like a m an and w ife. H o w ­
ever, w hile M a ry Jane was definitely hom osexual, indulging m all the per*
versities w hich are th e natural lo t o f w om en hom osexuals, M ild red wa
n o t quite of her type. M ild red happened to be a girl w ho once suffered ,
b ad accident, her face and neck havin g been burn ed b adly. A etn a у
was n o t disfigured to the point o f being repulsive, b u t it gave M ild rc
the feelin g th at there was never any h op e for her to regain her former
good looks. H ow ever, she craved affection as w ell as any norm al wom an
w ould, and w hen M ary Jane cam e along and m ade love to her m a most
unostentatious way, M ild red accepted it. M ary Jane w ou ld som etim es
up like a boy, w h a t w ith a shirt and tie, th e shirt and shoes схас у
boy. M ary Jane w ould w hisper to M ild red , “ Y o u and I can gc a t |
m uch b etter than either one of us w ould get along w ith a boy. Just think
w hat problem s there are w ith boys. Y o u are liab le to get pregnant, i d
m atter how m uch you guard against it. A b oy w ill som e day corner you In
T he Normal Pervert 447
и point w here you can ’t get out, and you certainly d on ’t w ant to get mar-
licd now to som e im pecunious boy. Secondly, if a b oy plays w ith you, he
is likely to play w ith others. Suppose he brings you a disease, then you
lie ruined for life. O f course,” said M a ry Jane, “ I can not b e a b oy in
Ilie full sense o f th e word, b ut w hen the lights are out, I can b e just as good
1 boy as any, w ith ou t the com plications.”
I lie affair o f M ary Jane and M ild red did n ’t last very long, as is the
Wont o f this type o f relationship. A certain plastic surgeon undertook to
lis up M ild red , and it seems he was doing a very good job. A s M ild red
began to im prove in appearance, her norm al side was com ing back and
.lie was not as enthusiastic about con tin u in g the affair w ith M ary Jane as
lie was before. O n th e other hand, M ary Jane, for all her quiet and com ­
placent m anner, seem ingly the M in n ie M o u se type, was actually o f the
vampire type, so w ell know n am ong th e hom osexual w om en; the type
Ibat gets a partner and bleeds her em otionally dry and then drops her
like a squeezed orange, w hich is w h at M ary Jane was prepared to do w ith
Mildred. For, just ab ou t that tim e, M a ry Jane b ecam e acquainted w ith
W inifred, another girl w ho was on a rebound from an un fortunate love
1IIair in w hich she messed up the w h ole thing, and feelin g em otionally
hungry, she fell into M a iy Jane’s net. M ary Jane sensed the situation and
look full advantage o f it.
( )ne could continue this story indefinitely. B rin ging it up to date, M ary
I "ic today is only thirty-seven years old, has had innum erable affairs,
umctimes tw o or three at a tim e. H er passion really knew no bounds.
Mir always has a few girls on a string dropping them as she goes along
illc 1 they have served her needs. O n e girl has com m itted suicide, another
made an unsuccessful attem pt. H eterosexually, she is still a virgin. W h o
would believe th at this little slip o f a w om an w ho, in spite o f her sm all
i. e. w ith the benign fem inine look on her face and very sweet m anners,
was really the m ale type o f w om an hom osexual, a vam pire in every sense
ol the word.
lU tilah. In contrast to her, Beulah is q u ite a different type o f w om an
boinosexual. She is tall and slender, a little b it underw eight for her
bright, b u t quite attractive. C ertain ly, her looks fail to betray anythin g
suggesting hom osexuality. A close observer, how ever, w ould w onder w hy,
willi her attractive legs, she always wears on ly low-heeled shoes— n o t the
"idinary good type, b u t rather the bohem ian typ e o f shoe. She is dressed
In a m anner as though she were always ready to go cam ping. Ller wrist
" i l el i is of the large m asculine type, and one wonders w hy she w ou ld n ’t
buy a sm all lad y’s wrist w atch. Surprisingly enough, her hair is n o t closely
' nipped, as one m ight expect from one o f her type, b u t done in th e good
manner o f w om en nowadays. She considers that a concession to the public,
anil she goes to the hair dresser once every six m onths for a perm anent.
Never does a n ecklace bedeck her neck, and it w ould w ell fit her. H er

448 T he Normal Pervert
clothes are o f the sim plest kind . O n e could im agine th a t she w ould be
quite attractive in an evening gow n and silver slippers, b u t t le oug 1
o f that never cam e to B eulah. She never goes ou t w ith any m an She has
been asked for dates innum erable tim es, b u t she always gave th e excuse
that her father, w ho was a w idow er, was not very w ell physically, and
said she had no m oral right to go out w ith you n g people and leave her
father alone w hen he needed her attention. O f course, this was an excuse.
H er father was physically fu lly able to take care of him self. Besides, w hen­
ever she had a date ou tlid e w ith some girl, th e father excuse never cam e
up. O n ly protracted analysis could have brought to th e surface the basic
psychodynam ics of her behavior. B u t even th e bneE amdysrs^ revealed
num ber of interesting features. E ven going as far back as th e age of three
years, she always w anted to b e a boy. She played b u t little w ith g n H n c n d s
and always h u n g around boys, partaking o f their games even
urinate as they did. A s she was grow ing up s h e d e v e l o p e d a p l a у
b ein g a b oy w hose nam e was Zachary Baxerei. T h is b oy did all th e things
that boys do and was accepted everywhere as a boy. There were: tw o mor
children in th e fam ily, an older brother and a younger sister. T h is brother
played little role in her em otional life, b u t there was always tension
tw een her and her sister. H er m other divorced her father w hen subject was
six years old and she recalls w ith bitterness his refusal to send her to
college. H ow ever, from all evidences, it appears she did n ot care m uch foi
^ e i n g ^ f a very qu iet dem eanor, B eulah is n ot very active hom osex.
ually. She alm ost waits un til som ething falls into her lap, w r ie is no
very frequent. She has had several affairs here and there, b u t they didn
la s7 very lon g for th e reason th at she was too artless and too naive
th e ways o f life to b e able to hold on to a partner. A lso, she has th e urn
fortun ate situation in th a t she feels entirely like a m an, and the type
w om an th at appeals to her is n o t th e hom osexual type of w om an but
the truly fem in ine type, th e type th at w ould appeal to any^ . 111n ily graveyard w here her father wants the w h ole fam ily to be buried.
therefore, she finds herself in the position o f com peting w ith m en fo r th o
possession of a norm al w om an and, of course, there she stands b u t little
^ T h e r e was, w orking in her office, a you n g w om an b y th e nam e o f Irene,
w h o was Л е type of w om an th at w ould appeal to any m an; lively, alert
and very fem in ine w ith those b ew itch in g eyes th a t w ould jum p rom1 1
m an to another, only now and then settling on one. B eulah w ould
" m e alone w ith dry tears in her eyes, th in kin g how n ice 1 w onid be
to have Irene w ith her. She m anaged to get Irene several tim es, g
lu n ch w ith her and, because Irene expressed herself as b ein g pleased w i t j
th e luncheon com pany, B eulah im m ediately m isinterpreted tha anc I 1 mil ac t, she has had to endure a surprising am ount of h um iliation on ac-
м Т Л е п е w ou ld b e her next affair b u t, o f course, it never m at nab
ized. She w rote Irene som e b eau tifu l love letters w lu clJ s|1^ 1' ^ SCn
Irene soon becam e engaged to a m an, m arried, and left the office.
T h e Normal Pervert 449
Beulah has had several pseudo affairs o f this kind, always running
after the wilTo-the-wisp, never able to catch it, for she is after th e same
sexual goods and fleshpots th a t th e average m an is, and therefore has no
chance in th e com petition.
Jessica Brown changed her first nam e to Jesse, giving as th e reason that
she did not w ant a nam e that could easily b e identified as fem ale, b u t
one that could be interpreted as o f either sex. In doing so, she gave clear
expression to her basic am bivalence. She doesn’t k n ow w hether she is a
man or a w om an, or how to take herself socially and physically. She is
quite conscious o f hom osexuality b u t th at, she thinks, is o f secondary im-
|iortance. W h a t stands central w ith her is an intense fear o f rape, o f inter-
, 1 onrse and o f harm com ing to her genitals. N o th in g frightens her m ore
Ilian im agining a m ale organ touchin g hers; th e very th ough t o f it sends
her into a frenzy.
She is afraid of doctors and dentists, n ot so m uch because they m ight
1 a use her pain, b u t is m ostly afraid o f th e instrum ents they use. A lo n g
with this she fears other things th a t m ay enter her b od y such as d octor’s
instruments or even m edicines, snakes, pointed daggers.
She is afraid o f open flesh or o f any dead thing. She w ould not have
I H is se d b iology lab had n o t her laboratory partner done her disecting
Ini her. She is unable to clean fish or chicken. O n e has no difficulty in
u vo gn izin g th at her fears are o f a sexual nature and even her fear of en-
rincs that m ay explode seems to be b u t another sexual fear.
W h ile she likes some anim als like dogs and horses, she loathes rats,
mice, ground hogs and so on. Snakes and all reptiles are loathsom e. She
must wash her hands even after on ly tou ch in g a page contain ing th e pic-
1111 с o f a snake. She is afraid of death— n ot of her ow n death, b u t o f som e­
one near her. A s a child she was taken to funerals and had to sit and listen
10 adults discuss details. She is fearful o f b ein g buried in th e sm all tow n
She would prefer to b e crem ated or put in a m ausoleum . She often ex-
ni esses feelings of loneliness, a feelin g of n ot belonging. She feels that she
II w alking through m ost o f life unaccom panied.
I ler attitude toward m en seems one of am bivalence. She claim s to like
IIn in as hum an beings, b ut to dislike them sexually. M a in ly she dislikes
IIn о attitu d e toward w om en. She is apparently envious o f m en. In spite of
Ic 1 hom osexuality she entertains ideas o f norm al love and marriage; she
lull intcs a m ild sex activity w ith a m ale friend w ho loves her although she
* Tunis she doesn’t enjoy his caresses. She has had a good m any dates w ith
пи и, and for one w ho makes it clear at once th a t there w ill be no physical
11 hi и I o f m en ’s libido.
Her early sexual activity was o f a heterosexual quality. Indications are
j
lli.il her hom osexuality constitutes a flight from incest.
 T he Normal Pervert 451
450 T he Normal Pervert
H er dreams are significant of her attach m en t to th e father. She dreams
H er first hom osexual affair was w ith a w om an w h om she saw first in
that they are alone in th e house, she doing her work and he doing other
m en ’s clo th in g in a dram atic perform ance. Since th en she has had scxua
things. She hears him callin g her: “ H ey M rs., w here did you put away
relations w ith three actresses, in addition to affairs w ith other gir
that brush I left here yesterday?” In her dreams she is th e M rs., his w ife.
She misses, in particular, th e dear friend w ith w h om she had a h om o­
T h ere is no one else in th e house.
sexual relationship, and from w hom she is s e p a ra te d -s h e recalls th e one­
H er entering into a triangular affair w ith th e tw o girls seems to have
ness of thought. She feels th at som eone is necessary to her happiness, some­
resulted in a shock that forced her to abstain from hom osexual activities.
one w ho understands her feelings. She finds m ost p eople trivial super­
W ith o u t ou tlet for her sexual energy she has becom e m ore and m ore a
ficial, lacking interests, selfish, unreliable, undisciplined, tim e spent w ith
victim o f neurosis.

^ S h e ^ g e s f t h a t th e basis for all her lon ging and loneliness is a desire

T o the extent, therefore, th at the pervert, or paraphiliac, is “ m oral” in
for the kind o f parental love she never had. H er fam ily seems farther
Ilie sense in w hich w e have described him , h e is also “ norm al,’ for his only
away w hen she is w ith them than w hen absent. H er hom e is a vacuunn
departure from w h at is generally regarded as norm al is his specific para­
She feels that she is looking for a com posite o f all the characteristics о
philia w hich, because it developed at such an early age and has becom e
the w om en she has loved. , , such an integral part o f his personality, is, in fact, “ n orm al” for him . H e
In her brief free-lance career, she was successful b u t she feels th at
can experience no other kind o f sexual orientation. In all other respects he
was never given the scope, freedom or authority th a t w ould have m ade her
conform s to norm al standards. H e exercises norm al restraint, is controlled
interested f n w h et sire was doing. Sire rs en a b le to bear any rent, « 4 0 K
by norm al repression, conform s to norm al behavior patterns, w ith a single
S he can n o t bear b ein g in a subordinate position unless th e one above
exception. H e is m ore “ norm al” than th e heterosexual proverbial skirt
chaser” ; m ore norm al than a six-times-divorced w om an w hose frequent
d eS h f h L Si d e T o f s c i o n s livin g w h ich are u nobtainable. T h e w ay she
changes o f spouse are possible only because she is econ om ically able to
lives now is neither gracious nor livin g. , , enlist th e services of trained lawyers w ho specialize in divorce proceed­
She is apparently an aggressive, dom inatin g personality,
ings; m ore norm al than th e inveterate gam bler or the chronic alcoholic;
lations she prefers th e aggressive role, and in other respects rec° g “ z
more norm al than m any other types o f hum an beings w ho boast o f their
th a t she has m asculine tendencies. She seems to prefer m asculine
normality o n ly because they follow a socially acceptable sexual pattern.
In other paraphiliac fields, however, it is m uch m ore difficult to speak
' a W b t e t r ' m c t t u o u s trends she has seem n o t to b e directed tow ard the
ol m orality, if indeed w e can speak o f it at all, because th e other para­
m oth er, as she speaks of h e , w ith little em otron; m fa ct there rs 1. tie
philias involve activities w hich are necessarily offensive to others, although
m ention o f th e m other. T h ere is m ore indication of attach m en t to the
mil necessarily harm ful. C a n anyone visualize a “ m oral” exhibitionist, or a
brother; she identifies w ith h im to som e extent, as they b Q t h s e e m t o C
"m oral” voyeur? B oth of them m ay be, o f course, h igh ly m oral individuals
alien from th e parents. H er dreams indicate some interest in •
11id good law -abiding citizens apart from their specific paraphiliac activity;
ually, and w e recall th at as children they played at tou ch in g each о .
but Ilie exhibition ist o f necessity m ust render him self objectionable to oth-
genitals. She has m ore dreams ab ou t her brother (or abou t his gir 1
114 by his silly, though com pulsive behavior. T h e voyeur, on th e other
than about other m em bers of her fam ily. li.uid, disturbs no one so lon g as he remains undetected; and w hen detected
S h e sneaks at greater len gth and w ith m ore em otion o f th e father, and
lie. m otive is usually m isunderstood and he is m istaken for a poten tial
it seems possible" that he m ay b e the object o f h e , love. H e , aggress,» ,
burglar. W e certainly can not talk abou t a “ m o r a l’ sadist, for the very
dom ineering qualities seem to be assum ed in im itation o f his charactc ,
n il me o f his paraphiliac trend violates all our concepts o f m orality.
sh eT bh es l i e a man and ,0 m odel h e,self a fte r!h im "H e r fierce resc„
However, w e often speak, even psychoanalytically, o f m oral m asochism ,
m en t against h im - m o s t ly for his failure to provide sufficient m on ey sit
1 Iw which w e m ean psychic m asochism as opposed to th e overt m anifesta-
ficient love and understanding, m ay b e b u t a disguise to conceal th e strong
I и111 of that particular trend. B ut if the sadom asochist, either as sadist or
lo ve she has for him . H e has never loved her as she w ould like to Ih
I masochist, restricts his paraphiliac indulgence to an adult partner w ho
l o ^ d ^ t h r o u g h her hom osexual activities, th o u g h her m ~
II il i t s into th e paraphiliac “ gam e” w illin gly and b y personal natural choice,
b ein g d ep en dent on h im , she is revenging herself on him H er taUurc
In' is of course no m ore “ im m oral” in that respect than the hom osexual
find jobs for herself reveals her determ ination to stay at h om e w
"In 1 sim ilarly restricts his activities to a cooperative partner, and his
and force him to support her. A t the sam e tim e, she is able to r a tio n a l,,
"m orality” includes the same elem ents— restraint, exclusion of coercion,
all her failures b y m akin g h im responsible.
452 T he Normal Pervert
lim itation o f partners, avoidance of prom iscuity, and, apart from the spe­
cific paraphiliac indulgence, a norm al regard for estaohshed social con ­
siderations and for law .
It all boils dow n to th e proposition that th e pervert or, as w e choose to
call him , th e paraphiliac, can be as “ m oral” as anyone else once w e sepa­
rate his special paraphilia from “ im m orality,” and provided his specific
paraphilia is n o t one w hich necessarily involves a h arm fu l attitu d e toward
others. W e can not, of course, speak o f a “ m oral” paedophihac; paedophi m
itself involves im m orality no m atter w h at form it takes. W e cannot, in the
ligh t of existing culture, speak of “ m oral” incest, because in our culture
incest under any circum stances is associated w ith im m orality. B u t the par­
aphiliac whose sexual behavior, though unorthodox, is free from public
offense, prom iscuity, and harm ful intent, has as m uch right to consider
h im self “ m oral” as his socially and ecclesiastically approved neighbor
w hose sexual pattern has th e blessing o f state and church, even tlio u g i,
in m any other respects, he m ay fall far short of b ein g a goo citizen or
even a desirable hum an being.
A s opposed to these conservative types, w ho m ove w ith in exceeding у
narrow lim its o f their private life, there is another group w ho are prof­
ligates and libertines b y no m atter w h at standard they are m easured.
H ere is character V . w ho at th e early age o f tw en ty is little b etter than
a m ale whore; w h o m eets anyone anyw here and goes w ith them anywhere,
and w ho, w hile in no sense a com m ercial prostitute, is definitely parasi ie
and w ill gladly take anythin g th at anybody w ill give him , from a glass о
beer or a m eal to a trip to Florida. O r w e m igh t select A . w ho blithely
records over three h undred hom osexual relations, w ith all sorts o f partners,
in all sorts of places, under all sorts o f circum stances, and w hose obses­
sive sexuality exceeds th a t of even the heterosexual D o n Juan H e has no
respect for the you th of his num erous partners, th e m ajority of w hom art
minors. V and A are “ im m oral” perverts. T h e ir lives are dedicated
perversions and little else.
H ere is a youn g boy, B , barely eighteen years o f age H is drive appears td
b e entirely along hom osexual lines. N o t on ce since his puberty has lie (
pressed any w ish to b e in th e com pany of the o p p o s i t e s e x c x c e p l
sister D ian a to w h om he is very devoted and w h om he follow s like M ary
little lam b. H is experiences w ith th e sam e sex have n ot een m any, >t
have b een quite even tful and rather off th e usual path. A s if he has b e c lj
trained in th at for years, h e is b en t com pletely on bleed ing his hom osexual
partners, ft w ould seem that h e is less interested in th e actual sex relation­
ship than in th e am ou n t o f m oney h e can squeeze out of his partner < In 11al e to induce th e participation of the daughter o f a good friend o f his
achieve his ends, h e resorts to all sorts of tricks, including threats of b lack­
m ail. H e gets alm ost an orgastic satisfaction from h avin g cheated a par n
o u t of his m oney. W h e n his atten tion is called to th e grossness of h
behavior, he acts as if he does n ot understand w hy and how anyone could
T he Normal Pervert 453
regard his behavior as b ein g in any way wrong. H e is developing typi­
cally along the line o f the professional hom osexual prostitute. H e w ould
seem to b e m ore psychopathic than paraphiliac.
Joseph D . is a w ell-know n art critic, w hose opinion is respected b y th e
intellectual com m unity. L ittle is know n o f his early life. It appears that he
was m arried at one tim e, b u t after a period o f a few years, the w ife left
him , taking th e custody o f the tw o children. H ow ever, there is a strong
suspicion that this is a self-inspired rum or to give credence to the idea that
he is entirely norm al, b u t was un fortu nate in his m arital life and has
suffered m uch unhappiness. His reputation for integrity and respectability
is an excellent one. H e usually keeps to him self m ost o f th e tim e, and is
not know n to frequent any places that m ight cast reflection on the repu­
la tion o f a good m an. H e is never seen in th e com pany o f the opposite sex.
( )n Saturday nights he often has parties w hich, oddly enough, consist only
of m en, usually h a lf a dozen m en. T h ese m en, selectively, are all married
men w ith fam ilies, w h ich is another w ay o f saying th a t M r. D . selects m en
011 the basis o f established virility. H is w ine cellar is one o f th e finest in
Ilie city. N o t a brand o f dom estic or im ported liquor b u t can be found in
IIis prized w in e cellar.
' The party, given in the form o f a b uffet supper, begins w ith a prodigious
feast o f eating, and the choicest m eats are found on th e table. L iq uor
flows freely, and as th e cheeks becom e flushed, talk m ore voluble, the
1 onversation becom es more intim ate. H owever, M r. D . is too good a host
In stop w ith that. H e m anages to get them all so beastly drunk th a t they
fill into a stuporous sleep. It is then th at M r. D . begins to assault each
пне anally. It takes him about tw o or three hours to m ake th e rounds.
In Ihe m orning they all w ake up w ith o u t having the least idea as to w h at
Ii.is happened to them . T h e process is repeated next Saturday n ight w ith
another group o f people.
T here are m any such gatherings o f the type indulged in b y M r. D ., w ith
1 !.1c at m any variations, o f course. Som etim es these gatherings partake the
• haracter of regular orgies. T h ese are b y 110 m eans exceptional b u t are in-
1F n l quite frequent.
I h ie is a case o f a m an as shrewd and intelligen t as you m ake them ,
wlio uses every b it of his intelligen ce in order to seduce people into
hr, group, inclu d ing psychology and hypnotism . H e is married, has two
1 Inldren, and his w ife regards him as a devoted husband. T h o u g h in
in и nial daily relations he is a rather kind and considerate m an, w hen it
1 nines to his parties he is absolutely ruthless and heartless. H e w ou ld n ’t
If I linl suited his purposes. H is parties usually run to about a half-
ilu/.eii people, in w hich all sorts o f sexual activities, usually o f th e irregular
Iv1•«•. are going on in the presence o f other people. H e derives trem endous
dill Ixl action in seeing one couple perform fellatio hcterosexually, another
 454 The Normal Pervert
couple indulging in the same thin g hom osexually. l i e is a pluralist w ho
likes to see him self in the sexual act w hile others are looking on. W h e n
finally arrested, he naively com plained that he w asn’t gu ilty of anything
m ore than some unorthodox sexual behavior.
S U M M A R Y
W e find individuals who, apart from
a particular deviation, however ex­
treme, appear outwardly and socially
perfectly normal in every respect. A
normal pervert is one who, despite the
handicap of a socially unacceptable
sexual orientation, manages to lead an
otherwise normal life, just as a physi­
cally handicapped person can lead a
useful and praiseworthy life. T h e vic­
tim of a physical handicap is praised
for his efforts; the victim of a psy-
chosexual handicap is condemned.
W h eth er or not something is moral
is determined by social opinion, pro­
mulgated by religion and confirmed by
law. W h a t is sexually immoral is that
which victimizes or works harm to an­
other, as rape, sexual offenses against
children, sometimes seduction. Certain
perverts, apart from their unorthodox
sexual orientation, are moral, with a
deep sense of social responsibility, con­
servatism, repression and frequently
sublimation. T w o homosexuals who
are faithful to each other and who lead
ЬаРРУ> healthy, quiet lives, are more
normal than the promiscuous hetero­
sexual man who contracts syphilis or
gonorrhea on the outside and then in­
fects his wife.
Character X is a bachelor of 59.
He is intelligent, responsible and
honest, a hard worker in a responsi­
ble position. He is an absolute ho­
mosexual, but leads a restricted sex
life; he has known but ten people
intimately in his life. He is unusu­
ally cautious and will probably live
out his life without any conflict
with the law.
Character N is a D octor of Sci­
ence whose social behavior is ex­
emplary, and whose only deviation
is from the moral code. He has,
however, a neurosis which drives
him to seek ever new partners, and
he is unable to establish any per­
sonal relations with anyone. He has
frequently been victimized. On one
occasion he picked up a man with
whom he performed fellatio. The
stranger threatened him and cx
torted money from him; a week
later he came to N ’s house, demand
ing protection, saying he had killed
a man. O n this occasion he cx
torted more money and some wear
ing apparel.
Character D is a professor ol
English Literature, 51 years old and
unmarried. He is a man of unini
peachable honesty and integrity, a
keen observer of human nature, re
spected by all who know him. lit
is a homosexual, preferring mutual
masturbation. Late at night he wan
ders the streets, looking for people
like himself. He has narrowly cx
caped being caught. He frequenh
Turkish baths to find sexual pail
ners. He describes one such visit,
covering two days, on which he had
homosexual experiences (fellatio)
with at least seven different men
T he Normal Pervert 455
Character W illiam К is described
and urged her to play with his pe­
by his daughter as one of the most
nis. These experiences produced so
highly respected men in his com­
much guilt in her that she had to
munity, with a wide circle of
stop them.
friends. He has never refused a
T he effect upon her emotional
favor for anyone who asked him;
development was such that she ex­
dozens of influential people feel
pected, with every man, to repeat
personally indebted to him. He has
the experience with her father. She
been a school teacher and princi­
was content if she could indulge in
pal; he is a leader and an influen­
sex play to the point of ejaculation
tial officer in the church. He is a
outside her vagina. She assumed her
living example of goodness, kind­
father’s role, refusing the penis,
ness, helpfulness and righteousness
keeping the vagina unentered, the
as far as the community is con­
hymen intact. There could be no
cerned. But his behavior at home
orgasm for her. A t sixteen she be­
presents a different picture. His
came aware of her frigidity. Her
daughter, now 51, states retrospec-
marriage, at seventeen, was unsuc­
tively, that at age 11 she was dis­
cessful; she returned home where
turbed because of his penis touch­
she regressed to an age younger
ing her when he was teaching her
than fifteen in an attempt to eradi­
to dance. He would parade around
cate the experience with her father.
Hie house in his underwear, clutch­
She has some reason to believe that
ing the front of it as if trying to
her two younger sisters had expe­
prevent exposure. A t night he uri­
riences with the father similar to
nated into a chamber pot beside his her own.
bed; his daughter overheard this
over many years and imagined she Student L is a top student in col­
was watching him; she had urina­ lege, where his behavior record is
tion fantasies during masturbation. irreproachable. He was arrested on
At 15, she was left alone with her a charge of exhibitionism. T he po­
hither for a week. T he father im­ lice claimed he was soliciting for
mediately began conversation on homosexual purposes, and through
sexual matters, under the guise of threats and intimidation he was
instructing her on the use of con­ made to sign a confession prepared
doms, describing how they should by the police, though he denied so­
н worn; this led to the exposure liciting, saying that he had only
ol Ins penis which he urged her to asked where he could find a girl. No
masturbate while he played with lawyer was allowed to appear for
her, manifesting intense enjoyment him until the confession was
I hat night he took her to his bed signed. After threats and false prom­
and performed intercourse with her, ises, he did not dare to try to de­
wearing a condom and carefully lete the false statement regarding
avoiding the breaking of the hy­ perversion.
men. T he girl, though fully enjoy­
Police the country over believe all
ing the experience, did not reach
exhibitionism to be for the purpose of
orgasm. T he performance was re­
solicitation, whereas most cases are not
lented nightly for a week. Even
for solicitation but for private pur­
after the mother’s return, he occa­
poses. Some men have exposed before
sionally cainc to his daughter’s bed
dozens of women with no effort at sq-
 The Normal Pervert
licitation; there is almost always con­
comitant masturbation. T h e majority
of these exhibitionists are sexually in­
competent; exhibitionism serves as a
vicarious outlet. Signed confessions of
those arrested on sexual charges are
usually invalidated by the circum­
stances. They are in a dazed and con­
fused state, unable to remember cor­
rectly; they do not voluntarily offer
confession and had they been think­
ing clearly would not have signed one.
Mary Jane was born and raised
in a small town. She showed no
traits overtly associated with neuro­
sis. Since the age of 15, she, appar­
ently for no specific reason, wished
to move to the city. She shied away
from boys, refused to wear high
heels, rouge or lipstick. Eventually
she went to the city and secured a
job. She had wanted to go to a large
city because she dimly recognized
she had homosexual traits which
would be less noticeable there. She
became a waitress so she could be
among many girls and move fre­
quently. She found a woman with
whom she could live as man and
wife. Her friend, however, was not
quite of her type; she had been dis­
figured by an accident and craved
affection. W h en , with plastic sur­
gery, her appearance improved and
her more normal side came back
she was less enthusiastic about con­
tinuing the affair with Mary Jane.
About that time, Mary Jane had
found another girl who was feeling
emotionally hungry and who fell
into her lap. A t 37, Mary Jane has
had innumerable affairs, two or
three at a time. She drops the girls
after they have served her needs.
One girl committed suicide, another
attempted suicide. She has a femi­
nine look, sweet manners, but is the
aggressive type of female homo­
T h e Normal Pervert 457
sexual, a vampire who bleeds her ifics which are offensive, though not ested only in bleeding their partners.
victims dry. necessarily harmful to others. The One man with a reputation for integ­
Beulah in appearance does not pervert can be as moral as anyone, rity and respectability gives a weekly
betray anything homosexual, but provided his specific paraphilia is not party to male guests. He gets his
her dress is rather masculine. She one which involves a harmful attitude guests drunk and assaults each one
always refused dates with boys, Inward others. Paedophilia and incest anally. Another man, shrewd and in­
never with girls. Since the age of in themselves involve immorality. The telligent, a devoted husband and fa­
three, she wanted to be a boy, she paraphiliac whose behavior is free ther, is a pluralist; he gives parties at
played with boys, tried to urinate as from public offense, promiscuity and which all sorts of pluralistic sexual acts
they did, and had phantasies of be­ harmful intent has a right to consider are carried out publicly. These types
ing a boy. She is quiet and not ac­ himself moral. are menaces whether they are para­
tive homosexually. She is too artless There are, of course, many homo- philiacs or if they commit like deeds
and naive to hold a partner. She '■I'xuals who are profligates and liber­ within the framework of heterosex­
feels entirely like a man, and the tines by any standard. Some are inter­ uality.
type of woman that appeals to her
is the type that appeals to any man,
in competition with whom she
stands but little chance.
Jessica Brown is conscious of ho­
mosexuality, but her main preoc­
cupation is an intense fear of rape.
She fears the instruments of doctors
and dentists; medicine, snakes,
pointed daggers. She is afraid of
open flesh or any dead thing. She
loathes rats, mice, is afraid of deatli.
Indications are that her homosexu­
ality constitutes a flight from incest. J
She has had several homosexual rc
lationships. She is idealistic, lonely,
unable to bear any routine job. She
is apparently an aggressive, domi
nating personality. In her sex reti
tionships she prefers the aggressive
roles. W ith o u t outlet for her sexual
energy she has become more and
more a victim of neurosis.
T o the extent that the pervert, as
here described, is moral, he is abfl
normal. His only departure from llu
normal is his specific paraphilia, which
is such an integral part of his person
ality that it is normal for him. In all
other respects he conforms to normal
standards and is more normal than
many other types of human beings.
T h e other paraphilias involve act iv*
23. INCIDENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

BEARING ON T HE PROBLEM OF

SEXUAL OFFENSES

Л. M E D IC O -L E G A L IN A D E Q U A C IE S

H. P E R V E R TS M U ST LIVE

SUMMARY

2 3 . Incidental Considerations
Bearing on the Problem
o f Sexual Offenses
A. M E D IC O -L E G A L IN A D E Q U A C IE S
i
T h ere is, I think, a slowly-increasing realization am ong b oth professional
lawyers and psychiatrists o f the w ide and regrettable gu lf betw een the con ­
cepts of law and psychiatry w ith respect to crim e and th e crim inal, and
particularly in that realm o f crim e represented by w h at w e broadly term
sexual offenses. L aw is arbitrarily concerned w ith crim e and punishm ent;
w ith w h a t the offender has done and th e penalty he m ust pay for having
done it. Psychiatry is concerned w ith th e question of why he did it, and
how he m ay be prevented from doing it again. L aw says th a t punishm ent
w ill prevent him from doing it again; b u t experience has dem onstrated
repeatedly that this idea is a sad fallacy, for w e know b y this tim e that a
large percentage o f crim inals w ill do it over and over and over again; that
punishm ent has no deterrent effect, b u t frequently on ly increases th e in­
tensity of the em otional reactions w h ich im pelled them tow ard crim e 111
the first place.
T h is is particularly true o f th e crim inal w hose offense against society is
o f a sexual character. W it h respect to this type of offender, th e law is
often singularly im practical, m aking b u t little distinction betw een offense s
w hich constitute an actual social m enace and those w h ich m erely represcnl
w hat w e m ay describe as a public nuisance. L e t us consider, for exam ple,
th e crim e com m on ly k now n as In d ecen t Exposure. T h e im portant and
practical factor is th e question o f th e type o f individual b efore w hom the
offender exposed him self. In th e case of indecent exposure before children,
w e have an actual social m enace, because of the poten tially dangerous ef­
fect of th e offense on the im m ature m ind. In the case o f in d ecent exposure
b efore an adult, how ever, w e have a public nuisance. T h ere is no poten-
460
Incidental Considerations Bearing on the Problem of Sexual Offenses 461
tial danger involved. M rs. G ru n d y knows w h at a m an ’s sex organs look
ike; and she should know , if she has any sense a t all, that any man w ho
chooses to exh ibit them on a street, in a park, or before an open w indow
is a victim of m ental aberration and belongs in a m ental hospital rather
than a jail. It is true that she m ay n o t like to be confronted w ith th e sight
of a m an ’s sexual organs in a pub lic place; that such an exhibition may
offend her sensibilities; b ut she suffers n o harm , nor is she in any danger
ol harm. She is a grown w om an w ho know s “ th e facts of life,” and she is
not going to be m en tally injured by such an exhibition, as a’ child m ight
be to w h om it represents som ething w hich the child does not understand
1 here should be a com plete separation o f cases o f Indecent E xposure into
those w h ic h u tiliz e c h ild ren as th e ir o b je c t a n d th o se w h ic h are c o n fin ed to
exhibition before adults. It is not w h at the m an does w hich is im portant,
but the poten tial effect of w h at he does on th e individual before w hom he
does it.
n
( <ases o f In d ecen t Exposure also represent one of th e com m onest exam ­
ples o f repeated sexual offenses for w hich punishm ent offers no solution
whatever. I am basing m y present observations on a survey o f over 200
cases o f sexual offenders adm itted to St. E lizabeths H ospital, a m ajority of
к in from prisons or jails w here they w ere serving sentences o f varying
duration. In one such case, th e patien t estim ates th at he has exposed him-
• abou t 300 tim es.” D oes anyone believe that a prison sentence w ill
J '.vc апУ ef^ect on such a case? W e are dealing w ith a com pelling, irresist­
ible urge w hich all the prisons betw een here and H ades can not rem edy,
и another case, the only com plainant was a policem an, and th e patient
was sent to jail for six m onths. W a s the policem an m en tally corrupted
in em otionally endangered by this m an’s infan tile exhibition? W e learn
h a I the patien t had been arrested once before on the same charge; and
h e w ould have been arrested m any tim es again if his m ental reaction in
|ail had n ot resulted m his being sent to the hospital. In still another
Juse, the patien t exposed his penis to a m ilkm an. W a s the m ilkm an men-
a \ corrupted or em otionally endangered? In still another case, there were
wo previous arrests for indecent exposure and one for voyeurism . In an-
"I ici there had been num erous previous arrests for exposure. T h e same
tiling is true in at least ten other cases w here there had been anyw here
и* one t0 eleven previous arrests for the same offense. N o man arrested
Mdozen tim es for th e same th in g is going to derive any benefit from being
f" ,ai1 for a Penod o f m onths or even years. N o r w ill society derive any
I" iiefit from such an abortive procedure. It m ay revenge itself upon the
in 1fortunate victim o f a com pellin g drive b u t it w ill not save itself from
liil 111 iplc repetitions o f his objectionable behavior. T h e only effective rem-
f'l у IS a psychiatric one, designed to eradicate the basic root o f the aber-
1 il mu responsible for the re p ea ted offense.
462 Incidental Considerations Bearing on the Problem of Sexual Offenses
in
W it h respect to V oyeu rism , w e have a situation com parable to th at in the
cases of In decen t Exposure. T h e voyeur does even less actual harm than
th e exhibitionist, for his activity is invariably carried out w ith secrecy.
W h e n his presence is detected b y his victim s, of course h e subjects them to
fright, for their first th o u gh t is that his intentions are predatory, w hich,
how ever, they rarely are. T h e same th in g applies to him as to the exhibi­
tionist w ith respect to the fu tility o f punishm ent. L ike the exhibitionist,
h e is th e victim of a com pelling, irresistible urge and no am ount of im ­
prisonm ent is going to effect any change in his psychological condition.
I recall a recent case o f a young m an w ho represented th e com plex com ­
bination of fetishism , voyeurism , transvestism , housebreaking (or unlaw ­
ful e n try ), and w h a t th e law called A ssault w ith A tte m p t to R ape. T his
individual first stole fem ale un derclothin g (usually from clotheslines,
e tc .); he then dressed him self in it, under his outer clothing, and would
thereafter proceed to som e vantage point from w hich he could w atch
w om en in the act of undressing. (In cid entally, w h y don t w om en undress­
ing pull down their shades?) H e next rem oved his outer clo th in g and, clad
only in the fem ale underwear, proceeded to enter houses, either through
an unlocked door or an open w indow , go to the w om en s bedroom s and
request them to allow him to have intercourse w ith them , apparently un­
der the impression that they should gladly and w illin gly accede to such a
suggestion. T h ere was no “ attem p t to rape,” nor any threat o f rape, legal
term inology to the contrary n otw ithstanding. U sually the w om en screamed
and he fled; he returned to th e place w here he had left his ow n clothes,
m asturbated in th e fem ale underwear, donned his outer clothing, and wen I
hom e. H ere is a case for psychiatric treatm ent if there ever was one. cl
this young m an was sent to prison, from w h ich he w ill probably emerge a
full-fledged hom osexual, unless— w hich is m ost un likely— that particular
prison possesses psychiatric facilities for treating his com plex neurosis. I lie,
m an was a sexual offender; perhaps a poten tially dangerous individual;
certainly n ot a person w ho should b e allow ed at large; b u t n o t a criminal
in any true and practical sense o f the w ord, except in th e eyes o f a shoi I
sighted, ignorant and holier-than-thou judicial view.
IV
W h e n w e com e to consider Sodom y, w hich is the legal nam e for hom osex­
uality, the law is archaic and goes back alm ost to D eu teronom y. In I lie
ligh t o f psychiatric know ledge of the past forty years, it seems to embody
little else than ecclesiastical fury. T h e m odernly orientated psychiatrist
can see no reason w h y any law should prohibit any tw o ad u lt persons fiom
engaging in any form of sexual activity in private and by m utual consent
T h e recent furor over hom osexuality was baseless, stupid, political, and
productive o f n oth in g excep t glorious encouragem ent of blackm ail, whii h.
Incidental Considerations Bearing on the Problem of Sexual Offenses 463
in the light o f abstract m orality, is th e worst and m ost contem ptible o f all
possible crimes.
' Ih e penal codes o f th e various States present the m ost absurd discrep­
ancy w ith respect to th e penalties for Sodom y. T h e sentences vary all the
way from thirty days to life, the m ost prevalent sentence being for a m axi­
mum of ten years, some for fifteen, some for tw enty, one for thirty and
one for sixty. T h e m inim um sentence is one to five years, except in the
case o f one State where it is from thirty days to tw o years. In one State, the
crime carries a m andatory sentence o f life im prisonm ent, and in another
il is from five years to life.
v
I lie m ost dangerous form of sexual psychopathy is represented by P aedo­
philia. H ere w e find th e greatest variety o f charges. W e can not be sure that
all o f these are accurate transcriptions of the exact legal charge. W e find
am ong them the follow ing: Perverted Assault on L ittle G irl ( W h y not
< -arnal K n ow led ge?). In one case w e find the charge, “ F eelin g a W o m a n ’s
I ,cg W h ile A tten d in g a M o vie,” but discover th at the patien t was actually
arrested for m utual fon dlin g w ith a girl in a theater. A n d so on and so
mi: Indecent Assault; T a k in g Im m oral, Im proper and In decen t Liber-
lics; M o lestin g a 12-Year-O ld G irl on a Bus, etc. R eadin g these confused
i barges, w e can only conclude that the law is w oefully lacking in clarity
and system w ith respect to the various types of sexual offenses, particu-
Ially those w h ich involve children.
VI
In very few o f these sexual cases do w e find a com bination of sexual psy-
' liopathy and predatory psychopathy. In one o f m y cases w here the charge
was Assault w ith In ten t to R o b, I found a history o f hom osexuality devel-
npccl in prison, b u t no m ention of any previous sexual offense. In one case
I h r individual was charged w ith R ape and R obbery, and it appears that
lliis man first robbed his victim s and then raped them . (In cid entally, he
had Cerebral Syphilis.) In still another case the individual was charged
" dh fa ls e Pretenses, and his repeated offenses involved th e passing of bad
• hecks; b u t it was found that his predatory activities w ere carried on in
imlcr to finance hom osexual pursuits. H ow ever, there is no record of his
ia 1 1 having been arrested for a sexual offense. In one case w here th e crim e
ft described as C arn al K now ledge, the patien t has a record of previous ar-
II .Is lor petty larceny. In one case o f Indecent E xposure there is a record
С 'm any previous arrests for larceny.” In one case of R ape, there is also
I he charge o f R obb ery and H ousebreaking. T h e patien t entered a build-
1111: through a w indow , raped a w om an w ho was em ployed there, and
nhilc her pocketbook. H ere are only a few cases out of more than 200
which com bine predatory psychopathy w ith sexual psychopathy. O n e m ay
и perhaps that the W h ite Slavery cases involve predatory psychopathy in

Incidental Considerations Bearing on the Problem of Sexual Offenses
a certain sense, for there th e offender forces a w om an into prostitution
for financial reasons, b u t this is an indirect form of predatory^activity,
differing in character from outright th eft, robbery or em bezzlem ent.
VII
T h e law takes little cogn izan ce of m ental disorder unless it is so obvious
th at even a b lin d m an can see it. If a m an writes obscene letters because
“ th e voices” told him to, as one o f these patients did and tha fa ct comes
to th e atten tion of th e C o u rt, the probability is th a t h e w ill be:sentM o я
m en tal hospital rather than to prison W h e n a m an hasi a P Iniidam ental problem . F rom a psychiatric point o f view , there is no m ore
ous incarceration in a m en tal hospital, the chances are that, if thisM act
know n , he w ill b e sent to another rather than to prison. I f a n ‘ C(” ; I here is for sending him to prison for tuberculosis. In b o th cases the man
a m urder at th e com m and o f G o d or th e V irg in M a ry or th e ™ y G h o s t
th e likelihood is th at he w ill b e recognized as a m en tal case. B b cre are a
great m any form s of m ental disorder w hich do n ot ever com e to th e at
tention o f the law , or w hich , if they do com e to its atten tion , are^ enera у
disregarded. In one of these cases, th e patien t was sent to th c pem ten t y
for fifteen years on a charge of murder; and h e was an epileptic T h a t fact
should have been discovered before h e was sentenced. E pilepsy is a pro
fou n d m ental disorder and in som e cases the epffeptic com m its^m urde
during an attack. E ven betw een attacks, he is still an epile ptic - N o such
m an should be convicted o f m urder; h e is clearly a case ror a m ental
StitIUlm n otin possession o f statistical data; how ever in th e l i g h l . o f _my
experience the num ber sent to a m en tal institution is m uch sm aller than
it should be. Som e o f these patients were suffering from cerebral artenoj
sclerosis; som e of them w ere suffering from cerebral syphilis som e f
encephalitis. W h a t measures, if any, were taken to discover these fac s к
fore T h e y w ere hustled off to prison for a sexual offense? C ertain ly they w e ,с
a social m enace; certainly they should have b een taken ou t of circulation
b u t their cases called for hospital treatm ent, and n o t for im pnsonm
In the field of sexual offenses particularly, th e law appears to
position th a t a m an com m its an objectionable act out о pure cussc: ,
or depravity. B u t th e average m an is n o t an exam ple of
and h e is n ot depraved. T h e average m an does n ot expose him se p
lie- h e does n o t go around peeping in w indow s m th e hope of seeing
w om en undressing; he does n ot com m it rape; h e does n ot have
relations w ith his m oth er or his sister or his niece; h e does n ot select
dren M objects of sexual attraction. T o th e psych,atnst * 1Г
obvious th a t the m en w ho do such thm gs are m enta ly a b n o rm a l th a t t .
suffer from long-standing em otional m alad]ustm ents, th a t у 1
sentative of w h at psychiatry calls the paraphilias; and th a t sending i
prison is the w rong th in g to do, b oth from a m oral and a practical stand
point E very one of them com es out of prison as b ad as lie w en t in, 1 J f l
worse, except in the com paratively few cases w here the prison is equipped
Incidental Considerations Bearing on the Problem of Sexual Offenses 465
lo offer psychotherapeutic treatm ent— and how m any prisons are so
equipped? T h e law , w hich offers as an excuse for its attitud e th e protec­
tion of society, fails to accom plish th e very th in g w ith w hich it professes
10 be m ost concerned; for society is not protected, except tem porarily, so
long as the sexual offender carries w ithin h im self th e same em otional re­
ad ions th a t were the cause of his arrest and w hich, upon his release, w ill
continue to operate precisely as they did before. T h e sexual offender m ust
cither be sent to prison for life or he m ust be placed in an institution w here
11is warped em otional pattern can b e corrected b y psychiatric means. A
prison sentence of so m any m onths or so m any years does n o t solve the
sense in sending a m an to prison for exhibitionism or voyeurism than
c; sick, and one is just as sick as the other.
VIII
I )l the cases covered b y this survey, forty-six have a record o f previous ar-
icsls, of w hich num ber forty-three were for sexual offenses. T h e num ber of
pluvious arrests ranges from one to tw elve. O ccasion ally it is m erely stated
that there have been “ repeated arrests” or “ m any arrests.” In a few cases
I lu re were previous arrests for both sexual and nonsexual offenses. T h ese
figures sim ply support and confirm th e conten tion th a t th e paraphiliac
pattern is repetitive, and that repeated sentences for the sam e type o f of-
Iciise accom plish n oth in g beyond the rem oval o f the individual from cir-
1 illation for a lim ited tim e, and th at as soon as he is released the pattern
1. resumed. W h a t is needed is to break the pattern. Im prisonm ent w ill n ot
do it.
The statistics derived from those cases w hich involve paedophilia (sex­
ual interest in children) are generally confusing. W e find, naturally, that
м \11al offenses against girls are far m ore num erous than those against
Itoys, because heterosexual interest prevails am ong m en, w h ile hom osex­
ual interest is the exception. T h e re are fifty-nine cases involving sexual
iillenses of various kinds against children of varying ages. T h e ages o f th e
' и I inis range from five to seventeen. Forty-four cases involve girls; twelve
involve boys; and three involve b oth boys and girls. T h e recorded charges
Iuelude: incest, rape, attem pted rape, carnal know ledge, attem pted carnal
I imwlcdge, assault w ith inten t to com m it carnal know ledge, assault w ith
« 1
11111’111 to com m it sodom y, indecent assault, sodomy, attem pted sodom y, in-
1
deeent exposure, con trib utin g to the delinquency o f a m inor, m olesting
Illinois, im proper advances, m ailing obscene letters, soliciting for lew d
purposes, and violation o f th e M a n n A c t. T h ere are in addition a small
number of cases in w hich th e data m erely describes w h at the patien t did
,11.1 docs n ot record the actual charge placed against him . T h is great variety
■■I charges is bew ildering, and there arc som e cases in w hich th e descrip-
llon ol the offense does not appear to be in accordance with the descrip­
 Incidental Considerations Bearing on the Problem of Sexual Offenses 467
466 Incidental Considerations Bearing on the Problem of Sexual Offenses
proponents o f this argum ent do n ot seem to realize that they are placin g a
tion o f the charge. T h e psychiatrist does n ot pretend to understand law,
prem ium on blackm ail— th e m ost despicable o f all activities— and are de­
b u t he cannot but feel, particularly w ith respect to these offenses involving
liberately in vitin g every unscrupulous policem an (and there are m any
children, that there should be a sim pler and m ore com prehensive category
such, I understand) and every vin d ictive and sadistic individual w ith a
of charges covering such offenses, 1 о him , the im portant thin g is th e po­
grudge, to engage in th e very a ctivity they are claim ing as the basis for
tential effect upon a child o f prem ature and ugly sexual stim ulation and
their discrim ination against hom osexuality. T h e easiest w ay to prevent the
initiation. H e is n ot prim arily interested in the precise form it took 01
blackm ailing o f hom osexuals is to recognize hom osexuality as a fact and
exactly w hat the offender did or tried to do. A n y sexual approach to a
lo rem ove the unreasonable laws w hich discrim inate against it— laws w hich
child constitutes a social m enace, w hether it b e th a t of indecent expo­
have created far m ore m ischief than they started out to eradicate. If a
sure, an a ttem p t to com m it carnal know ledge, the actual com m ission of
homosexual is a bad security risk because he is susceptible to blackm ail,
carnal know ledge, or rape or sodom y. H e know s only th a t children should
Ihat is th e result of an anom alous legal situation w hich plays into the hands
be free from sexual approaches by adults. In so far as he is concerned, at­
nl blackm ailers (in clud in g the p o lic e ). H om osexual relations betw een
tem pted rape is as bad as rape; attem pted carnal know ledge is as bad as
adults should n ot be classified as crim inal, and it should be im possible to
carnal know ledge; assault w ith inten t to com m it sodom y is as bad as the
blackm ail such persons. It m ust further be born e in m ind th a t those be­
actual com m ission o f sodom y. T o him , the law seems to b e im practical
ing discharged now are th e ones on w hom there is a record, and th e re­
in its concern w ith th e precise m odus operandi o f the individual w ho takes
m aining are those w hose record is clear. B u t it is precisely th e form er w ho
sexual liberties w ith a child, rather than w ith th e fact th a t a sexual liberty
could be easily controlled, w h ile th e latter w ould b e m ost susceptible to
of any kind was taken. H e can not see where this infinite variety of charges
approach.
is necessary, or w hat useful purpose it serves.
'I'lie term “ hom osexual” in any social sense is m eaningless, for there is
as great a variety o f hom osexual persons as there is o f heterosexual per­
B. P E R V E R T S M U ST LIVE sons. In com m on w ith m ost other conditions w h ich represent a departure
i from the so-called norm al (actually there is no such th in g as “ norm al” ; it
is merely a synonym for “ socially acceptable” ), hom osexuality is like a lon g
T h a t a hom osexual is n ot a “ pervert b u t the victim o f a constitutional
ribbon w hich is jet b lack at one end and pure w hite at the other, w hile in
or psychological developm ent w hich gives h im a sexual orientation that
between there m ay be found every im aginable variety of shade or tint.
is different from the established social pattern, has been a m atter of scien­
T h ere is as m uch divergence and variety am ong hom osexuals as there is
tific and clinical know ledge for m any years, b u t such know ledge has not
am ong politicians, or w orkingm en. T h e estim ate, as given b y H irschfeld,
affected th e popular view w h ich is guided m ore by unreasoning em otions
that hom osexuals constitute five per cent o f the population, is at best
than b y rational thinking. From a scientific point o f view , there is very
only a broad approxim ation. M id w ay betw een the hom osexual and the
little w hich differentiates a hom osexual from any other individual except
heterosexual, there is a large group of m en and w om en w hose sexual ad­
his peculiar sexual orientation. H e m ay be a wise and cultivated gentle­
justment, though techn ically heterosexual, is basically hom osexual. Such
m an or he m ay be a fool, just as any heterosexual m ay be either one. l i e
unconscious hom osexual adjustm ents are m uch greater in extent than
m ay be a voluptuary or he m ay be a saint, just as any heterosexual m ay be
open hom osexuality and pervades our life to a m uch greater extent than
either one. H e m ay b e the highest representative of honesty and integrity
is com m on ly appreciated.
or he m ay b e a crook, just as any heterosexual m ay b e either one. Strength
Because o f th e great com plexity o f th e problem in any consideration of
o f character can not be totally determ ined b y th e existence o f a sexual
hom osexuality it is, therefore, necessary to know th e type o f hom osexual
aberration. T h e fact th a t an individual is hom osexual does n o t o f itscll
under discussion. T h e re are, o f course, m any hom osexuals o f a certain
invest him w ith any other specific character traits.
Ivpc, w ho, how ever un fortunate they m ay be, are objectionable individuals
T h e position recently taken b y certain vociferous gentlem en, and echoed
bci a use o f their flagrant prom iscuity, their shallow silliness, and their gen-
b y the m any newspapers, th a t hom osexuals represent a serious threat
1 oil tendency to m ake a public nuisance o f them selves. B u t this type can-
to national security, can only be applicable to a very small percentage of
111 it possibly constitute a m enace to G overn m en t security because none
such persons w ho occupy positions in w h ich they have access to secret in­
nl t hem has brains enough to hold a responsible position. T o designate this
form ation of a definitely diplom atic character. It can not possibly apply Iо
Ivpc of hom osexual as a “ bad security risk” is n ot reasonable, because in
th e average governm ent em ployee engaged in routine w ork th a t has no
in h a case, there is n oth in g to risk. Such a type o f hom osexual cannot
relation to policy-m aking issues. T h e crux of the argum ent revolves
possibly occupy a position in w hich he becom es a depository o f state se­
around the “ particular susceptibility of hom osexuals to blackm ail.” I lie
468 Incidental Considerations Bearing on the Problem of Sexual Offenses
crets. T h e sober, quiet type o f hom osexual, on th e oth er hand, is rarely
found in such a position because he lacks the aggression necessary to push
him self into one. T h e type o f hom osexual w ho is capable o f b ecom ing a
bad security risk, because of his accessibility to h igh ly confidential and se­
cret inform ation, is a rare and unusual figure. T h ere can b e very few such
persons in such sensitive positions in the G overn m en t service. W it h respect
to those few — and w ith respect to them only— there is, in the face of the ex­
isting social and legal situation, some basis in fact for th e fears voiced by
these hysterical agitators b u t the danger ends there. T h e excited and con ­
fused gentlem en w h o m aintain th at hom osexuals should n ot be G overn ­
m en t em ployees at all, cannot possibly base this conten tion on the theory
th a t they m ay be poor security risks in an agency dedicated to safeguarding
n ational security. T h e y have strayed far from th e original issue, viz., the
prevention of espionage activities. W h a t security risk is involved, for
exam ple, at th e Library of Congress w here all th e inform ation is available
to th e public anyw ay. A n d there are num erous other agencies w hich have
little or no connection w ith m atters affecting national security. T h e idea of
declaring all hom osexuals persona non grata in all G overn m en t agencies
is predicated on prejudice, and on prejudice only. It w ould b e just as
logical to exclude from Federal em ploym ent all N egroes, all Jews, or all
persons w ith red hair.
A m an w ho is hom osexual (n o th in g seems to have been said about
w om en w ho are hom osexual) is hardly m ore susceptible to blackm ail than
one w ho is prom iscuously heterosexual. A m an w ho is a typical D o n Juan
and w ho is rom antically an d /or sexually involved w ith first one wom an
and then another, m ay b ecom e as bad a security risk as any hom osexual.
11
T h is w hole problem has b ecom e hopelessly confused w ith social preju­
dices that have little or no relation to scientific facts. E very hum an being
is bisexual. T h e re is som e hom osexuality in every so-called norm al m a n -
just as there is some potential sadism, exhibitionism , voyeurism , or other
paraphiliac (perversive) m anifestation. Students o f sex psychology have
long accepted the view th at during adolescence all o f us go through a
hom osexual stage o f d evelopm ent and there are m any youths w ho have
had a few hom osexual experiences here and there, yet later developed
into perfectly healthy, norm al, m en and w om en. Because of such experi­
ences, it is quite possible for any so-called norm al m an to regress to 11
hom osexual level under certain conditions. T h ere is no positive guarantee
against the developm ent of hom osexuality in any hum an being, just as
there is no positive guarantee against the developm ent o f any other form
of m ental or em otional disturbance.
T h e repeated linking o f hom osexuality w ith com m unism is an absurd­
ity. T h e average hom osexual is far less likely to develop com m unistic ideas
than an individual o f som e other type. T h e silly, shallow , hom osexual is
Incidental Considerations Bearing on the Problem of Sexual Offenses 469
not interested in politics o f any description. T h e intelligent, serious-
m inded hom osexual is usually an introvert w ith m ore or less artistic in­
clinations o f one sort or another, and possesses com paratively little po­
litical interest. Indeed, if h e is p o litically active, h e is far m ore likely to
be a conservative, in order to com pensate for the single un con ventional
and nonconform ist aspect o f his personality m ake-up represented b y his
unorthodox sexual outlook.
I fom osexuality is a condition for w hich th e individual is no m ore re­
sponsible than he w ould b e for tuberculosis or high blood pressure. It is
sometimes responsive to psychotherapeutic treatm ent especially if there is
an earnest and sincere desire to overcom e it. A ll too often, it is so deeply
rooted in th e individual’s developm ent that treatm en t should have begun
much earlier, for b y early adulthood, little m ore can be done than to amel-
iorate or m odify the existing pattern. U n til such tim e as science can eradi-
calc or cure hom osexuality in th e hum an anim al, excited and ignorant
1I1 m agogues should not be perm itted to launch any such w holesale perse-
cution o f hom osexuals as they contem plate doing at the present tim e. T h e y
have inaugurated a w itch-hunt w hich is rem iniscent of O ld Salem . T h en , in
ignorance o f natural law and inspired by leaders o f a sadistic and diabolical
и ligion, the popu lation hunted “ w itches” ; now , in ignorance o f natural
uni psychological law, and inspired b y leaders w hose m otives are open
In question, they propose to h u n t “ perverts.”
If they persist in their present policy, th e afterm ath w ill be an incal-
1 ulnble increase in hum an misery, including an increasing w ave o f sui­
cides. A m an w ho has given the best years o f his life to C iv il Service can not
readily secure oth er em p loym ent after b eing ignom iniously dismissed be-
' 11use his tem peram ent does not conform to the standards o f the B abbitts.
I Ic can on ly echo Shylock:
“ N ay, take m y life and all; pardon not that;
Y o u take m y house w hen you do take the prop
T h a t doth sustain m y house; you take m y life,
W h e n you do take the m eans w hereby I live.”
If the p olicy recently inaugurated is follow ed through to its logical con-
1 lusion, it m ay be confidently predicted th at th e newspapers for th e next
У a 1 or so w ill have a fine crop o f stories o f “ m ysterious” suicides w ith
и liicli to entertain their readers. T h ere m ay be murders too.
But if the so h oly and selfrighteous and fanatical “ patriotic” leaders
(whose holiness and righteousness w e question, b u t w hose fanaticism is
Ianly obvious) w ant to “ go the w hole h og ,” w hy n ot revert to m edieval
Iиa< Iices and revive th e auto da fe? T h e y m ight have all the hom osexuals
1'itblicly burned at th e stake on Pennsylvania A venue; or they can borrow
mme ideas from H itler and Stalin and create som e nice concentration
rumps to w hich these offensive individuals can b e sent to be beaten to
'tenth by their holy, righteous and fanatical heterosexual betters. Perhaps
470 Incidental Considerations Bearing on the Problem of Sexual Offenses Incidental Considerations Bearing on the Problem of Sexual Offenses 471
that w ould he m ore in keeping w ith the enlightened state of our present
sadistic hatred. C ath olics hunted Protestants, or Protestants hun ted C a th o ­
“ civilization.” Social discrim ination against hom osexuals is no different lics, according to th e ecclesiastical persuasion o f th e ruling power. Presby-
from social discrim ination against N egroes and Jews; is no different from
Iciians, Anabaptists, Arians, Quakers, to say n oth in g of the Jews, were
th e discrim ination exercised b y a com m unity w hich is preponderantly rep
all, at one tim e or another, the chosen targets for ecclesiastical fury.
resentative o f one religious sect against th e m em bers of other religious
W itch es,” as such, were hunted in E urop e long before they were heard o f
sects. It is a lam entable h abit o f the hum an race to discrim inate againsl
in Am erica, being conspicuously associated in E ngland w ith th e zeal o f the
any m inority, w hether th a t m inority represents race, color, religion or
I m itans under the C om m on w ealth ; b u t Salem , as everybody know s, m ade
sexual orientation. It is this sort o f discrim ination w hich certain am end­
up for lost tim e, once it got started. N ow adays w e do not believe in witches,
m ents to the C on stitu tion w ere calculated to forestall and offset. H o w far lad w e still thoroughly en joy h u n tin g them in th e person o f w hatever
they have succeeded in doing so m ay be open to question. m inority group can be m ade the subject o f hysterical prejudice and m ob
Iisychology.
h i
In th e early days o f V irg in ia, w h ile it w asn’t q u ite as bad to be a Q uaker
T h ere have been hom osexuals w h om th e w orld today honors, although it
ns it was in M assachusetts to be a “ w itch ,” it was cause for the strongest
doesn’t usually m ention their hom osexuality. T ch aikovsky was a hom osex­
discrim ination and persecution; and in N ew Y o rk , around th e same
ual, as all o f his later biographers adm it; M ich aelan gelo was a hom osex­
lime, any C a th o lic was subject to sim ilar treatm ent. T h e passing o f tim e
ual, and so was Leon ardo da V in c i. Julius C aesar had a hom osexual phase
In ings changes in m ethod, b ut n ot in principle; and intolerance and ha-
in early life; C h ristopher M arlo w e and W illia m Shakespeare have both
licd are as ram pant tod ay in the hum an anim al as they have ever been.
been m entioned m ore than once in a hom osexual conn ection . O scar W ild e
New sets o f circum stances are created, or disproportionately exaggerated,
was hom osexual, as everybody know s. N o on e can read the work o f W a ll
In bring into operation th e sam e hysterical reaction that prevailed in
W h itm a n w ith ou t realizing th at h e was at least bisexual, although his exact
past tim es and in com m unities w hich w e n ow call “ ignorant.”
status is a m atter of dispute am ong his m any biographers. M arcel Prousl
Since this is so universal a reaction, it must, presum ably, have quite uni­
was presum ably hom osexual, w h ile A n d re G id e is ad m itted ly so. Paul
versal psychological reasons behind it. It is in th e nature o f hum an instincts
V erla in e was un doubtedly hom osexual. A n d th e list could b e extended to
Ilia I they never reach com plete realization. T h u s, the hum an being, forever
th e po in t o f b ecom ing tiresome. I" a I w ith unsatisfied cravings and em otions and an un endin g chain o f
T h e y are neither m oral weaklings nor degenerates. T h ere was nothing
I lustrations w hich give him no rest, is prodded on and on to seek further
w eak or degenerate abou t Frederick th e G reat, as courageous a warrioi as
H lease and gratification. T o be properly discharged, an em otion m ust at-
there ever was, and b etter than a m atch for R ichard the Lion-H earted.
laeli itself to som e ob ject through w hich it eventually obtains release. A n
H e was additionally a highly cultured m an, as m uch interested in th e |><1
emotion th a t has n ot been able to attach itself to th e proper object is
litical adm inistration as h e was in science, philosophy and culture.
spoken o f as free-floating and remains thus free-floating un til it has prop­
H om osexuality has existed in all ages, in all countries, and in all civili­
e ls discharged itself. A free-floating em otion creates in th e individual a
zations. E veryone know s that “ the glory th at was G reece was intim ately
■I.ilc of tension and anxiety. A youn g m an w aiting for a date, his heart
associated w ith hom osexuality w h ich had social recognition. T h e w hy and
и .11ing fast, is tem porarily beset b y free-floating anxiety, w hich anxiety
w herefore o f hom osexuality still remains an unanswered question. I lie
' s presses a state o f restlessness and dissatisfaction, th e same anxiety disap­
answer, w hen found, w ill probably be m u ltiple rather than single. W h e th er pearing as th e ob ject of his interest shows up.
hom osexuality is an inevitable factor in h um an life or w hether it can out
I lostihty is an em otion that is experienced b y every hum an being, vir­
day be eradicated, rem ains to b e seen. B u t th e present hysteria on til#
ion Ily from th e day o f his birth un til his death. O u r culture, any culture,
subject is w h olly disproportionate to the issue w hich is alleged to have 00
provides num erous ways w hich help to discharge or otherwise dispose o f
casioned it, and is suggestive of n oth in g so m uch as an orgy o f intolerant
H" accum ulated tension, frustrations, anxieties and hostilities. W ith a l,
and sadistic hatred w hich is closely allied to th e m echanism s associated
IS a lar§e residuum left th a t has n ot been sublim ated or disposed o f
w ith paranoia. md which, pressing for release, allows itself to be discharged on any sit-
T h e w itch-hunt is as old as th e history of hate. T h e early Christians
11 111011 that represents a danger or a threat. In th e m anner o f anxiety, hos­
under the R om an Em perors were its victim s, and after C hristian ity he
tility, too, m ay be free-floating if it has n ot found an op portun ity to'd is-
cam e far m ore pow erful than C hristian , it proceeded to repeat the perforin* 1 lunge itself 011 an ob ject o f hate.
ance w ith its fanatical persecution o f each sect or group that represented
II is on this basis o f free-floating hostility th at one m ay explain the readi­
a m inority opinion and could b e m ade an excuse for the discharge of
ness with w hich hum an beings plunge into situations th a t provide oppor-

472 Ы сШ п Ы С о ш Ш Ш о п В » , mg
tu m l, f a th e discharge o f fheir hostility and if ^
the object is the same as origm a у m
fK c-« „a ,in g b ori.lU y
carry on daily m their liv , p a aainst particular
each other. It explains th e reaet.cn o f s o e a
individuals w ho happen to
Г п Г е Ь п ^ е п the cause o f
S u l i r U ^ r J i t l T h r Z e s
readiness for war.
In th e m anner of th e jailer w ho asked S t P au l (A cts 10.3
o ffe n d e r asks: “ W h a t shall I do to b e saved?
S U M M A R Y
A. M E D IC O -L E G A L IN A D E Q U A C I E S
A w ide gulf exists betw een the con­
cepts of law and psychiatry m regard
to sexual offenses. T h e law fails to
distinguish betw een public nuisances
and actual social menaces. In decen t
exposure before children is a socia
m enace; before adults it is only a nui-
Sa P u nishm en t offers no solution for
indecent exposure. A p atien t w ho has
exposed h im self three hundred tim es
w ill n o t b e deterred b y prison sen­
tence, nor w ill society benefit, t h e
voyeur is the victim of an irresistible
urge w hich prison cann ot change. 1 he
only effective rem edy is a psychother­
apeutic one.
Sentences for sodom y vary from
thirty days to life. O pin ions have also
b een varied. W h y should any law pro­
h ib it tw o adult persons from engag­
ing in any form of sexual activity pri­
vately and by m utual consent?
Sexual psychopathy and predatory
psychopathy rarely go together. In few
cases is there a com bin ation of sexual
of S « « « l O f f » »
h h beings
th a t m en d o ,0
a g g r e s s , o r ^
^ H atficlds and M c C o y s tvhose chil-
im m em orial. I . also explains on,
,. 16 :2 0 ), th e sexual
p sychopathy and predatory psychopa-
ЛУМ ап у forms of m ental disorder
never com e to the attention of the
law . Individuals suffering from epi­
lepsy, cerebral arteriosclerosis, cerebral
syphilis, encephalitis should n ot be
sentenced to prison, b u t to hospitals.
T h e law takes the view th at a man
com m its sexual offenses from deprav­
ity or pure cussedness. B u t the aver
age m an is n o t cussed nor depraved,
nor does h e com m it sexual offenses.
T h e m en w ho do are m entally abnm
mal, suffering from long-standing
m aladjustm ents. T h e y com e out 0
prison as b ad as they w en t in, •»<
worse. T h e paraphiliac pattern is re­
petitive; repeated sentences remove
the individual from society only for a
lim ited tim e. T h e y should either la-
im prisoned for life, or placed whcie
the w arped em otional pattern can he
corrected.
Paedophilia is represented b y a va­
riety of charges, including rape, m c c i«
attem pted rape, carnal knowledge. In
decent assault, sodom y, contributing
Incidental Considerations Bearing on the Problem of Sexual Offenses
to the delinquency o f minors, m olest­
ing m inors, im proper advances, etc.
etc. T h e re should he a simpler, com ­
prehensive category o f such charges.
T h e im portant thin g is the potential
effect upon the child, not the precise
form the activity took. A n y sexual ap­
proach to a child constitutes a social
m enace.
B. PERVERTS M UST L IV E
I rom the scientific p oin t o f view, only
Ilie peculiar sexual orientation differ­
entiates a hom osexual from any other
individual. H om osexuality does not of
itself invest him w ith other undesir­
able character traits.
T h e position th at hom osexuals rep­
resent a threat to national security can­
not apply to the average clerk in gov­
ernm ent or private industry, but
places a prem ium on blackm ail. T h e
best way to prevent the blackm ailing
of hom osexuals is to recognize h o ­
mosexuality as a fact and rem ove the
laws discrim inating against it.
I'here is as great a variety o f hom o­
sexual persons as o f heterosexual.
Many, objectionable because of prom ­
iscuity, do n ot have brains enough to
hold responsible positions. T h e type
w hich can b e a security risk is a rare
figure. T h e idea of keeping hom osex­
uals out of em ploym ent is based on
prejudice. T h e re is some hom osexual­
ity in every norm al m an. T h e linking
o f hom osexuality w ith com m unism is
absurd. T h e silly, shallow hom osexual
is n ot interested in politics; the seri­
ous in telligent hom osexual is artistic
and has little p olitical interest; if po­
litically active, he is likely to b e con­
servative to com pensate for his sexual
unconventionality.
T h e individual is n o t responsible
for hom osexuality. H om osexuality is
som etim es responsive to psychother­
apy, if the latter is earnestly desired,
b u t often m ay be too deep-rooted to
be eradicated. U n til it can be eradi­
cated or cured, no w holesale persecu­
tion of hom osexuals should be per­
m itted.
M a n y great m en have been hom o­
sexuals. H om osexuality has existed in
all ages, all countries. T h e w hy and
wherefore is an unanswered question.
T h e present hysteria is disproportion­
ate to the issue, an orgy of intolerant
and sadistic hatred, a means o f releas­
ing free-floating hostihty.
 7 4. THE PROBLEM OF THE SEX UAL

P S Y C H O P A T H : A F O R M U L A T I O N

IN T R O D U C T IO N
477
A. THE N O S O L O G IC A L PO SITIO N OF
SEX U AL P SY C H O P A T H Y W IT H IN
THE F R A M E W O R K OF N EU RO SIS 478
1. M ean in g o f the Paraphiliac Neuroses
479
2. Sexual Psychopathy in R elation to Paraphilias 480
3. R elation o f Specific Paraphilias to E ach O th e r 482
4. Paraphilias and P sychopathy 482

It. CH IEF C H A R A C T E R IS T IC S OF SEXUAL

P SY C H O P A T H Y 483
1. Irresistible C haracter o f Paraphiliac Offenses 483
2. Sexual Psychopathy and N onsexual Crim es 484
3. D istribution
485
4. R elation to N orm al Sex L ife 485

< E T IO L O G Y
485

l>. T R E A T M E N T
486
1. Legal Approach
486
2. Psychiatric A pproach
488

I PR O PH YLAX IS 488
I C O N C L U SIO N S
. 49 °
476 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation

G. D ISC U SSIO N (3 G roups)

SUMMARY

2 4 . The Problem o f the Sexual

Psychopath: A Form ulation

IN T R O D U C T IO N

I lie general p u b lic has b u t a vague idea o f w hat a sexual crim inal is It
' illls him a sex m aniac, thinks he is som e terrible m onster, and is afraid of
IIim. Q uestioned directly, wom en m ention rape and perhaps exhibition ­
ism or assaults, especially on children. T h e public is likely to regard sim-
II I m olestation as o f such little m om ent th a t in m ost cases it is n ot even
Irported. It accepts prostitution as an inescapable evil, shrugs in disgust
il cases o f hom osexuality or perversion, and expresses profound disgust
mi learning o f m asturbation in public. T h e physician’s attitud e is hardly
lliorc enlightened. H e treats the pervert (paraphiliac) w ith contem pt and
peaks of him as a degenerate, though the term carries a conn otation o f
moral opprobrium th at has no place in m edical work. (T h e term para-
pbiliac is scientifically more correct and is more objective as w ell.)
I lie public has little idea o f the m eaning or frequency o f sexual crimes
m "I their relation to the problem o f crim e in general. A s a rule, people
Mlc indifferent to the problem . H ow ever, let som e particularly revolting
"'viiiil crim e take place, as rape follow ed by great abuse or murder, and
H"' whole com m u nity becom es aroused, newspapers are filled w ith grue-
c,ctails> and tlie news o f a sex crim e wave spreads. A few sex offend-
m conveniently appear and are given heavier than usual sentences; the
police redouble their energy in apprehending sexual offenders; the pub lic
Mltil is appeased for a w hile, and th e “ w ave” dies out. A ctu a lly it is
• •hi hi Inl w hether there has ever been a real sex crim e w ave except, per-
• T • (hiring and shortly after a war, w hich generally favors a certain de-
10 c of moral looseness. It is also doub tful that the claim th at sex crimes
но 011 the increase can be substantiated by valid statistical reports. T h e y
mo im leased solely because of an increase in population b u t are n ot
pioportionately m ore num erous.
I..IWS a ic not clear as to the specific definition o f sexual crimes. Sexual
11 lliat m ay be regarded as a felony and a crim e in one jurisdiction
I» not considered even a m isdem eanor in another. Furtherm ore, crimes
Obviously o f a sexual nature and otherwise conform ing to the original

477
478 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
definition of sexual psychopathy (as, for instance, rape) are universally
view ed by law as assaults, as offenses against persons A person m ay com-
m it m cest in th e privacy of his h om e and n o t fall w ith in the definition of
a sexual psychopath, yet b e regarded and punished as such should th e situ
ation com e to public attention. „„„„н .
W it h the exception of such clear-cut offenses as exhibitionism or assaults
on minors, laws relating to punishm ent for sex crim es are far from spe­
cific T ech n ically, prostitution is a sex crim e b u t is rarely punished u j homosexual activity, it is regarded legally as a sexual offense. H ow ever, if
som ething brings it to the atten tion o f th e public. R ape, clearly a sexual
crim e is regarded b y law as an assault on a person. O n e person convicted
of rape m ay receive th e death penalty, w h ile in another N n sd ich o n an M
circum stances that appear identical th e charge m ay b e less and the penalty
n ot as severe. P eop le have been arrested for carrying in their pockets pic­
tures of n ude m en and w om en th at differ in no w ise from pictures pul
lished in nudist m agazines, m any of w h ich are allow ed to go t irou g i p
channels.
A TH E N O S O L O G IC A L P O SITIO N OF SEXUAL
P SY C H O P A T H Y W IT H IN TH E FR A M E W O R K
OF N EU R O SIS
T h e terms “ sexual psychopath” and “ sexual psychopathy” h ave no legit i-
m ate place in psychiatric nosology or dynam ic classification. T h e y
popularly and legally used to designate a certain type of behavior that,
the one hand, is characterized b y socially prohibited or u n acceptable sexu
aggressiveness, and, on th e other hand, b y lack of regard for theHeelingsm
th e partner w ho is forced against his or her w ill to participate ic iei
is com paratively m ild as in th e case of sim ple assault, or w h ether it is
verely aggravated assault, it is, as a rule, an expression of an uncontm la
b le urge, com m itted w ith ou t logic or rationale, under the influence о
strong, overpow ering drive. T h e act apparently gives no em otional sain
faction b u t only relief from unbearable tension. Such behavior rcp re sen j
practices th a t are n o t considered norm al b y the particular social o r a j
w h ich the person lives. As such, it clearly com es w ith in the purview of
law , for b y vio latin g th e m orals or sexual independence o f others 1 vi<
lates one of th e basic principles of individual freedom .
T h e law regards these reactions as w illfu lly perpetrated offenses,
suits of m alicious in ten t and prem editation. Psychiatry (m m e s p e a c
dynam ic psych iatry), because of th e opportunity it has had to study
deeper m otivations b eh in d hum an behavior, takes a broader vie . J apart, are in reality, in terms of psychogenesis, closely related to hysterical
ognizes these reactions as part of a large group of behavior disorders с
m only classified under the heading of perversions, or paraphilias
paraphiliac neuroses). T h ese are reactions th at are n o t desirable b io lojfl
cally or culturally and are therefore prohibited. H om osexuality and rc afi ,
behavior arc included here because b iologically 110 issue can result f r o f
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 479
a hom osexual union. T h e cultural paraphilias are those such as incest,
pedophilia, and rape, w hich biologically can result in issue, though such
issue is prohibited b y our culture.
The definition of sexual psychopathy encompasses such behavior as
exhibitionism , peeping, transvestism, m asturbation, obscenity, and th e
like if com m itted in public b u t excludes th e sam e reactions if com m itted
privately. T h u s, if one person forces another person under threat into
Iwo persons b y m utual consent engage in th e privacy o f their hom es in
homosexual relations, such behavior is n o t com m on ly regarded as sexually
psychopathic. T h e laws of some states, how ever, classify such behavior as
criminal and punishable by statute. Som e psychiatrists, too, appear to go
beyond the ordinary definition and include any aberrant sexual activity
.is psychopathic. T h u s, it has happened th at a soldier or a sailor w ho in
Ilie course of a routine psychiatric exam ination adm itted hom osexual ac-
Iivities, though these were never com m itted in public nor cam e to public
,1Mention, was nonetheless given th e diagnosis o f “ sexual psychopathy” and
.111 undesirable discharge.
I Meaning of the Paraphiliac Neuroses: D yn a m ic psychiatry sees in
paraphilias profound disturbances in th e sex life of the person and pat­
ients of sexual behavior not directed ultim ately toward procreation, the
I'.oal of all norm al sex life. T h e paraphiliac has not m atured sexually, hav­
ing failed to integrate his sexual needs and activities in such a w ay as to
accord w ith socially accepted m odes o f sexual expression. H e represents
1 kind o f sex life th a t a t an early period of developm ent lost its norm al
g o a l , or rather, never having reached it, detoured into aberrant channels
I' ading to an abortive aim -inhibited sexual activity. T h e latter, it often
1111 us out, is b u t a substitute and a sym bol for an originally prohibited sex­
ual goal (e.g., in cest). N onetheless, the behavior is m ost persistent be-
1 11isc it is so close to the instinctive. F o r th a t reason also it has lost n oth ­
ing, of its original strength; indeed, it is stronger than th e norm al sexual
lii'il inct, for less repression has been interposed in its way of expression.
I'tuple suffering from paraphiliac neuroses are driven com pulsively to
cck gratification o f an apparently insatiable urge.
O ften patients com e to psychiatrists for treatm en t o f the general neu-
mlic m anifestations, such as anxiety or depression, suicidal trends, or psy-
, * hnsomatic disorders. T h e anamnesis, how ever, reveals overt hom osexual
n behavior. T h e paraphiliac neuroses, though clin ically seem ing to stand
1in I other neuroses. T h e y differ in th a t certain sexual trends, w hich in other
b iici 1roses find expression on ly in dreams and fantasies or perhaps som e
1 a arious and cryptic sexual behavior, have becom e established in the para­
philias as fixed m odes o f behavior.
T h e m ajority of psychiatrists today speak o f these reactions as psycho-
 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 4 8i
480 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
relationship is more sym bolic and less direct and personal. Furtherm ore, in
pathic. O n e of th e ch ief reasons that psychiatrists as a group have failed to
the instance of the sexual psychopath gu ilt w ith reference to th e com m is­
recognize the basically psychoneurotic character of th e paraphilias is that
sion o f the offense as w ell as to the victim , or for that m atter even to his
E these eases th e practice of the perversion appears to be the m ost con ­
fellow m en, seems to be entirely lacking.
spicuous characteristic and activity, as if the practice had absorbed tl e
T h e sexual psychopath and the n oncrim inal paraphiliac stem from the
underlying neurotic sym ptom atology. N euroses in general have a certain
same sources and develop along th e same path, b u t som ewhere in the
fluidity and m obility abou t them , the picture changing kaleidoscopical y,
course o f their developm ent their paths diverge. O n e remains w ithin the
the paraphilias, in contrast, impress one w ith a rigidity, an im m uta 11 y,
confines of nonlegal violations of social conventions; the behavior of the
as if the reaction has becom e a perm anent, fixed, and unchangeable pat
other assumes a legally prohibited form . T h e divergence in th e course of
tern. A fuller study, how ever, reveals th a t b eh in d the overt parap flM
developm ent is effected early in life, w hich explains w hy on the surface the
there is a full-fledged neurosis. H ere is a person w ho m ay b e regarce
two reactions look quite dissimilar. T h e social offense w ith w hich the sex­
polym orphous^ perverse. T h ere is hardly a paraphilia th at he has missed.
ual psychopath m ay be charged, be it m inim al or h igh ly aggravated, is at
B ut the observer also finds in him a history of states of depression in­
Ilie m ost a com prom ise w ith or a sym bol o f a greater offense th at has been
feriority feelings, hypochondriasis, hysterical convulsions and th e like. A n ­
com pletely repressed because it is so strongly prohibited socially— nam ely,
other person is arrested on a charge of exhibitionism , b u t further study
incest and hom osexuality. T h e sexual offense, therefore, extrem e as it
reveals a history of tem per tantrum s, inferiority feelings w ith strong com ­
may appear to be, is com m itted in lieu of another greater crime.
pensatory drives, distinct sadom asochistic trends, and suicidal tendencies.
In turn, th e paraphilias differ from ordinary neuroses, form ing a group
A n absolute hom osexual, w hose m ost conspicuous behavior is hom osexu
of their ow n— nam ely, the paraphiliac neurosis, w h ich is as clear and dis-
ality, also suffers from hypochondriasis, syphilophobia anxiety states, sui­
linct as neurosis (psychoneurosis) in general. A gain , these tw o com e from
cidal trends, som nam bulism , inferiority feelings, and th e like.
11inch the same sources, b ut, after developing in like m anner for a w hile,
I heir paths begin to diverge, one developing into psychoneurosis, the other
2. Sexual Psychopathy in Relation to Paraphilias: W h ile m any of
i nl о paraphiliac neurosis. T h e ir divergence of paths is due to th e fact th a t
these reactions rem ain generally w ith in th e control of th e individual, a
while one type o f neurotic child, confronted w ith an em otional sexual
certain group becom es detached from th e general stream and assumes an
problem, represses the prohibited sexual drive and converts it into psycho-
antisocial character. T h a t is to say, the sexual offenses are b u t an offshoot
чи ua tic or other em otional socially innocuous behavior such as anxiety or
of the larger group, the paraphiliac neuroses. F or th e m ost par ,
depression, the other fails to repress it and th in ly disguised sym bolic b e­
ference betw een the paraphiliac neuroses th a t are so w ell с У
havior results. In other words, w hile th e neurotic converts his problem
th e individual as to keep him out of reach of th e law and those of th e so-
ml о psychosom atic and other types of socially acceptable though individ­
called sexual psychopath, w hose behavior is regarded as antisocial and
ually undesirable behavior, the paraphiliac neurotic converts his basic sex­
crim inal, is a difference only in degree rather than m knul. lLxccptmna \,
ual problems into another form of behavior, w hich is socially nonpermissi-
it m ay be a difference in kind as w ell, as m the case of rape w here the ,
Ыс b u t less so than th a t of the sexual psychopath.
o f violence is a necessary part of th e picture; or in cases of transvestism
11 need n ot b e supposed that all reactions and behavior of th e neurotic,
w here a person craves to be adm ired as a m em ber of th e opposite sex, or m
ill his doings and all his thinking, are directly traceable to or can b e ac-
exhibitionism w here th e sadistic elem ent, the need that the other person
i minted for b y his neurosis. T h ere are m any areas in his life th at are en-
shocked and the consciousness th at he is shocked, enters as a strong facto,
Ilie Iу com parable to those o f the norm al person. T h o u g h there are a few
Y e t similar reactions in an attenuated form occur privately am ong
qualitative differences, for the m ost part his departures from th e norm al
m any people, b o th norm al and neurotic. Som e m en can b e arousu 0
не on the q u an titative side. W h e r e th e norm al person confronted w ith a
greater poten cy if they violate the decency of a w om an and shock her
llm atcning situation m ay show som e apprehension, th e neurotic w ill over-
morals, even if she is otherw ise a w illin g partner. Likew ise, m any men ...
, и n l to it and show, instead, exaggerated anxiety. In a situation w here a
the privacy o f their hom es w ill strut before a w om an, h op in g and w ishing
lit и i nal m an m ay feel some resentm ent and express it b y sarcasm, cyni-
to b e admired, or w ill expect the w om an to behave m like manner; 1hcs*j
( ran, scorn, or even b itin g w it, the neurotic w ill react w ith great anger,
are reactions of exhibitionism and voyeurism , respectively.
iiii'c, or som e antisocial, hostile act. W h e re a norm al person confronted
T w o striking differences, how ever, m ust be noted betw een the ordm. /
with Ilie loss of a loved person w ill react w ith a depression th at is relatively
paraphiliac neuroses and those that becom e antisocial. In the form er th e r j
II insitory, in the neurotic such m ourning m ay develop into a long-lasting
is an em otional relationship betw een the people concerned whereas . ..I
m elancholia that far passes the bounds of th e norm al and m ay even lead
cases o f sexual psychopathy such a relationship seems to b e lacking. 1 ho
482 T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
to his death. T h u s the neurotic is close to the norm al; in a sense, it might
be said there is som e neurosis in everyone, and it is often b u t a question
of degree o f environm ental strain as to how soon a person breaks down.
E qually, there is som ething o f the paraphiliac in every one of us and also
som ething o f the sexual psychopath.
T h e above consideration m ay seem strained and far-fetched, b u t there is
a great deal o f clinical truth in it, as is seen in th e all-too-frequent in ­
stances where an apparently norm al, previously well-adjusted person
breaks dow n, and in w hom a severe neurosis, a severe paraphilia, and per
haps acute sexual psychopathic behavior develop. T h o u g h m ost hum an
beings react w ith disgust, even horror, rather than indifference to abnor
m al sex behavior, it is w ell to take cognizance o f th e fact th a t potentiali
ties for it lie dorm ant in everyone. T h is consideration alone should make
us adopt a m ore objective as w ell as a m ore tolerant attitude. Sexual psy­
chopaths are, o f course, a social m enace, b u t they are n ot conscious agents
deliberately and viciously perpetrating these acts; rather, they are victims
o f a disease from w h ich m any o f them suffer m ore than their victim s, often
en ding in the suicide o f the sufferer.
3 . R elation o f Specific Paraphilias to Each Other: T h o u g h w hen the
structure of th e paraphiliac neuroses is studied they are found to be closely
interrelated psychogenically, b y and large th e paraphiliac indulgences, so
far as society is concerned, are fairly pure culture products. Exhibitionists
are rarely transvestists, though a m inor exhibitionistic com ponen t may
be found in transvestism . Likew ise, th e person given to obscenity w ill show
in on ly a very rem ote sense such obvious sadistic trends as w ould bring
him to th e atten tion of the police, though a sadistic com ponent m ay he
discovered in the very fact or act of obscenity. A person given to compul
sive raping is n ot likely to b e exhibitionistic. Y e t som e overlapping does
occur. U nderstandably, exhibitionism and voyeurism som etim es go to
gether; they are m irror com plem ents o f each other.
4. Paraphilias and Psychopathy: It can can easily b e seen how the term
“ psychopathy” cam e to be applied to this type o f sexual offender. In botli
th e sexual and th e predatory psychopath there appears to be a lack ol
m oral responsibility, selfishness, an inability to w eigh and foresee th e 111
evitable consequence o f the particular behavior, difficulties in interpersonal
relationships, and an uncontrolled aggressiveness. Y e t on closer analysis
the relationship betw een sexual psychopathy and predatory psychopalliv
appears to be rather rem ote, for th e tw o proceed from som ew hat differcnl
sources. It is extrem ely rare for a person charged w ith com pulsive rape or
fetishism to be fou n d gu ilty o f predatory exploits also. O ccasion ally I Ins
m ay happen, as w hen fetishism , for instance, goes w ith burglary; then il is
discovered th a t th e burglary was com m itted solely for the purpose of sc
curing objects o f fetishistic interest, e.g., fem ale garm ents. Cases occru,
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 483
however, w here the tw o types of reactions are quite independent o f each
oilier, even if found in th e same person, as in th e instance of the exhibi-
lionist w ho was also gu ilty o f predatory exploits although th e tw o reac-
11011s w ere n ot at all related, stem m ing from different sources.
T o doubt the correctness of labelin g these cases psychopathic is more
Ilian m erely a question of sem antics or conven tion al clinical diagnosis.
I licse reactions, w h ile ad m itted ly antisocial, are basically neuroses o f a
particular, high ly specific type. N o r can such behavior be regarded as an
entity or disease in itself b u t only as a sym ptom -com plex or syndrom e,
only as part o f a com plex, ram ified neurosis, th e paraphiliac neurosis. In
il'. basic etiology, developm ent, and form ation, it differs in no w ise from
nl her psychogenic reactions, be they expressed as anxiety, com pulsion,
psychogenic asthm a, or other neurotic sym ptom s; except th a t som ewhere
111 its developm ent, through a concaten ation o f specific situations, th e neu-
mlic conflict took a different direction.
II CH IEF C H A R A C T E R IS T IC S OF SEX U AL
P SY C H O P A T H Y
I Irresistible Character o f P araphiliac Offenses: T h ere is little doubt
licit the reactions th at are attributed to sexual psychopaths are beyond
IIn sphere o f conscious or voluntary control and appear as irresistible
impulses, w hich explains w hy in practice these cases do n ot profit by pun-
1diluent; un con trollable instinct is beyond any punishm ent. A s neuroses,
I hey have their specific causations, w hich m ay be o f long-past origin that
1mly at the m om ent has m anifested itself b y th e particular sexual violation.
I lynam ic psychiatry views these reactions as neuroses, w hich in th e fullest
m iisc th ey are. It ascribes less im portance to constitution al or im m ediate
personal factors than it does to fun ctional, deep-seated psychogenic emo-
I ии1:11 factors. F or this reason, it has long attem pted to cure sexual psycho-
piillis in th e sam e m anner as it treats other neurotics. A m azin gly enough,
lliany such patients have responded to psychotherapy and actually irn-
Ia uved and in som e instances were entirely cured, w hen the specific etiol­
ogy was uncovered and the person was given th e opportunity to discharge
Ilie unhealthy and repressed em otions.
II has lon g been recognized th a t m an’s sex life differs from th at o f ani­
mals in b ein g continuous rather than seasonal. N eurotics as a group have
a stronger sex drive than the average norm al person, and its strength m ay
be expressed as satyriasis or excessive prom iscuity; on th e other hand, it
may be dim inished, because of m any repressions, to the p o in t o f asceticism.
II и- noncrim inal paraphiliac appears to have a stronger sexual drive than
I lie neurotic; the condition has b ecom e established and fixed; repressions
dii not operate here so efficiently as in neuroses. T h a t this urge is never
quite satisfied is apparent in th e cases o f m any hom osexuals w ho, after
iipparently satisfactory hom osexual relations, m asturbate, a reaction that
484 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
does n ot obtain in norm al persons. In th e sexual psychopath th e urge is
m uch m ore com pelling, so com pellin g indeed as to assume the character
o f a com pulsive, insatiable, unrem itting, unbridled (on e m ight say inex­
orab le), unrelenting drive th a t gives th e m an no rest or peace. It is not
th at th e m an, w h ile h e lives, also seeks sexual gratification, as is th e case
w ith the average person, b u t rather th a t he continuously has to have his
particular sexual ou tlet in order to live at all. It is as if the m an had con­
secrated his life to sex, w hich has becom e his m ost consum ing interest;
w hatever other kind of life he leads appears to be purely incidental. T here
are exhibitionists w ho have exposed them selves several hundred tim es a
day; I have recorded one case in w h ich a m an stood exposed in his w in ­
dow all day for all passersby to see. O n e voyeur w ould start each n igh t at
a particular apartm ent house and, arm ed w ith m agn ifyin g field glasses,
look across at another apartm ent house to see w hat he could see, proceed-
ing from on e fire escape to another un til he exhausted all th e possibili­
ties of that building; the next n igh t it w ould be another apartm ent house,
and so on. T h ese people are all seeking an orgasm th at m ust b e attained
at any price. It is w ell know n th a t m any sexual assaults, acts of exhihi
tionism , voyeurism , transvestism , sadom asochism , fetishism , and the like
are preceded, accom panied, or follow ed b y m asturbation. In m ost if nol
all of them th e individual’s sexual drive has becom e a guiding force in his
life; m any order and organize their lives and livin g entirely w ith in the
fram ew ork o f their particular drive.
2. Sexual Psychopathy and Nonsexual Crimes: It is little appreciated
that crimes w ith a sexual m otivation are often hidden behind assaults
that, on the surface at least, appear to be nonsexual. Aggravated assaull
and battery, assault w ith dangerous w eapons, and m urder often have .1
sexual m otivation. T h is is seen in cases o f rape follow ed b y murdei,
M a n y crim inals w ho violate the law in other than sexual ways fall esscti
tially w ithin th e category of sexual offenders if basic m otivation ratlin
than superficial behavior is considered. In law , they are usually charged
w ith felonious assault, m ayhem , or m urder. H ere, as in the overt cases, I In-
param ount goal is th e securing o f an orgasm. A you n g b oy stabs a totally
strange girl w ith a knife. Analysis reveals th a t he has a consum m ate hatred
o f w om en that m ust discharge itself in an act of aggression and hostililv,
H is m ind is continuously preoccupied w ith fantasies of the m ost cruel,
sadistic torture. A m an slashes th e throats o f young girls. O n arrest, il 11
foun d that his underw ear is bespattered w ith semen. T o this group belt >11и
also the m en w ho cut off w om en ’s hair, th e acid-throwers, th e fur coat and
dress slashers, the Jack the Rippers, and the like. T h ere are m any pytu
maniacs w hose desire for an orgasm constitutes the sole reason for sett ini',
fires th a t have cost th e lives o f m any people. T h is is also true of many
kleptom aniacs. T h ese are n ot so m uch sex crim es as crimes m otivated byj
sex. B u t w h o can draw the thin and vanishing lin e th a t separates the two?
T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 485
8. D istrib u tio n : Sexual perversions (paraphilias) and sexual offenses
draw no line in m atters of race, class, or social position. T h ere are h om o­
sexuals in th e upper, m iddle, and low er classes. T h ere are exhibitionists
am ong w h ite and am ong colored people. Such offenses occur am ong the
ngi l y intelligen t as w ell as am ong th e illiterate and the ignorant. R ous­
seau was an exhibitionist; C h evalier d ’E on was a transvestist; m any gifted
artists have been hom osexuals. N o age is im m une, though each m ay have
ils particular type. T h e young adult m ay be exhibitionistic, w hile the m an
approaching senility m ay assault children, because he him self has com e
In teel m uch like a child (senile paed o p h ilia).
W o m e n are m uch less involved than m en, though cases o f w om en exhi-
HI lonists have been recorded as w ell as a few cases o f fem ale transvestists
Modern society perm its larger outlet for w om en in som e instances, as in
iiinsvestism. If a man dresses up as a w om an it is an offense, b u t a w om an
"I,i\ wear severely tailored clothes, ties, and short haircuts w ith ou t exciting
couim ent. b
-I- R elation to Normal Sex Life: T h e sexual offense is n ot a substitute
fin norm al sexual intercourse, and cases are know n w here neither exces­
sive intercourse nor abstinence stopped it. It is a form o f sexual activity
'!! its own, satisfying som e very specific needs o f the individual th a t nor­
mal sexual activity can not give. C on trary to popular m isconception, peo­
ple who read salacious literature are less likely to becom e sexual offenders
"'/•и t,10se w ho do n ot> for th e reason th at such reading often neutralizes
uli.'il aberrant sexual interests they m ay have.
C E T IO L O G Y
N' xual offenses are no m ore hereditary than are neuroses in general.
Iicy are n ot due to bad sexual upbringing or to sexual ignorance. T h e
developm ent o f perversions in general and sexual offenses in particular
fill lows its ow n psychological laws, w hich are b u t little influenced by ex-
fi'inal situations. A s an alcoholic m an m ay com e from a fam ily o f teetotal-
| a n d a hom osexual from a fam ily of health y sexual habits, so m ay a
« m i l offender com e from a fam ily w ith an unblem ished m oral back­
ground.
I lie fact is th a t as yet very little is know n o f th e subject. T h e anatom y
"I I lie subject is hardly know n; there is no specific statem ent o f th e types
""I conditions. Individual case reports are buried in the little-read pages
"I psychiatric m agazines that rarely reach th e atten tion of th e general
" " 11ical practitioner. N o one has attem p ted to organize this diffuse mate-
" 'I mto som ething like a unit. A s little is know n o f th e anatom y, still less
h I "Own o f its physiology— the physiogenesis, psychogenesis, and psychody-
......... G en eral know ledge o f the subject is in about the same state as
gi ucral pathology was before R okitansky and V irch ow . Y e t it is o f vast
486 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
im portance, for its ram ifications reach the m ost im portant aspects o f our
daily life. Sexual crim es bear a direct relationship to sexual psychopatho -
ogy in general, and thus to the psychopathology of neuroses.
A certain num ber o f sexual crimes are com m itted b y individuals suffer­
ing from brain diseases such as encephalitis lethargica, w h ich argues
strongly for the need of thorough physical exam inations of all sexual (and
oth er) offenders. E ven these respond favorably to psychotherapeutic treat­
m ent. B u t beyond this, abnorm al sex behavior, b e it in th e ad ult or the
child derives from the unw holesom e fam ily and social atm osphere in which
th e child develops. T h e fault lies w ith the parents, w ho, them selves prod­
ucts of unhealthy repression and m uch involved in sexual problem s do
not know and can not get them selves to be frank and open w ith the child
w hose naive and artless curiosity should have been handled in an equally
sim ple w ay. Because of the m any evasions, rationalizations, and sheer pro­
hibitions, the child is led into aberrant channels that, n o t being corrected,
becom e m agnified and distorted. It is suggestive th at sexual psychopaths
do not com e from fam ilies w ith psychopathic sexuality.
M o st parents believe th at not only are children ignorant of sex— which
is n ot true o f m ost children— b u t th at they m ust rem ain ignorant igno­
rance b ein g equated w ith innocence. B u t w here ignorance m ay be po
luted know ledge, innocence m ay be good know ledge. C u riosity should be
treated as a natural thin g, n ot as a crim e to be avoided or punished.
A good deal of the fau lt lies w ith the fam ily physician, w ho sees many
of these cases in th e early stages of developm ent. E ven in these days of
supposed en lightenm ent and sophistication there still seem to b e many
physicians w ho earnestly tell grow ing boys and girls th at m asturbation leads
to insanity, body deterioration, and ultim ate death. Harm less play such as
“ papa and m am m a,” “ doctor and nurse,” or “ you show m e w hat you have
and I ’ll show you w h at I have,” etc., is severely punished if discovered,
w hich only creates an air o f m ystery and, therefore, attraction about i .
A t this stage m any of the sexual problem s are still laten t and could be
corrected w ith greater ease than years later. Instead, unreasonable pro и
bitions and proscriptions are im posed, w ith th e result th a t they are driven
underground, there to becom e distorted.
D. T R E A T M E N T
1. L e g a l A p p ro a ch : T h e law fails to prevent, correct, or deter sexual
crim inals from their activities; the problem m ust therefore b e regarded a i
basically extralegal. T h ere is no m ore need to have laws against perversive
activities than there is to have laws against any illness, for such activities
represent illnesses in th e fullest sense of the word. T h is, how ever, require-,
a large am ount of missionary work not only am ong physicians in geneuil
b u t even am ong psychiatrists. A great m any psychiatrists still group p a f f l
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 487
philiacs am ong those w ho are m en tally abnorm al though not insane, an
invidious distinction harking back to the psychiatry o f 50 years ago, w hich
lim ited insanity only to psychoses. D yn am ic psychiatry has gone far beyond
Ibat, b ecom ing m ore inclusive and com prehensive, takin g into its province
all those reactions that, having pathological m otivations behind them , lead
Iо abnorm al social behavior. Indeed, w here is th e difference betw een a
schizophrenic w ho walks around naked because the voices told him to do
so and th e exhibitionist w ho, w ith ou t hallucinations b u t through som e ob ­
scure and irresistible inner urge, havin g 110 less force than hallucinations,
feels driven to expose him self in public? So far as basic m otivations are
concerned, one is just as insane as the other. W h e r e is th e difference b e ­
tween one individual, shortly b efore fully oriented and seem ingly norm al,
who is provoked into a rage leading to assault and m urder, and the para­
noiac w ith a history of long deliberation w ho seem ingly in cold blood kills
;m innocent m an w ho un fortunately happened to be part o f his paranoid
system? O b jectively, the form er w ould seem less guilty than the latter,
lor he certainly was not him self w hen in a rage. B u t it has been decreed
Ihat one is a neurotic and therefore n ot insane w hile th e other is a psy­
chotic and therefore, ipso facto, not responsible. In terms o f underlying
motivations, b oth had in them laten tly a surfeit o f aggressive hostility that
was brought to th e surface b y incidental situations. Just as the hallucina-
I ions o f a schizophrenic or the delusions o f a paranoiac can not be destroyed
merely by punishing th e person, neither can th e exhibitionistic urge be
done aw ay w ith b y repeated punishm ent, or a sm oldering hostility th at
leads to an unprovoked assault neutralized. B oth reactions are beyond th e
conscious control of th e person and are therefore rem oved from the sphere
of personal responsibility.
111 dealing w ith the problem o f sanity and insanity the law has attem pted
lo draw absolute and clear-cut distinctions th a t do n ot exist in reality and
li.is shown an unwillingness to recognize other distinctions and differences.
In the eyes o f the law the m an is either sane or insane. Furtherm ore, the
law has equated psychoses w ith insanity, leaving neuroses out o f considera-
Iion. In m any respects psychiatrists, m ainly of th e conventional, descrip­
tive type, have subscribed to this. T h e fallacy o f the approach is seen es­
pecially in th e consideration of psychoses versus neuroses. It is true th a t
psychotics w ho reach hospitalization are insane in th e full sense of th e
word in th a t they have m ore or less lost touch w ith reality and are unable
In lake care o f them selves. B u t there are m any neuroses in w hich for all
piactical purposes th e patien t has lost touch w ith reality and requires hos-
pilalization. T h e y resem ble psychoses so closely that the original distinction
seems all b u t to have disappeared; indeed, m any o f them are diagnosed
as psychoses; on ly prolonged hospitalization reveals lack o f deterioration
and m erely invalidism .
4 'he invidiousness o f the distinction becom es obvious w hen th e laws
488 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
relating to sexual psychopaths are studied. T h e term is defined in the
D istrict of C olu m b ia by P u blic L aw 615, 80th Congress (approved June 9,
1948), under T itle II, Section 201:
T h e term “ sexual psychopathy” m eans a person, n ot insane, w ho b y a
course of repeated m isconduct in sexual m atters has evidenced such
lack of power to control his sexual im pulses as to be dangerous to other
persons because he is likely to attack or otherwise inflict injury, loss,
pain, or other evil on th e objects o f his desire.
W h a t sort of person, it m ay be asked, is it w ho is not to b e regarded as in­
sane yet w hose repeated m isconduct in sexual m atters reveals an utter
lack of power to control his im pulses, an irresistible desire to attack other
people w ith o u t regard for social or personal considerations? W h o does not
know the paranoid schizophrenic w ho attacks inn ocen t people and for this
reason becom es dangerous to the com m unity? W h e re is the difference be­
tw een th e sexual psychopath w ho im pulsively attacks an unknow n person,
and th e schizophrenic w ho does the sam e thing?
2. P sych ia tric A p p ro a ch : T rea tm en t of these conditions already exists,
b u t its availability has hardly reached th e profession. W h e n a sexual psy­
chopath com es to the atten tion o f a physician th e latter speaks o f him as a
pervert, a degenerate, to be treated w ith contem pt. M o st psychiatrists en­
gaged in psychotherapy w ould rather treat ten cases o f anxiety neurosis
than one o f paraphilia. T h ere appears to be a conviction am ong them
that the only w ay to deal w ith these people is b y m eans of law . B u t stricter
laws, longer sentences, and bigger prisons w ill n ot solve th e problem , for
they do n ot cure th e basic causations. P unishm ent has never b een an effec­
tive deterrent in sexual crimes. T h ere are exhibitionists and voyeurs who
have served innum erable and long prison sentences w ith ou t th e slightest
effect. O n ly a few centuries ago hom osexuals and paraphiliacs were cxe
cuted on the gallows. If all sexual psychopaths and paraphiliacs were ex­
term inated today th e next generation w ou ld have just as m any as this.
A vailable know ledge suggests th at th e causation of these reactions is cx
tralegal and generally speaking extrasocial.
T h e proper treatm en t of th e sexual psychopath is n ot confinem ent but
psychotherapy, or, b etter yet, proper sexual education in childhood. B u t in
order to know how to proceed w ith such education, it is first necessary In
k now m ore o f th e norm al sexual developm ent. T h u s envisioned, th e treat*
m en t o f the sexual psychopath becom es a social problem in the fullest
sense of th e word.
E. P R O PH YLA X IS
W h a t is needed above all is prophylaxis, b u t o f this there is as yet virtually
nothin g. P unishm ent has never proved to b e the deterrent to prcdatoiy
crim e th at it has been supposed and is even less so to sex crim es, which
The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 489
are related to situations th at lie very close to the instinctive and have
arisen early in life. A n adequate prevention program should involve n ot
merely sex education, or even education in general, but a com plete reori­
entation of fam ily attitudes w ith concom itan t reconstruction o f th e train­
ing and d evelopm ent o f children. T o do th at it w ould first be necessary to
know m ore o f the psychic genetic factors in the developm ent o f sex life.
Such studies have on ly recently been begun, b u t enough m aterial is avail­
able to m ake a good start.
I he im portance o f studying sexual psychopathology can not b e overesti­
mated. T he ram ifications o f sexual psychopathy are deep and interpene-
liating. It is intim ately related on the one hand to general and other m ar­
ginal antisocial behavior and crim inality and on th e other hand to m ental
diseases in the w idest sense o f the term. It goes hand in hand w ith prosti-
lution, w ith alcoholism and drug addiction, and w ith psychoses and neu-
mses. T h ere is no m ental disease th a t is not involved deeply in the prob­
lem o f sexual abnorm alities, from the schizophrenic w hose sex life dw in­
dles dow n to abortive sex experim entations accom panied b y excessive
m asturbation and n ot infreq u en tly leading to paedophiliac assaults,
111rough the m anic w ith his seem ingly exuberant b ut all too often decep­
tively weak sex life, his n ot very effective efforts at m asturbation and other
' \li.ibiological experim entations, to th e senile paedophiliac w ho, regress­
ing to second childhood, resorts to sex play w ith children because o f in-
1 leasing im potence. T h e re are some w ho believe that sexual pathology lies
ill Ihe base o f m ental diseases and m ost em otional disturbances. In any
event, it is an exceedingly im portant problem in life.
I1,very year perpetrators o f rape and other sexual crim inals are being
executed or sentenced to lon g terms o f im prisonm ent. T h o se w ho have
b e e n executed have carried the secret o f their pathology w ith them . T h o se
bo are im prisoned are n ot b eing studied. T h e state gains n oth in g from
.1 di a th sentence; society loses. T h e hum an psychopathologist has th e same
и action tow ard this as a general pathologist w ould have were he con tin u ­
ously denied autopsy after autopsy w ith no opportunity to learn o f the
’•I "ictu re and fu n ction o f disease processes. H ow far would m edicine have
advanced under such conditions?
I here m ust be an organized form ulation o f disease. A concerted effort
In si tidy th e structure and fun ction o f sexual aberrations is needed; for
IIns Ilie sexual psychopath provides the best subject. T eam s of trained
workers to search th e records o f courts to help learn o f the various types
ol crimes and crim inals should b e provided; from this it should be possi­
ble lo develop a w orkable, if on ly tentative, classification o f the various
aibtypes w ithin this grouping. A n institute w here cases could be studied
in I lie fullest possible detail is also necessary. O n e year an attack m ight
be made 011 the problem o f exhibitionism , another year on paedophilia,
'■Iill another year on rape, and the like.
Bui all such plans as proposed arc chim erical overam bitious dreams,
 T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 491
49o T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
sam e sources b u t diverge at different developm ental levels. Som etim es
n ot likely to be realized in th e foreseeable future. It is easier to punish
they are mirror com plem ents o f each other, as exhibitionism and vo­
than to instruct, to effect discipline than to teach m orale. T h e chance is
yeurism , sadism and m asochism , etc.
therefore, that stricter laws, bigger prisons, and stronger guards wi
8. W h ile th e specific paraphilias have a definite psychogenetic relation­
necessary, w hile the sexual psychopath w ill rem ain a very real m em ber
ship to each oth er (e.g., the hom osexual basis in transvestism , the
society. sadistic com ponen t in o b scen ity), they are for the m ost part and in
individual cases fairly specific and delim ited, and though occasional
F. C O N C L U SIO N S overlapping m ay and does occur, one reaction is not likely to pass into
another.
A n attem p t has been m ade in this study to present the clinical picture
9. Paraphiliac neuroses differ from sexual psychopathy b y their lack of
of th e sexual psychopath and th e scientific correlates the picture earn .
undesirable social aggressiveness, and b y a positive em otionally-toned
A s a result of this study, the follow in g conclusions w ere arrived a .
attitude toward th e partner. Furtherm ore, the sexual psychopath does
1 C lin ica l experience fails to support th e current popular view that
not, as a rule, have gu ilt feelings w ith reference to his unw illing part­
there exists a sex crim e w ave or th a t sex crim es are on th e increase.
ner.
2 T h e term “ sexual psychopath” or “ sexual psychopathy is о P °P U
10. Just as sexual psychopathic behavior is related genetically to para­
lar origin and standing, and has no legitim ate place in any psychiatric
philiac neuroses, so are the paraphiliac neuroses revealed on analysis
and scientific classification. . to b e related to neuroses in general, w hich do not show overt sexual
3. Sexual offenses as particular forms of antisocial behavior have never
pathology. T h e relationship is clearly revealed w hen a paraphiliac per­
been clearly defined legally in th a t the law em phasizes the deed, w hile
son suffers a so-called nervous breakdow n, w hereupon he displays a
psychiatry em phasizes th e individual involved and th e m otivation b e­
host o f neurotic sym ptom s; w hile, on the other hand, th e neurotic in­
hin d the deed. Sexual behavior regarded in one jurisdiction as a fe ony
dividual, heretofore w ith o u t overt sexual pathology, m ay suddenly re­
m ay in another jurisdiction not be regarded even as a m isdem eanor
veal striking paraphiliac reactions.
T h ere further appears to be considerable difference betw een legal and
11. Since these reactions are basically neuroses, the term psychopath in
psychiatric conceptions of sexual offenses. connection w ith these w ould appear superfluous and should be dis­
4. Sexual psychopathy includes a type of s e x u a l behavior characterized by
carded.
4 socially prohibited aggressiveness, b y lack o f regard for th e unw illing
11. T h ere is no direct relation betw een sexual psychopathic and non-
participant; b y being com pulsive and irresistible in character; and by
sexual psychopathic crimes. A n individual sexual offender is not, as a
b eing com m itted under th e influence o f an exceptionally strong over
rule, involved in crim inal predatory activities, w hile the crim inal pred­
w h elm in g urge, th e tension o f w h ich is released b y the particular be
atory psychopath is quite unlikely to be a sexual offender. M ixed reac­
tions, how ever, do occur.
c. D yn am ic Psychiatry views the reactions of th e sexual psychopath as be
1 p As a psychosocial reaction, sexual psychopathy shows a universal dis­
ing a part of a larger group that com es under th e h eading о e
tribution, disregarding barriers o f race, class, culture or social posi­
s i s or Paraphilias (T he' Paraphiliac N euroses) T h ese latter arc
tion.
reactions th a t include (a ) extrabiological form s o f sexual adaptat.o
1 1 ' 1'lie paraphiliac behavior, w hether of th e type th at is observably to l­
(e.g. m asturbation, hom osexuality, sadom asochism , etc ) w u c 1
erated in daily life or distinctly against th e law , is such a h igh ly specific
them selves need n ot b e regarded as sexual offenses since, th ou g a 110 ■
form o f sexual behavior as to stand apart from norm al sex life. C lin ica l
m al, they are n o t for th e m ost part view ed as b ein g illegal; anc ( . )
experience shows th at attem pts b y the paraphiliac neurotic to indulge
those socially prohibited sexual relations (incest, paedopln 1a) w u c
in norm al sex life in order to rid him self of the drive, w hether b y excess
b y accepted social usage are regarded legally as crimes. or abstinence, cannot be a substitute for th e craved perversions w hich
6. In term s o f th e underlying dynam ics and psychic structure, 1* • alone can satisfy the individual because it gratifies som e high ly specific
philias are view ed as b ein g neuroses, th e patlio ogy о w 11c 1 app «
needs.
affect a specific sector of on e’s sex life. T h e etiology is; traceable to
1 , Since w c are dealing here w ith a strongly charged im pulsive instinc- *
specific early environm ental influences, w h ich have fixed th e p sych n
Iual life that lies at the basis o f and gives rise to a particular neurosis,
sexual grow th of th e individual at a particular d evelopm ental level
a m odification o f the reaction cannot be reached b y punishm ent or re­
7. T h ere appears to b e a fairly close psychogenetic relationship between
lated corrective measures. Because th e reactions in question- arc ex-
the various paraphiliac neuroses since they all appear to stem from

492 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
pressions o f unconscious urges, it is no m ore possible to cure a sexual
psychopath of his im pulse b y repeated punishm ent than it is possible
to cure a schizophrenic o f his delusions b y like means. O n th e other
hand clinical experience is clearly in favor o f psychotherapy w hich 011
m any occasions has been successful in am eliorating or curing these
conditions.
16. B u t over and above treatm ent, our greatest need as w ell as hope, is in
prophylactic and preventive measures. T o effect these, w e m ust know
m ore of the underlying psychopathology of these conditions. M o re in­
dividual paraphiliacs should b e studied w ith extrem e care and great
detail in order th at the lessons learned therefrom m ay b e applied to
other individuals. _ ,.
T h e problem s o f the sexual psychopath and sex crim es have been dis­
cussed in their general, legal, clinical and scientific aspects. T h e cone u-
sion arrived at is that w e are dealing here w ith a severe em otional distm-
ban ce the cure o f w hich can be effected, if it can be effected at all, through
psychotherapeutic means. T o m ake such treatm en t m ore effective, more
needs to be know n as regards the structure and fu n ction of these neuroses.
C on siderin g th e gravity of th e problem s involved, a large institu te ade­
quately staffed is the least w e need for organizing effort m th a t direction.
G. D ISC U SSIO N *
Group I **
D r. L . E . W exberg: K arp m an ’s paper reflects m ore clearly than most
m odern w riting th e state of utter confusion in w hich this problem exists at
th e present tim e. T h e author’s profou nd know ledge o f facts concerned
and his deep understanding of dynam ics, m ake it natural for him to retlcc
com m on mistakes of th e legalistic or m oralistic types, and to plead for flu
strictly psychiatric approach. O f course, he deserves am ple credit for that.
C ertain details of his conception o f paraphilia, as w ell as sexual psycho
pathy m ay w ell be questioned, or at least subm itted to closer scrutiny.
H o w do w e know , for instance, that th e sexual psychopath has an uncoil
trollable urge” to perpetrate his paraphiliac act, or th a t his libido il
stronger than norm al? L ib id o certainly can not b e m easured, and the in­
ference from the am ount o f activity to th e strength of the urge ж unc 1 in
hardly justified. O r should w e conclude th a t alcoholics, and m particular,
* This paper, as previously stated, has been read before several audiences each
of which has contributed some discussion. T h e discussion will be prcscn t <l|
« Com ments f r o T th e audience after the paper was read before the followin',
groups: T h e W ashington Society for the Advancement of Psychotherapy, A p n
21, 1950; T he Maryland State Hospital Staff Conference, April 27, 1950; ami
T h e Medical Society of Saint Elizabeths Hospital, June 3, 1950.
The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 493
beer-drinkers, are m ore thirsty than norm al people, possibly because o f
some dysfunction o f th e pituitary gland? Indeed, th e theory o f oversexed-
ucss of paraphiliacs, as w ell as th a t of their uncontrollable urge, is alto­
gether based upon the p atien t’s ow n statem ents w hich m ay, or m ay n ot, be
Irue. T h ese statem ents, if untrue, m ay be subjectively or just objectively
false, viz., they m ay b e conscious or unconscious lies. In b oth cases, they
would be serving th e purpose of m oral vindication, even b etter than guilt-
Iccling and remorse w hich so often are conspicuously absent in sexual psy­
chopaths, just because th e patien t manages to escape responsibility by
developing his theory of hypersexedness and un con trollable urge. W h a t w e
actually know is th at certain m odes of behavior, w hich are originally based
011 em otional im m aturity due to neurotic psychodynam ics, tend to gain
m om entum and assume com pulsive quality in the course o f events. T h ese
characteristics appear to develop and increase rather than to exist from
Ilie very beginning. T h e childhood history of sex behavior is not basically
different in paraphiliacs and sexual psychopaths from w hat it is in norm al
individuals.
Exaggeration o f urges and com pnlsiveness are not found exclusively in
paraphiliacs. T h e y are just as typical for other forms o f psychopathology,
e.g., drug addiction and alcoholism . I tried to describe the latter as “ m a­
lignant habits,” related to norm al habits just as m alignant growths are re-
luted to benign ones. T h e un in hibited grow th o f m alignant tum ors is
paralleled by progressiveness o f addiction. Just as a cancer disregards
biological organ patterns and invades neighboring tissue, th e m alignant
habit, serving no biological purpose, usurps its space w ithin th e hum an
person at the cost o f norm al personality patterns. A gain , the cancer’s
tendency to m etastasize is paralleled, in addition, b y the fa ct th at th e m a­
licious h abit tends to invade th e entire personality, destroying other ac-
livities and interests and leading to w hat I called the deterioration of its
value system. Som e o f these characteristics o f h abit form ation have been
' explained” by hypothetical bioch em ical processes. H ow ever, it is ap­
parent th a t they occur also in psychopathological behavior patterns o f en-
Incly different form s, such as in com pulsive gam bling, certain form s of
picdatory crim inality, w ith no biochem ical im plications whatsoever. I
believe th a t sexual psychopathy can b e listed in th e same category. In the
beginning, there is sym bolic behavior— sym bolic of early fixations respon-
■■1ble for the dynam ics in the individual case— w hich, under th e im pact of
Ibe em otional drive, tends to assume progressive-com pulsive (or “ m alig­
na иI” ) character. W ith in th e personality structure, it has functions identi-
1 11 I о a neurotic syndrom e, m ay replace such syndrom e, or supplem ent
1 чciting behavior. Just like the chronic alcoholic, the sexual psychopath
1. seeking pleasure on an ever-increasing scale. Just like him , he dodges
и .ponsibility by em phasizing com pulsiveness and often by denying the
I и I that he derives any pleasure from it. Just like him , he is m ore and
more obsessed b y his h abit and falls victim to value deterioration. T h era p y
494 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
has to stop th e h abit and to rem ove the pow erful vis a tergo w h ich k ep t it
so m a b y deep analysis. T h e latter ou ght to be accom panied, as in alco­
holics’ and drug addicts, b y superficial rehabilitation, occupational and
recreational therapy and other activities leading to a re-estabhshmen о
th e p atien t’s value system. R eligious and generally, spiritual
m ay be m ost helpful. T h ere m ay develop, in tim e, a Paraphiliacs A n o у
m ous.”
D r A L M iller: W e all k n ow th a t it is a com plicated problem and one
w h ich is n ot easy for th e laym an to understand. It is also' « P 1®8™ 5» E^
undue p ub licity causes th e laym an to becom e greatly disturbed I think
w e all agree th a t there are m ore sexual deviates than is generally recog­
n ized b y th e public. E very com m unity has som e individual w ho gets off о
the beam on his sexual thin kin g. A s a legislator I can look at bo h the
legislative and scientific sides. It is hard, indeed, to draw legislation
take care o f the sexual deviate w ith o u t gettin g rather c t e t o t e ®
violatin g som e of the freedom s o f th e A m erican people. T h e principle I
ha always follow ed is one that th e public interest m ust be protected
T h ere are m any things th a t can be done and are don e in th e p r i v a c y
the hom e w hich should be properly no concern to the legislator. It is mo
a p ro b k m for th e psychiatrist, particularly if it affects th e m en tal and
physical h ealth of the individual. It is only w hen th a t ^ Vld^a l ^
th e propriety of public behavior th at it becom es a p ro b le m a m I a ma
o f law enforcem ent. D r. K arpm an ’s presentation, T h e Sexual_ Psyc о
p ath ” is an excellent treatise on th e problem It should b e broug
atten tion o f m edical and legal audiences w ho are interested in
ject.
D r В FI Cruvant: D r. K arpm an has attem pted a m on u m en tal task m
discussing such a vast top ic as “ th e sexual psychopath ’ m a brief paper. l j
is n o t to his discredit, therefore, if the extrem e condensation made _ne
sary leaves a great deal to b e desired in th e discussion of psychopathology
and pathogenesis. D r. K arpm an ’s em phasis on activities relatec о j
Г ! Л . solitary go ad o f “ norm al ш Ш Ш“ f
orientation w hich is open to som e discussion. C arried to its logical cot
elusion any attem pts a t contraception w ou ld also represent a perversa
T h e em phasis upon th e sexual instincts and their derivatives as "
in b oth th e usual psychoneuroses and th e paraphiliac neuroses w ould no
“ and up under e u i n t tlreory. E ven if one w ere to assume on ly .n in
stinctual basis for hum an behavior, and sym ptom form atio
o f unsuccessful repression, instinctual drives other than th e ^ * ual ^ | и ,
also m ust b e considered as possibly determ inant. It seems
w ell established, how ever, th at sexual behavior m ay b e used ■ tlblc m ethods o f salvaging those w hom he can induce to seek redem ption
o f anxiety. In that sense it is n ot necessarily a derivative of th e exua
stinct b u t rather a sym ptom atic m anifestation of other conflic . .
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 493
lions. In this theoretical form ulation the com pulsive or “ im pulsive” aber-
rant sexual behavior cannot be considered to b e “ stronger than the sexual
instinct norm ally is . . . (because) less repression has been interposed in
ils w ay o f expression.” In actual effect, th e sym ptom atic expression m ay
lie in the service o f an anxiety on ly distantly related to sexual needs. T h e
lorcgoing is not to im ply th at I w ould consider th at the sym ptom atic
m anifestations are never the result o f aberration o f the sexual drive b u t
that I w ould disagree that it is as ubiquitous as D r. Karpm an w ould im-
ply.
I lr. K arpm an appropriately em phasizes th e im portance o f prophylaxis
in this particular area. H ow ever, it is on ly too often a favorite indoor sport
nl psychiatrists to decry the established social m odes of dealing w ith social
problems and to exaggerate, b y im plication, the proposed contribution to
lie m ade by th e psychiatrist. D r. Karpm an in one breath adm its th at w e do
not have sufficient inform ation in this area to m ake affirm ative statem ents
Mid in th e next denies th at punishm ent has any effectiveness. It w ould
appear that a great m any statistical studies m ight be desirable before
teaching a definite conclusion as to th e efficacy and non-efficacy o f any
particular m easure. T h e N ew Y o rk M a y o r’s C om m ission for the Stud y of
Sex C rim es follow ed 555 convicted sexual offenders for a period of tw elve
v a r s and fou n d that only forty o f them were ever again charged w ith an-
nllicr sexual offense and o f these nine were acquitted or discharged. It
would thus appear th at 93 percent avoided, at least, further arrest for sex­
ual offenses for at least tw elve years. In th e F B I list of recidivists for
twenty-five m ajor crimes, sexual offenders are usually q u ite low on the
11-I W h e n D r. K arpm an proposes as a substitute “ a com plete re-
"i in fla tio n o f fam ily attitud e w ith concom itan t reconstruction o f the
Im ining and developm ent of children,” he poses a problem for w hich, I
Hunk, psychiatry is com pletely unprepared at this tim e. I w ould like to
luivc seen D r. K arpm an m ake a series o f recom m endations th a t w ould be
practical and capable o f b ein g put into operation in the im m ediately
IIиcsccable future.
I lie question o f dealing w ith the sexual offender requires a m ultiphasic
i' ihIm ultidisciplinary approach. In this area, it is m y opinion that the
psychiatrist has an extrem ely im portant role to play b ut b y no m eans the
major one.
I >i V alen tin e A . Ujhely: It is always a privilege to hear D r. K arpm an ’s
P'S' hodynam ic expositions. T o n ig h t it was particularly revealing to get
I " i n c light on the m uch discussed, yet in its legal and sociorem edial aspects
m r,lei led, problem o f sexual deviations. H is approach is not just a hu-
У iiiii 11iIлrian pity for the underdog, b u t th a t o f the scientist w ho seeks prov-
Iiiiiii ostracism or isolation in a m ost incom plete world o f their own.
j Now, there com es to m ind a curious m otivation th a t but rarely m ay be

496 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
observed in outpatients: the m otivation of one com paratively less per­
verted trend gradually substituting and overw helm ing to a m ore serious
deviation from th e norm , as the patien t grasps this difference partly con ­
sciously, and partly by unconscious affective constellations. tj
T h i s ’ instance belongs to the field of osphresiolagnia, th e fetishistic-
libidinal attach m ent to odors, especially those em anating from some part
o f the loved on e’s body. .
E th n ic mores-descriptive, historic and clinical case m aterial contained
in reports b y M agn us H irschfeld, H avelock E llis, M erzb ach , B loch , Kraepc-
lin and other earlier E uropean psychopathologists, also in th e ancient
H in d oo V atsya yan a ’s “ K am a-Sutra” (i.e., L ex et Ars A m a to ria ), is rare
and “ far betw een ,” as com pared to th e frequency of other sexual devia­
tions in this country, especially w hen associated w ith perfum e-fetishism and
callipygeal partialism , all o f w h ich com es under the deviant action-trends
of a “ renifleur.”
T h e subject is a 33-year-old w h ite m ale o f m asculine appearance, exam­
ined at G allin ger H ospital follow ing his arrest in a departm ent store for
“ annoying” w om en.
Investigation disclosed that it was his practice to stand on an ascending
escalator, sandwiched b etw een a crow d of w om en. A w om an w ith attrac­
tive posteriors w ould exert such a com pulsive influence upon h im th at he
“ just had to quickly b end forw ard,” thus effecting an alm ost b u t not quite
perfect con tact of his m ou th and nose to th e lad y’s well-clad buttocks.
T h e n he w ould disappear in th e crowd. T h is w ould som etim es be re­
peated three tim es in the same afternoon.
H is m other died w hen h e was qu ite young. H e derived little security
from his father, w h o was econ om ically unstable. P atien t never developed
any specific goal th a t m ight have aided sublim ation. In spite of a lig 1
school education, he has w orked only as a farm helper, dishwasher,
bouncer, etc. H e enlisted in the A rm y before the war, acted bravely at
A n zio B each, and m aintained an excellent record; follow in g b a ttle fatigue,
h e asked to be dem oted. W h e n this request was denied, he w en t A .W .O .L ,
for five weeks, at th e end of w hich tim e he was apprehended and pu t in a
stockade w ith younger m en w ho unconsciously began to excite him into .1
realization of hom osexual interest w hich was m anifested b y fear o f an 1111
pendin g panic reaction. Ide sought relief in phantasies, and during one 0
these saw a F ren ch farm er’s daughter and im agined th at he w ould bend
dow n w ith his nose near her buttocks, and take a deep w hiff o f th e freshly
laundered cotton dress w hich she w ore on Sundays. H e im aginatively rep
resented to him self this olfactive m em ory and also im agined her attractive
b od y form ation, b u t was quite partial to th e shape of her buttocks. I le
had no urge to tou ch them , b u t concentrated on their visual shape and fill
sm ell of the freshly-laundered dress w hich covered them . As a result: of tins
phantasy, he was able to experience erection, som ething he had been uiili*
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 497
blc to do for several days under th e influence o f th e feelin g o f panic
inspired b y th e m en w ho cam e to his cell on necessary errands.
Subsequently pardoned and given an honorable discharge, he married
a Belgian student nurse and brought her to the U n ited States. H e success­
fully concealed from her his com pulsion, w hich was aggravated b y idleness
and alcohol. It also becam e aggravated w hen his w ife lost w eight and the
contour o f her b uttocks was n ot as “ ideal” as form erly. W h ile his regular
heterosexual rhythm was about once in ten to fifteen days, his olfactory-
visual-partialistic-fetishistic com pulsive urge had an indepen den t rhythm
of about every fifth day.
Analysis disclosed the relation betw een his urge-dynamism and normal
heterosexual activity to be that of a masked sym bol possessing higher grati-
ficatory q uality than reality. R id in g on an escalator was sym bolic o f erec­
tion; and the quick forward bend in g o f the body to bring his face and
nose into closer relation to th e w om an ’s b uttocks represented th e pre-
ejaculatory m ovem ent o f norm al intercourse. H is obsession was n ot con ­
nected w ith any scatological interest. W h ile he reached a m en tal state cor­
responding to orgasm, there was no ejaculation, although som etim es erec­
tion and a little m oisture.
Analysis covered 78 hours, distributed over a little m ore than seven
months. A fte r thirty hours o f analysis, he was able to return to work and
the court was w illin g to send him on parole, b oth em ployer and judge
receiving assurance o f future good behavior from the physician. A lth o u gh
lie had suffered from his unusual sexual deviation for three years, there
11.is been no relapse since analysis.
I )r. M anfred S. Guttm acher: I think it is an excellent paper and a real
contribution to the subject w hich, G o d know s, needs elucidation. Cer-
luinly I am impressed w ith th e uncontrollable nature of th e urge in para-
pliiliacs th a t he m entioned. A s a consequence, I was rather astounded to
see in the very excellen t report o f th e N ew Jersey C om m ission, w hich was
will ten b y T a p p an , th a t only 7 % o f sex offenders have b een previously
iii rested for sex offenses, a low er recidivistic rate than in m ost crimes. I
should like your explanation of this.
11 is statem ent that, “ N onetheless, th e behavior is m ost persistent because
il is so close to the instinctive,” is n ot clear to me. Is it your idea th a t incest
II more instinctive than th e norm al heterosexual drive? A n d since this m ay
In a substitute for incest, that it is closer to the instinctive? Is he am ong
I lie analysts w ho believe that in the course o f developm ent, every m ale has
a 11uly incestuous drive toward the m other?
11 с further states that guilt seems to be entirely lacking in a sexual psy-
' Iпара 111, yet later on he says th at som etim es they are driven to suicide.
11 с makes a very im portant distinction betw een the em otional b on d b e­
tween the norm al paraphiliac and his love object, and the lack o f such a

498 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
b on d in th e antisocial paraphiliac. It is m y b elief th a t m any o f th e latter
individuals actually phantasy such a relationship during the course of
their sexual activity. Perhaps this ability to form such phantasies is a
factor of im portance.
I should like to see him discuss further th e question o f w hether the drive
in th e n oncrim inal paraphiliac is less than in th e psychopathic paraphiliac.
or w hether it is a m atter of control. I am n ot m yself too clear abou t this
and should like to have his opinion.
I w ould also like to have his opinions as to w hy antisocial paraphiliacs
are so rare am ong w om en. I think it w ould be w ell to enlarge on that
I am interested in his statem ent to the effect that neurotics as a group
have a stronger sexual drive than norm al individuals. O f course, I recog
n ize the fact that neurotics suffering from a D o n Juan type of neurosis
have an insatiable sex drive, b u t is this true of th e average neurotic, say I la
hysteric, or the anxiety neurotic?
D r. F . S. Caprio: In view o f the apparent increase in sex crim es and the
interest w hich th e public has shown in sexual inform ation as evidenced
b y the popularity of the K insey book, D r. K arpm an s paper on The Sex
ual P sychopath” is m ost tim ely. It should becom e m ore accessible to the
m edical profession at large rather than have it lim ited to psychiatrist-,
alone. M a n y o f th e neurotic ailm ents for w h ich the individual seeks the
services o f a physician, represent the psychosom atic consequences of sonic
underlying sexual pathology. It is the responsibility o f general practition
ers of m edicine to refer all such patients w ho are fou n d to suffer from .1
paraphiliac neurosis to a psychiatrist for treatm ent as m any o f them can
b e regarded as “ p o ten tial” sex offenders.
It is gratifying, to say the least, th at D r. K arpm an m akes th e statemcnl
“ th e term sexual psychopath or sexual psychopathy has no legitim ate pi.и i
in psychiatric nosology or dynam ic classification.” From th e standpoint ol
forensic psychiatry, th e “ sexual deviate” (a preferred term ) is not al­
ways a “ psychopath.” H e is m ore than likely a neurotic suffering fioui
deeply rooted feelings o f sexual inferiority and im m aturity. It is for I Ini
reason that he should n ot be treated as a crim inal psychopath.
I was particularly impressed w ith th a t part o f th e paper devoted In
treatm en t and prophylaxis. T h ere is no question th at th e Judges ol niif
C ourts m ust be m ade to understand that sexual offenses can n o t be d im I
natecl b y more statutory regulations. Sex offenses should b e looked upofl
b y th e C ou rts as sym ptom s of neuroses requiring long-term psychotherapy
Sex offenders w ho do n o t w ish to be treated and are unw illing to con form
to a certain standard of social behavior should b e ordered b y the С-01111
to obtain treatm en t from a psychiatrist or psychiatric clinic. If they dr
liberately refuse to cooperate, they should be segregated from society, in
stitutionalized and subjected to adequate study and treatm ent. As mtl
T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 499
speaker rem inded us in this even ing’s paper, “ punishm ent has never been
effective as a deterrent to sexual crim es.”
Dr. K arpm an no doubt recalls th e case of two young m en charged w ith
rape, w hom w e exam ined together w ith D r. L ond on several years ago.
O n e o f the defendants had been in a m en tal institution, had suffered
Irom several head injuries including a fractured skull and had m ade one
or two unsuccessful attem pts at suicide. D esp ite the testim ony of four psy-
1 11iatrists, together w ith factual evidence of an existing m ental disorder,
both defendants were executed in a lethal gas cham ber. T h ere m ust be a
countless num ber of sim ilar cases w herein the severity o f punishm ent has
been disproportionate to the particular sexual offense. I’m sure w e all
agree that Dr. K arpm an ’s contribution to the b etter understanding of
some of the psychodynam ics involved in various sex offenses should prove
extrem ely valuable to b oth th e m edical and legal professions.
Dr. Isadore Tuerk: D r. Karpm an calls m uch needed atten tion to the con ­
fusion in the courts and am ong lawyers and psychiatrists concerning this
subject. H e describes th e m arked inconsistencies in m anagem ent and un ­
derstanding o f these cases. O u r present know ledge of the sexual psycho­
pall is, paraphiliac neuroses, im pulse neurotics w ith sexual m anifestations,
sexual crim inals psychotic or nonpsychotic, etc., is far from clear. T h e
enormous com plexity and interrelationship o f the problem are w ell de-
seribed. T h e im portance o f protecting society is not m inim ized, b u t th e
Inl ility o f punitive techniques is underscored. O f course, a great deal of
Indy has been m ade o f individuals w hose salient sym ptom s were sexual
iherrations, and here and there an effort at a dynam ic form ulation has
been attem pted. B u t as D r. Karpm an em phasizes, the need is for an or-
ini/.cd, concerted, sustained effort conducted b y lawyers, psychiatrists,
sociologists and psychologists along dynam ic lines. A n d only in th at way
' .in any progress be m ade in really doing som ething about understanding
m il preventing these illnesses.
I >1 W ladim ir G . Eliasberg: T h e influence o f the psychiatrists in the team
11I Ihose dealing w ith crime, sociologists, psychologists, experim ental psy-
1 liologists, w elfare m en, churchm en and last b u t n ot least, lawyers, de­
p e n d s on w hether the psychiatrist will be able to carve out for him self
clliin g where he really is com peten t and the others are not. T h e field
nl I lie psychiatrists, m ind you, is psychiatry, that is, a specific nosological
In.inch o f clinical and experim ental m edicine. It is not a foregone con-
1 lnsion that crim e is a disease and disease w ill breed crim e. Q u ite to th e
' "nl i ary, I have heard lawyers say that for all the diseases in the w orld,
I licit- can be no crim e— unless the statute books say that there are crimes
'• 1и I w hat these crimes should be. A n d th e statute books keep changing.
I here is a fam ous story o f the man w ho in 1914 put a bullion o f gold, a
irvolver and a b o ttle o f whiskey into his trouser pockets and w alked in
5oo T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
th e streets and was a respectable citizen. In 1917, a law was m ade th at if
John D o e w alked w ith a bullion o f gold in his trouser pocket, h e was a
crim inal. So he could still w alk w ith th e revolver and the whiskey. Around
1920, it was just the w hiskey b ottle that m ade him a crim inal, b u t it was
fine w ith th e district attorney if John D o e w alked around w ith gold and
revolver. A roun d 1932, or so, they took the w hiskey off th e crim e list and
p ut on the revolver. N o w he could w alk w ith w hiskey and gold b u t nol
w ith th e revolver.
W h a t is th e corresponding disease th e law yer m igh t acidly ask, and
there are indeed authors of psychiatric tracts 011 crim inoses, and so on,
w ho m ight be hard p u t in such a cross-exam ination.
T h e field th a t w e should carve ou t for ourselves is quite som ething
else. W e should, w ith ou t exaggeration, exam ine statistical and individual
coincidences betw een psychopathy, neurosis and certain clinical forms of
psychosis, on the one hand, w ith crim e on the other. There are, to be
true, various types of crimes, such as gained th e standing of crim e in early
civilization and have always kept that standing, and there are others that
keep slipping in and ou t of the statute books; the coinciden ce of which
w e have just spoken is, o f course, qu ite different for th e first and second
group.
A s for the so-called sex crimes, som e o f them have th a t crim inal stabil­
ity, e.g., rape, sex-murder; others have n ot— for w hich classical examples
are: hom osexuality, exhibitionism . W ith in a given culture, it is possible
though to say this m uch: T h e fact th a t a m an keeps com m ittin g actions
for w hich he is bound to draw upon his head th e w rath of the law-enforcing
staffs is in itself suggestive o f some peculiar and possibly pathological
m echanism . A n d it is certainly a sound question to look for th e connection
betw een the psychological and psychiatric m ake-up on th e one hand and
th e crim e on th e other. _ As regards the oversexedness o f the paraphiliac, w hich is a different
F rom w hat K arpm an has shown, it can b e derived that his m echanism
can n o t sim ply be a quan titative deviation. O n the contrary, an abnorm al
strength o f th e urge in m any sex crimes is very im probable. (Lhas-
herg) т .
If psychiatrists w ill learn to resist the tem ptation of setting themselves
up as the. know-alls in crim inology, if they w ill understand th a t crim e ■
very often not pathogenetically b u t only pathoplastically determ ined b y ,
th e individual’s pathology, just conversely to psychoses and neuroses, fiuit*
ful cooperation m ay develop, a state of affairs devoutly to b e w ished for.
D r. Karpman (in conclusion): B oth because o f lack of space and tim e, tlie
presentation had to be severely condensed, w hich is th e reason w hy so
m any points seem obscure. I h op e I can clear up at least som e o f thlj
doubts in th e m inds o f the audience. D r. W e x b e rg questions the uncoil
trollability of the sexual urge in the psychopath. T o m e, this is self-evident
from th e fact that repeated teachings and proscriptions fail to influence
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 501
Ilie m an ’s behavior; and repeated jail sentences that go w ith violations o f
social codes fail to effect a change in behavior. W h a t b etter evidence, then
is needed than this? I think that w e ought to regard the behavior o f the
sexual psychopath as w e regard any neurotic behavior, and w e know how
ittle am enable any neurotic sym ptom is to proscription and punishm ent.
II like m anner I w ould regard th e libido o f th e sexual psychopath as
icing stronger than th a t o f th e average person, even though w e have no
means o f m easuring it; b u t do w e really need to measure it by an instru­
ment O u r study is hum an behavior and w e m easure it by individual acts.
he behavior o f the sexual psychopath certainly suggests th a t his sexual
drive is stronger; else w h y w ould he find it so difficult to control it? Ad-
m ittedly, his avenues o f release are m ore lim ited, partly because they are
mi proscribed and partly because, in their very nature, they are so narrow.
ic greater th e resistance to his needs, the greater m ust be his reaction to
Ilie resistance or to the obstacles. T h e more obstacles are p u t in th e w ay of
instinct satisfaction, the greater grows the strength o f th e urge that presses
lo. discharge. E ven if w e assum e that th e original urge was no stronger or
weaker than the norm al, the social and personal resistance to its satis-
achon and discharge w ould in itself increase the tension and w ith it the
m go. T h e strength o f th e basic urge m ay rem ain the same, b u t th e pres-
Mirc for its discharge m ay be abnorm ally heightened by the pressures
against it. I he norm al individual has a broader and m ore versatile form
1 cxPresi I0n 0Pen to him , w h ile th a t o f th e paraphiliacs is exceedingly
limited. T h e strength rem aining the same, th e final behavior certainly ap­
pears to involve greater strength. W e m ust further rem em ber that th e sex-
111 m ge o f the paraphiliac, m uch like th a t o f any neurotic, is closer to the
instinctive w hich is to say that it is closer to the origin o f the urge, and
llieretore, apparently less subject to repression.
ma ter from strength, I still hold to th e view that the activity o f th e para-
p 11 1.1c is excessive. Y o u m ay not wish to equate excessiveness w ith over-
N1 scdness b u t there is no doubt that these people are always on the go
lot sexual satisfaction; it is an activity that consum es m ost o f their ener-
r.i's. and everything in their lives is pretty w ell subordinated to that. L ik e
a ' nicer patien t w ho is always hungry no m atter how m uch he is fed the
paraphiliac appears to b e never satisfied. T h e reaction is perhaps com ­
pi l abl e to som e neurotic situations. T h e im poten t m an, suffering from
P|iiculatio praecox, is often far m ore prom iscuous than th e norm al indi-
" ’ runnm g from one w om an to another in the hope o f finding th e
"I" that w ill give him the craved satisfaction. Is his sex desire stronger
"1 in the average? Y es, and no. B u t the activity is certainly excessive. Ho-
xuals, especially m ale hom osexuals, are quite prom iscuous, b u t it is a
:ir fact that 110 m atter how m uch sexual activity they m ay have w ith
(Milners, they often still find it necessary to m asturbate. Is this an exces­
sive sexual activity, a strong urge, or w hat would you call it?
502 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 503
D r. W e x b e rg questions w hether w e should rely so m uch on patients’
mans are b en t on raising a fam ily, w hich is th e foundation of our society
inform ation. I need n ot tell him th a t in studying sexual psychopaths, we
and assures th e continuation o f th e race. W h e re th e individual lacks this
do n ot depend on or accept patients’ statem ents at their face value. If a
Irend and on ly recognizes the need for sexual intercourse as a need per se,
patien t lies, this fact becom es obvious w hen w e correlate th e various wc are, I am sure, dealing w ith a neurotic situation.
know n findings am ong them selves. O n the other hand, w e w ould b e very
T h a t the hum an anim al senses deeply the relationship betw een the act
poor psychiatrists if w e did n ’t accept any patients’ statem ents. O f course, a
and the goal is seen from certain o f his behavior. T h ere are men w ho have
sexual psychopath, especially if arrested, is, like any other person, under
reached m aturity, have a fam ily and all the children they w ould ever care
pressure to vindicate him self or extricate him self from an unpleasant sit­
In have, yet prefer to use contraceptives w ith m any of their unpleasant
uation. B u t he need n ot always lie, even if there is a tendency to m ollify
concom itants rather than have a vasectom y perform ed because, as one
th e situation. A fte r all, w hat w e have learned in and abou t psychiatry came
person said, “ I am afraid I w ould thus lose m y m anhood,” that is, the abil-
from patients. . il\ lo procreate. A n o th er lost his poten cy w ith a w om an w hen he discov­
I certainly can not agree w ith D r. W e x b e rg ’s claim that th e childhood
ered th at she had had a hysterectom y. “ I w ould just b e shooting m y stuff
sex history of paraphiliacs and sexual psychopaths is n ot different from
in Iо a vacuum ; again there m u st b e a consciousness o f ability to pro-
w h at it is in th e norm al. If this were true, w here w ould th e difference arise II cate. Y e t this m an, too, w ould n ot w ant to have any m ore children. T h e
and how? F or that m atter, even th e sexual developm ent o f th e nonpara*
desire for fam ily is universally very strong and very deep. A s an institu-
philiac neurotic is definitely different from th a t of the norm al and the I1011, the fam ily has survived all sorts o f vicissitudes, and other hum an in-
average individual. It w ould b e interesting to have D r. W e x b e rg cite at sl 1t'litions as w ell. W h e n a man has acquired a fam ily, it w ould he entirely
least som e cases o f paraphiliacs w hose sexual developm ent was n ot differ
normal for him to use protective devices against conception , b u t here we
ent from th e average or th e norm al. I have had the op portun ity to analyze
must rem em ber that th e basic biologic urge has already been satisfied.
a num ber o f paraphiliacs, and, w ith o u t exception, their problem s go into
>cn, how ever, preventatives are used in m arriage w here there is yet no
early childhood— either a sexual traum a th a t has detoured the b oy 011 .1
limiily, w e m ay w ell suspect som e neurotic m echanism behind it. I cite
different road of sexual developm ent, or as in m any neuroses, a concatcna
I lie case o f a you n g married m an w ho had every intention o f raising a fam ­
tion o f different em otional situations w h ich has brou ght abou t a sexual
ily. I Iowever, he found him self com pletely im poten t w ith his w ife unless
d evelopm ent that is decidedly different from th e norm al.
" sccl a concl°m , w hen he w ould be entirely potent. Analysis revealed
C o m in g to D r. C ru v a n t’s com m ents, I fear he interpreted rather nat
1 111 llis ch ildh ood he was led into m asturbation and from the gutter ac-
row ly m y em phasis 011 activities relating to procreation as being the
i|ilircd th e inform ation th a t as th e result of childhood m asturbation all
sole goal o f “ norm al sex life.” B y and large, this is u n doubtedly true, eve n
Ins children w ould be badly crippled and deform ed. H ence, he felt and
though in our m ind, and as presenting itself consciously, th e tw o do not I' .111 (I that h e could not afford to have children for they w ould be prima
appear to b e related. C ertain ly in anim als, sexual intercourse does not
Ia,ic evidence o f his early errors. T h e fear o f conception , therefore, w ould
appear to the anim al to have any relation to procreation, b u t w ho will Щ
paralyze his potency. C ontrariw ise, the use of a condom protected him
question that, view ed scientifically, it no doubt does have such a relation,
I the feared calam ity, and he w ould then be potent. A s opposite in-
F o r th a t m atter, m any prim itive tribes do n ot know th e relation between
'-tinces ind icating separation o f act from goal m ay be cited the cases of
sexual intercourse and procreation. T h e y explain pregnancy as b eing (hie
people, especially w om en, w ho, apparently norm al, get married, bear a
to som e spirit. E ven though the m odern m an know s th e relation between
• luld and then precipitatedly leave their husbands. O n e o f them said: “ I
th e tw o, he has m anaged to em ancipate (at the conscious level) the net
haven’t any interest in men at all. A ll I w anted was a baby and than k G o d
from the aim — that is, culturally. B u t biologically, the act of intercom se
II was a little girl.” H avin g reached her goal, she lost interest in th e act.
makes no sense w ith ou t th e goal. C ertain ly, “ w hen in the Spring a yoim«
Some w om en after having borne a child or tw o, and apparently norm al
m an ’s fancy ligh tly turns to thoughts o f love,” the youths in question have
•liHil then, becam e frigid to th e point that intercourse was disgusting and
b u t little appreciation th a t th e ultim ate aim of th e b ea u tifu l rom ance 11
npiilsive to them . A w om an patien t o f m ine developed a severe anxiety
to b eget children; yet th a t’s just exactly w h at it is. T h e y do n ot even
Unirosis on learning th at her uterus w ould not b e able to carry through a
think of intercourse, w h ich is closer to the situation, yet no one w ill dim hi
pi''r,nancy. F o llo w in g a hysterectom y she b ecam e com pletely frigid.
that either in hum an beings, as in anim als, instincts, certainly sexual 1 ^ 1
VI1.1l s th e use, she said, I’ve been denied the suprem e biological ex-
stincts, tend to run in stages, one step at a tim e as it w ere, and th e w h o j B
p- uVnce o f bearing a ch ild .” T h e adoption of tw o children has quieted her
com pletin g a cycle. It is entirely true th a t m any m odern hum ans’ sex acl|
thixiely a good deal b ut did n ot entirely rem ove it. T h ese eases show
are often engaged in w ith ou t the th o u gh t o f procreation; b u t m ost Ы
ИЦ.1Ш how the sexual act and the goal becom e separated and how some
 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
people em phasize the act, others em phasize th e goal, one often to the
exclusion of the other. , . _
I do n ot believe th a t I have overem phasized sexual instincts, their de­
rivatives as the etiology of neuroses, at the expense of other instinctive
behavior. I believe th a t the ego and group instincts play their full part
and I, for one, am opposed to th e separation o f instincts into groups with
neat divisions. I m aintain that there is a group instinct th at is n o t neces­
sarily a derivative of th e sexual instinct, as Freud w ould have us believe.
B u t I do thin k th a t all our instincts are so intertw ined that every b it of
hum an behavior is a m ixture of all— n ot a physical m ixture, b u t m ore like
an organic com pound. It is true th at in some reactions one instinct may
stand out more conspicuously than another. B u t m ake no m istake about
it; even though th e others are n ot conspicuous, they are still there and
active. E ven in so prom inent a sex reaction as sexual psychopathy, social
and ego factors are unm istakably present. W h a t is sexual psychopathy in
one culture m ay b e entirely acceptable in another culture.
I fear that w hen D r. C ru van t speaks o f sexual behavior being used in the
service of anxiety, he is reversing th e usual situation. C om m on ly, I would
say universally, anxiety arises w henever th e satisfaction o f the instinct is
threatened or endangered; thus, as a result o f a conflict. E ven at that, anx­
iety need n ot b e regarded as a derivative o f the sexual or any other in­
stinct, b u t m erely as the em otional expression o f its being blocked. No
one denies— I certainly do n ot— that anxiety is a sym ptom atic manifest;!
tion of a variety of conflictual situations. T h a t does n ot deny, b u t ratlict
affirms, th a t it follow s sexual conflicts, for it is w hen a sexual conflict
arises th a t anxiety makes its appearance. A n d as stated previously, there
is no such thin g as a purely sexual conflict, b u t always a sexual-ego-social
conflict. , lias developed from th e little psychiatric know ledge w hich they have reluc-
I see no contradiction in th e statem ents m ade th at, on the one hand,
w e do not have sufficient inform ation and, on th e other, th a t punish
m ent is n ot effective. F rom our po in t o f view , from th e po in t of view (if
th e scientific psychiatrist, w e are far from having all th e inform ation W0
w ould like to have. B u t w e do have sufficient inform ation to know that ill
sexual psychopathy w e are dealing w ith an instinctive drive th a t is not and
can not possibly b e influenced b y punishm ent or other reform measures.
P sychiatry has lon g parted ways w ith th e ecclesiastical-legal doctrine Ol
“ free w ill,” w h ich disposes o f all antisocial behavior in terms of sm
w hich th e individual can either com m it or refrain from com m ittin g, a;
cording to his w illingness or unw illingness to b e guided b y m oral p r c c c p tj
R ather w e accept the fact th at his antisocial behavior is dictated b y a mai
rotic drive over w hich he has little or no control. C ertain ly w e m ust agiel
th a t punishm ent is n ot going to alter the fu n dam en tal neurotic p a t t M
w h ich is b eh in d th at drive. P unishing a m an for exhibitionism camiof
change th e dynam ic force w hich im pels him toward exhibitionism ; punish
ing him for a hom osexual act w ill never turn him into a hctcroscxmil,
The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 505
II he is capable o f profiting from experience a t all, th e m ost it can do is to
make him m ore cautious thereafter abou t w here he exhibits him self or
where and w ith whom he engages in hom osexual activity. P unishm ent does
not change, and never has changed, a paraphiliac or a neurotic trend.
Finally, w hen D r. C ru v an t states that psychiatry is at present unpre­
pared for th e task o f com pletely reorienting th e fam ily attitudes, this
should be said. If society were to m ake such a dem and on psychiatry, psy-
1 hia try, I am sure, could fu lly m eet th e challenge. C om pare psychiatry of
1940 w ith th a t o f 1950. W h o w ould have believed in 1940 w hat psychiatry
could accom plish m 1950? B ut the w ar cam e along, the challenge was
made, and psychiatry, I believe, m et th e challenge fully. A t the present
time there is no social or cultural discipline th at can do b etter in orienting
society toward a n ew approach. Psychiatry has already m ade a beginning
III Ihat direction. W h o else did? Perhaps it w ould b e m ore correct to say
that society is not yet prepared for such reorientation. W h e n society,
m eaning all other approaches, should be thus prepared, it w ill find psychi-
ulry ready and equipped. O n e o f the m ajor duties o f society, in this con ­
nection, w ould seem to be a revaluation o f morals in terms o f practical
‘suits rather than in terms o f abstract “ m orality.” T h ere is a w orld o f
(hITerence betw een psychopathic behavior w hich results in incalculable
m, e-g-> rape, m urder, sadistic acts, pedophilia, pyrom ania, and that
к presented b y such m erely objectionable activities as exhibitionism , voy-
1 in ism, private hom osexual activities betw een adults; just as there is the
widest possible difference betw een predatory th eft and kleptom ania. T h e
forces o f b oth law and religion m ake little or no discrim ination in these
limiters, being influenced m ainly b y statutory or ecclesiastical decrees; and
ucIi discrim ination as they have been disposed to m ake in recent years
I ml l y acquired. F or psychiatry, by showing th e “ w h y” o f m any of these
lliings, has dem onstrated the fallacy and the fu tility o f a m ere “ thou-shalt-
iml ” attitude.
Answering D r. G u ttm ach er, I am w ell acquainted w ith T a p p a n ’s re-
jmil.s. U nfortunately, statistical studies, as presently used, throw little
b ill on the problem . F or one thing, th e study as I know it, is not differen­
tial enough. Just to lum p all sex offenders in one group and then average
up I lie figures, is, to m y m ind, m eaningless. A case o f rape is n ot likely to
In icpeated, certainly n ot often, before th e m an is finally caught. H is re-
1 idivism is sm all. O n ce arrested, and if n ot executed, he is likely to get a
lung sentence and, therefore, w ould have little op portun ity to repeat the
flllcuse. O n th e other hand, an exhibitionist m ay have indulged in his para­
philia a num ber o f times before he is caught; n one o f this gets into th e sta­
tistics. W h e n arrested, he is likely to get a short sentence and, on release,
I" is all too likely to repeat the offense. H o w are you going to average all
Hus up? Statistics arc only good for things th a t can b e dealt w ith on a
(finely num erical basis. Y o u can com pile statistics abou t sim ple facts that
5o6 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
involve no individual hum an elem ent, b u t th ey do not and can not ade­
quately cover questions into w h ich the hum an equation enters to such an
extent as it does here. W e are not dealing w ith heads o f cattle or barrels
o f flour; w ith autom obile accidents, or births and deaths. W e are dealing
w ith psychological m otivations; and all the statistics from here to Tim huc-
too w ill n ot answer the m u ltiple and com plex questions involved in such
widely-differing em otional evaluations. (K arpm an )
A s regards th e question on incest, th e original relation betw een the
child and the m other is so close as to b e alm ost organic, as if th e um bilical
cord has never been cut. Repression begins to com e in later, w h ich is w hat
makes th e situation so difficult. T h erefore, I th in k incest is closer to the
instinctive, and th at it requires a great deal o f repression to bring it
w ithin the realm o f th e prohibited. A n d w here a paraphilia, such as ex­
hibitionism , is used as a substitute for incest, th e exhibitionism is also
close to th e instinctive. O n e of the reasons it is used as a substitute for
incest is because it is socially less harm ful and th e punishm ent is not so
great. Incest is so dreaded by m odern m an th at any paraphilia m ay lie
used as a substitute, any act, in fact, including m urder. R askolnikov, in
C rim e and P unishm ent killed the old w om an, w ho sym bolized incest,
just as Pozdnuishev in T h e K reutzer Sonata killed his w ife w ho was Iо
him a hatefu l sym bol o f heterosexuality and stood in the w ay o f his un­
conscious hom osexuality. T h ere are m any R askolnikovs and Pozdnuislicvs
am ong our murderers.
A s regards guilt, some sexual psychopaths show considerable guilt, w hile
others show little or n one o f it. F ew show it at the com m ission of the crime;
som e show remorse after the crim e. I d on ’t b elieve it is possible to make
one single statem ent that w ill apply to all. It all depends upon th e indi
vidual. Cases of rape are less likely to show gu ilt than, say, cases o f cxhi
bitionism . I think th e difference betw een the n oncrim inal paraphiliac and
th e psychopathic paraphiliac is m ore of a difference in developm ent, also
one of ob ject relationship. T h e n oncrim inal paraphiliac is universally
an ad ult w ho establishes a relationship w ith another adult. If they indulge
in the privacy o f their hom e, no on e can really stop them . T h e sexual psy
chopath, how ever, b y reason o f a particular developm ent, needs children,
m ale or fem ale, as the case m ay b e, and this, of course, is prohibited!
W h e n h e requires an adult, it m ust be, in th e ligh t o f his psychoscxu.il
developm ent, a stranger w h o has n ot given consent, and this again is pro
hibited . • c n , .I
I do not believe psychiatry can at present give a full answer to I in
query as to w hy antisocial paraphiliacs are so rare am ong w om en. W o m e n
certainly have their fu ll share of paraphilias. F or th a t m atter, alcoholism
is m uch less frequent in w om en than in m en. C rim e, too, is less frequenl
am ong w om en than am ong m en, and th e distribution is different. In te n flj
o f energy outpu t, m en are m uch m ore aggressive, w h ile w om en arc m ote
passive. F o r all the freedom they have acquired, w om en are still m ud.
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 507
more repressed than m en and they take out their neurotic reactions in
other than antisocial behavior. A s to the strength o f th e sexual drive in
neurotics as com pared w ith th e norm al, m uch th e sam e argum ents apply
10 them as to th e paraphiliacs as already m entioned. I personally have no
doubt that th e neurotic has m uch th e stronger drive. It is partly due per­
haps to a constitution ally different type o f a sexual organization, and
paitly to an early en viron m ent that seems to a ct and influence in th e d i­
rection o f h eightening th e sexual urge. A ll too often one parent or another
will encourage the affect of one o f the children in a w ay th a t m ay border
even, alm ost openly, on the incestuous. T h en , as the environm ent begins to
exert repression, the incestuous drive, w hich already has a good start, is
obliged to detour in different directions w ithout, however, the drive itself
I>cmg in any w ay lessened. It m ust he further borne in m ind that because
"I the greater difficulties paraphiliacs encounter in satisfying their sexual
needs, they m ust always be on the go and in search for th e not-easily acces-
.11 e partners. A subsidiary factor here is the insecurity and in con stan cy/
winch seem to be inherent in their relations— they are forever in search for
new partners, and that again requires an expenditure o f effort and energy.
I 00, great extrem es are found am ong hom osexuals in their attitudes toward
Iheir partners. Som e are extrem ely prom iscuous (on e o f m y patients has
' mmtcd up som e 500 affairs b y the tim e he reached th e age o f 36 years; few
indeed are th e heterosexuals w ho could cou n t up such a score). O n the
"I her hand, there are some am ong them w ho are so finicky and choosey
" ic y are such aesthetes, th at their sex life is extrem ely restricted, alm ost
itsc с ic have been told by som e of m y hom osexual patients and confidants
:! tactor m volved in the increased sexual drive o f neurotics is their con-
11т а I consciousness o f social differentiation, as a result o f w hich there is a
Iinsistent tend en cy to overem phasize their erotic needs, and to develop an
ovaacompensatory attitu d e o f defiance toward society, w hich brands them
"lisfits, sinners,” or “ degenerates.” Frustrated ego, inferiority and hate
piny a large part in their search for satisfaction, w hich is som etim es not
^ fu n d a m e n ta lly “ sexual” as it appears to be, b oth to them selves and to
"I a s . T h is is particularly true o f those w ho seem to be incapable o f de-
ч oping any channel o f sublim ation w hich m itigates, to a certain extent
it least, their chronic dissatisfaction w ith life.
I' lom D r. E liasberg’s com m ents, it is not clear to m e to w hom he is re-
h Iiing 111 th in kin g abou t crim e not being a disease— to him self or to law-
sociologists and the general public. A m o n g psychiatrists, it is quite
Г " , ||,1<г г « П т С т 3 у Ье an exPression o f a disease at th e psychological
И'г . hey differ am ong them selves as to universality or frequency I be-
-ng to those w ho believe th at crim e is a disease, a neurosis sui generis,
hi 1.is arisen as a result o f a faulty em otional developm ent. O th ers’
' " 's a!jf m ore b m ited, and they will consider a schizophrenic crim inal as
s.ii 1c, but n ot the crim inal w ho lacks overt psychotic m anifestations such
и» delusions and hallucinations. A s to there being no crim e unless it is

5o8 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
legally so th a t is entirely true, b u t I d on ’t thin k th a t is th e po in t here I
11 subm it here th at statute books or no statute books, there are acts
X b a r e U niversally regarded as cnm es. I do n o , b o w of » c o n n tr , ,,,
th e world that, as a m atter of course, w ill sanction m urder, rape and like
acts B igam y is a crim e in our country; it need n ot be so in M o s erri com -
tries It wasn’t so lon g ago th at it was th e accepted th in g m a 1. у
large psychiatrists have to do a great deal of m issionary work am ong other
professions, n otably th e legal profession. W e w ill have h t a j b »
den ce to them and, by dint o f persistent effort, prove to them our tenets.
T h e professions that deal w ith crimes have little or no understan lin g
psychiatry th e y pick it u p here and th e te b y m ost casnal readrng, often .
a d htorted J m P syeh iatr, shonld b e taught, as a m atter of course n
all professional schools that deal w ith social problem s, ^ i rimes. M a n y report that either shortly b efore the crim e, or after it, they
oarticularly B u t of this w e have had on ly a bare begm nr g.
h e se psychiatrists have set them selves u p as th e know -alls m m m m olog y,
b S yoP: wrl. al, agree w „ h m e, I beheve, that w e
deliver and a definite m ission to perform . It is m y 10PC ^ g degressive acts and th e paraphiliac w ho uses violence and openly breaks
cussion has contributed its share, how ever sm all, to clarify the
G roup I I *
It is not w ith o u t som e hesitation t h a t 1
Z y g m u n t A . P io tro w ski, P h .D .:
discuss D r. K arpm an ’ s instructive and interesting paper abou t the pa t
nhffias” as he has nam ed th e overt sexual offenses. H is experience in lu
field is vast- m ine is lim ited. I shall confine m yself to em phasizing l ■
points of his exposition w h ich impressed m e as particularly significa.it.
W h e n th e average paraphiliac is com pared w ith the average P syc
rotic w ho is disturbed b y fears th a t he m ight com m it a sexual crin
m e som ebody, b u , w h o never teahees any
thoughts tw o traits o f th e paraphiliac, stressed b y D r. Karpm an, St.
out O n e is the frequ en t lack of previous co n tact betw een the offend
“ d l S victim ; in m any eases th e sex offender sees Ins vrctnn or the
tim e at the tim e o f perpetrating th e crim e. T h e second trait is he ab ..
o f remorse T h e sex offender very rarely is sorry for his victim . H i
grets if any, pertain to him self, to w h at m ay happen to him as a result t
apprehension It seems to m e th a t these traits are m ainly responsible
th e clin ical difference betw een th e sexual offender w ho repeats u. Я I )r. Karpm an stated th a t th e urge resulting in sex crim e is insatiable
fenses and the psychoneurotic w ho on ly thinks repeatedly of c o m n u tl.n l
sexual attacks b u t actually refrains from com m ittin g them
A n o th e r point m ade b y D r. K arpm an is th at th e sexual offense does .
seem to b e a substitute for a norm al sexual intercourse. H e gave c x a m p M
o f m en w ho had regular intercourse in a frequency n ot b elow th at win fc
w ould b e expected on th e basis of the K insey figures, b u t w ho felt с.....
* C o m m en ts from th e aud ien ce on th e paper after it was read b efore th e A s s o c m t iJ
for th e A d va n ce m e n t o f P sych oth erap y, A p ril 30, 1 9 5 1 .
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 509
polled to com m it a sexual offense from tim e to tim e. Sexual gratification
is not always o f the same intensity. T h erefore, one m ight w onder w hether
I lie offenders do n ot experience the highest degree of sexual gratification
during their crim inal behavior. W h ile n ot b eing a substitute, the crim i­
nal sex act m ight be a hedonistically understandable addition to norm al
and legitim ate sexual activities.
According to D r. K arpm an, th e sexual psychopath’s purpose seems to
In', psychodynam ically, n ot positive em otional satisfaction, b u t relief from
anxiety. T h is m ay very w ell be so; b u t it w ould seem very difficult to dif­
ferentiate betw een relief from unbearable tension and positive satisfac­
tion. O n a subjective level, can desire for happiness ever be perfectly dif­
ferentiated from escape from misery? It is true that m ost sexual offenders
experience great relief and freedom from anxiety about th e tim e o f their
felt better than ever b efore in their lives. If I understood D r. Karpm an
well, he feels th a t in nearly all cases there is only a difference o f degree
Iwlwcen th e paraphiliac w ho keeps out o f trouble and does not com m it
Ilie law. D r. K arpm an added th at only exceptionally is there a difference
in kind as w ell as in degree. I should like to ask him if this exception is not
Ilie rule. In m y experience it seems th at the factor of violence is a neces-
iiy aspect o f the sexual crim inal experience and th at it marks qualita-
livcly the crim inal paraphiliac. Is it not the ingredient o f violence or o f
in lively breaking a rule (e.g., against exhibitionism ) w hich makes th e sex­
ual pleasure m ost desirable to th e prospective sexual psychopath?
Explaining the m otivation o f sexual offenses, D r. Karpm an convinc­
ingly em phasized that th e crim inal attack appears as a substitute for an
jjj
nilgiiial, prohibited, and severely repressed goal, i.e., incestuous or h o ­
mosexual wishes. Som e offenders practice incest or overt hom osexuality.
Ihey should differ in som e im portant respects from sexual crim inals
whose offenses w ere in part m otivated b y an escape from incest or h om o­
sexuality. I do not know o f any investigation o f these differences. It occurs
lo me that, on the w hole, cases of overt incest and overt hom osexuality
' ' 111 to have b etter work records and m ay be less desocialized than the
oilier sexual offenders. M a n y incestuous fathers support large fam ilies
ami arc not prom iscuous, at least n ot outside o f their im m ediate fam ilies.
uni uncontrollable. T o avoid m isunderstanding, this should, no doubt,
lie qualified. E ven if it be insatiable and uncontrollable, th e urge need
iml he im m ediately satisfied; it can be and frequently is delayed. Further-
iiniic, it does not prevent good planning. In m any cases the m eticulous
mill prolonged preparation o f the crim e gives th e offender positive pleas-
IH1 In studying th e habits of sexual offenders, one observes in m any of
Hu m a tendency to persistent routine work w hich m ight alm ost be de-
n iihcd as obsessive-com pulsive. T h ese m en usually accept the crim inal
510 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 511
thought w hich occurs to them w ith ou t any attem p t at suppression and
in this conn ection has a m oral conn otation rather than a diagnostic one.
w ith ou t any feeling of guilt. T h e y then spend tim e to prepare for the
1Jnquestionably, the m ajority o f sexual offenders are neurotic w ith the re­
carrying out of this thou ght, at tim es using great care. It is possible that
mainder abou t equally divided betw een psychopathic and psychotic.
th e percentage o f these obsessive-like planners am ong sexual criminals
I о po in t up how ludicrous is the designation o f sexual psychopath, I
w ould increase if all offenders were apprehended. A fte r all, crim inology
can only m ention the cases o f exhibitionists, scoptophiliacs and o f most
is based alm ost exclusively on th e know ledge of arrested offenders. l)i,
homosexuals, often am azingly ignorant o f sexual m atters. T h e act is done
Karpm an has had a long and w ide experience w ith all kinds of sexual
under stress and, un doubtedly, anxiety is as strong a factor as the w ish for
delinquents, th e very im pulsive and th e less im pulsive ones. T herefore, his
pleasure or the sexual frustration. W it h m any it has th e character of a
optim ism regarding th e possibility o f aiding m any o f these offenders
perversion. I treated an exhibitionist w ho had had tw enty convictions and
through psychotherapy is w ell justified and encouraging. had served tw elve sentences in prison for this offense. Prison d id n ’t stop
him evidently. H e w ould exhibit him self on ly in front o f a girl w hom he
M e litta Schm iedeberg, M .D .: Perm it m e to m ake a few remarks w hich are
believed to be a virgin. H e contended he did this as m uch to embarrass the
n ot directly related to D r. K arpm an ’s paper before I tou ch upon the subject
giil as to obtain pleasure. A n oth er patien t w ould m olest only boys above
he has discussed. It is true, m any judges in our crim inal courts have uncle.и
the age of n ine w earing a sailor suit and short trousers. A ll these mani-
notions about psychiatry, b u t on the other hand, in m y contacts w ith the lestations are obviously perversions.
courts I have m et m any w ho had a great deal of understanding. 1 hey
I he term psychop ath” should not b e used as a definite diagnosis w hich
w ere practical m en w ho w ere faced w ith a problem o f how to dispose ol
includes sexual and other abnorm alities. T h e fact th at an individual re­
an offender and do justice to all sides. T h e y conten ded th a t m otivations
peats an offense regardless of how frequently he is punished for it, does
and intricate dynam ics were im portant in classrooms and scientific soei
not m ake him psychopathic. I regret to say, there are others besides psycho-
eties b ut, as far as they were concerned, they did n ot offer them any ptac
pa Ihs w ho do not learn from experience. I agree w ith D r. C leck ley th at sex
tical solutions. W h a t they w anted to know was: C a n the offender he
lias only a superficial appeal to m any psychopaths. M y ow n conclusion is
treated? W h a t are th e chances of success? Is this treatm ent obtainable?
that psychopathy is a disturbance relating to the em otions, and also that
O bviously, this has pu t psychiatry and psychiatrists on the spot. T h ere ;ne
m a peculiar sense it represents a m alfun ction o f anxiety as a defense. A
plenty of places for diagnosis, b u t treatm en t facilities for offenders an
psychopath shies away from em otional relationships o f any sort b u t he is
practically nonexistent. 1pi to com m it a sexual offense, perhaps violent, in order to achieve sexual
W e have recently form ed the A ssociation for th e Psychiatric T reatini ail
gratification w ith ou t th e danger (in his m in d ) o f form ing any real at-
o f O ffenders, of w hich I have the h on or to b e th e C h airm an of th e Exci u
Iachm ent or affection for his love object. It is further said that a psychopath
tive C o m m ittee, and D r. K arpm an, our speaker ton igh t, a m em ber of out
docs not feel anxiety. T h is concep t should b e changed to: a psychopath
N atio n al A dvisory C o u n cil. T h e A ssociation, w hich w e call th e A ll I <>,
may not feel anxiety for th e offense he com m its, b u t he com m its offenses to
is entirely m ade up o f volunteers w ho give their tim e free for the purpose
1'scape anxiety in other areas o f his life. In this conn ection , a psychopath
o f treatm ent. may do violence o f a sexual nature to a w om an in order to end once and
T o com e back to D r. K arpm an ’s paper, as usual, one is overwhclm cil
fin all his anxiety concerning w om en in general. H e does the th in g he
b y the abundance o f his m aterial. D r. K arpm an him self deserves rccogui
most fears in order to stop fearing it. I w o n ’t take up m ore tim e; otherwise
tion for the fact th a t he w as one o f th e first to go into this absorbing unit
Ihis w ould becom e another paper. I w ill close by urging psychiatrists to
difficult area of psychiatry. If I am n ot m istaken, his first paper on I Ins
pay more atten tion to the term “ psychopath,” especially in conn ection w ith
subject appeared as far back as 1923 and was, so far as I know , the Insl
M'xital m atters, since un fortunately th e term “ sexual psychopath” has be-
analytically oriented study o f a crim inal in prison, a sexual crim inal til
i o i i i c public dom ain, w ith m uch distortion and often harm to individ­
that. T h is was follow ed b y num erous other papers dealing w ith an alyst
uals in the form o f ill-advised legislation.
o f crim inals in prison. H e has a huge storehouse o f clin ical m atter to clionsu
from , and his papers are never dull. Albert Ellis, P h .D .: D r. Karpm an has introduced m any hypotheses in
I am opposed to calling every sexual offender a psychopath, and 1 I n
In paper, some o f w hich appear to be supported b y factual evidence, and
lieve there is a grow ing opposition to the general use of this nam e Imill
"inc of w hich do not. M o st o f the points he has m ade are difficult to
m any other com peten t physicians. Sexual offenders are as heterogeneous (I
evaluate because he has im plied that all sex offenders are “ sexual psycho-
group as any other and I suspect th at the use of the w ord ‘ psychopill li
IIa 11 i n ” — w hich is indeed a dubious assum ption. T h ere are, in fact, m any
512 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
different kinds o f “ sex offenders,” and it is vitally im portant to distinguish
am ong them , in order to m ake any sense w hatever o u t of th e so-called
“ sexual psychopath” problem .
T h u s, if the term “ sex offender” b e used to designate all individuals
w ho com m it sex acts w hich are, according to our legal statutes, illicit, then
there are un doubtedly literally m illions o f “ sex offenders” in th e United
States at present— less than five percent of w h om are ever apprehended
for their illegal sex behavior. If w e include as “ sex offenders” only those
w ho are apprehended for illegal sex acts, then w e still have a sizeable
group_ o n ly abou t one-third of w hom , how ever, are form ally convicted of
a sex offense. D r. K arpm an, apparently, is exclusively talkin g abou t thin
latter group, consisting of individuals w ho are charged w ith and convicted
of a sex offense, and w h o usually include th e m ore “ serious” sex offenders.
H ow ever, routine intensive psychiatric and psychological exam ination ol
convicted sex offenders— such as those being cond u cted at the N ew Jersey
State D iagnostic C en ter— shows th a t abou t forty percent are psychiat
rically “ norm al” or m ildly neurotic; abou t thirty-five percent are severely
neurotic; and abou t twenty-five percent are borderline psychotic, psy
chotic, im paired b y organic brain diseases, psychopathic or m entally de
ficient. In fact, if th e term “ psychopath” is used in a fairly strict and p«
cise m anner, then only abou t three percent of these convicted sex offender,
are found to be psychopaths.
In view of these findings, D r. K arpm an ’s generalized use of the term
“ sexual psychopath” to include virtually all convicted sex offenders ii
hardly justifiable. M y ow n feeling is th at w hen “ sexual psychopaths” am
intensively studied w ith depth-centered psychiatric-psychological tech
niques, those w h o are found to b e em otionally disturbed largely consist
o f severe neurotics, psychotics, and organically brain-im paired individu­
als. C on seq uen tly, the term “ sexual psychopath” should be forth w ith con
signed to oblivion. It w ould be m uch b etter to use such term s as sexual
neurotic” or “ sexual psych otic” ; b u t even these are m isleading, since many
offenders are em otionally and sexually disturbed, w h ile others are largely
em otionally b u t nonsexually disturbed. T h u s, a psychotic w ho walks n a k e d
in th e street m ay n ot have a specific sexual disturbance, any m ore than
a psychotic w ho eats dirt m ay have a specific food problem .
In any event, since m ost convicted sex offenders have distinct ail eel
about their offenses; since they are underlyingly— and often consciously ■
as guilty as they can possibly be; since m any of them do n o t have ml rill
sically antisocial m otivations; and since a great m any o f them may b
specifically diagnosed as neurotics, psychotics, brain-dam aged individual
and so on, it is pointless indiscrim inately to label them as “ sexual psycho
paths.” T h e quicker w e— and D r. K arpm an— forego this term , the bcllcr
F or the rest, m any o f D r. K arp m an ’s hypotheses call for len gth y discussion,
w hich present lim itations of tim e un fortu nately preclude.
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 513
Alfred Feingold, Esq.: D r. K arpm an ’s past history indicates that he is
always ready to flail th e legal profession, and his talk tonight, although
',inncwhat subdued, was no exception.
W liether D r. K arpm an is talkin g abou t th e sexual psychopath or plain
everyday crim inal, m y argum ent w ith him is (and has always been ) that
lie deals in generalities; his idealism and his sense o f social justice are al­
ways most persuasive. In m y opinion, there is n ot a thin kin g m em ber of
llw legal profession w ho is not in full agreem ent w ith D r. K arpm an’s
views. B u t w h a t D r. K arpm an does not realize, and I refer particularly
In what he said tonight, is th at law follow s science. T h e law is not con-
1 i iucd w ith w h at a group o f learned doctors or psychiatrists m ay believe,
lnil with w hat they can prove. If w hat D r. K arpm an has propounded this
evening is a proven scientific fact, you can be certain th at the law w ill
billow. B u t he him self in his talk ton igh t confessed th at little is know n o f
iln subject. H e says, A fuller study shows” — b ut lie does n ot give us the
lin lual background. H e says, “ A great deal o f clinical truth is in this,” —
liul lie does not give us the clinical background. H e goes on to say, “ O n
1 loser analysis, and we are not given the details o f the analysis. I say
lli.il when such is a thesis, th e legal profession can not be brought to task
lui not doing som ething about this particular situation. D r. K arpm an says
IIn' problem o f the sexual psychopath is an extralegal one. H e points out
1I1 il I lie sexual psychopath does not respond to punishm ent.
W liile the question o f dealing w ith sexual psychopaths remains in a sort
"I m \ cr-never land, it is always the prisoner (or patien t) w ho suffers
llnm llic uncertain state o f affairs. H a lf the battle, and perhaps the entire
I'lilllc of the psychiatrist dealing w ith th e prisoner (or p a tie n t), is lost if
Ihr prisoner (or p atien t) is aware of the fact th at he is a “ crim inal” rather
lli,111 an “ ill person.”
I h o c is no question th at th e law has created this situation. If psychia-
1и ( in prove scientifically that these people can be helped and cured, then
Ihr e;iscs w ill be left out o f crim inal courts and the prisons. T h e y w ill be
made part o f a public health service. T h e y w ill be patients. T h e y w ill be
lim pitalized. I am sure th at lawyers w ith vision feel th at such a day w ill
bu t I say to D r. Karpm an, give us the facts.
I uni A. G u th eil, M .D .: I should like to say a few words m yself. L ooking
+ 1"I' к upon m y ow n experience w ith so-called psychopaths, I find one
• li uacteristic th ey all have in com m on, and th at is their infantilism . T a k e
llii man w ho is a hom osexual. In his paraphilia he regresses to the tim e
In was bisexual, that is, to his infan tile level.
I lie nam e sexual psychopath” is not a very fortunate choice. It con­
cu rs instead o f enlightening. It brings up the issue of constitutionality.
I In term o f “ constitution al psychopathy” is a psychiatric entity. O n e m ay
■liH ' lion w hether hom osexuals, for exam ple, are constitu tion al psycho­
514 T h e P r o b le m o f t h e S exu a l P sy ch o p a th : A F o r m u la tio n T h e P r o b le m o f t h e S exu a l P sy ch o p a th : A F o r m u la tio n 515

paths, although in some places this has been postulated. A large group ward them . W h a te v e r th e underlying cause— all these cases harken to th e
am ong psychiatrists denies this, however. past— they rhapsodize frightening infan tile experiences to w h ich — in the
T h e term “ psychosexual infan tilism ,” on th e other hand, seems to cover paraphiliac act— is added a happy ending.
these cases; it does n ot require the fram ew ork o f psychopathic person And now I should like to have M r. C ollin s say a few words. M r. C ollin s,
ality to b e diagnostically significant. Psychosexual infantilism can be dc a social worker, has had experience in group therapy w ith crim inal hom o-
tected in adult males w h o instead of having norm al intercourse willi hcxuals.
w om en (w ith or w ith ou t thoughts o f procreatio n ), engage in peeping 111
Mr. Charles C ollins: W h e n th e Q uaker E m ergen cy R ead justm ent C en ter
exposing their genitals— like naughty children. B y calling such trends “ ill
«as in operation, I had occasion to do individual and group therapy
fantilism ,” w e classify them not on ly fu n ctionally b u t also dynam icalh
«illi men w h o had been labeled “ sex crim inals.” M a n y of the accused
W e refer to a regressive process w hich is taking place in th e p atien t’s psy>
had not reacted to irresistible im pulses as had been im plied here ton igh t:
chosexual developm ent.
I lie impulses w ere transitory, w ith o u t th e deep, dark and devious im plica­
C on trary to F reu d ’s b elief that paraphilias were negatives o f пеигомч
tions o f a character disorder. In m any cases th e m en had all the intellec­
— in neurosis paraphiliac tendencies are repressed and in paraphilia ovnl
tual insight on e could w ish for. T h e y had read everything anyone had ever
— w c are o f th e opinion th a t paraphilias are specific form s o f neurosis,
« 1il ten on th e subject. B u t they did n ot know w h at to do w ith the insights.
Paraphilia differs from , say, anxiety hysteria in its specific psychodynaniii
Ih . Karpman has indicated som e cures as a result o f intellectual insight.
structure. D r. K arpm an has studied these interrelations, and describ'd
1 fillers, in journal articles, have im plied th e same; b u t w e at th e Read-
them in m any volum inous books to w hich I should like to refer M r. Fein
|uslment C en ter, after w orking three years w ith som e 1100 so-called sex
gold; b u t I agree w ith those w ho m aintain th a t th e less w e w ill insist nil
inals, have never foun d this insight to be sufficient. I m ight add that
lab elin g som e o f his paraphiliacs as psychopaths, the less trouble w c will
tcntions o f quick cure w ith superficial insight abound in discussions
have in determ ining their pathology and etiology.
>i| categories o th e r th a n th e sex d e v ia n t— a n d th a t th e y seem to b e e q u a lly
A few points relative to the specific problem : I w ould n o t consider
Incorrect.
incest as an outright expression of psychopathy, althou gh incest occurs fid
Regarding the cooperation betw een the courts and those engaged in
quen tly am ong psychopaths. W e all know th a t incestuous cravings am
psychotherapy, w e found th e answer in a rather sim ple form ula: the judge
present in everybody at a certain stage o f developm ent. I have seen scvcul
c,ted the probation officer to refer th e accused to the R ead justm ent C en -
cases o f incest betw een father and daughter, and brother and sister, wlii' It
111 T h e probation officer asked tw o questions: “ Is the accused psychotic?”
had n oth in g to do w ith psychopathy or paraphilia. In on e of the cases <il 1»
' II not, w ill he benefit from psychotherapy?” If th e answers were, “ N o
served th e incest cam e into being b y th e fact th a t in a very rem ote villus#
psyc hosis” and “ Psychotherapy m ay b e of b enefit,” th e case was placed on
o f the southern part o f our country a farm er lived for m any years a loudly
pm bation un til such tim e as w e indicated m axim um benefit had been ob-
life w ith his daughter as his only com panion. It was abou t fifty miles In
I,lined. T h ere was n ot a single case referred to th e R ead justm ent C en ter
th e nearest town; there was no enjoym ent, no diversion for eith er of llieni
in whi ch the accused was jailed after w e had answered th at h e m ight profit
A fte r the death o f th e ch ild ’s m other (the girl was tw elve at th at tim e), Hu'
Imni psychotherapy. A n d I m ight add th at th e num ber o f rearrests for
daughter took over th e role o f the m other, and lived and slept near hei In
similar offenses during the three-year period o f operation was less than
ther. T h e incestuous relation developed as a result o f th e specific soeiul
n ', percent. I think th at the m ore sim ple the sem antic form ula the m ore
conditions. I thin k w e should m ake a careful differentiation when we
likely successful w ill be th e cooperation betw een legal and m edical agen-
speak about th e etiology o f incest.
1 irs. T h ere seems to be no reason w hy this kind o f cooperation could not
Paraphilias, I feel, are psychodram atic reproductions o f specific child
In effected on a large scale.
hoo d scenes and attitudes. If a m an is attracted to another m an, bolli uniy
b e playin g roles. T h e y m ay he reproducing a heterosexual scene in wild II Harry Benjam in, M .D .: I did n ’t expect to be called, otherwise I w ould
one plays the part o f a w om an — like in a Shakespearian drama. In olio 1 Ihivc m ade a few notes; b u t since I have been called, I shall try to recap-
words, externally their con tact m ay appear hom osexual; if you analyze l!| 1111< a few o f the thoughts th a t w en t through m y head w hen I heard, n o t
how ever, you m ay find that it reproduces a heterosexual— incestuous and "illy Dr. K arp m an ’s paper, b u t also the various discussants. W h e n D r.
hen ce tabooed— scene. B u t w h y should one o f them play th e role id a hin pinan, w hose very rich and inform ative paper, w h ich I hope to see in
w om an? H e m ay b e playin g the role o f a friendly m other instead o f visual jiiinl soon, to have on file, m entioned the case of th e exhibitionist, or
izing th e w om an h e is afraid of. W e have heard of such a case tonight <>1 1 illu r th e tw o exhibitionists, one a schizophrenic and th e other one a typi-
he m ay shy away from w om en because of his ow n m urderous im pulse In • ill exhibitionist; m entioned th at one w ould be punished if caught, and
5i6 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
the other w ould not, the explanation was pretty clear to me. O n e enjoyed
his act and the other did not. A n d the law is concerned w ith the eleventh
com m andm ent— thou shalt not com m it enjoym ent.
T h e n another th ough t cam e to m y m ind w hen D r. K arpm an spoke ol
the legal statutes; th a t in some states, as a m atter of fact, in all states,
certain acts are punished even if they take place in th e privacy of a bed*
room betw een married people. T h ere is one state in the U n ion, the stale
o f G eorgia, that punishes oral-genital con tact betw een m arried people
w ith life im prisonm ent. A n d I thin k D r. Pom eroy, w ho know s abou t that,
w ill probably bear m e ou t that there are actually people in prison loi
th at offense. (D r. Pom eroy nods his head.) I think D r. K insey or Ih,
Pom eroy had interview ed some of these un fortunate people. N o w , if you
hear that, and then hear th e remark of M r. F ein gold th a t th e law follows
science, one cannot b u t think, yes, it follow s science, b u t how m any yearn
behind?
C o sim o D e Gregorio, L .L .B .: In th e discussion, the view o f the lawyer*
has n ot been adequately presented. In fact, th e little th a t was offered
against th e paper was slanted. O n e o f the m ain reasons w hy I am able Iо
register com plete accord w ith D r. K arpm an ’s paper is th a t I ruth is lost
through too m uch disputation.” It is this spirit of dispute on the pail ol
th e legal profession (asking questions and n o t w aiting for answers, an
has been done during this discussion) th a t creates an unjust block to I lie
valuable concepts and studied conclusions propounded b y D r. Karpman
N o d oub t th e paper is the result of lon g and careful analysis, am plified by
concrete case m aterial; it makes th e instinctual drives th a t dom inate llifl
conduct of the sexual psychopath crystal clear. T h erefore, let us call J
spade a spade and ad m it that, as a rule, lawyers have the same distorted pic
ture of such a person’s con d u ct as th e general public. T h is is unfortunalc,
because lawyers are poten tial judges although they do n ot sit 011 Ilit?
B en ch and have no qualified psychiatrists helping them in deciphering l In
com plex matters th at com e before them . W h a t really happens is tli.il Й
stigm a is created w h ich is not confined to th e individual w ho seems It)
have surrendered to the abnorm al im pulse; it also extends to the individn.il
w ho succum bs to the deviant im pulse. A n d here it seems quite out ol pm
portion to justice. I II' '. T h e legal and psychiatric approach he proposes and the suggested
D r. Karpm an has shown us how an individual, w ith com peten t aid. luinj
been able to em erge from the dark shadow o f illness and to rehabililnlfl
him self. W h y , w e w onder, does th e law act so m uch in accordance will);
mass psychology, seem ingly taking subtle pleasure over the revealed wr.ik
nesses of m ore unfortunate fellow m en?
In introducing his paper, D r. K arpm an stated that in general “ the pin
sicians’ attitude is hardly m ore enlightening than that of th e general publ i i ,
they too treat the pervert (paraphiliac) w ith con tem pt and speak ol liliu
as a degenerate, although the term carries a conn otation of m oral oppiu
T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 517
brium w hich has alm ost no place in m edical w ork.” T h a t is w hy it remains
lor the learned m en in the field of psychotherapy to teach those of us w ho
grope in the dark.
The m em bers of the legal profession may resent as unjust the charge that
llicy have this contem ptuous attitude in com m on w ith the ill-informed;
yd except for the determ ined effort to d etect crim inals feigning insanity
111 order to avoid the m ens rea of the crim inal act, one can not deny that
Ilie law does not face reality w ith regard to sexual psychopathy. It is high
l ime to give due cogn izan ce to the shortcom ings in the— rather loose—
definitions of sexual crimes, loose in the sense that the substance o f th e
l.iw is not defined in accordance w ith present scientific know ledge o f sex­
ual behavior. T h e conclusion is m andatory th a t sexual law is stagnant.
In order to uphold th e suprem acy of the law, sem antics trium phs over
irality and the law kow tow s to fancy.
Dr. K arpm an ’s paper shows great insight; it* reveals th e lack of legal
lolcrance concerning th e unfortunates w ho do n o t feel and act in accord­
ance w ith the standards o f society and w ho are treated w ith contem pt once
I licir conduct clashes w ith these standards. W h ile it is true that the physi­
cian is b etter able to understand their cond uct and their individual prob­
lems, representatives o f the law, thin kin g in less individualistic concepts,
1 oncentrate on penalty. W h ile psychiatry has penetrated m any o f the per-
Imcnt problem s only after years o f searching study, the law n ot only
sweeps aside these findings b u t does not even adm it, as psychiatrists do,
I bat some problem s in this w orld are w ith ou t solution, and certainly w ith ­
in 11 legal solution.
I)r. Karpm an has presented facts from diverse cases and any m em ber
н| Ilie legal profession takes an unwarranted attitude unless he is able to
1 nmitcrpose these argum ents w ith equally valid case m aterial of his own.
In Ibis regard the “ practical” considerations o f D r. K arpm an w ill n ot be
nullified b y resorting to the present laws as the only practical m eans of
. lulling the w arped m ind o f the psychopath.
f acts affecting the nature o f the sexual psychopath m ust be accepted
|ir.l as the facts given us b y G regor M en d el and T hom as H u n t M organ
cerning the m ysteries o f the genes and chrom osom es. D r. K arpm an has
• lurched us w ith facts about the conditions th a t confron t us, n ot just theo-
Iiiophylaxis are beacon lights in a sea o f darkness.
II lias been postulated b y D r. Karpm an that the law should n ot treat
lb. insane m erely according to “ black and w h ite” categories. T h e law
miisl learn to differentiate betw een the crim inal m ind and the diseased
bum; that is an order o f the first im portance. Is the sexual psychopath a
и 1 person? Is he psychologically disturbed? If he is, then he deserves no
buwdry or condem nation because he deviates from accepted standards, nor
dor. I lie adjective “ degenerate” apply to him .
Along wi th other progressive lawyers, I subscribe to the theory th a t we
 518 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
have need to create an unprecedented attitu d e o f m ind to cope w ith un­
precedented conditions and to use unprecedented know ledge.
T h e L aw R evision C om m ission o f the S tate of N ew Y o rk always w el­
com es suggestions for new projects, b u t the m em bers of th e Bar m ust ac­
cept the challenge w ith m ore zeal. T h e y m ust heed the words of wisdom,
“ T h e law , if it is to do m ore than to rattle dead hones, if it is to becom e
a vital, useful, social fact, m ust assim ilate new truths and new though Is.
T h e law , since it is society’s agency o f authority, m ust interrelate the
know ledge of the specialties into a thoroughly w rought and operating dc
vice for social service. T h is is the challen ge given to the law .
D r. Karpman, M .D . (closing remarks): A n sw ering D r. Piotrow ski, my
paper was prim arily not abou t paraphilias b u t abou t th e sexual offenses
and if I took up paraphilias, it was because I felt that at th e source, these
offenses are special types o f paraphilias. T h ere are, o f course, as I indi
cated, m any paraphilias, perhaps m ost, th at never becom e involved in
sexual offenses, b u t th e poten tiality o f paraphilia b ecom ing involved in
an antisocial behavior is always there and always great. In cases o f sexual
psychopathy, w h ich I prefer to call crim inal paraphilias, th e lack of prcvi
ous con tact betw een an offender and the victim is significant. In some
instances the person w ith w hom th e con tact is to be m ade has long been
gone or is otherwise unavailable and, therefore, a stranger m ust he soup,hi
to replace him or her. T h u s in one case o f exhibitionism , the at lack
broke out on th e death o f the patien t’s m other, and th e patien t exposed
him self before an old w om an, reliving during th e episode th e old child
hood situations. In another case, the p atien t’s sister was th e ob ject of hn
em otional interests. B u t as she w ould not perm it that, th e barrier being
great, he w ould expose h im self to strange w om en on a street car. In many
such cases, th e individual is driven to reenact a childhood scene bcfuie
som ebody w ho m ay be sym bolically w ithin th e fam ily constellation; at IIn
sam e tim e it m ay be psychologically necessary to him th at the victim h«
overtly as far rem oved from the offender as possible— disem otionalizinu
the victim , as it were. T h is makes for less gu ilt and answers th e second
question raised by D r. Piotrow ski w ith reference to the absence of rcmoi-ay
In m y experience, I have noticed this situation w ith particular refcicm о
to exhibitionism , and its mirror com plem ent, voyeurism . A n exhibition Id
w ill expose him self before a totally strange w om an and there is no doubt
• abou t the offender w an tin g to shock the w om an; on e m ight say, lie wanl i
to shock her into submission; yet the very same offender, w hen confined Id
an institution, w ill never expose him self to a nurse w ho certainly cuilld
very w ell be a m other figure, except th a t she is too w ell know n to him and,
therefore, brings th e situation too close to th e patient. O n th e other liaml,
I have k now n any num ber o f patients in the hospital w ho w ould atlciiipl
to expose them selves before a m em ber of the nursing staff yet w ould
expose them selves in the city to a strange w om an. H ere w c arc dealing
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 519
with a desired and needed identification w hich th e nurse w ell supplies b u t
I lie strange w om an in th e city w ould n ot do under th e circum stances. E x ­
hibitionists, as a group, are sexually inadequate in their relations w ith the
opposite sex, for w hich reason they seem to w ant to take exceptional, even
violent, measures to induce th e partner to subm it. O f course, in 999 cases
out o f 1,000, no such th in g ever takes place. T h e assaulted w om an w ill b e­
gin to scream and report th e m atter to the police or else sim ply w ill run
away, b u t I did h ave one instance o f a patien t of m ine w ho one day suc­
ceeded in lurin g a w om an into his em braces b y m eans of exhibitionism .
It is little realized that, for practical purposes, exhibitionism is m erely
.111 attem p t to m asturbate in public. I have yet to find an exhibitionist w ho
doesn't precede, accom pany, or follow th e act o f exhibitionism w ith mas-
lurbation. O n rare occasions urination is substituted for m asturbation,
but for th at m atter, exhibitionism is no exception in this respect to other
paraphilias. A ll this is rather odd, since w e all know o f m asturbation as
Ilie “ secret vice,” w h ich people try to hid e from others and there m ust be,
therefore, som e very pow erful reasons w hy the individual m ust resort
In the practice in the open. So far as m y experience goes, all the para-
11I1 iliacs are given to m asturbation, and I have often reflected that the para-
|ill ilia was invented alm ost for the purpose o f indulging in m asturbation,
1• if the person in question had b ecom e im poten t in m asturbation and
was obliged to resort to his extraordinary expedient, w hich is paraphilia,
111 order to m ake m asturbation effective. In so doing, he m oved th e em ­
phasis for m asturbation to the paraphilia, m aking m asturbation seem less
important. T h a t is w here m asturbation and paraphilias are so different
Iмни m asturbation in other cases like anxiety neurotics, depressive cases,
| 1 cs of different types o f im poten ce in w h ich the individual resorts to
m aslu rb ation w ith o u t the expedient of a paraphilia, although in his fan-
1 1-lies, he m ay play all sorts of paraphiliac picturizations. It m ay sound
paradoxical, b u t I believe it is true th a t if w e can solve the problem o f
uni,si urbation, w e w ill have solved th e problem o f psychopathy and all para­
philias.
I quite agree w ith D r. Piotrow ski th a t the sexual offender experiences
IIn: highest degree o f sexual gratification during his socially prohibited b e­
havior; and it is for th e reason, as already stated, th a t th e urgent need for
il is so com pellin g because it is very close to th e instinctive and therefore
less controlled. A lso, it is substitutive and sym bolic, and regardless of how
iniicli one indulges in sym bolism , such sym bolism can never approxim ate
Hu ical th in g for w hich the sym bol stands; therefore, th e individual is al­
ways running from one gratification to another, yet can never b e satisfied,
InsI as a sym bol can not approxim ate th e real thing.
I adm it th a t it isn’t an easy m atter to differentiate relief from unbeara­
ble tension from positive em otional satisfaction. I can on ly record it as a
I ni . 'I'im c and tim e again, one secs exhibitionists, voyeurs, transvestists,
•ниI other types o f sexual offenders w ho, after the episode is over, will say

520 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
to them selves and others, “ H ow very stupid it was of m e to have done j
th a t” ; yet som ething irresistible did drive th e m an to do it. B u t I never J
heard of a norm al individual saying, after an episode of norm al sex
relationship, th at it was stupid of him to have w anted to indulge in that.
I w ould say th a t th e closer the reactions are to the instinctive, th e more
is there likely to b e tension, w hile the closer th e reaction is to the social
level, the more anxiety there is likely to be. O n e can alm ost express the
depth of regression from the degree of tension or anxiety present. I would
also say th at sexual offenders, as I know them , do n o t have anxiety but
rather a search for relief from tension. T h e y do experience anxiety if they
are n ot allow ed to express their paraphilia, the reaction thus bearing close
resem blance to com pulsion neurosis in w h ich th e individual is free from
anxiety as long as he is allow ed to indulge in his com pulsions b u t becomes
im m ediately filled w ith anxiety if lie is prevented from doing so. T h is, as
you know , differs from phobias in w hich there is the opposite m echanism,
B u t th a t is abou t as far as the com parison betw een paraphilia and com
pulsive neurosis goes.
T h u s, w hile in a sense, som e reactions of these crim inal paraphiliacs
m ay be regarded as relating to obsessive-com pulsive behavior (I mistak
enly once designated this as Obsessive P arap hilias), I w ould say that the
relationship is only on th e basis of overt behavior; b u t I question very
m uch, at least in th e ligh t of m y ow n studies, w hether these cases could 1)0
genetically related to obsessive-com pulsive neuroses, as w e know them , d
for no other reason than that there is hardly a neurosis in w hich the sense
of guilt is greater than in the com pulsion neurosis. B u t there is m uch Icvi
gu ilt in paraphilias. T ru e, w e find some gu ilt in the paraphiliac neuroses;
b u t certainly n ot in the perform ance of th e paraphilias proper, w hcic
there is lack of gu ilt in the particular behavior. A b o ve all, I wish to cm
phasize that com pulsion neurosis has a definite and specific structure ill j
w hich th e m echanism of displacem ent is m ost prom inent. O n th e otliri
hand, w e frequently find com pulsive-obsessional reactions in all sorts ill
neurotics and all sorts of psychotics, b u t w e can’t call these com pulsion j
neuroses. I have a patient, a straight paranoiac, w ho has a com pulsive с cm
m onial. E xactly at 6:30 every m orning h e w ould go to the kitch en, fill Hi
glass h alf w ith w ater and h a lf w ith salt, and sw allow it. T w o mi mi hs
later— and it was exactly tw o m inutes, no more, no less— he w ould immu
diately go to th e toilet, sit him self in a particular w ay and m ove his bow
els in a particular way. E very day he w ould go through this cerem onial, I
had one of m y patients in prison w atch him . H e gave m e a com plete ГМ
port. T h ere w asn’t a single m om en t of th at patien t s day th at he was liOl
from his com pulsive cerem onials. Y e t h e was n ot a com pulsion n cn ro tM
though he had com pulsive behavior. D eliberately using the word “ compel
lin g ” in m y paper, I tried to m ake clear th at w e are dealing w ith a com
pellin g tend en cy and not a com pulsive one. In m y experience I have NOfl^|
T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 521
only one case o f com pulsion neurosis that m ight be considered crim inal.
I le accepted the invitation o f another fellow , w ho was a psychopath, to be
an accom plice in a crim e, b u t at th e last m inute he backed out.
I still m aintain th at the difference betw een th e paraphiliac w ho keeps
out o f trouble and the paraphiliac w ho uses violence is one of degree
rather than o f kind. O n e can observe it w ell in cases w h ich I w ould label
as “ sub-clinical” sexual psychopaths, m en w ho have indulged in a sort of
lim id way in a prohibited sexual act w ithout, however, ever having been
apprehended, and the transition betw een the tw o is quite possible. O f
course, in the extrem e cases, th e n oncrim inal paraphiliac and the crim i­
nal paraphiliac seem to b e poles apart, b u t if one starts from each end and
I l ies to approach the m iddle through the various gradations, it w o n ’t be
long before h e’ll com e to a type o f reaction w hich m ay or m ay not be
considered crim inal paraphilia, depending alm ost upon on e’s definition.
I cite here the instance of a m an w ho, w ith o u t indulging in exhibi-
Iionism, w ould leave th e windows open, no blinds or shutters, and parade
within the space of his room naked. H e w asn’t caught and, therefore,
seemed to have rem ained w ithin th e fram ew ork of noncrim inal paraphilia;
now contrast him w ith another m an w ho did the identical th in g at m id ­
night w hen no one was available, b u t the charw om en in the next b uild in g
'„iw him and reported him , w hereupon he was arrested and becam e a
criminal paraphiliac. O r take the hysterical neurotic w ho w ould sit in his
mom naked, the door only half-way shut, h op in g and praying th a t his b e­
loved sister m ight happen by and perchance see him and thus be induced
In com e closer to him . H e apparently had no com pun ction or gu ilt about
it lie did n ’t m ean to shock her b u t m erely th ough t th a t once she realized
lie wasn’t bashful, perhaps she w ou ld n ’t be bashful either.
I will em phasize, w ith D r. Piotrow ski, m y original statem ent th a t it is
necessary for th e sexual crim inal to resort to violence or assault, w hich
would seem to mark him qualitatively from the n oncrim inal paraphiliac,
lull in m any cases the prim ary inten tion is to com m it the act w ith ou t re­
lied mg that such an act m ay be interpreted as assault or violence. A gain ,
r, elsewhere, there are, as betw een noncrim inal and crim inal paraphiliacs,
ii great m any degrees and it is very hard to state w here permissiveness
' mis and violence begins.
I )r. Piotrow ski further em phasizes that w hile accepting m y statem ent
llial the crim inal attack appears to be a substitute for an originally pro-
liihitcd and sexually repressed goal, such as incest and hom osexuality, he
wonders how one could explain those cases w here th e individual practices
nw' illy incest or hom osexuality. It m ust be borne in m ind, how ever, th at
an Ii a practice o f overt incest and hom osexuality is at the conscious level,
ImiI I hat behind the overt practice of incest and hom osexuality there stands
1 large unconscious incestuous or hom osexual com ponen t w hich serves
Им same purpose, so far as the crim inal act is concerned, to provide a
522 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
substitute for an original repressed goal. D r. Piotrow ski m ay be entirely
right that cases of overt incest and overt hom osexuality seem to have b et­
ter work records and be less desocialized than other sexual offenders. I do
n o t know that, as I have m ade no special study o f this situation. I would
say though that w h ile there are m any overt hom osexuals w ith a h igh type
of conscience and very excellent work records, the num ber of those with a
m uch lesser conscience and n ot as good work records is far greater, so lai
as m y observations go, than th at of the norm al individual. It seems to me
th at th e very fact that the individual is obliged to break one set o f social
conventions regularly, virtually through a lifetim e, makes it less difficult
for him to indulge in other behavior that is antisocial or n ot far removed
from th e antisocial. T h ere are, therefore, m any hom osexuals and para*
philiacs w ho are very unreliable, especially am ong them selves, th a t is, in
their interpersonal relations. T h e y w ill m ake appointm ents w ith gratifying
freedom and break them w ith am azing ease. In the instance of one of my
patients w ho m et a you n g m an w ith w hom he soon established an appar
en tly nice relation (they vow ed to each other eternal lo v e ), m ade an up
poin tm en t for the next tim e and, as the patien t told m e, “ N eith er one
o f us believed the word of the other and neither one of us expected In
show up for the appo in tm en t.” A n d th ey did n ’t. H om osexuals, as a group,
are trem endously prom iscuous, far m ore than a norm al m an is likely In
be. Perhaps of necessity they m ust be; unlike the heterosexual, they have
no social sexual goal such as th e establishm ent o f a fam ily. Relations In
them are m eant in terms of individual orgasms in contrast to the normal
heterosexual w ho thinks in broader terms of social adjustm ent. T h e nuill
her of “ faith fu l couples” am ong them is very small. O n e of m y homosexual
patients adm itted that b y th e age o f 36, he had know n over 500 men, I
doub t very m uch w h eth er th e average norm al m an could boast that many
conquests o f the opposite sex. If he does, then he definitely belongs to Ila
sphere o f psychopathology.
I have already answered w hy I th in k th at the urge is obsessional and
uncontrollable. It is so un con trollable that th e individual w ill resort In
any means available, in clu d in g antisocial means, in order to realize it II
is more un con trollable in the crim inal paraphiliac than in th e noncrinu
nal paraphiliac; perhaps th a t is w hy th e form er is antisocial in his scxnid
behavior. If circum stances do not perm it satisfaction, th e individual do
velops trem endous tension from w h ich he m ay find tem porary rclicl ill
m asturbation, b u t only tem porary. A s F eren czi told us, norm al sex is oh
sessive enough and com pulsive enough b u t in th e paraphiliac it is so to ti
far greater degree; still m ore in th e crim inal paraphiliac. W h ile it is I him
that the urge can n o t all th e tim e b e satisfied im m ediately, the urge is si ill
great and unrelenting and the individual w ill never delay it of his own
accord; only particular circum stances m ight force h im to delay it. In olIи i
words, where a norm al individual, m oved by a norm al sexual drive, might
find it necessary to delay the pleasure for the sake o f certain gains, pci l o p
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 523
social gains, or for greater security, the paraphiliac can not do that. M o ved
by im pulsiveness, he is quick on the trigger.
I w ould disagree w ith D r. Piotrow ski th at in m any cases there is a m etic­
ulous and prolonged preparation o f th e crim e w hich gives the offender a
certain pleasure. T h ere is and there isn’t; the individual, already having
been driven to several episodes, know s that they w ill com e b u t he makes
no preparation for it except in the im m ediate sense. T h ere are exhibition ­
ists w ho w ill expose them selves on ly in streetcars, others w ill expose th em ­
selves only on the street. In M aryland, there is a law that w hen an indi­
vidual exposes him self at a railroad station, th e fine is less than if he
exposes him self on a busy street. O n e o f m y patients took advantage of
that so th at he w ou ld n ’t have to pay such a large fine, b u t n ot for a m o­
ment did he thin k o f doin g away w ith his exhibitionistic perform ances.
You can call this preparation, b ut it is certainly a very m inim al prepara­
tion.
There are, to be sure, degrees of im pulsiveness. In th e crim inal para­
ph iliac, som e are very im pulsive, som e less im pulsive. I had a case of a
physician w ho adm itted to m e that he was an exhibitionist b u t w ho said
tlint he indulged in it so cleverly th a t he was never arrested. I questioned,
here, w hether he was a true exhibitionist, because the idea o f the exhibi-
Iionist is to attract and som etim es to shock the opposite sex, and in order
to escape detection one m ust be very circum spect, w hich is likely to lessen,
to a great degree, th e pleasure o f exposure.
Answ ering D r. Schm iedeberg, I have to apologize for having titled this
paper, T h e Sexual P sychopath. T h is was more or less b ow in g to th e pop­
ular conception o f th e situation rather than to the clinical and scientific.
There are certain features about the crim inal paraphiliac (w h ich latter I
III ink is a b etter term ) in com m on w ith the crim inal predatory psychopath
as we know him . T h e un con trollable tend en cy to com m it a crim e is com ­
mon to b oth. T h e lack o f gu ilt preceding th e episode is com m on to b oth,
but w here remorse m ay be present in th e crim inal paraphiliac after the
episode, no such th in g is found in the predatory psychopath except regret
II Hi I he did n ’t use enough sense to prevent being caught. I think it w ould
be better to call these tw o types, the predatory (crim inal) psychopath and
the crim inal paraphiliac, respectively. I w ill agree w ith D r. Schm iedeberg
lli.il Ihe m ajority of our sexual offenders are neurotic. T h is is m y essential
IIn 'sis. I w ill, how ever, m odify this b y saying th at th e rem ainder m ay be
psychotic, especially am ong the sim ple and hebephrenic praecoxes, b u t as
II incom ing (crim inal) psychopaths, there aren’t very m any sexual offenders
inning them . T h e predatory psychopath is n ot perturbed b y th e sexual
pinblcm. B asically, he is oriented in a bisexual focus; h e can always get
ill id does get plen ty o f w om en, considering his intriguing, even bew itch-
11ip ways. H e is m uch m ore concerned w ith predatory expeditions. O n
1 sl.iblishing a relationship with a w om an and having found th at she has a
lit lie m oney— lie often seeks those w ho have m oney— lie is m ore likely to
524 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
be concerned w ith th e m ethod and m eans b y w hich to extract the m oney
from her than w ith seeking sexual satisfaction from her, w hich he takes for
granted. N o w and then a predatory psychopath m ay run a little short of
sexual satisfaction on w hich occasion h e is likely to resort to attacking
som ebody sexually, w h ich to him doesn’t m ean any m ore than attacking
som ebody predatorily, b u t by and large the predatory psychopath is not
a sexual crim inal.
T h e m ention of the w ord “ psychotic” brings to m y m ind that w e know
little, very little, of th e contribution of psychoses to sexual crimes. F01
the m ost part, w e have been dealing w ith neurotics, b u t in m y studies 1
find that dem entia praecox contributes a great deal to sexual crimes as
do also other types o f psychoses. T h e y usually pass unnoticed, are con
fined to prison for a brief period and then released. T h is is a virgin field
w hich I hope som e day a future psychiatrist w ill take up in greater detail.
A t this point I m ust m ention, how ever, that w hile the contribution of
dem entia praecox to crim es is n ot small, by and large one m ust view
schizophrenia as being basically a defense against sexual encroachm ent.
H o w else should one interpret hallucinations of a hebephrenic of people
calling him derogatory nam es, than dangerous paraphiliac encroachm ents
on a conscience th a t is too sensitive to accept them?
I quite agree w ith D r. Schm iedeberg that the crim inal paraphiliac is often
am azingly ignorant of sexual m atters. It brings up the w h ole question ol
sexual education. I m entioned in the paper th at the fam ilies in w hich thcxi
people are brought up m ay be very good fam ilies in the accepted sense ol
th e term , and that on the surface, there w ould not seem to b e anything
w rong w ith them ; b u t som ewhere in the interpersonal and intrafam il in I
relationships som e em otional flaws have taken place w hich, because ol
parents’ ignorance and w rong em otional orientation, have been allowed
to grow until the reaction has later blossom ed out in its full fruition. Ihi!
h ow can you expect a m odern father to understand the developing Octb
pus situation, th at in this or th at instance his son is trying to reach out
for a hom osexual con tact w ith his father? W e m ust go back to Orthopsy
chiatry, to the study by child analysts, to learn the nature o f sexual dcvel
opm ent and how to handle those sexual problem s w hich are likely to result
later on in paraphilias. B u t w e are a long tim e off yet from that.
I do not wish to go, at this point, into th e em otional aspects ol |>
ch opath y because they are so different from em otional problem s in licit
roses and psychoses. If the true psychopath shies away from em otional rcl.i
tionship of any sort, it is because he has not learned since infancy uiiil
childhood the m eaning of em otional relationships and, therefore, the 11
tablishm ent o f any em otional ties has com e to be m eaningless to him; and
that is true of all his relationships, w hether fam ilial, interpersonal, sow
ual, or social; whereas in the case o f the crim inal paraphiliac, whi l e liM
m ay not show any particular em otional reaction to his particular type of
sexual behavior, outside the situation, w c m ay find him a lovin g sou, N
The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 525
loving brother and often a devoted husband, and displaying all the ten­
der em otions that we usually find in neurotics.
T h e crim inal or the predatory psychopath doesn’t feel anxiety; when
confronted w ith a threatening situation he w ill experience fear, im m edi­
ate, naked fear or w h at one m ight call ego fear, fear of w hat m ay happen
shortly, b u t he is n ot th e type to experience anxiety in a long-range situa­
tion, for the latter w ould im ply special types of early cond itioning w hich
we d on ’t find in true psychopaths; rather do w e find there failure of early
conditionings. T h e crim inal paraphiliac w hom w e usually call “ sexual
psychopath” m ay not experience anxiety w ith reference to the particular
lype of activity in w hich he indulges, b ut outside of that he m ay experience
anxiety and all the constellation of em otions th at w e usually find in neu­
rotics as a group.
Dr. E llis states that I have introduced m any hypotheses, some of which
are not supported b y factual evidence, b u t he does n ot specify these pre­
sum ably unsupported hypotheses. I deny these allegations in toto. A ll of
my statem ents are based on actual clinical material; I do n ot have one
hit o f theory. T h is can readily be seen from the m any cases dem onstrated
Ionight. N o r did I im ply that all sex offenders are “ sexual psychopaths.”
Sexual psychopathy is a popular conception , n ot mine; n ot even a con ­
ventional psychiatric conception. T h a t there are m any different kinds of
sex offenders, no one doubts, b u t so far w e have been unable to get law ­
yers and judges to distinguish betw een them . T h u s w e have the sadomas-
ochists, fetishists, scoptophiliacs, paedophiliacs, etc. Psychiatrists are try­
ing to do m ore research along these lines b u t they do n ot get m uch help
Imm the legal profession. In order to m eet on a com m on platform ,
when I speak o f sex offenders, I m ean chiefly that these are legally so;
imiong psychiatrists, how ever, I speak o f crim inal paraphiliacs w ho m ay
01 m ay n ot have been apprehended. W ith in the m eaning o f the law, any
sex behavior th a t is offensive to the morals of th e com m unity is labeled
sexual psychopathy. In some states hom osexuality is punished b y a long
sentence, w h ile there are also states in w hich oral contact, even betw een
in.111 and w ife, is punishable b y a long term o f im prisonm ent. I hope D r.
Ellis doesn’t hold m e responsible either for the law or th e legal definitions.
II in the paper I spoke alm ost exclusively o f those w ho have been arrested
■
■V 11id convicted, it is because these are the ones that have com e to m y at-
Icntion and w ho have been treated by me. I cannot believe that forty per­
cent o f convicted sex offenders are norm al, as stated by D r. E llis. I d on ’t
believe there are norm al sex offenders any m ore than I think there are
normal crim inals. T h e y m ay not be neurotic as measured b y routine psy-
' lualric standards b u t they are neurotic— not psychopaths— as m easured
by psychodynam ic standards and they w ould com e under the heading o f
ii i mi nal paraphiliac as outlined above. D r. E llis is m erely agreeing w ith
me. rather than disagreeing w ith me, w hen he says th at w hen the sexual
psychopaths arc studied intensively they are found to b e severe neurotics.
 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 527
526 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
however, th a t h e did n ot m ean th at paraphilias w ere the opposite o f neu-
mscs, that is to say, th a t they are n ot neuroses. R ather, I believe, he m eant
before the term ‘<crim* that they w ere neuroses o f a special type or else w h y should h e have gone
10 such lengths to prove their psychic nature and interconnectedness? W h a t
inal paraphiliac. T fear h e paid little atten tion to m y presen­
he m eant was that paraphiliac trends are foun d in all neuroses; however,
tation or else he w ould n o t have m ade the Ihcse paraphiliac trends— exhibitionism , sadom asochism , etc.— b ecam e on
occasions fixed m odes o f behavior, in this way n egating th e m anifest n eu­
rotic picture. B u t it is still a neurosis.
1 am all w ith D r. G u th e il that w e should cease lab elin g these cases as
psychopathic. T h e re w ill b e no difficulty gettin g dynam ically oriented psy­
chiatrists to agree to that, b u t the conven tion al psychiatrists still insist on
using а 19ГО nom enclature in 195г. T h ere lies ahead of us a great p iece o f
educational m issionary work to be don e am ong psychiatrists proper.
'" T H s T m a t t e r o f established fa ct w ith w hich w e are confron ted every day As to w h ether incest is to b e included in the group o f paraphilias, it is a
ftit psychiatrists are often rgnored because they do no. question th a t can b e decided alm ost b y one’s p o in t o f view . I believe it is
11 paraphilia o f th e type w hich I call cultural paraphilia, th a t is to say, an
issue m ay result from th at b u t th e issue is n ot socially acceptable— as be-
Iwccn father and daughter, or m other and son. T h e case stated b y D r.
за ( lutheil w here th e situation was one o f social pressure w ill not stand up
under the scrutiny of th e psychoanalytical principle o f repression. Incest
is such a terrifically prohibited reaction that th e very idea o f it is horrify­
ing to th e average hum an being. H e finds it very difficult to understand
1! in terms o f everyday occurrence or even exceptional occurrence. If a m an,
regardless o f the circum stances under w hich he reacted to incest, has
i - s ^ , n ^ d s ^ d pnS : , p ,c h ;,
finally yielded to his pressure, w e m ust assume that th e original repressions
fiave not been strong and gave w ay, w hich, therefore, w ould place it in the
field o f neurosis. Som e years ago, D r. G u th e il reported th e case o f a man
who w ould have erections in the presence o f his daughter. I believe he
•poke of it as a neurotic reaction, w hich un doubted ly it was. I have a pa­
"у Т Л psychic'd^sease!having definite psyehic w h en d l* in nt w hose father induced his fourteen-year-old daughter to have rela­
tions w ith him on his claim that since she was grow ing into w om anhood,
•.lie ought to get acquainted w ith the situation and it was b etter th a t he
С ь Г а ! w h ! is also th e President of th e A s s o e r a t™ ,a n d fh e D ,r should acquain t her than anybody else. T h is was done in a household w here
Ihere were a m other and other children living. It is difficult to b elieve th a t
such a m an is norm al, b u t rather that his repressions h ave n ot been effec-
live and he has yielded to the pressure of the instincts.
A ccording to legal definition, a w om an is a m inor and a child until the
iigo o f 16 or 18, depending upon th e state or locality in w h ich she lives.
- - Such a m inor can easily bear a child b u t this is n ot sanctioned b y the
с nllurc in w hich w e live. T h erefore, I p u t paedophilia in th e group of
cultural perversions.
I w ould consider rape, too, as b ein g a paraphilia. T h e re are m en w h o .
C ^ T r a n l Z o f 't h l ren T en S ’ h enfireiy c o rre c t 1 have seen it frans do not or can not enjoy norm al relations under norm al circum stances b u t
must use force if their relations arc to b e satisfactory; that is, if they are
In achieve a satisfactory orgasm. T h e late D r. L. В. T . Johnson told m e o f
original was. Freud was n ot always easily translatable. 1 am quite ^
528 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
a case that cam e to his atten tion of a m an recently married, w h o found
him self com pletely im poten t w ith his w ife w ho to him was in every way
attractive. O n e day they were taking a w alk in a nearby park w hen о are still very loose. Perhaps there ought to be a com m ittee form ed consist­
a sudden and, as it w ere, ou t o f a clear b lu e sky, th e m an threw hiss w i e
dow n, violently tore off her dress w ith a great deal o f force and virtually
raped her. F or the first tim e he had satisfactory intercourse. T h e w ife ol
course was very m uch frightened, b elievin g th a t he was going to attack
t e S d kill her, w h ich was not the case. T h ere recently cam e to m y a -
tention a young m an o f pow erful ath letic b u ild w ho, at th e age of гг
was still a ‘‘virgin.” N onetheless, he w en t to som e strange houses at m id­
night and w aking up th e w om en w ould ask their perm ission to have m e -
course w ith them . T h e history shows that he could have established wi
out difficulty, som e intim ate relations w ith w om en of his acquam ta , F. A . M usacchio, M .D .: I wish to com m end D r. Karpm an on this com ­
b u t apparently he did n ’t w ant t h a t - i t had to be a stranger and some
force had to be used. T h e last nam ed case cam e to the atten tion o f a judge
w ho was outraged at the idea th at such a case was n ot classified as sexua
psychopathy w hich he believed it fully was. Legally, rape is n ot classi
w ith sex offenses b u t is pu t in the group of assault.
Answ ering M r. C ollin s, it is evident that his conception of «resistible
im pulse is quite different from w h a t psychiatrists think it is. H e says soi
of his m en w ho were labeled sexual crim inals have n ot reacted to uresis •
ble im pulse as outlin ed b y m e ton igh t. H e said th e im pulses w ere torn -
tory, w ith ou t th e deep, dark, and devious im plications of a characte . Ihe subject, there is a m oun ting w ave of juvenile sex-drinking rings or
order. I should like to m ake the correction here th a t all im pulses a
transitory and w hile it is true th at som e im m ediately impress the
as being deep-seated, there are others w hich, on th e surface at least,
appear so, b u t nevertheless are as deep-seated as others. H e says th,
required reading had given them intellectual insight b u t they didn t a ppw
to profit b y that. T h e reason is th a t w e psychiatrists em phasize n ot in с -
lectual insight b u t em otional insight, w h ich is quite a different m atter. I
thin k that the people w ith w hom M r. C ollin s w orked showed an enlighl
ened attitud e in attem p tin g to use psychotherapy for th e sexual offence I
and there is no better proof th a t psychotherapy is effective than the
he reports th at there was such a sm all percentage o f recurrences.
T h ere is very little for m e to answer D r. B enjam in as he appears In
accord w ith th e m ain tenets of m y presentation. I was very pleased 10
hear th e com m ents b y M r. D e G regorio w ho certainly is one of the mosl
en lightened lawyers I ’ve ever m et. W o u ld th a t w e had m ore such l i e up
pred ates very m uch like a psychiatrist that back of t le parap п и к >
havior is an instinctual drive th a t dom inates th e con d u ct of th e individual,
In com m on w ith other progressive people, he accepts psychotherapy as f l
one h op eful cure, b u t psychotherapy need not be interpreted in the nariow
sense of the word b u t to include all form s o f rehabilitation. H e su b m ifu
and I accord w ith him on that, th at law does n ot as yet face reality wil l
regard to sexual psychopathy and I m ight add to crim inality in general,
T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 529
even though adm ittedly the num ber of enlightened lawyers and judges is
growing. I also accord w ith him that the legal definitions of sexual crimes
ing of progressive lawyers, judges, and psychotherapists in order to bring
law w ithin the fram ework o f m odern concepts. It is quite evident th at for
all the work th at psychotherapists m ay do— and here I m ight add more
power to such organizations as th e Association for th e Psychiatric T rea t­
m ent of O ffenders— they w ill never get anyw here w ith o u t th e help o f the
legal profession nor for th at m atter w ill that profession get anywhere
w ithout our help.
Group III *
prehensive and instructive presentation on th e tim ely subject of th e sexual
psychopath. T h e subject is certainly tim ely in view o f th e fact th at sex o f­
fenses, especially those involving children, exhibitionism and rape are ap­
parently on the upgrade, as indicated by the degree of newspaper pub­
licity and th e num ber o f m agazine articles dealing w ith the subject of sex
crimes and sexual psychopaths presented to the public. A s a result of this
publicity, th e atten tion of the public has been focused on th e subject
with an accom panying upsurge in interest.
In Indiana, if one is to judge b y the num ber of newspaper articles on
clubs and th e P .T .A . and police officials are deeply concerned over th e situ­
ation. G overn or Schricker of Indiana blam ed a breakdow n o f the “ old-
fashioned h o m e” for this situation. I11 his opinion this problem poses a
challenge to all o f us and the prim ary fault lies in the breakdow n of the
so-called old-fashioned hom e w here children were under closer w atch of
I heir parents. O n the other hand, D r. A lfred C . Kinsey thinks th at there is
nothing rem arkable about teen-age sex rings disclosed over th e past year
in several Indiana towns, pointin g out th at th e on ly increase in sexual
m isbehavior am ong teen-agers is in the am ount o f p u b licity such cases have
hecn gettin g lately.
T h e psychiatric basis for the sexual behavior o f so-called perverts or
paraphiliacs has been w ell designated b y D r. K arpm an as th e paraphiliac
neuroses, in d icatin g the need for psychotherapy in such cases. A s pointed
out, the paraphiliac has failed to m ake an adequate adjustm ent in terms
cl acceptable social and sexual behavior because of a d efect in his early
sexual developm ent, resulting in sexual im m aturity on reaching adulthood.
A careful history w ill reveal th a t the abnorm al sexual behavior of the para-
pliiliac is only one o f his psychoneurotic sym ptom s and signs. T h e relation­
ship betw een the paraphiliac neuroses and the ordinary psychoneuroses has
+ ( Comments sent in by readers on publication of the article “ T he Sexual Psycho­
path” in the Journal of the American Medical Association, June 23, 1951 -
5зо The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
been clearly pointed out b y D r. Karpm an, and I am sure there is general
agreem ent am ong m edical m en that sexual psychopaths are victim s of a
m en tal illness, n otw ithstanding the fact that they are also a social m enace.
T h e fu tility o f punishm ent in relieving or curing th e sexual psychopath
of his abnorm al sexual behavior has been pointed out along w ith th e bene­
ficial results o f psychotherapy in such cases.
In view o f the paucity of scientific know ledge, regarding the etiology of
sexual offenses, it seems to m e that this w ould be a fertile field for psy­
chiatric research. I certainly agree w ith D r. K arpm an on the advisability
o f the psychiatric approach in dealing w ith this problem and th a t th e treat­
m ent o f sexual psychopaths should b e psychotherapy rather than confine­
m ent, starting w ith proper sex education in childhood. I am sure th a t we
all have a clearer understanding of th e psychiatric aspects of the sexual
psychopath after reading D r. K arpm an ’s presentation.
W ern er В ergmann, M . D.: D r. K arpm an has pointed out several im ­
portant factors in classification, diagnosis, social evaluation and treatment
of th e syndrom e called “ sexual psychopathy.” I agree w ith h im th at sexual
psychopath should be classified under the general heading o f neurosis
and th at a pow erful em otional experience in early life m ay lead in the
adult to either psychoneurosis w ith hysteriform sym ptom s or to paraphilia
d epending upon the type o f personality and developm ent. T h e diagnosis ol
paraphilia as a clin ical en tity should be m ade b y a psychiatrist, who
later on can institute adequate treatm ent, but, as D r. K arpm an aptly
pointed out, any physician should be fam iliar w ith th e clinical picture ol
paraphilia w hich so far happens not to b e the case except in unusual
circum stances. M a n y so-called sexual psychopaths com e first to the attcn
tion o f a doctor, after they have com m itted socially im perm issible acts,
usually through the various probation departm ents.
I accord entirely w ith D r. K arpm an ’s plea to u tilize th e vast clinical mil
terial available for an intensive study. In th e files of every large city
probation departm ent there is available a w ealth o f clin ical m aterial. From
personal experience, through conn ection w ith the A lam ed a C o u n ty Proba
tion O ffice, I can say th at th e judicial w orld, at least here in C alifornia, is
quite conscious o f th e problem a sexual offender poses and is trying botli
to obtain psychiatric advice as to w h at to do w ith such offender and steps
w h ich m ay lead to a possible cure. D r. K arpm an points out in his study
th e difficulty in contem plated therapy stem m ing from our ignorance as hi
causative factors. Perhaps th e probation departm ent histories could be ol
great value in h elp in g to clarify th e issue, I d on ’t know . A t least Ilie
A lam ed a P robation O ffice takes a very detailed social history of every sex
offender, obtains a psychologic w orkup inclu d ing various 1 .0 . tests, Roi
schach and various personality tests, a detailed psychiatric report which
m ust consider, besides present and past offenses, the social data, obvious
and hidden m otivations, th e general character of the defendant, his pov
The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 531
sible behavior m th e future and recom m endations as to disposal; a
follow-up history is also kept. It is m y personal opinion th at a detailed
study o f a great num ber o f such P robation O ffice workups m ight help
significantly in elucidating the problem o f the “ sexual psychopath” along
the basic concepts as outlined b y D r. Karpm an.
( D J. Generales, M .D .: M y interest in the “ sexual psychopath” was
stim ulated b y D r. K arpm an ’s frank article and inasm uch as the subject of
sexual perversions lies m ore adroitly in the field o f psychiatry w hich in
turn is an integral part o f m edicine, I feel that articles in this special
sphere should receive undivided atten tion b y all doctors. T o be m ore com-
pichensive, th e understanding o f the sexual pervert or paraphiliac should
interest further judges, lawyers, social workers, educators, etc., dow n the
Ime to parents and guardians. D r. Karpm an com m ands the subject ana­
lytically, very thoroughly and gives suggestions of how some o f the sexual
perversions can be corrected b y psychoanalysis, or channelized properly
ill an early age. It is n ot difficult to grasp th a t the drive or im pulse in the
sexual psychopath as w ell as in the noncrim inal paraphiliac is an at­
tem pt to relieve an inner tension. His tastes and appetites are fanciful, at
Junes predictable and w hen not, a poten tial danger breaks forth into a
kinetic cycle w ith possible harm to society.
I here is a grow ing tendency am ong orthodox psychiatrists to consider
I lie role o f environm ent as m ore influential on the developm ent of the indi­
vidual than the hereditary anlage. O n e m ust go beyond routine psycho­
analysis and approach the problem from th e en docrinological and even
surgical view points. W e know that the adm inistration o f horm ones today
more than ever can be beneficial in im m ature, intersexed and other endo-
(iin o lo gically im balanced cases. In certain “ incorrigibles” 011 the other
Imud, (and this is, I adm it, causally unsatisfactory) castration and pre-
liontal lob otom y have helped the individual w hile sterilization also has
Hided m relieving society o f a burden and a m enace. Surgical revision and
plastic operations on th e external genitalia to conform w ith th e gonadal
sex or transform ing th e phenotype o f the genital organs to satisfy the de­
a n s o f the transvestist has a definite place in this problem . In som e severe
hereditary m ental afflictions, w ith or w ith ou t sexual aberrations, I have
Jmind abnorm al spermiogenesis as evidenced b y a preponderance o f patho­
logical sperm atozoa, (ref. to “ E rbkrankheit und F ertilitaet,” publ. F . E nke,
Stuttgart, G erm an y, 19 3 7), w hich is very significant. Furtherm ore, endo-
II m ological abnorm ality plays genotypically a dom inant role, thus the
eiim inal psychopath has often un- or underdeveloped external genitalia.
is entire horm onal system is not in equilibrium and therefore rationaliza-
liun is m ade difficult or even impossible.
An interesting fact is that the A m erican child or teen-ager is less sexually
jiiiiture than his E uropean contem porary. T h e field of A m erican m edicine
li is paid too little atten tion to this conditional problem . Proper education

532 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
and guidance, therefore, as w ell as understanding and study b y the phy­
sician and specialist is all th e m ore indicated in our com paratively shel­
tered way of life in Am erica. T h e physician w h o has had some tra™ n g
h e insight of basic hum an problem s, and takes the tim e to deal w ith the
in the consultation room , can contribu te m ore to his com m unity than al
th e outm oded and unjust legal codes w h ich never correct this sort . out som e o f these differences. A d m itted ly there are individuals of basic
Pt X form al training o f the physician there should b e three stages:
( i ) unencum bered basic study of st^dy o f ^ u m a ^ ^ x ^ s y d i c i l
‘„ t t d E Z Z b y proper courses in
S c " school, and ( , ) all " . е ^ е Г и = ° ^
includ e active psychiatric training em phasizing the role of
PS? l ; r ” t y “ S t onTy w ill the natural aud tint norm a, in tlr.
hum an b e b etter identifiable b u t the com plexity o f sex life w r h И * я p
tied into the com m on denom inator of a universal m oral and social cocic.
т т Г с о т Hmeu, D r. Karpm an for h is excellen t exp oseon , a s u b .e c и » hi
tie understood and n eglected b y so m any m our enlightened cou y.
Herman A D ick el M D .: Anyone w h o has had th e opportunity o f reading
" g b ^ o f D r. K arpm an ’s work on the psychopath and pan
ticularly on the sexual psychopath, w ill recognize in this dissertabon
fact that D r. K arpm an has here covered th e subject in an excellent .
ner. It w ould seem m ost inopportune for anyone to try to aTermn any У apy, but in m any instances w e feel th at this psychotherapy is going to be
th e concept th a t D r. K arpm an has presented C ertain ly, I p f f . belter carried out if the individual is in som e sort o f protected environ­
and particularly those w ho are trained in a dynam ic type o f Р^ус ’-' у,
w ould agree m ost w holeheartedly w ith D r. Karpm an to th e effect that h i
I Z psychopath and particularly one indulging in offenses is an mdivrd
w ho L n ot constitutionally or inherently put together in such a way I ull ing psychiatrists for th e State Parole System in our state for the last
h h b e h a v t r disorder ensues from his constitution al or inherent т а к с и ,,
W e certainly w ould agree in m ost respects w ith the ehologic: m u p .
tation the general sym ptom atology of th e individual, and the t eatm
program thagt D r. K a r p L r n has described. H e has done an excellent ,
presenting b oth the psychiatric and the legal attitudes tow ard these т Д
S I and bus drawn ?„ p an excellent „ o n t i o n in , emu, for f t » be
m en t n ot alone for those presently afflicted w ith this disorder, tor
gone further and ou tlin ed a satisfactory preventive program w lr.cb «»,
be instituted in all parts of th e country for th e rm m edra.e prevention nl
‘ " S e r n ' t ! however,S tw o ^ o in ts 'w liic h seem to us . о Ы p o m , whem
parts where w e differ are: ( , ) th a t these people b e designated b y lb
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 533
nam e “ neurosis,” and, (2) that th e treatm ent o f the sexual problem be
not confinem ent b u t prolonged psychotherapy.
O u r reason for disagreeing w ith the use o f “ neurosis” in the m ajority
of these instances is that to us there is a fun dam en tal difference betw een
Ihe individual w ho is ordinarily associated w ith crim inal psychopathy and
Ihe individual usually designated as a neurosis. D r. K arpm an has pointed
neurotic m ake-up w ho are found in legal difficulty, having com m itted some
antisocial sexual act. F or these people the nam e “ neurosis” is aptly utilized,
but in our experience these are less than five percent o f all the people w e
see in private practice for psychotherapeutic procedures. O n the other hand,
Ilie individuals usually indulging in sexual disorders are of definite psycho­
pathic make-up and do not profit from the same psychotherapeutic pro­
cedures that are utilized on the psychoneurotic or neurotic type of indi­
vidual.
For that reason, w e again say th a t it seems questionable to us as to
whether the word “ neurosis” should not be reserved for those people w ho
have a certain definite psychopathological background and is n ot to be
used to designate those individuals w ho com e into a som ew hat different
category, regardless o f w hether w e consider it from the standpoint of
cliology, sym ptom atology, or th e m anner in w hich they becom e involved
with the law .
W e likew ise tend to disagree som ew hat w ith th e idea th a t n on e of these
people should be confined, b u t rather should b e subjected to prolonged
psychotherapy. W e agree entirely w ith th e idea of prolonged psychother­
ment. B y protected w e m ean not on ly w here society is protected b ut
where this individual is protected.
II has been the experience o f m yself and m y associates to be th e con ­
nine years. D u rin g that period o f tim e, w e have seen a trem endous num-
bei of individuals handled in regard to th e problem of sexual disorders.
In I lie m ajority of instances, w e feel th at they have been m ishandled, just
I. I h\ Karpm an has pointed out in his article, b u t nonetheless w e have ob-
M'l'vcd w ith rather a great deal o f astonishm ent th e fact th a t these individ-
II,il',, over a period of tim e confined to institutional surroundings, rather
,lefinitely “ m ellow ” as far as their antisocial drive is concerned, and learn
ii loutine o f livin g w hich could n ot b e learned in any other w ay except
under an institutional type of living. A d m itted ly th e presence of punish-
iik nl in their institutional livin g is bad and it should be under a treatm ent
lype of setting. W e have n othin g b etter to offer at th e present tim e than
" 11.11 Dr. Karpm an has suggested, b u t w e do feel that society as a w hole
h not yet ready to accept the prolonged psychotherapeutic procedures in
534 T h e P r o b le m o f th e S exu a l P sy ch o pa th : A F o r m u la tio n
these instances and m ust be m ore definitely educated before such measures
are going to be properly u tilized b y society as w ell as by psychiatrists.
In conclusion then, w e believe th at D r. K arpm an has started us out 011
a very useful concept of th in kin g in regard to these cases. O u r only reason
for questioning the tw o points is because w e look at it a b it m ore from the
sociological standpoint rather than from the purely psychiatric standpoint.
In the m ain, w e feel th a t D r. K arpm an is to be congratulated on his efforts
to help educate, n ot on ly the psychiatrist, b u t the m any other people work­
ing in th e field th a t handles th e “ crim inal psychopath.”
Perry G . Pratt, M .D .: Just as the anim ated discussion follow ed th e pres
entation o f D r. K arpm an ’s paper b efore th e societies, it struck a n ote with
m e. I certainly have not put a sex m otive to num erous crim es as was
brought out in his paper b u t do n ot d ou b t its truth. A ctu ally, I have heard
such before but have never read any pu blication w hich so clearly expressed
m any of the details concerning sex behavior. It has always been m y feeling
that sex was the underlying m otive or cause o f various difficulties b u t ii is
difficult for m any to realize this and it is even m ore difficult, I believe,
for the general practitioner to m ake people understand such things c\
cept w hen an out and out sex act, out of keeping w ith pu b lic opinion, is
com m itted . In the first place th e general practitioner does n ot understand
it him self.
A ctu ally, m y experience w ith so-called sex perversion is qu ite lim ited. II
is only w hen the act com es to public view th at it becom es a perversion
as such w hich was brought out in D r. K arp m an ’s paper. H ow ever, win
som e feel th e need to carry on acts in pu b lic and how or w h at can be done
to readjust such afflicted persons, is w here I certainly am lost. Y es, I m
m em ber th a t it is possibly an expression of dislike or hate, or the like, bul
how to find out the w hy, so it can b e explained to the patient, seems to Iк
th e difficult part. T h e general practitioner first has to know w hen there is
a sex problem , then w here to send it so the latter, w ho is or should he
trained in th e field, can do th e rest. Further, it is m y feeling that even
our ow n profession falls down in h an d lin g the problem — n ot just the gen
eral practitioner b u t also th e psychiatrist. T herefo re, h ow can one kumv
w here or rather w ho w ould be the one to turn to for adequate and propel
aid in the m atter? D r. K arpm an ’s paper makes m e feel that he is one cd
the understanding and w ell-inform ed b u t distance, tim e and funds limit
m any. Surely, I realize that these and even other elem ents should not pluv
a part in such a serious problem b u t they do nevertheless.
T h e first case I ever cam e in con tact w ith was one of m asturbation mid
th e p atien t felt that he was going to approach or “ disturb” som eone clue
in the barrack and thereby bring on disgrace. If I rem em ber rigidly In'
w ould dream th at th e acts were actually taking place and it was n ot know u
w heth er he had done an yth in g or not w hich was th e m ain po in t o f wony,
A s I was in the service at th e tim e, the outcom e o f the case was ncvef
T h e P r o b le m o f t h e S ex u a l P sy ch o p a th : A F o r m u la tio n 535
know n because it was naturally referred and I was sent overseas soon
thereafter.
O th e r cases are n ot o f th e sam e nature exactly nor particularly referable
Iо the question. Such cases are m ostly w om en patients w ho are having
difficulties of one sort or another especially affecting fam ily life and h a p ­
piness. M a n y of these I feel are sex problem s b u t I find it difficult to get
1lit patients to com e out w ith their worries. T h e y talk in vague terms. N o w
and then I can get the background b u t m ostly it is guess work. Som e try
Iо be their ow n consultants and w e know this is foolish b u t privacy is a
difficult thin g to m aintain especially in th e sex field. T h ese people know
this also. If and w hen sex troubles w ill b e taken as any other illness I
do not know , b u t it is certainly “ m eat” for the gossips and all are gossips
where sex is concerned. A ctu ally cases o f out and out sex perversion
com e to th e atten tion o f the general practitioner b u t rarely. T h e reason
I feel is first the hesitancy o f the afflicted to bring out their troubles to
even the professional” m an because o f fear o f gossip, sham e and ideas
Ihat n oth in g can b e done. Professional m en gossip also and in such cases
II really spreads like wildfire because such a source is a true fire alarm .
I lie records m ade just are n ot confidential. C ertain ly few if any busy m en
have the tim e to type their ow n records or to file them . A ctu a lly it m ay
he more just to place the b lam e on secretaries rather than doctors, yet
gab-fests are often overheard b y curious ears.
O n the other hand, do these people w ant to be cured? N o d oub t at
limes they do. A ctu a lly I believe they enjoy at least certain elem ents of
I heir differences. Secondly, w hen such behavior com es to the fore, it is
through th e courts and then it naturally goes to the psychiatrist w hose
duty it is to discover w hether the person is “ sane” or “ insane.” It is diffi­
cult for me to believe that they are n ot sane as th e term goes b u t I am un ­
able to place a stigma on them as so m any do— even th e profession. A t
Ihis tim e no therapy is given, in fact n oth in g is told the patien t w hich is
my m eager experience. I have ram bled on and probably have n o t said
much abou t th at w hich D r. Karpm an w ould wish to hear b u t am glad
ul I lie opportunity to express m yself on th e subject.
Km I M . D ubow ski, P h.D .: T o one engaged in any aspect o f law enforce­
ment, D o cto r K arpm an ’s article is interesting and thought-provoking. T h e
'.cxual psychopath and his acts form a m ajor problem for the police. Sex­
ual delinquencies and crimes have a num ber o f characteristics not com m on
In other types o f offenses w hich render a thorough understanding o f the
1 xual crim inal m ost im portant. Sexual crimes usually involve close con tact
' F iucnts, the absence o f witnesses other than the com plainant, physical evi­
dence frequently inconclusive in nature, extrem e difficulty in establishing
I lie crim inal in ten t in m any cases, and the ever-ncccssary requirem ent o f
protecting the id en tity o f the victim . Such factors m ake the investigation
mid solution of sexual crimes m ost difficult problem s. A thorough under­
536 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
standing o f th e m otivation and m ental processes of sexual psychopaths,
of the trigger” m echanism s governing their behavior and of th e form
and nature of their crim es is o f th e utm ost im portance to law enforcem ent
^ C e r t l f f i o f t h e practical difficulties th a t arise in th e investigation, solution
and prosecution o f sexual offenses are inherent in t a r fnature * h d c
o th er! are cond itioned b y out legal, m oral, and socral code Aa m few
if anv other crimes, th e irresistible character of th e paraphiliac offe
w h ich th e author iefers creates a m ajor p.oblern A n
tin e another m ajor crim e o f violence, e.g., m urder, m ay, if undetected,
lead an exem plary, law -abiding life thereafter; w h ile the untreated sexual
p s th o n a t h wffl con tin u e to b e m otivated b y th e sam e irresrstrble r m p u t a
E « su ite d in the orrgina, offense. T h e inescapable
the latter type of offender m ust be apprehended if repeated violatio
to b e l v o i d S . Y e t nr th e very ae, ot defining exactly w h o rs »
as a sexual psychopath, th e law en forcem en t official m eets one of
o b s ta c le D o c to r Karpm an clear,у deim eates «he existing eontus,on w,
regard to th e definition of sexual psychopathy. R e ce n t studied
reem phasized th e broad spectrum of actually existing hum an sexual be
h a v T o f r w h i c h earlier a u th o r s ^ alluded. L aw enforcem en t agencu
how ever, m ust act on th e basis o f existing statutes, n ot their own .
anyone else’s interpretation o f w h at constitutes currently m orahy ог с
ically acceptable sexual behavior. T h ese statutes are a m a z in g у m eо
and non-uniform in different jurisdictions, as other r e s h o w ^ -
W hile agreeing in part w ith D o c to r K arpm an s thesi . nnn-permissible sexual activities presently acceptable to the m ajority o f our
to p reven tf correct, m deter sexual crim inals from their a e b v t t o ^ ; people.
writer finds i t difficult t o concur t h a t ‘‘there rs no m ore need to have law
against perversive activities than there is о av fflncxsei
illness .” Firstly, one m ust distinguish b etw een laws against l l ln f l M
as such and statutes prohibiting certain actions or o n i o n s ; у
afflicted w ith such illnesses. T h u s even in th e c o n r o l of illness
foun d it necessary to establish legal codes relating tci th e “ ......
tain diseases ( e g ., venereal diseases) and regulating and restncti g
S o S E i t i v i i i e s o f .b o x . afflicted b y spec,fie d,seases, S„ c h ax vm lcoll,
1Kinsey Alfred C , Pomeroy, W ardell B. and Margin, Clyde E . Sexual B e h a M
S — .aPhiladelphia, W . B. SaundersCom pany .948-.................
leM
!П п П - m 1 p lu l The Sexual Criminal. Springfield, Charles С . 1 liomas, и
8Foffl C lellaiT s and Beach, Frank A. Patterns of Sexual Behano, New Мик
P f f i - E b t r S r d ^ n . Psychopathra Sexualis. Stuttgart, Ferdinand Кик
M-Iuschfeld, Magnus. Sexualpathologie. Bonn Marcus &, W ebers 1916.
8 M iller lames R “ Sex Laws ot the 48 States,” ’ 4 8 , 25-28 (Pcbraary 1 94 ' I ;
’ BensTng Robert С . “ A Comparative Study of American Sex S tatu te. }
C rim inal'Law, Crim inol. & Police Sei. 42, 57-7* (May-June 1 9 5 1).
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 537
infections and com m unicable illnesses. O n e could certainly see a parallelism
betw een prohibiting th e so-called indecent exposure in public places and
enforcing a quarantine on an individual afflicted w ith sm allpox, b oth legal
restrictions im posed on individuals for the protection of th e society at large.
More im portant, how ever, is the need of the “ authorities” for legal author­
ity to take effective action in the detection, apprehension, and neutraliza-
lion o f sexual offenders, authority w hich m ust be conferred by statute.
There is no statute against sexual psychopathy in any o f our States; it is only
the overt acts o f sexual psychopaths that are prohibited. It m ay be com ­
pletely true th a t “ the proper treatm ent for the sexual psychopath is n ot con ­
finement b u t psychotherapy,” b u t som e legal m echanism for finding those in
need of such treatm ent and m aking them available to the treatm ent, as w ell
as the treatm ent to them , m ust be provided; keeping in m ind that the
existence o f such persons is usually first dem onstrated through occurrence of
some m ore or less serious offense against the person. W h e th e r the required
legislation takes the form of prohibiting certain acts (e.g., rape) and di­
recting the apprehension o f anyone com m ittin g such w rongful actions, or
authorizing th e apprehension and confinem ent o f anyone m anifesting cer-
I 1in antisocial and dangerous behavior contrary to public policy (as is the
■ asc in the present legal hand ling o f som e types o f m ental illness) is
certainly im m aterial. T h e p o in t is statutory action o f some type is required;
and rather than abolish our present laws concerning sexual offenses, an
attem pt should be m ade to un ify them in all jurisdictions and to bring
II u ni in line w ith th e concepts of m orally and ethically perm issible and
Forem ost in im portance to the successful prevention (w hen possible),
and investigation o f sexual crimes by th e police is an adequate understand­
ing of the m otivation dynam ics o f sexual offenses, o f the nature o f such
ullcnses, o f th e circum stances under w hich sexual crimes are com m itted,
and of the m odus operandi of the sexual crim inal. T h ese elem ents are
i .ncly self-evident in any given situation, and D o cto r K arpm an ’s discussion
lioidd prove m ost h elp ful in providing some of this inform ation.
A ctual analyses o f behavior patterns and features in the form o f m odus
operandi files are an im portant part of the police arm am entarium against
■siial crimes. T h e follow ing case illustrates the im portance o f com paring
I>1nil lei features o f sexual and nonsexual crim es to establish the presence
hi absence o f characteristic behavior patterns in th e perpetrator. U nusual
behavior trends can establish positive identification or help to lim it th e field
"I logical suspects to one or m ore specific classes o f persons, thus simpli-
Ivlug the problem o f identification and apprehension for th e police. Par-
• 1111 k I ically, it m igh t be added th at m ajor sexual crimes constitute one o f
(In m ost difficult types o f crimes to solve since tw o im portant elem ents,
Ifial o f a logical m otive and th at o f previous association betw een th e
1 m ninal and the victim , are frequently m issing in the m ost brutal crimes.

T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
C a se r W h i l e p assin g a h o te l ro o m in a m e d iu m -sized m e tro p o lita n
c o m m u n ity , a b e ll-b o y w as c o n fr o n te d b y an e x cite d b lo o d -sp a ttered w h r с
m a n in h is la te tw e n tie s or early th irtie s w h o e m erged fro m th e room
sca n tily cla d a n d w ild ly w a v in g a p o c k e t k n ife . T h e m a n ru shed p ast the
b e ll-b o y to a fire esca p e a t th e e n d o f th e h a ll an d d e sc en d ed th re e ston es
to th e gro u n d , ru n n in g in to a side a lle y . A b rie f lo o k in to rc r° ° ™ c 1
clo sed th e m u tila te d b o d y o f a w o m a n ly in g o n a b lo o d -sta m e d b e d . U p o n
m a k in g th is d isco very, th e b e ll-b o y p u rsu ed th e su sp ect d o w n th e fire es
c a p e a n d th ro u g h several b a c k streets a n d alleys. F in d in g th a t h e w as b e ­
in g p u rsu ed , th e su sp ect sto p p ed , c o n fr o n te d th e b e ll-b o y a n d b y w o rd ami
a ctio n s th re a te n e d to k ill h im if h e p ersisted m fo llo w in g th e su sp ect, wl
th e n p ro ce ed e d to esca p e o ver a fe n ce .
T h e p o lic e fo u n d th e b o d y o f a 32-year-old w h ite w o m a n w e ll kn o w n
to th e m fro m n u m e ro u s p revio u s arrests for v a g ra n cy a n d m to x ic a tio m She
h a d d ied a p p ro x im a te ly 1-2 h o u rs b e fo r e d isco ve ry o f th e b o d y and he
b o d y h a d b e e n m u tila te d p o st-m o rtem b y n u m e ro u s k n ife c u t and
in th e re g io n o f th e breasts, a b d o m e n , a n d ge n ita ls, in c lu d in g a lo n g j established th a t each set of underclothes had apparently been stained w ith
th e -R ip p e r” in cisio n o p e n in g th e v u lv a a n d a b d o m e n . A u to p s y о rc vie 111
d isclo sed e v id e n ce o f a lc o h o lic in to x ic a tio n a n d re ce n t sexual m terco r . .
T h e b e h a v io r o f th e su sp ect d iffered fro m th a t o f th e u su a l m urde^ r u
several s ig n ific a n t respects. A p a r t fro m th e b ru ta lity o f th e crim
e v id e n t sexual e le m e n t, th is m a n d id n o t h e s ita te to c o n fr o n t a n d th rea d
h is p u rsu er w ith o u t regard fo r th e re su lta n t p o ssib ility o f la te r identificu
tio n H e h a d le f t th e scen e in a p h y sica l c o n d itio n o b v io u sly con sp icuou s
a n d w ith o u t a n y a tte m p t to restore a n o rm a l a p p ea ran ce
F ro m th e n a tu re o f th e crim e an d th e e xtra o rd in a ry a ctio n ;5 o f * 5s
p e c t p o lic e th e o rize d th a t th is crim e h a d b e e n c o m m itte d b y ] .
p s y c h o p a th ic to an e x te n t in d ic a tiv e o f th e lik e lih o o d o f p revio u s instil 11
tio n a liz a tio n . A c c o rd in g ly , c o n ta c t w as m a d e w ith a ll т 8 ^ Ь о " 8 ^ "
ca re o f th e m e n ta lly ill w ith in th e state, a n d c o m p le te records a n d d e su
tio n s o f all re c e n tly released a n d esca p ed in m a te s w ere o b ta in e d . T h e
s crip tio n o f o n e e sca p ee fro m th e state e p ile p tic farm , w h o se record ,<
v e a le d p revio u s sexual d e lin q u e n c ie s, ta llie d in p art w ith th a t furm s H;
o f th e su sp ect. S e arch o f th e fo rm e r h o m e o f th e su sp ect le d to h s
id e n tific a tio n , a n d a fu ll c o n fe ssio n to th e m u rd er.
D o c t o r K a rp m a n h as p o in te d o u t th a t ce rta in acts le g a lly classified J
sexual crim es a n d o fficia lly c o n d e m n e d b y so ciety m a y b e u n re co g n ize d in I
u n p u n is h e d if carried o u t in secret or u n d e r o th e r m a sk l^ . cir^ ' m ' '
K in s e y e t a id h a v e fu rn ish e d s ta tistic a l co n firm a tio n o f th is fa c t w ill
s p e c t to ce rta in acts ille g a l in th e m a jo rity o f o ur states. In p o lic e WO.
is e q u a lly im p o rta n t to re a lize th a t som e a p p a re n tly n o n se x u a l c - 1 и I with th e m edical profession, the courts, and the public at large w ho
b e m o tiv a te d b y sexual p s y ch o p a th y ; an d s cien tific c r i m i n g V
e x a m in a tio n s ca n fre q u e n tly h e lp to esta b lish th e tru e n a tu re o f such .и II,
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 539
' I'he follow ing case illustrates how sim ple police science procedures can help
lo solve crim es against property havin g sexual aspects.
Case 2: H ousewives in a small-city n eighborhood predom inantly com ­
posed o f small apartm ent houses and one-fam ily dw ellings com plained of
I lie frequent loss of freshly-laundered clothes from th e clotheslines in
llicir backyards. In each instance, the th eft occurred in the afternoon and
all clothes on th e line were rem oved. T h e stolen clothes were usually re­
covered from trash receptacles in th e vicinity soon afterwards. Because
of the nature o f these acts and the tim ing, it was suspected th at these
llicfts w ere perpetrated as a prank by school boys.
In the course o f the investigation, several o f the discarded lots identified
by their owners as the com plete assortments of clothes w h ich had been
stolen were subjected to police laboratory exam ination. T h is disclosed evi­
dence o f staining o f certain fem ale undergarm ents included am ong the
1«'covered clothes; and further exam ination established that th e stains were
tab! com posed o f sem inal m atter. Laboratory exam ination of these garm ents also
seminal m atter on only a single occasion.
T h ese facts indicated that the th ie f was probably a fem ale-garm ent
lelishist w ith a com pulsion for acquiring different sets o f garm ents on
i »tch occasion of com pulsive behavior, and clever enough to attem p t to
mask his acts as you th ful vandalism . O n the basis of these findings, th e
search for th e th ie f was expanded to include adults, and particular w atch
was set up for unknow n m en w hose alleged occupation w ould give them
unsuspected access to local properties. D ilig en t surveillance o f the district
I«induced a suspect costum ed in a laundry-driver’s uniform and carrying a
laundry bag in w hich were foun d freshly-laundered, b u t unpressed per­
sonal clothes, including fem ale undergarm ents. T h ese were identified as
Riving been rem oved from a backyard in th e im m ediate vicin ity o f the
place o f arrest. C onfession and closing o f th e case follow ed.
• Pickard D . Loew enberg, M . D .: It is a nearly im possible task to com m en t
w 1111in a few m inutes on D r. K arpm an ’s com prehensive survey, w hich was
possible only after a lifetim e o f pioneering research. M y remarks therefore
should be considered on ly as supplem entary observations o f a practicing
psychiatrist w hose w orking conditions have been quite different from the
majority o f our colleagues. H ere I w ould like to concentrate on the pub-
1I1 s reaction to the sex offender as another possible highw ay to their un-
il« islanding. T h e circum stances o f our tim es forced m e to practice on three
* 1 mil incuts— Europe, Asia (C h in a ) and the U n ited States— and even in
t tins country, in com plete isolation, far away from clinical facilities and
Hu benefit o f consultations w ith others; b u t at least in constant close con-
tiuiulcntionally aggravate our therapeutic task so greatly.
 T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 541
540 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
10 understand unm istakably th a t she w ould call th e police if I did not
T h e follow ing random observations should therefore be considered with
mind m y ow n business and go away im m ediately. T h e peculiar isolated
these obvious lim itations, w ith ou t any claim for generalizations as possible
“ genital attitu d e” is m anifested in th e rather singular way, unknow n in
stepping stones for further research. T h e reaction of the public is n ot to
other languages, th at the word “ sex” itself is used in terms like: “ Sex
be considered as a condem nation b u t as a challenge for a b etter under­
appeal,” or to q u ote sayings o f patients: “ I like to talk sex,” or the “ best
standing. W h ile our observations are not new to the student in this held, as
medium for sex,” “ encyclopedia of sex,” “ sex fiend,” “ sex m aniac,” etc.
the fragm ents of case histories show, the focusing is som ew hat different
11 goes w ith ou t saying th at naturally all this exists universally everywhere,
and perhaps prom ising for further research. T h e differences of th e cultura
but the hand ling o f it in our language is different and h igh ly significant.
setting m ight be best illustrated b y contrasting these three com parative ex
T h e follow in g observations m ight illustrate this still m ore outspokenly.
Several years ago a C h ica g o professional m an got involved in a tri­
P D urin g the starvation years o f th e first w orld war, m illions in Europe
angular jealousy affair. B efore he took revenge on his rival, h e asked a
experienced w hat the deprivation of a biological need means. F or month*
service station m an w hat best to do and was told castration w ould be
all th in kin g and talking o f th e w h ole population, irrespective of the so
Ilie tiling. T h is was follow ed exactly, although it resulted in a tragic m uti­
cial status and the war situation, was exclusively concerned w ith food ami
lation shooting. T h is is m entioned here only to show th a t a highly edu-
how to get it, and n o t w ith sex. A n y o f the survivors of the prison camps
1 iled m an felt com pelled to get the law of th e land prescribed from a
has gone through the same experience. O u r generation needs no confnma
service station m an. O n e m ight b e tem pted to m ention another case o f a
tion as given recently in controlled university experim ents on th e effects
lecble-m inded psychopath w ho specialized in tatto oin g torsos o f head­
of starvation. In th e rapidly forgotten N a z i’s years, extrem e exam ples о
l e s s w om en on his thighs, sym bolizing th e uselessness o f the head.
the pu b lic’s attitud e were unabashedly and naively presented. O n e pap
This narrow em otional thin kin g prepares the ground for all kinds of
celebrated th e “ blessed” fam ily event of slaughtering m th e country al
panic reactions, as I outlin ed som e years ago in m y study on “ Rum ors of
the highest festival tim e o f the year to com pare only w ith Christm as. 1
Mass P oisoning in T im es of C risis” (J. C rim . P sychopath. V o l. V , 1943,
rem em ber too, that som e com m anders of the extirpation cam ps put forwaul
Г. 13 1). T h e peculiar m ental split in our public m akes it possible at the
as defense their exem plary fam ily life. U n fortu n ately, w e cannot agree u
1 ime tim e under the cloak o f respectability to be proud in righteousness
m ilder forms of this w ay o f thin kin g are n ot operative anyw here m l i
nl ils ow n supposed norm alcy, w hatever th at m igh t be, and to enjoy the
world. W e hear often enough from our aggressive psychopaths that
lir.lil for castration and the spectacle o f executions. T h e same public is
never drink nor smoke. • onvinced in its sw eeping generalizations that the m ost intense genital ac-
W h ile practicing in Shanghai a worried old-tim e C h in ese fat icr c; i"
lin lic s are “ good for yo u ” and solve all problem s “ once and for all.” From
w ith his twenty-year-old son, w h om he considered as m en tally sick. 1 askul
lln same m en tality derives a request, not infrequen tly heard in the office,
him w hy, and he explained th at after intercourse w ith his; young w i ll ,
In I feat young schizophrenics w ith castration!
his son was drinking ice cold w ater w hile his blood was still h e a t e d - * !
All practitioners know that every sex offender is indiscrim inately con-
incom prehensible cond u ct for the old C h in ese w ay of life F urther obu
Milcied as a poten tial m aniac murderer, whereas th e m ajority o f them
vation showed th e son to b e outspokenly m en tally retarded . . .
never com m itted any act o f violence. W e k n ow that the physical and emo-
In the early thirties anybody could still observe m the center о I
Iиmi 11 loneliness and seclusiveness o f m any of our patients are rarely com ­
hai on lively streets the goings on of a kin d of “ cattle” m arket w ith ушиц
bined w ith th e disastrous traits o f aggressions. B u t this lon g established
girls accom panied b y their “ am ahs,” w ho traded them to th e p asses by
bn I does not tou ch th e p u b lic’s sw eeping reactions and cries to “ W ip e out
T h is m ight explain th at w hile all acts of violence w ere com m on enough
lln evil, seeing justice done, and take th e law o f the land into our ow n
th e legal forensic m anifestations of specific sex offenses hard y app< i
Iin1иIs.” O b viou sly this im m easurably hinders an early voluntary therapeu-
at least in th e restrained E nglish press. In the m eantim e, w ith th e nub, aI
lli approach. W ith o u t going in to th e influence o f the B ib le here, w e have
political changes, m atters m ay have com pletely changed. *1ill to hear a sermon on D euteron om y 32:35.
O n th e A m erican scene, I have collected, over the years from m y clu.
I also w onder w hether w e are entitled to discard so lightly, as our pro-
th e new spaper reports and letters to th e editor on un clanfied sex c n n i *
(t viion does, th e possibility th at th e newspapers’ detailed “ festivals” o f sex
and studied their effect on our population. T h e pu b lic’s constant snspici
t llines and m urder are w ith ou t any influence on th e m iddle strata of our
were brou gh t hom e to m e, w hen some years ago, Pa^ Уa . population, w ho can he swept aw ay so easily in other fields as, for instance,
old girl on th e street kissing a b u lld og on th e m outh . W h e n m y d ) s lu .b «
publics. M a n y worried m others have com plained to m e how th e lurid sex
hygienic conscience tried to explain to the youngster that it w ould b o b ,
I ibluids are brought into their homes as a “ special favor” b y good n eigh­
ter to pat th e dog, a furious m other jum ped out of th e house, g iv ing hw
542 T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 543
bors allegedly to prepare and protect their children b u t obviously entirely
last paragraph, a pessim istic postscript, struck m e as a dangerous, though
unaware of the atrocious untruths and distortions o f all facts o f life.
liny, breach in its w all.
T h ese attitudes require further intensive study. Psychiatry and psychiu
The energy escaping through it m ight b e applied prophylactically
trists are by no m eans accepted b y the legal profession at large, whose
llirough a m edical techn ique already available, th e field o f child psychiatry
cooperation w e need so badly. In private (and only th en ) m any judges
ol the brand w h ich adheres to the follow ing dynam ic principles:
and attorneys are convinced th at b etter m eans and ways are demanded,
r. Interdependency o f child and parent is a fun dam en tal factor in
U naw are that often enough w e take a m uch stricter view than a lenient
personality developm ent. Separation o f parent and child should b e forced
jury to protect the people from dangerous individuals, m ost of them be
only to save life an d /or to prom ote b etter parent-child relations.
lieve w ith the public th a t w e try to get them out, irrespective of then
2. T h e fam ily (b oth parents and siblings, naturally spaced) is th e sec­
om inous records. A Southern C aliforn ia D istrict A tto rn ey expressed hinrsell
ond factor in personality developm ent.
in a newspaper recently as follow s: “ R epeal all sex psychopathic tommy
3. T h e child contains th e greatest unspent poten tial for good, o f all th e
rot, keep all psychiatry and psychiatrists ou t o f the case u n til after coil
parties concerned.
viction . . . Years ago there was less tom m yrot concerning experts.” T im
4. Prom pt and certain sim ple satisfaction in infancy (e.g., b y feeding—
is n ot a singular expression, b u t the representative opinion o f th e over
Ihere are 2,000 feedings in first year) does n ot spoil b u t does create the
w helm in g m ajority o f the public at large and w e had b etter constaully
sense o f security and right order.
reckon w ith it. T rue, the group o f parents and children thus served is lim ited since
H ow far un in tention ally oversold and m isunderstood M e n ta l H ygiene bus
Mich fam ilies and psychiatrists need to have “ ego strength” enough to feel
contributed to this zoological attitu d e requires further exam ination. “ Stiito
anxiety in relation to parenthood and successful experience in hum anity
G ives Secret Sex T rea tm en t” is the shouting head line o f the highly com
in order to find each other.
m endable efforts o f th e C aliforn ia State Institutions’ new therapcullt
In th e field o f child psychiatry, as in D r. K arp m an ’s paper, the m eaning
program . Just as there can not be any kind of isolated sex hygiene or sell
11I punishm ent becom es an inevitable consideration: its right place; the
education w ith ou t consideration o f the w hole life and w hole cultural bar к
pislice o f its existence as an em ergency m easure to save a hum an being
ground, it is hard to see how w e can expect any progress w ith ou t being
whose dependency on th e rest o f hum anity calls for restriction o f his ac­
constan tly aware o f th e public together w ith th e offender, w ho is in cvriy
tions for his own protection and for the protection o f others. A n absolute
m eaning o f th e w ord, in the m idst and a part of us.
absence from society of th e conscious pain o f restriction is U topian . O n
T w o additional approaches m ight be m entioned in passing, as they lump
Hie other hand (on ly a little less pessim istic please D r. K a rp m an !), the
been little pursued in this country. Bleuler pointed out already in lllf
"bidden taxes” o f punishm ent to the punishee are all the m ore costly be-
b egin n in g of this century that am bivalence m anifests itself especially m
• .nise they are spread out over m any generations and m ay accum ulate in
th e biological drives. H e spoke o f the sexual resistance particularly, .iml
1 11.11 proportions in a culture so that th e only resource left to “ the one
its expressions and m anifold deviations have found prom ising investigalm ill
|usl m an” is to flee w ith o u t looking back.
in serious graphological studies (as for instance, M a x P ulver in S w il/вН
W e could have a len gth y discussion abou t th e definition o f “ sexual
land and F rank V ic to r in the U n ited States) w hich can claim at Icasl I III
deviation or aberrant behavior in children .” M y attitud e in th e work I do
sam e right for consideration as the other projective m ethods.
Is concerned w ith parental anxiety, and w hatever behavior on child ren ’s
U n der the pressure of an excited public and under the em ergency of
I'ol w hich produces it. M y field is thus lim ited. T h e behavior o f children
distressing tim es th e physician ’s responsibility is im m easurably incrc.i w «I
u Inch w ould produce anxiety in m e, as a parent or parent substitute, is a
If he w ants to persist in th e trust o f his superhum an task, he should
personal and n ot a professional m atter, so you can see there w ould b e
strengthen his attitu d e as his professional brothers of the law do. wli
II и11plications.
stated in the C an o n of Professional E th ics o f th e A m erican Bar Asso< ialmn
“ N o fear of judicial disfavor or pu b lic unpopularity should restrain bn
U A lfred Overholser, M .D .: C rim e in general— sexual crim e in particular
from the fu ll discharge o f his duty . . . to th e benefit of any and evi
is easier to em ote about than to reason about. N o t only is this true of
rem edy and defense th a t is authorized b y th e L aw o f the L an d.
Hie general public, police and judges, b u t unfortunately it is n ot un com ­
monly true o f th e m em bers o f th e m edical profession as w ell. F o r th a t
D orothy D o n ley D ow d, M .D .: In his paper D r. K arpm an has creeled
и 1son it is refreshing to have presented a clear, calm clinical study of
sound and useful structure for storing and ch an nelin g hum an energy I
u bill is Coming finally to be recognized as a m edical problem — the sexual
ward a “ m elioristic” solution to this basic social problem . IIow cvci, It
psychopath.
544 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
D o cto r Karpm an has devoted his entire professional life to a study nl
th e psychopathology o f crim e, and is one o f the very few authorities oil
that subject. H e has already delim ited clearly th e concept o f “ psychopathic
personality” (a greatly abused te rm ), and in the present paper he liai
given a reasoned picture o f a type of offender w ho has o f late received a
good deal o f atten tion at the hands of our lawm akers— and a m odicum of
it from psychiatrists!
Som e psychiatrists, beguiled by sem antics, have taken the stand tlial
since “ sexual psychopathy” is a m anifestation (they say) of “ psycho
pathic personality,” and since the latter is constitution al (w hatever tlut
is), it m ust b e unm odifiable and untreatable. D o cto r K arpm an pointч
out that the “ sexual psychopath” is in reality suffering from a neurosn,
and is therefore basically treatable. H e has cured such patients, and Ini
experience is borne out by the results of the treatm ent program at Saint
E lizabeths H ospital, described elsewhere by D r. B. A . C ru v an t and othcii,
T h e folly and wastefulness of th e routine punitive treatm en t of tin
“ sexual psychopath” should be obvious to everyone w ho studies the avail
able data— not that th a t is the only field in w h ich such treatm ent has deni
onstrated its wastefulness and im potence! In this regard the special lego
lation regarding this group now in force in abou t fifteen states const il id i ■ )
an admission and an opportunity for psychiatrists to study and treat I Ini
type o f offender. Perhaps m ore im portant is the fact that legislation nf
this nature represents a breaking dow n of th e old legal concept that .ill
offenders are either com pletely “ sane” or com pletely “ insane.” Here, d
least, is a tacit recognition, that certain offenders are neither, but IIn I
they are, instead, b y reason of m ental disability, n ot am enable to IIn
usual “ corrective” process o f fixed sentence and confinem ent, and that tin'll
disability calls for special atten tion , preferably in a hospital rather than in
a jail or prison. H ere, then, is hope for penological as w ell as psychinlill
progress. D o cto r Karpm an has done m uch here, as before, in lighting I fid
w ay to a m ore intelligen t dealing w ith some o f the problem s of criminal
conduct.
L . W . Sontag, M .D .: In this study, D r. K arpm an has done his usual b i l l
lian t job of organizing and clarifying th in kin g on a very im portant snbjn t|
H e has brought out the artificial and arbitrary nature o f the distinct •••'
betw een paraphilias and neuroses w ith other types of sym ptom s, lie h i
em phasized the fact th at in m ost instances paraphilias o f b oth the cull m i
and biological varieties represent on ly part o f a neurotic picture of wliii II
there are usually several aspects.
B oth D r. K arpm an and F cn ich el po in t out th at in paraphilias tin null
vidual often feels com pelled to go through w ith his aberrant sexual ai |
regardless of th e cost. F en ichel com pares such an act w ith those ol m i
o f com pulsion neurosis h u t differentiates paraphilias from c o m p iiU M
neuroses on th e basis th a t the paraphiliac gets pleasure from Ins itt>|
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 545
u ficreas the com pulsion neurotic is only seeking reassurance or relief from
anxiety through an act w hich is itself painful. Karpm an, on the other hand,
dates th at com pulsive rape “ gives no em otional satisfaction b u t only relief
liom unbearable tension.” If so, it seems valid to ask w hether sexual
psychopathic behavior” m ight not in som e instances b e a form of com ­
pulsion neurosis in w hich the com pulsive act happens to be one involving
both sexuality and violence.
It seems probable that there are a variety o f factors w hich can be re­
sponsible for th e developm ent o f paraphilias. A hoy o f sixteen, repeatedly
apprehended m olesting a four-year-old girl, boasts openly of intercourse
with a girl his own age. Flis sexual behavior is only a part of a total
put tern of m aladjustm ent characterized b y a variety of other delinquen-
. u s. T h e m ost prom inent aspects of th e parental en viron m ent o f this only
1 In Id are the controlling, explosive, seductive qualities of his m other, w hose
most pow erful defenses are denial and hostility, and a rejecting father w hose
passive fam ily role is m aintained only through constant com pliance and
ill i cit. T h e b o y ’s apparent anxiety and confusion over m ale and fem ale
si'Miality w ould seem to stem from th e violence he associated w ith his
mother’s sexuality plus th e unavailability of a strong m asculine figure for
identification. H is attem pts to alleviate this anxiety and satisfy his curiosity
uppcared obviously exaggerated at the age of six or seven.
This picture is th e opposite o f that so often seen in th e history of com ­
plete m ale hom osexuals in w hich the parental pattern is one o f a passive
•iiul often m asochistic m other and a father w hose austerity, violence, and
linsl ility m ake him an unsatisfactory object for m asculine identification.
In a case o f incestuous mother-son relationship in w hich the m other se­
duced the son in early postadolescence, the predom inant feature o f th e
mother's personality is her com plete narcissism. T h e incestuous relation-
liip, w hile prolonged and intense, was only part of a pattern o f promiscu-
il 111 w hich unresolved O ed ip al strivings and hostility played im portant
loles throughout the m other’s life.
1,1/11’,'son G . Lowrey, M .D .: D r. Karpm an has m ade an adm irable exposi­
tion of his views regarding deviant sexuality. W ith one point in his pres­
entation I find it necessary to take issue, even though I am not entirely
111 lain that our apparent disagreem ent is m ore than a m atter o f semantics.
11 I correctly understand D r. K arpm an ’s differentiation of ‘ sexual psy-
1 liopathy” from “ paraphiliac neurosis,” it seems th a t th e sexual psychopath
is 011c w ho perform s in th e open, so to speak, and in this w ay com es into
conf l i c t w ith th e law . T h e individual w hose neurotically conditioned para-
11I1 iliac behavior remains w ithin th e confines of his ow n hom e is, ipso facto,
not psychopathic. L ater on, D r. Karpm an indicates th at there are also dif-
leieiiccs betw een “ neurosis” and “ paraphiliac neurosis.” T h e net result is
Iled I lie paraphiliac neurosis stands som ewhere betw een neurotic and psy-
1 Impolitic states in dynam ics, sym ptom s and behavior.
 T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 547
546 T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
11irther discussion to certain observations and speculations regarding h om o­
It is very difficult for m e to see virtue in a point o f view th a t behavior
sexual fixation and som e o f its associated phenom ena.
w hich is regarded as norm al or neurotic w hen carried on privately is to hi
I have seen m any adolescents w h o have reached th e age w hen hetero­
labelled psychopathic w hen it becom es public or, because it is exhibited
sexuality should be established, b u t w hose sexual objective remains w ithm
against or in relation to a stranger, is antisocial or illegal. R ather, it secnil
I heir ow n sex, thou gh they m ay have a “ platon ic” or social interest in the
to m e th a t th e behavior has the sam e significance, w hether th at is rc
opposite sex. Som e of th e boys in this group were quite effem inate, b ut
garded as norm al, neurotic, or antisocial (p sych o p ath ic), no m atter where
some w ere extrem ely m asculine. Sim ilarly, som e o f th e girls w ere defi­
it is exhibited. It seems equally clear th at different “ personality factors"
nitely m asculine in type, b u t others w ere ultrafem inine.
are involved if th e drive (any drive, n ot just th e sexual) is ( 1 ) worked
T h e effem inate boys and m asculine girls usually show an unusual de­
ou t entirely in phantasy; (2) expressed in sym ptom s (sym bolic tram
gree o f physical (physiological) characteristics of the opposite sex. For
m utation ) or (3 ) is acted out— that is, directly expressed in behavior. 11
example, a seventeen-year-old boy has a fem in ine gait, num erous fem inine
can certainly b e shown th a t acting out impulses and drives is often 11
mannerisms in talking, fem in ine “ carrying angle” (arm s), and a high-
norm al response. W h a t happens in th e course o f developm ent and 111
pitched voice. F rom Iris earliest years he w anted to b e a girl; delighted m
the “ socializing” of behavior is th at the individual accepts modifications
wearing girl’s clothes; rejected all b o y ’s sports. Fie still shows poor co ­
in tim e, place and degree of reaction w hich render the behavior agreeahli
ordination in athletics, b u t he dances w ell, is a m eticulous housekeeper
to others as w ell as satisfying to needs of th e individual other than tin
and is very finicky abou t th e arrangem ent of things, th e juxtaposition of
w orking out o f a particular drive.
colors, and such item s. W h ile he no longer w ould prefer to be a girl,
It has been m y experience th at transvestism , voyeurism , exhibitionism
lie expresses distaste for m ost of th e activities and vocations w hich interest
and oral sexuality are just as difficult for m any spouses to accept as Him
Ilie great m ajority of boys o f his age. H e lacks som e specific abilities he
are for strangers or th e public. B u t the spouse is in a different situation
would need to b ecom e a successful designer or interior decorator, w hich
than is a stranger— loyalty or pity or self-interest m ay dictate a grudging
urc his am bitions. H e is interested in girls, b u t chiefly because he finds
acquiescence, or at least an unw illingness to pu b licize the situation.
them less threatening than boys. H is sexual future is problem atic; it seems
D r. K arpm an does indicate th at m any tim es the activity o f th e antiSOi nil
psychopath differs on ly in degree, or b y virtue o f th e situation, and willi most probable th a t it w ill tend to the ascetic.
A nother b oy o f 18 is extraordinarily jealous o f b o th his older and
this I w ould, in general, agree. T h e further fact that these deviations Icm
younger brothers and extrem ely dem anding of his fam ily. H is fem inine
to develop early in life, and therefore often appear to be constitul inuni
1 haracteristics are outstanding, and these worry his fam ily a great dea .
as w ell as fixed, seems to m e of param ount im portance. W h a t appears In
I be boy has been a transvestist for years; in th e past year he has stopped
be th e dom inant characteristic of the psychopath is the trem endous amount
this activity for him self, b u t has foun d a good deal of pleasure in dressing
o f repressed hostility, com bined w ith a profound narcissism. It is the bit .1
Ins younger brother in w om en ’s clothes. H e has a m ild interest in girls,
ing through o f the hostility w hich determ ines the brutality of so mam
hnl is essentially solitary in habits and interests. H e is extrem ely critical
so-called sex crimes, w hile the narcissism explains th e lack of gu ilt feel 1mg,
and o f anxiety. It is possible th at th e sex drive and its orientation as ifl uf everyone, and feels th at he is m uch m isunderstood.
Both o f these boys seem to have been m ore effem inate, at least in intcr-
objects is secondary to th e hostility-narcissism constellation, at least 111
1 .Is, before puberty than since. B ut they illustrate th e point that it is often
m any instances. It is alm ost as though th e individual operates under H im
difficult to assess the relative im portance o f physiological, psychological and
form ula that no one loves h im b u t him self, and th a t he m ust at Innn
social factors in w h at m ay be called th e total hom osexual configuration,
all satisfactions in term s o f him self alone.
M asturbation is the sexual behavior related to th e narcissistic phase u( t here is n othin g in their present or past activities to indicate th a t they are
especially likely to b ecom e involved in antisocial sexual activities, b u t the
developm ent, and it also represents th e m ost satisfying sexual е х р е г я Я
for th e strongly narcissistic adult. D r. K arpm an has cited several types III psychopathology is there.
In one case, a nine-year-old b oy reported m asturbation phantasies and
behavior, including sexual, w hich m ust culm in ate in m asturbation if III!
sexual dreams o f a penis. H e had been involved in hom osexual play. In
individual’s com pulsions are to b e satisfied. T h e next step 111 sexual I"
IIns case, th e m ental m echanism s and further course cannot be reported.
havior w ould be m utual m asturbation, and this is a form of sexual play
frequently found in children. W h e n and how fixation on a homostxurtl
II is I lie earliest I have seen in w h ich definite hom osexual phantasies (as
objective occurs is a m atter of speculation except for certain genera 11/,4 opposed to participation in hom osexual play) w ere revealed at th e tim e

tions and w h at can b e ascertained in individual cases, w here m uch v nl occurrence.

be inaccessible because o f deep repression. I should like to confine my ( )ne other case presents several features bearing upon the psychopathol­

548 T h e P r o b le m o f th e S exu a l P sycho p a th : A F o r m u la tio n
ogy of hom osexuality. T h is b oy consulted m e w hen h e was 15, because he
had becom e convinced that he was abnorm al and w anted to be cured.
(T h e fear of being hom osexual has led a num ber of 16-17-and 18-year-
old boys to com e in for help .)
W h e n this b oy was 12, he discovered th a t he was greatly attracted to
his physical education teacher. M asturbation phantasies centered around
this m an and th e m ale genitals. T h is was only vaguely disturbing until he
“ read a b ook ,” in w hich hom osexuality was described. T h e b oy visited
the m an w h o w rote th e book, and this m an guaranteed to cure him in liw
w eeks for $65. Since th e b oy did not have the m oney, he talked the m atin
over w ith his m other, w h o suggested that h e discuss the situation w ith 111c,
In personality, the b oy was m uch m ore like a schizoid than a true homo
sexual. H e has since had heterosexual experiences, b u t no hom osexual ones,
His difficulties have been diagnosed as schizophrenic and as neurotic by
psychiatrists w ho saw him in college and in th e arm ed services. H is lilt)
has been varied and inconsistent, b u t there has been no psychotic episode
or instance of antisocial behavior. H e is asocial, w ith panicky episodes, and
so far has n ot been able to finish ou t things w h ich he started and was
com peten t to carry through. H e has revealed a great deal of hostility and
o f narcissism.
T h ese cases do show childhood fixations and developm ents, b u t even
m ore clearly they brin g ou t the h ostility and narcissistic com ponents in
th e personality. It is in this area that I believe w e m ust look for a b elli 1
explanation of the overt hom osexual.
R a lph D . R abinovitch, M .D .: D r. K arpm an ’s challen gin g paper has in
terested m e greatly and I am pleased to discuss it from the view point of th |
child psychiatrist. First o f all I th in k w e should note D r. K arpm an ’s rcili 1
atcd plea for avoidance of indiscrim inate and m eaningless usage of 11"
terms “ psychopathic” and “ psychopathic personality.” In earlier papers I >1
K arpm an has pointed out so aptly the im portance of view ing antisocial bo
havior in terms of its dynam ic m eaning and in so doing narrowing llio
con cep t of psychopathic; now he makes convincing reference to the n e e i |
for a similar approach to the problem of sexual delinquency. H is insistent!
on describing neuroses as neuroses regardless of th e behavior accom panying
the disturbance is valid and vital if w e are to view delinquency in its dv*
nam ic psychologic perspective. T h is is particularly true in relation Iо 1 1ill
drcn. A s w e refine our diagnostic skills w e are lab elin g few er and Iewer
children w ith the psychopathic opprobrium . Frederick A llen ,1 co n ce rn e d
w ith its overdiagnosis, makes the pointed com m en t that the term “ const llii
tional psychopath” represents a projection of our ow n failure to undcisl.nnl
and m eet the needs of the hostile d elinquent child. C ertain ly bchavioi is nil
1 Allen, Frederick H . Psychopathic Behavior— Fact or Projection. In The I' v
chopathic Delinquent Child, Round Table, 1949 (Chairman, В. КагрШап
M .D .). Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 20: 236, 1950.
T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 549
key to diagnosis and the d elinquent child, including the sexual delinquent,
must be understood, beyond his behavior, in terms of his inner life and m o­
tivations. W h e n this is done w e find that only a sm all percentage of delin­
quent children belon g in the psychopathic group and these present a specific
syndrome, characterized b y a gross defect in capacity for experiencing anx­
iety and intrapsychic conflict. Research evidence indicating that the syn­
drome is psychogenetically determ ined, stem m ing from deprivation in in­
fancy w ith lack o f opportunity for the establishm ent of a m eaningful
primary m other relationship, knocks a further prop from under the already-
shaky constitution al em phasis in th e approach to delinquency.2 D r. Karp-
1nan’s delineation in this paper of the paraphiliac neuroses, separated from
Ilie m uch rarer sexual psychopath entity, represents an im portant advance,
long overdue.
D r. K arpm an refers to th e need for further know ledge regarding the
etiology o f sexual disturbances, and w e can all agree w ith his plea for m ore
definitive research. H e notes too th at the child psychiatrist m ay have a
particular contribution to offer. C ertain ly it w ould seem th at ultim ate in-
fight into etiology w ill com e from a m ore total understanding o f disturbed
' liildren. A t this point w e are on ly begin nin g to organize our data b u t I
111i11k th at m ost o f us are agreed that the am biguous concept o f constitu­
tion as the determ ining factor holds no prom ise and th at th e problem of
sexual disturbance m ust be approached in the ligh t o f total personality
developm ent. From the research standpoint there are a num ber of specific
advantages in studying children. Patterns for later disturbance are set dow n
111 Ihe vast m ajority o f cases prior to adolescence and direct relationships
Iк Iween life experience and behavior patterns can b e observed m ost read­
ily in children; th e life experience is short and basic causative factors are
dill operative and accessible to study. D istortions, inherent in the recon-
■d1active and retrospective em phases necessary in the study o f adults, tend
In be obviated. T h e present stress in psychoanalytic research on direct ob-
M'tvation o f infants and children reflects recognition of this reality.
I have been particularly interested in D r. K arpm an ’s paper because o f
my work as a m em ber o f the M ich igan G overn or’s Study C om m ission on
IIn D eviated C rim in al Sex O ffender. M a n y of th e problem s he raises were
imong th e concerns of the C om m ission ’s research program . O n e o f the
ilillitnlties encountered b y study groups is the initial tend en cy to em pha-
nizc Ilie sensational and crim inal sexual aberration, b u t in terms o f a
iiiilistie perspective th e problem o f sexual disturbance in our culture has
1111nil wider ram ifications and is reflected m ost com m on ly in such situations
н divorce, desertion, distortions in parent-child relationships and m uch
in ncral personal discom fort. A total research program m ust be m ultidis­
ciplinary and w e can expect significant data from statistical studies, so-
' Uiibinovitch, Ralph D . T he Concept of Primary Psychogenic Acathexis. In
(Vclinpathic Behavior in Infants and Children, Round Table, 1950. (Chair­
man, B. Karpman, M .D .). Am . J. Orthopsychiat. 21: 223, 1951.
550 T h e P r o b le m o f t h e S exu a l P sy ch o pa th : A F o r m u la tio n
ciologic surveys and research in legislation. B u t som ewhere in the pro­
gram the problem m ust b e approached at the individual, clin ical level. My
ow n assignm ent for the C om m ission 3 was to study a large group of chi
dren and adolescents w ho had com e to the atten tion of courts or psychiat­
ric clinics because of disturbed sexual behavior. R eview in g our material
w e can recognize a num ber of broad etiologic factors. A s an adden urn to
D r. K arp m an ’s study a sum m ary of these findings m igh t be pertinent hero,
Broadly our cases fall into the follow ing m ajor etiologic groupings, will,
of course overlapping in individual cases:
l . Gross biological or m ental illness problems: In a small num ber о
children the sexual delinquen cy that has brou ght them to the attention Of
the C o u rt is a reflection o f a general schizophrenic disrdentity or disintegra­
tion. Stephen, at age 13 was brou ght to Juvenile C o u rt because of ни t>»
cen t exposure and disturbing sexual language in the presence of girls in tltfl
com m unity. In psychiatric exam ination he described the feeling that I In
devil was in his stom ach and his delinquen t behavior was seen to occ.u in
response to th e hallu cinated voice of the devil w hich told h im to do hml
things T h is was a psychotic boy inordinately anxious and strugg nig 0
m aintain con tact w ith th e w orld o f reality. T h e delinquency was just our
m anifestation of his total disturbance. T h ese psychotic children requlR
special protective therapeutic care; as yet our resources national у to ШМ
their needs adequately are lam entably poor.
A n oth er sm all num ber of sexual delinquents, sm aller than m any ИЦ
apt to believe, are m en tally retarded b u t it is clear th a t m en tal 1retard,1
tion in itself is n ot a cause for delinquency; here again th e disturbing In'
havior is b u t one m anifestation of the ch ild ’s total m aladaptation. In many
of these cases, w h eth er or n ot th e child adapts in the com m u nity or luull
him self in trouble depends upon the availability of special educational iiiul
recreational opportunities to provide appropriate satisfactions for him , An
other group, again fortun ately n ot large, engage in overt sexual delinquency
as a part of their general nonsocial and affectionless behavior. T hese ui«
the psychopathic children to w hom w e have referred earlier, w ho luivP
failed to establish m eanin gfu l relationships. T o them the person to w n ,
w hom the sexual act is directed is less im portant than th e act itselt a ml
because of their poor im pulse control these children m ay present ser oil»
com m unity problem s. In terms of delinquen cy prevention it is im poiluil
to diagnose these problem s of psychosis, retardation or psychopathy К
early as possible. B u t such gross disturbances are infrequen t in 0111 Infill
group of youn g sex offenders and w e m ust look elsewhere for the imi|ul
etiologic factors. 1.11,1
2 C ultural rather than essentially psychiatric factors: A suhslaiillH
num ber o f young people w ho com e to C o u rt because of sexual delinquent У
3 Rabinovitch, Ralph D . A Study of Sexually Disturbed Children. ChapU'i *.
Part B, Report of the Governor’s Study Commission on the Deviated С п и ты !
Sex Offender. Lansing, Michigan, 1951.
T h e P r o b le m o f th e S exu a l P sy ch o p a th : A F o r m u la tio n 551
.не not psychiatrically disturbed in any clinical sense; their problem s are
Micial rather than psychiatric. If th e laws o f some States were rigidly en-
lorccd few m en, probably, w ould escape punishm ent at some tim e in their
lives. T h e re is a w ide discrepancy betw een th e legal norm and th e social
in 11111 in A m erica today and there are w ide variations in attitudes toward
Ilie expression o f sexual drives from group to group and from hom e to
home in our culture. W h e n the fam ily or im m ediate group standard de-
1 iiiles from the larger norm , “ norm al” n on-conform ity m ay be misinter-
prcted as evidence of pathology. In our M ich igan C lin ics, for exam ple, w e
mc norm al children, m igrating from areas w here taboos are less operative,
finding them selves in difficulty when transplanted. H ere the problem is
Micial w ith treatm en t consisting in helping the child and th e fam ily to
.iilapt and integrate into a new social world.
( )ther social pressures also play their role. T h ese are difficult tim es for
1inr young people and m any old principles have lost their ring o f truth.
( hildrcn are n o t im pervious to newspaper headlines; a culture can enjoy
tin- luxury o f indiscrim inate m ud slinging for a tim e b u t in the end it
puys a heavy price as the values and aspirations th a t children live b y get
luiricd in the m ud. T o d a y th e thrill is at a prem ium and w e can not view
urli problem s as sexual delinquen cy or narcotics usage w ith o u t som e refer­
ence to this disturbing reality.
3. Early genital stim ulation or indirect stim ulation: E xperiences or in-
Ifiunces directly bearing on sexual behavior are found at th e root of
in,my sexual delinquency problem s in children and adolescents. T h ese in-
Ifiu nces extend beyond problem s o f identification and involve overt stimu-
111i on o f one type or another. Several sub-groupings are appropriate here:
A ): Early genital experiences w ith adults: T h is is one of th e com ­
monest findings in th e histories w e have studied o f children presenting act-
ои; out sexual delinquency. In these cases w e can recognize a com pulsive
и, ".I to reexperience gratification at a genital level. T h e need is often in­
ordinate once th e pattern has been established and serves as a dynam ic
Imcc m otivating delinquen t behavior. In m ost of these cases genital contact
fi r, occurred m any tim es over a period; one isolated experience, it w ould
и пн, does not tend to establish a com pulsive need for repetition. W illia m ,
,ii;i 12, is a case in point. H e cam e to th e atten tion o f the C o u rt and later
1In psychiatric clinic because o f disturbing sex play w ith youn g children
in I lie neighborhood. H e m ade elaborate plans to lure children to a hide-
nul iihI bribe them w ith m oney and candy. H is presence in th e neighbor-
I i i i i k I was extrem ely threatening to b oth children and their fam ilies. In
|-л i luaIric study he expressed extrem e guilt, and desperation in his search
fin help. T h e history indicated that from th e age o f four to seven years
In had lived w ith an elderly m an w ith w hom he had had repeated genital
• q in icn ces. F ollow in g th e establishm ent of th e pattern the com pulsive
mi ll lo reexperience gratification led to his difficulties. Such histories are
lint uncom m on in young sexually prom iscuous girls w ho seek out m en he-
552 T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
cause of their strong inner need. M artha at age 12 roam ed the streets,
sought out m en and cam e to Juvenile C o u rt because of num erous episodes
of sexual con tact w ith adolescent boys and you n g m en. F ollow in g a quarrel
w ith a young man she presented a lon g list to the police charging that all
the m en on the list had raped her. Psychiatric study indicated extrem e anil
alm ost constant genital tension in need of gratification. F rom the history
w e learned that M artha had from th e age of five to eight been exposed to
genital play and intercourse w ith an adolescent boy in the foster hom e in
w hich the tw o children were placed. F ollow in g these experiences in tlio
hom e M arth a sought ou t sim ilar contacts in the com m unity and by the
tim e w e saw her her com pulsive need for such gratification was uncoil*
trolled. In these cases I believe th at we arc often successful, through treat■
m ent, in degenitalizing relationships; residential treatm en t in a controlled ^
livin g situation is usually indicated in addition to direct psychotherapy,
B ) : U nconscious seductive altitudes on the part of parents: Intensive
studies o f sexually disturbed children and adolescents reveal, perhaps meat)
frequently than some of us had suspected, an unconscious seductive at 11*
tu d e on the part of the m oth er or father at the root of the problem.
T h ere is usually 110 overt genital expression o f the parent’s feelings hut
th e overtones of the relationship m ake for severe tension th a t tends In
carry over beyond the source o f stim ulation into other relationships. W a l
ter, age 14, represents a typical exam ple of this problem . H e was brought 1
to C o u rt because o f attem pted rape. Psychiatric study revealed a seven1
neurosis w ith great anxiety. H istory indicated th a t the father had died 1
w hen W a lte r was age six years, and he, the eldest son had taken the In
ther’s place in the m other’s fantasy. O n m inim al pretext she had him
sleep in bed w ith her, continued to bathe him and in subtle ways to stiniU
late him to his present age of fourteen. T h e tension was intolerable In :
W a lte r and it found expression in im pulsive sexual assaults in the com
m un ity. C ertain ly the m other was unaware of her role in this case end j
w ith good casework help for her and psychiatric treatm en t for W a lle t ,
th e prognosis looks very favorable. T h ere is an inference for parent edit
cation in this situation. In recent years w e have stressed a good deal Ilia
need for m axim al gratification for infants; som e parents tend to prolong
this gratification even through the ch ild ’s adolescence. W h e n parents coil
tinue to in fan tilize their children unduly and too lon g and when llicv
are too dependent on their children for personal satisfactions w hich I In v
m ay be missing in other relationships, such problem s tend to occur.
C ): U nconscious sanctions from parents for ch ild ren s delinquent'VI
A d elaid e Johnson provides an excellent description of this situation in In 1
classic study of superego lacunae in parents.4 Parents, struggling th e in s c lv e
w ith im pulse control, m ay in a subtle way encourage delinquen cy in I In If
‘ Johnson, Adelaide. Sanctions for Superego Lacunae of Adolescents. In ScaiclH
light on Delinquency (cd. Eisslcr). N . Y . Internet. Univ. Press, 1949.
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 553
children and in so doing achieve a kind of vicarious satisfaction. C arl, age
15, cam e to the psychiatrist’s atten tion because o f car-stealing. In inter­
view he indicated that he found th e rigid standards set b y his father un­
bearable and had a strong need for counteraggression, w hich he displaced
unto th e com m unity. A s w e worked w ith the father it cam e to ligh t that he
had been delinquen t 111 his adolescence, had m anaged to sublim ate through
Ilie subsequent years, was rigidly conform in g but had strong impulses to
act ou t delinquen t fantasies. In his relationship w ith C arl, quite uncon­
sciously, he had set up m any situations that facilitated the b o y ’s delinquen t
behavior. A dram atic expression of th e father’s involvem en t is found in his
remark during an interview; w ith m uch feeling and poorly-disguised en­
thusiasm h e said: “ D o you think th a t it w ould help if I started to steal
cars m yself?” H ere w e have a dram atic expression o f the problem som e­
what m ore sim plified than usual b ut a clear illustration o f the syndrome.
W e have found this particular dynam ic constellation in a num ber of sex­
ually disturbed children, in our cases m ore frequently in girls than in
boys. Louise at age 14 was excluded from school because o f her provoca-
Iivc and seductive behavior w ith boys and because of her language w hich
proved very disturbing to other girls. Study indicated th at she had been
having sexual relations w ith m any men over a period o f tw o years. It
was difficult to understand the etiologic factors in her disturbance at first
but finally it cam e to light th a t Louise had been sleeping in the same bed
with her parents frequently, being allow ed to enter their bed at n ight w hen
slic felt “ lon ely.” She explained that she had had frequent genital contact
with her step-father at these tim es because “ he m istook m e for my
mother.” T h e m other, an intelligent w om an fun ctionin g w ell in a good
position in the com m unity, was aware of this situation and in discussion
with us could n ot quite see how traum atic it was to Louise. She ex­
plained w ith rem arkable naivete: “ In our house it has always been share
and share alike, love for all and all for love.” H ere th e m other’s strong
nngratified need led to her sanctioning w ith ou t m eaningful conscious
awareness, her daughter’s d elinquent behavior b oth at hom e and in the
' (immunity. In such cases, w hich are n o t too frequent in our m aterial,
help through psychotherapy for both parent and child m ay prove effective
all bough often th e course o f therapy is stormy.
4. In hib ition o f normal sexual interests and experim entation: Prob­
ably m ore com m on than the overly seductive or suggestive attitudes that
have just described are overly restrictive and inh ib itin g clim ates in
I '""lie s, although th e two m ay b e com bined, w ith verbal inhibition and
a! the sam e tim e affective stim ulation. R epeatedly in our cases w e have
found children from hom es w hich have failed to m ake concessions to the
biologic reality o f sexual tensions. In such an atm osphere sexual pre-
01 n ip ation , inherent in grow th, becom es surrounded by guilt and appre­
hension and m aturity is difficult to attain. In some cases 1 believe th at
we can trace disturbance to a severely pun itive a ttitu d e toward casual and
554 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
exploratory genital m anipulation as early as th e first year of life. Parenls
m ay succeed in controlling the ch ild ’s w orld at hom e b u t n ot his inner
w orld and biological tensions m ay find expression under these circum
stances in passive attem pts to experience gratification w h ich only add
further to a ch ild ’s anxiety and guilt. Sexual conflict in these cases is
usually m anifested n ot through disturbed sexual behavior b u t through
neurotic sym ptom s o f internalized anxiety such as som atic com plaints,
school difficulties or w ithdraw al. D avid , age 12, was referred b y th e family
physician for psychiatric h elp because h e had been unable to attend school
for six m onths, com plaining o f severe headaches and nausea. H e was
virtually invalided and lay around th e house, expressing th e fear of going
out into the street. Study o f th e fam ily indicated a very rigid pattern
ing w ith emphasis on conform ity to standards of perfection and sell
denial. B oth parents w ere ritualistic in their religious observances, dis
turbed b y any show o f norm al aggression in their children and cspe
cially disturbed b y any allusion to sex in th e hom e. W h e n one of IIn
children raised any question regarding sexual m atters the parental le
sponse was a rigid “ w e d on ’t m ention those things in this h om e.” Л!
th e sam e tim e the m other was overprotective and overinvolved w ith Iin
children, especially our patien t D avid . H e felt stim ulated in her presence,
especially as adolescence approached, and was totally u nable to deal willi
his feelings. H is reaction was one o f internalization and som atization ami
the disabling headaches and nausea resulted. In treatm en t h e expressed
m any significant fantasies th at provided a clue to his conflict. H e imagined
him self a telephon e repairm an clim b ing poles; “ Y o u sure get a good view
o f the scenery th a t w ay.” W h e n asked w h at scenery he becam e disturbed
and said: “ D o n ’t talk dirty.” A s D av id cam e in therapy to accept his not
m al tensions and express feelings, his sym ptom s disappeared and he wn*
able to return to school. Som etim es w hen th e hom e atm osphere has hei 11
un du ly inhibiting, rather than neurotic sym ptom s, im pulsive sexual aggie**
sion m ay result. A lb ert, age 14, cam e to C o u rt because h e shot an oldef
w om an after dem anding th a t she undress in front o f him . T h ere had lid 11
no delinquen cy o f any kind previously and h e was considered a model
child in the com m unity. H istory indicated a hom e atm osphere pervaded
w ith denial o f th e existence of a sexual life and genitality in general. The
b o y lived w ith an elderly aunt w ho w ould n ot perm it him at any time Iо
even rem ove his shirt in th e presence of others. H e felt gu ilty and con
fused at school w hen he heard other boys talk abou t their interesls and
activities. In interview A lb ert revealed this pathetic confusion telling nil
“ I just had to see for m yself. I dream ed abou t this w om an a long 111 hi
and finally I cou ld n ’t stand it any longer so I m ade her com e w itli me I
shot her because after it h appened I was too asham ed and scared.” I li Ifl
w e have a dram atic finale to gross inh ibition and distortion o f csseullill
grow th experiences.
5. Problem s o f identification: neurotic reactions to disturbed relation
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 55 5
ships w ithout specific sexual trauma: In the etiologic groups considered
Iо this po in t there has been a traum atic situation in term s of direct sexual
experience or attitude. In other cases there is no such underlying experi­
mental factor, the ch ild ’s difficulty stem m ing rather from inadequate op­
portunity for positive identifications. In m any o f th e cases discussed earlier
in this ou tlin e such identification problem s are present in addition to trau­
matic sexual experiences. In the group w e wish to consider now the prob­
lem is solely in the area o f identification. W o r k in g through th e problem
of establishing clarity as to his sexual role is always difficult and com pli-
rated for th e child; in the absence o f an atm osphere o f com fort in terms
of parental relationships and the em otional clim ate o f the hom e th e child
may be unable to find a satisfactory solution to the problem . D istortions in
ultim ate sexual identification m ay result. In the past I think th at w e have
tended to oversim plify our descriptions o f the psychodynam ics in these
1 ases. T h e children w e have studied, developing deviate patterns o f sexual
expression, indicate in their histories a w ide variety o f fam ily dynam ism s.
( aim m on to all is th e factor of lack o f opportun ity for th e developm ent
nl feelings of com fort, ease and pride in identifications. It is n ot sufficient
In postulate that hom osexual developm ent in boys is due to th e presence
nl a passive father and an overdom inant m other. In m any cases th e reverse
may be true. In som e th e father has been so m enacing, or thus fantasied,
Ihat th e child has taken refuge in th e feeling that he can not be like his
III her and a fixation or a cessation o f psychological m aturation has ensued.
In our group o f hom osexual adolescents fear o f grow ing in th e im age of
I negative parent is a frequent finding. W a lte r, age Г5, was arrested in the
com pany o f an older m an w ith w hom he had been having hom osexual
m illions o f an overt type. H istory indicated m any similar previous experi-
• in cs from the age of thirteen on. In psychiatric interview W a lte r was ex-
IIcincly anxious, gu ilt ridden and confused. A s w e w orked w ith him he was
iililc to tell us gradually o f his fear o f his father and, m ore significantly,
nl bis fear o f being like his father. T h e father, alcoholic and sadistic, had
ln'a ten the m other in th e presence o f the b oy over m any years and W a lte r
identified closely w ith his m other. H e cam e to abhor and fear aggression
which h e associated w ith intercourse. H is hom osexual pattern stem m ed
Iи 1111 this dynam ic substrate.
I’roblems of sibling rivalry leading to an inner need to b e patterned like
Ilie sibling o f the opposite sex m ay lead to inversion. D an , age 16, cam e
In Ilie psychiatric clin ic through th e C o u rt because o f overt hom osexual
in livity in the com m unity. H istory indicated a m uch-favored older sister
in Ilie fam ily, a father w ho constantly b elittled D a n and was never pleased
by his accom plishm ent, w ith resultant fantasies on the part o f D an , from
iin early age, that he too was a girl and therefore favored. In adolescence
In acted ou t his fantasies through inverted sexuality.
M an y oth er dynam ic constellations o f fam ily relationship m ay interfere
with the c h ild ’s achievem ent of a norm al self percept; these exam ples,
556 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
presented in outlin e form , m ay serve to indicate th e general problem <>(
identification difficulties th at m ay lead to later distortions. O u r earlier study
for th e M ich igan R eport makes further reference to problem s o f this nature,
It m ay be of interest to note th at at the outset o f our study w e expected
to find the m ajority o f our cases in this relationship-distortion categoiy,
b ut our findings indicate a higher proportion than w e had anticipated ol
more direct sexual-experience etiologic factors. H ow ever m ost o f our case»
involved sexual delinquen cy o f an acting-out type. Problem s stemming
from identification difficulties alone tend to be m anifested in inner conflic Is
and inability to function com fortably in the sexual area rather than 111
frank behavior disturbance. It is vital to our research th at w e keep in
m ind th at investigations into sexual pathology can not end w ith th e con
sideration o f only sexual delinquen cy in the legal sense. T h e general proli
lem of difficulties in m aturation and the attainm en t o f inner com fort ex
perienced b y children in our culture m ust be a m atter o f equal concern
if w e are to view th e problem in a realistic perspective.
Legal and Social Im p lica tions: O u r case studies h ave repeatedly brought
to atten tion a problem to w hich w e are probably not sufficiently alcrl in
our daily practice: th e need to appreciate th e m otivation of th e plaint ill
in cases o f reported sexual assault. Judicious hand ling o f com plaints is
essential, w ith th e realization th at in an area so charged w ith emotion,
the com plaint m ay stem from th e disturbed inner life o f th e supposed
victim rather than from th e facts. U nw arranted intim ations and accnsii
tions, stem m ing from an hysterical reaction to a benign incident or from
a disturbed individual’s fantasy life, have played havoc w ith the lives ol
a num ber o f adults w ith w h om th e children in our series have com e into
contact. T h e reverse is true as w ell, w ith children accused o f sexual dr
linquen cy w ith ou t foundation b y em otionally disturbed adults.
A n oth er question th a t has been raised in recent years is how parent*
can protect their children from sexual traum a in th e com m unity. W e ha\e
seen som e tragic exam ples of how children should n ot be “ protected
Panic reactions on th e part o f com m unities or parents w ith th e comimini
cation o f this sense o f panic to children is certainly not jaositive. T h e пи
plication th a t “ sex m aniacs” are hiding behind every tree, ready to pouiu «
upon each passing child is as dam aging as it is delusional. It m ay well I"
a fact that scare techniques that induce panic cause m ore widespread in
terference w ith children’s psychosexual developm ent than do overt abnon
m al sexual experiences. T h ere are im plications here for m ental hygieud
programs and for newspapers that tend to capitalize on the potential sum
sationalism inherent in sexually-m otivated crimes.
I believe th at this m aterial m ay be pertinent as an addendum to the In
sues raised in D r. K arp m an ’s stim ulating paper. W e are only at the tbn It
old o f a real understanding of these problem s and the great need now N
to test hypotheses and gain new insights through further research, Afl
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 557
with so m any psychiatric problem s; in the case of ad u lt sex offenders it
would seem that prevention m ight have been more sim ple than cure. W h ile
today there is a need for practical plann ing for the sex offender w ith due
icspect to th e lim itations in our treatm ent resources, our ultim ate goal
must be to delineate and im plem ent preventive measures.
In this discussion w e have m ade no reference to such factors as the
com ic books and m ovies and w e have given little consideration to th e sur-
I ice attitudes of parents and their children. M alad justm en t stems from
sources m ore deep, more com plex and more subtle. A n y effort at preven­
tion or therapy m ust be undertaken w ith full recognition of this reality.
A blame-the-parents attitud e is not h elp ful nor can w e expect too m uch
Irom didactic education in the anatom y and physiology o f sexual functions.
In our rapidly shiftin g and unstable culture distortions in relationships
and resultant deviations are to a degree inevitable, b u t our efforts m ust
be, insofar as possible, to provide for children gratifying and positive op­
portunities for m aturation and identification. W e still have m uch to
learn abou t th e dynam ics of hum an behavior and there is need for m ore
1cscarch into the origin o f deviation, b u t w ith th e scientific know ledge
which w e now have, and this is b y no m eans insignificant, w e should be
able to provide help for m any fam ilies in trouble, taking into account
the m eaningful dynam ic factors in fam ily distortions. C ertain ly w hat kn ow l­
edge w e have is not being im plem ented today because w e have n ot de-
1 eloped sufficient accessible therapy resources for the children and fam ilies
to whom w e hold out the prom ise o f help.
I )r. Yu shi H o n d e (Osaka, Japan): I was very m uch interested in D r. Karp-
nian’s highly instructive, warm and hum anistic study o f the sexual offender.
I’here are very few psychiatrists in Japan. T h ere are no books or studies
di aling w ith th e sexual psychopath, and there are few opportunities to
Indy these offenders. T h e behavior of som e individuals is norm al for
them under th e environm ents in w hich they have lived. W h e th e r w e are to
pidge such behavior as norm al or abnorm al depends, needless to say, upon
I lie individual’s relation to the mores o f th e social group in w hich he
Iunctions, and these group mores have developed differently in different
cultures.
T h ere is no ethical inhibition against hom osexuality in Japan. T h ere is
no sentence in th e Japanese crim inal code for hom osexuality. E xtrem e ho­
mosexual relations are regarded as som ew hat p uzzlin g b u t they are not
punished by society. B ut w hile hom osexuality in Japan is n ot considered
и crime, deviations from the heterosexual path and norm al sexual desires
I11 vc been regarded as w rong under the influence o f Buddhism and C on -
Incianism. “ M en and w om en should n ot sit on th e same b ench after they
become seven.” T h is discipline has prevailed am ong the Bushi (kn ight)
class, and hen ce am ong average people since the T okugaw a era. T h e cx-
picssion o f sexual intentions in public was severely prohibited and pu n ­
558 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
ished. Kissing and shaking hands have been considered obscenity. H etero­
sexual relations outside of m arriage were strictly prohibited. A d ultery is
considered a m ost horrible offense, yet it does occur. M urder and suicide
(S eppuku) under certain conditions were considered to be h igh ly honora
b le am ong th e Bushi class only a hundred years ago. T h ese disciplines
still exist am ong certain classes, especially in the delinquen t groups.
In our country, un til a few years ago, prostitution by certain types of
w om en was officially recognized. R ap e is considered a felony, especially il
follow ed by great abuse or m urder. Transvestism prevails am ong certain
you n g w om en, especially actresses and m em bers of “ Shojo-K ageki,” — opem
played b y youn g w om en only. H om osexuality also flourishes in these groups;
b u t it is not punished, although som e people m ake fun of it as being 111
fantile.
T h ere is no difference in the penalty for rape, w hether it involves man,
w om an or child. R ap e by violation or threat is rape, and carries a m in i­
m um sentence of tw o years. V io latio n s involvin g children carry th e same
penalty.
I have no satisfactory m aterial w ith respect to exhibitionism and voy
eurism in Japan. A ll th e recorded cases of exhibitionism or voyeurism
involve other com ponents, such as rape or m urder. In these days simple
exhibitionism and voyeurism are condoned by society as trends which
every m an has, although some extrem e cases are punished by the M inor
C rim e A c t as Indecency. In ordinary social life, how ever, such sexual be
havior b y children is severely censured and prohibited. If parents find
their children engaged in acts of exhibitionism or voyeurism , they scold
them severely. T h is is true o f m ost fam ilies. B u t there are few reported
cases o f such behavior b y adults b ein g dealt w ith in any legal mannci
P edophilia occurs som etim es. Statistically, an undeterm ined num ber oi
the rape cases is represented by pedophilia, w hat is called in your cou n ­
try, statutory rape. A d u lt rape cases or cases of rape involving those 111
later adolescence are rarely reported to th e police because th e victim s Inn
a loss o f their m oral reputation. O ccasion ally a case of senile paedoplulm
is reported in th e newspapers.
In postwar Japan w e have organized th e parole system , b u t there at'O
few officers w ho possess th e tech n ical know ledge to enable them to help
offenders to m ake a social adjustm ent. M o st lawyers advocate m ore si riel
laws, larger prisons, and stronger guards. D r. K arpm an ’s ideas concerning
prophylaxis represent som ething to b e desired, b u t far exceed any c u ll
rent practice in Japan. W e h ave no adequate case studies o f offcm lm ,
oriented according to dynam ic psychiatry.
R ecen tly Y o sh io K odaira, a 42-year-old m ale, w ho has been called lln>
Japanese Bluebeard, was executed for the rape and m urder of ten wom en,
one after th e other. A psychiatrist, offering m edical testim ony, exprtsNOi
the opinion that “ Kodaira is inherently an abnorm al character, b u t he I»
capable of recognizing social responsibility.” T h is is probably w hat l In»
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 559
average A m erican psychiatrist w ould have said. It seems to m e, however,
Ihat were he capable of recognizing social responsibility, he w ould n ot have
violated the law.
I have little inform ation about sexual crimes in C h in a or Korea, for
Ihere is alm ost no statistical data about these crimes. In C h in a the police
organization is weak. M arriage custom s in C h in a differ from those in Ja­
pan. A son’s w ife is b ou gh t by his parents w hen he is little m ore than five
years old. A m an w ho can not afford a w ife cannot have one. Som etim es
men w ho are econ om ically able to b uy a w ife buy several o f them . P olyg­
amy is prevalent, and is recognized as th e sym bol o f “ M en tsu ” (h o n o r).
T h e sexual psychopath represents a psychological concept; b u t also in­
volves biological and social concepts. T h e question o f th e arrest of crim inal
paraphiliacs, to use D r. K arpm an ’s term , is associated w ith th e degree to
which their behavior is accepted b y society. If a m an’s needs are accepted
by the group to w hich he belongs, his behavior could not be deem ed para-
philiac. B u t paraphiliac drives are not sim ple and are variously m otivated,
some o f their m otivations originating in early infan tile relationships. T h ese
lire as m uch beyond conscious control, and as divorced from a sense of
responsibility, as the psychoses; and this is true even o f som e o f the re-
iicl ions of so-called norm al individuals. C on d itio n s existing in infan cy par­
tially determ ine the ind ivid ual’s social expression o f his needs and drives.
I he behavior of the predatory psychopath and the sexual psychopath is
beyond the understanding o f th e average individual, and the psychic m echa­
nism of such behavior is often so com plex th a t any form o f treatm ent ap­
pears futile, unless approached psychodynam ically.
A t this po in t I m ay m ention a sensational m urder w hich occurred in
Tokyo in M ay, 1936. A зг-уеаг-old w om an, Sada A b e, strangled her lover,
Kichizo Ishida, and fled. She was captured several days later. She received
1 sentence o f six years on the charge o f m urder and m utilation o f the
dead body. H er history reveals that she was a talen ted geisha and also a
prostitute. T h e relation betw een her and K ich izo was a passionate one.
Ml hough he was older than Sada and had a w ife and children, he was
Infatuated w ith her. F o r several days before the m urder they had given
llicm selves up to drinking and sex. O n ly a short tim e before the actual
murder she had strangled him w ith her “ K osh ih im o” -belt during coitus,
‘Hid lie did not resist at all. T h e n finally she strangled him to death. After-
muds she am used herself w ith his dead body, then am putated his penis,
wrote her nam e, “ Sada,” on his arm w ith a knife, and then w rote “ Sada-
I " bi Futarikiri” — “ Sadakichi tw o o n ly” — on the bed sheet w ith his blood.
She carried aw ay his penis w rapped in oil paper.
O n the sam e day she m et another lover, w ho was the president o f a
‘mt i 111clary high school, and told him th at she was very m uch indebted to
him. H e was perhaps a father substitute?
W h e n asked to give a reason for the murder, she answered, “ Because
I love, love and love him so m uch!” She showed no sign of guilt feel-
 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 561
560 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
m an’s daughter and was apprehended by the police. She then w ent to Y o ­
koham a and becam e a Geisha-prostitute. She changed her quarters fre­

F iF s:хда
quently. B y this tim e her father had been ruined and had retired to a
local district.
T h is m aterial has been extracted from “ P sychoanalytical Study of
a W o m a n , Sada A b e, of Salom e C o m p lex ,” edited b y K en ji O htsuki, p u b ­
m eet difficulties to their m a r r ia g e - fo r in T a n ce if th p
lished b y th e T o k y o Institute for Psychoanalysis.
As for m y ow n com m ents on the case, I think it is not m erely penectom y.
Her lover, K ichizo, was not only m asochistic, because o f w hich his attitud e
th e other w orld w hither he had gone. toward Sada satisfied her sadistic penis envy, b u t he was also the only
O f her fam ily background, it is learned th a t she was th e last o f seven
man w ho could satisfy her various needs, physically and psychologically.
B ut he was a m arried m an, w hich fact som etim es threatened her desire
S P Ш е ^ Г о ? * theh °mmu r fe r e O n de b r o t l S d i e d ^ s o o n a t o b h t h , and
for exclusive possession. F or several days before th e murder she could not
bear to have him go back to his w ife. She offered him w ine and food in
profusion, and did not w ant to let him go. H e also responded to her desire.
death. T h e rem aining brother was a prodigal on H e bis own Because of excessive drinking and sexual relations, their social and moral
married, b u t left hom e against bis ' " ' A ” m the country. T h e other sense was m arkedly lowered. In such a situation, a m an w ould becom e
choice T h e oldest sister was m arried and lived t У m entally enervated, yet at th e same tim e irritable and sadom asochistic.
T h e castration-m urder was the clim ax to such physical and em otional con ­
ditions; b u t it is significant that th e ob ject selection was represented by his
penis, and n ot his arm or leg. F o r several days she carried his penis next
to her breast under her kim ono; played w ith it, caressed it, etc. She m ade
it a sym bol and identified it w ith his w hole being, thus satisfying sym bol­
ically her desire for exclusive possession o f him . T h is was probably the
reason for her lack of gu ilt feeling.
strict w ith his children and em ployees. H e w a y som ew r ^ P ^
husband. Sada s m other was gau cy stubborn Prof. D r. H . C . R um ke, U trecht, Holland: D r. K arpm an ’s study on “ T h e
W a n t e d som ething she Sexual P sych opath” has interested m e greatly. I m ust say th at I agree
with him on all m ajor points. Perhaps there are some diagnostic differ­
ences. H e says: “ exceptionally, it m ay b e a difference in kind as w ell as in
W0AH o X f s e Z i m a t e s X e Г т р п Й п Х е г first lo v e ,w a s th e boss of
degree e tc .” In m y experience this is n ot so very exceptional. B u t perhaps
Ibis difference originates from the fact th at I call a pervert a psychopath
if the m ost im portant condition w hich m ade th e disease possible is a con ­
stitutional one, and n ot only then, w hen he is antisocial. In m y experience
11 is one o f the greatest differences betw een th e neurotic and th e psycho-
palhic form that th e neurotic is always in conflict w ith the perversity; he
Icels it as a corpus alienum , in general he asks help. T h e psychopath identi­
ties him self w ith the perversity. T h e neurotic is not fun dam en tally per-
ever, she denied, althou gh she was severely I - W M j P vcrtcd. Y o u can say it also in this way: there are neurotics w ith perverted

se behavior in sexuality; there are genuine perverts, there are psychopaths

with perverted behavior. T h e genuine perverts are not at all always
neurotic. T h e y can be neurotic b u t if the neurosis is cured, they are more
tree in the living-out of the perversion but not cured from the perversion,
t hese three groups arc m ost clear in hom osexuality. In sadism th e genu­
ine pervert is very often also a psychopath. T h e exhibitionist and the fetish­
her ladylike behavior; b u t she stole dresses and a pearl ring

562 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
ist in m y experience are m ore neurotic. I do n ot believe in a genuine form
o f this perversity, also if the diseased is a psychopathic personality, there
are always neurotic dynam ism s. M asturbation in puberty is neither per­
versive nor neurotic. Perhaps it w ould be good to say th a t m asturbation in
puberty is norm al, unless th e phantasies are perverted. B u t in th e begin
ning o f puberty I often saw hom osexual and sadom asochistic phantasies
w hich disappeared w ith o u t help in a few years. D r. k arp m an is a little
b it m ore optim istic on th e curability than 1 am . B u t w ith all he said
abou t the responsibility, I agree.
Professor Paul J. R eiter, C openh a gen, Denmark: D r. K arpm an s study
o f the “ Sexual P sychopath” has interested me m ost intensely. I q u ite agree
w ith him that punishm ent is useless and irrational, and that a study in a
system atic w ay through organized team s, attem pts at prophylaxis and treat
rnent w ould be the w ay in w hich w e h ave to fight this sort o f crim e. A t the
same tim e I realize that in its practical aspects, especially, th e technique
o f treatm ent w ould m eet enorm ous difficulties and w ould need some of the
best trained and experienced psychotherapists, and then I w ould still be 11
little in d oub t as to gettin g convincing and lasting results.
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 563
possible than it is possible b y analyzing a quart sam ple of ocean w ater,
to speak on this as if it represented the com position of ocean w ater in toto.
M agnus H irschfeld has estim ated hom osexuals as b ein g five percent o f
the population. It m ust be at least that, perhaps even more. H ow ever, his
work was done in Berlin w here investigations were open and on th e sur­
face. In this country, w ith its severe puritanical standards n ot allow ing
freedom o f expression w ith reference to hom osexuality and perversions,
any a ttem p t at accuracy is b oun d to fail. H om osexuals and paraphiliacs
as a group are so very frightened nowadays th a t one is even afraid to open
his m outh, let alone discuss the m atter w ith any kind of frankness. T h e
paraphiliacs, because they fun ction for the m ost part w ith in th e hetero­
sexual focus, are u n doubtedly in m uch greater num ber than hom osexuals,
hut this is even less possible to estim ate. H avin g interview ed a large n um ­
ber of m en and w om en w ho m ay b e considered w ithin th e brackets of the
normal, I w ould say th a t m y own clin ical experience w ould support the
view th a t a large num ber o f people in this w orld have at one tim e or an­
other gone through a stage either directly hom osexual or in som e way
concerned w ith paraphilias, th ou gh even this understanding should n o t ob ­
scure th e fa ct th at th e greater part of our population is still sexually

D r. Karpm an (concluding): D r. M u sacch io says th at sex offenses are 011 healthy and norm al.
T h ere is un dou bted ly some truth in th e statem ents of b oth th e G overn or
th e upgrade, judging from newspaper publicity. 1 his seems to m e a vciy
of Indiana and D r. Kinsey. I do n o t think, how ever, th a t the advantages o f
d ou b tfu l basis for judgm ent. In m y view , this upgrade is m uch more
Ihe “ old-fashioned h o m e” were due so m uch to the fact th a t “ children were
apparent than real; it is precisely because o f “ new spaper publicity, and
under closer w atch of their parents” as to the fact that in th e old-fashioned
th e num ber o f m agazine articles dealing w ith th e subject th a t th e public
home children m eant m ore to their parents. In a m ajority of psychopathic
jum ps to the conclusion th a t sex crim es are increasing. P ractically evciy
cases it is a lack o f parental love rather than a failure o f parental disci­
popular m agazine article on th e subject is w ritten for th e purpose of crc.il
pline w h ich is th e dam aging factor. O n the other hand, there is little doubt
ing sensation and selling additional copies o f th e m agazine, and not in
that an increasing am ount o f publicity, as D r. K insey points out, has
any scientific or constructive spirit.
served to create an erroneous impression of a sudden change for th e worse
It is very difficult to form an objective opinion on this basis without
in you thfu l behavior. I quite agree w ith D r. M usacch io th at the etiology
counting fu lly th e actual num ber of sexual offenses reported in a given
of sexual offenses offers a fertile field for psychiatric research. H ere lie
newspaper over a stated period, and com paring th e num ber w ith those
Ilie possibilities for cures, and w hat is m ore im portant, for prevention. U n ­
reported in the same newspaper over a different period. N ewspapers, tii
til w e understand a great deal m ore about causes w e can not hope to ac­
w e all know , play up these crim es for their sensational value; some mote
com plish m uch in the w ay o f prevention.
than others, and it has never been determ ined just how m uch effect sue 11
Dr. B ergm ann points out that any physician should b e fam iliar w ith
pu b licity has in inspiring p oten tial offenders. I know o f no objective evi­
the clinical picture of paraphilia. O f course this is true, n ot only for para­
dence w h ich w ould show that sex crim es are m ore prevalent now than al
philia b u t for other psychiatric disorders as w ell. T o o often th e general
any tim e in th e past. A s regards m agazine articles on th e subject, 1 know
practitioner is uninform ed, skeptical or prejudiced against the psychiatric
o f few th at have appeared, and m ost of those th a t have been publisht d
'approach. Y e t it is to the general practitioner th a t m ost people turn. I
revealed such a lack o f inform ation on all phases of th e question that il
confess, how ever, to a certain skepticism regarding the value o f proba­
seems doub tful th a t they reflect any actual trends.
tion departm ent reports. In general, I believe them to be too superficial
It has never been an easy task to estim ate w ith anythin g like accuun у
and purely descriptive to be o f any real value. Perhaps those described b y
th e num ber o f hom osexuals in a com m u n ity and I doubt w hether it is even
Dr. Bergm ann as b ein g taken b y the A lam eda Probation O ffice are m ore
possible under existing circum stances, b u t the num ber m ust be fairly sub
com plete than those of probation departm ents in general, b u t 1 do not
stantial. T o determ ine statistically th e num ber of hom osexuals (assuming
quite see how a “ detailed psychiatric report” w hich considers “ obvious and
w e have properly defined th e term w h ich is not an easy m atter) is no 1110111
564 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
hidden m otivations” for every sex offender can be secured w ith ou t и
len gthy psychodynam ic study, w h ich w ould involve m ore tim e than most
probation departm ents are able to give. In m y opinion, m ore is learned
from on e case psychoanalytically studied than from a dozen reported 011 a
descriptive level. T h ere m ay, of course, be cases in w h ich the “ hidden m oti­
vations” lie fairly close to the surface and m ay at least be guessed at with
a fair degree o f accuracy, b u t these, at best, are o f th e superficial type;
by far m ost others are so deeply buried that they can be uncovered only
after hours, even years, of intensive analysis. W h e n w e add to this the
resistance that m any of these offenders show tow ard treatm ent, w e sec
som ething of the difficulties in th e w ay of securing com plete histories,
Answ ering D r. G enerales, I adm it th at in certain few cases horm one
treatm ent appears to have been effective, though this seems to apply more
to hom osexuals than to sex offenders as such. In m any cases, how evci,
th e deviation has been shown to be psychogenic; w hen th e cause of Ilia
difficulty was uncovered the individual responded to psychotherapy and
ceased to indulge in his particular forbidden form of behavior. W h a t pari
do horm ones, for instance, play in th e case of a paedophiliac w hose abet
ration is traced to the fact that as a sm all child he was raped by an adull
w om an, and was so frightened that h e has ever since feared ad u lt women
and sought im m ature girls as a sexual outlet?
1 fail to see w hat part castration or sterilization can play in any casci
except those o f rape, and rape constitutes bu t a sm all proportion of sex
offenses. W e lock here the stables after th e horses are gone w hich is whni
w e do anyw ay in m ost other cases. W h ile sterilization has certain practical
results from the view poin t of society, it is not productive o f any satislm
tory psychological change in th e individual. It is, of course, a eugcniu
measure and affects only th e ability to procreate. The individual is pit
vented from producing offspring, w hich w ould be a factor in cases 01
m en tal deficiency, b u t the proportion of m ental defectives w ho are sex ol
fenders is not large. A s far as I am aware, “ sexual psychopathy” is not
considered an hereditary condition, so sterilization w ould serve little pm
pose. C astration prevents th e perform ance of a norm al sex act, b u t most
sex offenses are n ot norm al anyw ay. C astration w ould n ot affect th e paedoj
philiac, th e peeper, the fetishist, or th e passive hom osexual. It m ight luive
som e effect on the exhibitionist, w ho w ould then have less to exhibit, bill
there is often a considerable am ount of sadism in the exhibitionist and wlm
is to say that castration m igh t not cause his sadism to take a m ore dangON
ous direction. B y denying h im th e use of exhibitionism , w e may force limi
to take to other avenues. T h e sex drive, w hich springs from psychic coim
flicts, is n ot affected b y castration; castration m erely leaves the individual no
choice b u t to b ecom e perverse and makes any psychiatric treatm ent iinpox
sible. I have know n castrated people to continu e excessive m asturbation,
A s far as I know , no cases of successful lob otom y w ith sex offcn d tn
have been published. A d m itted ly, this type of surgery is in an experinicnlal
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 565
stage. Surgical recision o f exterior genitalia offers interesting possibilities
for speculation. I w ould inquire, to w hat extent is this possible? T o w hat
extent has it been attem pted? W ith w hat results? M a n y cases of sexual
deviation are founded in feelings of inferiority, b ut the inferiority is felt
in other areas at least as often as in the genital. T o o , the feeling of in-
Iciiority has little relation to an actual existing inferiority.
I am in com plete accord w ith D r. G enerales w hen he speaks o f the
need for unencum bered study of the norm al sexes in grade and secondary
si liools and for psychiatric training in m edical school. N o one can at pres­
ent say exactly how m any cases of sexual aberration w ould have been
pi evented by a rational sex education in early life, b u t it seems certain
Ilie num ber w ould be considerable. A n d for the physician to ignore sexual
pioblem s, or to adopt puritanical attitudes regarding them , seems inde-
Icnsible.
I )r. D ick el disagrees w ith m y diagnosis o f th e sex offender as a neurotic,
1 laim ing th at sex offenders are usually o f “ definitely psychopathic
make-up. O n e m igh t say, o f course, that in the last analysis it makes little
<1111crence how he is classified; w hat particular label is pasted on him , so
long as he is treated as a victim of disease and n ot as a w illfu l crim inal.
I hat is the practical point at issue. O therw ise, I can only repeat w h at I
have already said, nam ely, th a t I consider the paraphiliac neurosis as d if­
fering only in degree from th e m ore benign disturbances ordinarily re-
lei iccl to as neuroses. T h ese paraphiliac cases are n ot, or at least are very
lately, psychotic; they are certainly not norm al; and they seldom represent
line psychopathy. I m aintain therefore, th at they represent a special type
ol neurosis, but a neurosis nevertheless. A gain , I should like to know on
к hat criteria does D r. D ick el base his statem ent. W h a t, in his opinion, dis­
tinguishes a psychopathic make-up from a neurotic? Is a m an a psycho-
|hiIh sim ply because he does n ot respond to psychotherapy? I have already
pointed out th e sim ilarities betw een the predatory and the sexual psycho-
p.il h; I have also noted the differences, and th at the tw o spring from differ-
■ol sources. G ran ted th a t the psychopath m ay com m it sexual crimes and
Ih,11 Ilie paraphiliac m ay show psychopath-like behavior; th e psychotic, the
In Ыс-m inded, the epileptic m ay also com m it sexual crimes, and psycho-
palli like reactions are found in m any different types o f individuals. D r.
I lirkcl feels th at the term neurosis should b e reserved for those w ho have
.1 definite psychopathological background, w hich he does n ot further
ipi'cify. It is m y experience that th e sexual psychopaths do have a definite
I'm . Ilopathological background, w hich I have described, and w hich I have
luiind to be quite sim ilar to th e neurotic background.
- Dr. D ickel seems to have m isunderstood m e on the subject o f confine-
nln il. I have not argued that the sexual offender should not he confined,
IhiI lliat lie should not be sent to prison as a crim inal w hile n othin g is
flniir to treat or im prove his condition. l i e should certainly Ire hospital-
h id . and hospitalization is, o f course, confinem ent. H ow ever, there are,
 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 567
, 66 The P r o b le m o f the Sexual ^hopPA Fo™ u!ation
sonal suffering or jeopardizes his social standing. T h is is a form of re­
c„ es ta w h ich persons arrested for sexual offenses
even now , a num ber ox cas f nsvchiatric treatm ent, and sistance w h ich every experienced psychoanalyst anticipates and know s th at
are placed on except in lie m ust overcom e. D r. P ratt’s statem ent w ith respect to persons guilty of
where no confinem ent of any equipped to do active psycho sexual offenses, that “ it is difficult for m any to believe th a t they are not
sane as the term goes,” involves, o f course, th e very objection w hich I
have been trying to m ake concerning the failure o f the law properly to
evaluate psychic conditions w hich do not fall w ithin its present dogm atic,
and w h olly inadequate, definitions. “ A s th e term goes” is precisely the
trouble. T h e term needs to “ go ” a lo t farther; it needs to be seriously and
in ' ftsel/argife'against classifying « у ^ Г о ! scientifically reexam ined. M a n y offenders, in particular th e hom osexual, un­
a true psychopath to ad,ust or to' f t is q J te true that less they com e into conflict w ith th e law , have found a form of sexual
behavior w hich is to them satisfactory— they have chosen that particular
^ Ж 2 Я Г 4 - Ь p“ » n ad' form because it is satisfactory— and are unable to conceive th e possibility
of bringing abou t any change. T h is is another indication for the need for
early treatm ent.
As regards sane” and “ insane,” the law says th at a m an w ho knows
I lie difference betw een right and w rong is sane. T h is is a legally form u­
com m on am ong general prac 1 1 , because h e does n ot under lated distinction that goes back a hundred years and has no place in m od­
can n o t m ake people understand such в т р Ь т к e r n term inology. E ven psychiatrists do n ot agree about w ho is sane and
stand them him self. W h e n training m p sych ia h y beerJ P wbo is insane. C o n ven tio n al psychiatrists consider on ly those to be abnor­
m edical train,ng, the m edical profession w 11 be: ab e f be mal w ho have hallucinations and delusions; dynam ic psychiatrists include
such problem s as he describes T h e e d u c t i o n r f J b c n ^ ^ ^ Ihose w hose behavior is guided b y unconscious and irrational m otives over
along these lines m ust go han m ra оепега1 practitioner lie which they have no control, even though superficially they seem quite ra­
T h e pub lic has a right to dem and tha the: g B t o a T № tional. Som e o f the m ost deeply insane, e.g., paranoiacs, can engage in
equipped to help or to advise them . A presen there are too P У very rational conversation unless one touches their on e sensitive “ spot.”
„ I t s or clm .cs to w hom patients can b e t o rre d U h e n ee^ sa ry ^ ^ ^
C onsider the case o f the Heirens boy w ho was charged w ith three brutal
is often costly and tim e-consum ing w ithm fIre rea f bd murders. T h e three psychiatrists w ho exam ined him and reported on the
those w ho arc aware o f their ow n difficult,e 1 isc found th a t at th e age of nine he had begun stealing w om en ’s under­
helped. If th e pub lic could realize th e im p tailn o n o f th e jm s ^ ^ wear, w hich he used for th e purpose of experiencing sexual excitem ent.
w ould dem and th e establishm ent о men у Qn ^ m ethods ol I filler h e began to take m oney, and found that sexual excitem ent was gained
need are funds for research into e„ о ogy^ f p e d a iized wolk by the experience o f going through w indows, w hich w ould result in em is­
sion. H e w ould struggle against th e desire to go out at n ight for this pur­
T S T . ^ has fallen .......
pose, b u t was u nable to resist. If he was startled in the act o f burglary,
D r. P ratt says. . , ,ъ difficulties encoim lie im m ediately killed. H e w rote a note to th e police, asking them to catch
П г Pratt annears to c o n fin e him self m am ly to th e ditncm ues
him before h e killed again: “ I cannot help m yself.” T h e examiners found
t o e d 'h , th e m edical practitioner in dealing w ith n e m o t i c M t o • ■;
Inn 1 unstable, hysterically un predictable . . . w ith a deep sexual perver-
course, should " ^ Х ^ Т Х е ^ Г Г е п h eV p ea k , „I 'iiiii,” b u t since he was aware of the nature and purpose o f his acts he
lyst. I certainly h op e that . gossiping of professional rm’ll WHS considered sane. Just w h at do they m ean by “ b eing aware o f the nature
the lack of secrecy m records and of 8 P 8 , first COIl .lUt и1id purpose o f his acts” ? B eing aware o f the m eaning o f th e situation is
and their secretaries. C ertain ly any r e p u tib te p s y ession IIn,I ul no help at all to the perpetrator if an irresistible im pulse overcom es all
eration is th e inviolable secrecy of his ecords, f f i j m y ^ 1 , ^ и sis lance. T h e paranoiac is also aware of his acts b ut justifies them by his
this is generally upheld b y th e m edica p ^ of C(),in( mi 11 peculiar logic. C ertain ly by any standards the Heirens boy was ab­
w an tin g to b e cured, m m any cases; . r. j t tlia t the victim и normal. H e was a com pulsive fetishist. H e was the victim o f an irresist­
*. co m ,it results in „ ible urge over w hich he had absolutely 110 control; insane in th e fullest

568 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
sense of the word. T h e psychopathology o f th e case was on th e surface
but examiners w ho were descriptive psychiatrists did not accept it
16 D ,VE o w s H w hile agreeing " i „ part” w ith my
fails to prevent or deter sexual crim inals, disagrees w ith th e statem ent tna
there is no m ore need to have laws against perversive activities than again si
anv illness T h e po in t at issue is, of course, the recognition о perv
S e s а Г а t ™ of illness calling fo , treatm ent rather than pum shm ent.
T o m e tins seems self-evident. If we recognize that a certain drug is us
less hi th e treatm ent o f a certain rllness w e do n ot
th a t particular drug, b u t look for other form s of cure. H e states th at.legal
restrictions are im posed on individnals fo , the protection of s o c t f t y ,
la rg e ! this is rm dokbtedly th e n purpose, h u t d o И ^ “ “
purpose7 T o com pare laws governing sex offenses w ith laws restricting
the m ovem ents of individuals afflicted w ith sm allpox is to leave out о
I s E i r o n the tact th a t th e rndivrdn.l w ith
one w ho is able to exercise free choice and self control^a g ^ У^ ^
h a n d ^ s d r iv r a b y fo lc ls t v « w hich he has no control, and legal restric
statute against sexual
in any of our states; it is only overt acts w hich are prohibited. T h e Dr Inc
of C olu m b ia, M assachusetts, and W isco n sin have s“ s accor g
w h ich no crim e or charge thereof is necessary for designation as a se ]
A ™ t b B u t D r. D ubow ski feels that w hether the leg^ ataon provides fo
E a p p r e h e n s r o n ot persons com m ittin g overt acts or snrrp у J M у » .
m it overt acts is im m aterial. T h is opinion I can not share H e tc .
preferable, rather than to abolish the present laws, to u nify them and 1 rin |
them into line w ith concepts o f perm issible sexual activi у accep <
he m aio n ty I agree, of course, th at an attem p t should b e m ade to uiul
in all jurisdictions the present laws relating to sexual o ffe n s ^ is v .
m ore im nortant, how ever, th a t sexual offenses should b e rec g •
i f о from m ental and/от em otional disturbances and not regarded a ll
E E E act Ba„nt how w ould this b e different from th e sjtuahne
! s t uow Ttandsa T ire present laws, even th ou gh they are n o t unified, I
the m ost part perm it b d ravior w hich is acceptable to th e m a ,o r.t, and p t
Й Ж £ 5 г is accep table o n ,, to the
uals b e condem ned m erely because a m a]onty prefer heterosexii
t i o L 7 W h e n w e attem p t to pass laws to bring into line all th e mdrv du. I
7 o a rT o u t oT h u e, w e V f in d again that w e have attem pted w hat спи
E T T o w s k fq E tw o cases in w hich p o lice m ethods, through J
understanding of crim inal m echanism s, h ave b een successful m s v
c r ie s I n ote th a t in one case, the individual was arrested, ident,ficd и
m ade a full confession; in the other, “ confession and closing
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 569
follow ed.” H ere we have tw o individuals arrested and presum ably tried,
convicted and punished. W h a t has been accom plished? T h e murderer w ho
receives the death sentence or life im prisonm ent w ill probably not m urder
again. T h e fetishist m ay receive a short sentence and then b e released, w ith
no indication o f any change for the b etter in his personality. It is not re­
ported that there was any attem p t m ade to study or to treat these indi­
viduals. H ow are w e any farther ahead than w e were before their arrest?
H o w does their punishm ent help scientific know ledge, or indicate any ave­
nue of preventing offenses?
D r. L oew en b erg’s interesting com m ents outlin e m any o f th e social and
legal difficulties incid en t to psychiatric progress in the field o f sexual path­
ology. H is remarks are, as he says, “ supplem entary observations o f a prac­
ticing psychiatrist,” and contain little, if anything, w ith w hich I am dis­
posed to disagree. It is un fortunately true, as D r. Loew en berg observes,
Ihat the general public attitud e is one o f ignorance and intolerance. H o w
much part sensational newspaper reporting has to do w ith this is difficult
to say; certainly newspapers have not helped the situation any. W e can­
not blam e th e newspapers alone; certain popular m agazine articles in
nationally circulated periodicals have dealt exclusively w ith the m ore sen­
sational crim es and have, perhaps in a m istaken idea o f p rotecting the
public, repeated th e popular fallacies. B u t w h at are w e to say o f a so-
called psychiatrist, like D eR iver, w ho regales his readers w ith details th at
could appeal on ly to th e m ost sadistic type of m orbid curiosity, em bellish­
ing his text w ith photographs o f m utilated corpses and o f individuals w ho
h o w a crim inal type o f features? P u blic attitudes are all-im portant; it is
society w ho creates, condem ns and punishes th e crim inal.
Dr. D o w d echoes m y own plea for prophylaxis through th e reconstruc­
tion of fam ily attitudes. B ut, as she states, the group served through child
psychiatry is lim ited , n o t only through the lack o f “ ego strength” on the
part o f parents and psychiatrists, b u t through ignorance and the general
unavailability o f psychiatric services. I have no quarrel w ith th e observa-
11011s of D r. D ow d . M y apparent pessimism is un doubted ly a h it exagger-
IIled. T h e psychiatrist can hardly fail to becom e im patien t and som etim es
disheartened at the very slow progress indicated b y prevailing social and
legal attitudes. N evertheless, w hen he takes a lon g view he m ust realize
that some progress has been and is being m ade, and can only hope that
more w ill b e m ade in tim e. L et m e say that I am n ot concerned w ith any
"U top ian ” concept o f “ an absolute absence from society o f the conscious
pain o f restriction.” I am concerned w ith th e branding as “ crim inals” o f
persons w ho are obviously m en tally sick; and w ith th e ineffectuality of
•ending such persons to prison on th e theory th at w h at they did could
linve been avoided m erely b y an exercise o f “ free w ill.”
I agree w ith D r. O verholser th at legislation directed against th e sexual
psychopath docs indicate a step toward th e understanding that crim inals
Ц me m en tally disabled and th at such disability calls for special atten tion .
 T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 571
57o The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
ular term inology, and that I w ould m yself prefer to speak o f the C rim in al
I cannot entirely share his optim ism as to penological progress. T h e facts
Paraphiliac. T h e very term “ sexual offense” or “ sexual offender” im plies a
th a t m ost o f these state laws are inoperative, w ith few offenders being
legal conn otation , and m y discussion o f th e “ Sexual P sychopath” is pri­
com m itted under them , and th e lack of facilities for treating such offenders
marily concerned w ith paraphiliac behavior w hich com es under th e obser­
lim it the usefulness of any such type of legislation. W h e n w e b u ild enough
vation o f legal authority. D r. L ow rey’s rem aining com m ents, w hich are
hospitals to care, not only for sex offenders b u t for other crim inals as well,
m ainly supplem ental observations o f particular cases o f neurotic develop­
w hen w e develop th e techniques to treat them , and supply th e trained pet
m ent, have been noted w ith interest, b u t do n o t appear to call for any
sonnel, w hen w e change pu b lic attitudes to the extent th a t these problems further com m en t from me.
do n ot arise in our culture, then w e m ay be said to be m aking real progass.
D r. L ow rey seems to feel that I attem p ted to distinguish sexual psycho­
D r Sontag raises an interesting question concerning th e parallel between
pathy from paraphiliac neurosis b y claim ing th at the sexual psychopath
certain sexual psychopathic behavior and com pulsion neurosis, and one
comes into the open, com es into conflict w ith the law , w hile th e para­
w hich warrants further study. U n d o u bted ly there is a com pulsive character
philiac neurotic does not. T h is, I w ould point out, is not m y distinction,
to m any of th e paraphiliac neuroses, in w h ich th e insatiability and constant
but that o f th e law. A ccord in g to popular and legal phraseology, a m an is
repetition of the behavior pattern attest to the fa ct that th e aberrant м
not a sexual psychopath u n til he com es into conflict w ith the law . M y
tivity is productive of little or no satisfaction. D r. Son tag s case illustra
whole thesis is th at th e sexual psychopath is a form of paraphiliac neu-
tions of varying factors responsible for th e developm ent of paraphilias air
insis, w hich, as I have stated before, is sim ply another form o f neurosis.
also unusually interesting. I he paraphilias include abnorm al forms o f sexual adaptation w hich in
In quoting F en icliel on com pulsion neurosis D r. Son tag appears о
lliemselves are n ot usually know n as sex offenses, as w ell as socially pro­
look the fact that F en icliel believes the definition given is inadequate; tliii
hibited sexual relations; th e individual w ho indulges in these last being
th e real distinction is in the w ay the urge is felt; th e com pulsion neurotic
known as a sexual psychopath. N o r do I distinguish betw een “ neurosis”
feels forced to do som ething he does not like to do, the paraphiliac i .
and “ paraphiliac neurosis” ; b u t betw een paraphiliac neurosis, and other
forced to “ like” som ething against his w ill. T h is, how ever, is n ot the on V
forms o f neurosis, as anxiety neurosis, etc.
distinction betw een com pulsion neurosis and sexual psychopa ly. i
C ertain ly I agree w ith D r. Low rey that th e behavior has th e sam e sig­
that a certain form of behavior is u n con trollable does n ot constitute a com*
nificance no m atter w here it is exhibited. D r. L ow rey suggests th at these
pulsion neurosis. T h e elem ents o f th e com pulsion neurosis as form ulah d
deviations tend to develop early in life and therefore appear to be con ­
b y Stekel; the com pulsive ritual, th e rigid cerem onial, elaborate systt
stitutional as w ell as fixed. H e also points out as d om in an t characteristics
o f com pulsions and obsessions, doubts, death clauses, inhibitions, magical
ol the psychopath, th e trem endous am ount o f repressed hostility and
superstitions, are to tally lacking. In com pulsion neurosis, the sexual mo
profound narcissism. Is he arguing for a constitution al basis for hostility
vation is hidden deeply under a com plex o f everyday actions; in sexual
and narcissism; or w hat is the connection betw een deviation on the one
psychopathy th e sexual m otivation is obvious. ...... hand, hostility and narcissism on the other? W h e th e r or not the case o f a
D r L ow rey’s differences of opinion are, as h e him self suggests, a 1 .
youngster o f seventeen, w ho had all his life w anted to be a girl and w ho
ter of sem antics.” W e all k n ow that in a m ajority of m en tal hospitals tin
b o w ed fem in in e m annerisms in talking, a high-pitched voice and fem inine
term “ psychopathic” (usually em ployed in th e entirely undesirable diit£
carrying angle o f arms, is m eant to indicate the constitution al character of
nosis, “ P sychopathic P ersonality” ) is alm ost invariably restricted to Ao .
Aomosexuality, I see in this case m erely another boy w ho w ants to b e a
cases in w hich th e p atien t’s behavior has brou gh t h im into conflict w ith IIu
girl and therefore m akes h im self as like a girl as possible.
law It is o f course true th a t fu n dam en tally there is little or no J
Dr. R a b in o v itch has m ost ably supplem ented m y paper on the Sexual
b etw een paraphiliac behavior w h ich does n o t result in such conflict and
I'sychopath w ith a variety of interesting observations derived from his w ide
th at w h ich does, th e latter b ein g frequently a m ere accident о ci U f l
experience as a child psychiatrist, and also as a m em ber o f th e M ich igan
stances. T h e psychopathic individual is, in the last analysis, simp у n
Sludy C om m ission on the D eviated C rim in al Sex O ffender. I am highly
w ho has violated th e com m an dm en t, “ T h o u shalt n ot get c a u g h t Ira
appreciative o f his detailed discussion o f th e various problem s presented,
paraphiliac w hose behavior does n o t brin g h im into conflict w ith the I W
and am in substantial agreem ent w ith the m ajority of his observations. H is
is “ n eurotic,” w h ile th e paraphiliac w hose behavior does b rin g lum м м
dynam ically oriented studies of disturbed children have added a great deal
such conflict is “ psychopathic.” A ctu ally, of course each o f them is e l.
to our understanding o f sexual deviation. In orthopsychiatry, m ore than in
or b oth, according to the definition adopted. In other words, it is a m i
any other branch o f psychiatry, lie the possibilities for a real understand­
rather than a psychiatric distinction. I have already said elsewhere M
ing of these types o f behavior. D r. R ab in ovitch has outlin ed, clearly and
in using th e term “ Sexual P sych opath” I was m aking a concession to П >
 T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 573
572 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation

convincingly, the various etiological factors involved in juvenile aberration, horror and is so severely prohibited th at he never heard o f a single case of
the work he has done constitutes, to m y m ind, one o f the m ost significaul that.
Answ ering Professor-R um ke, I am glad to note th a t w e virtually agree
contributions in the field.
T h e inform ation and data furnished b y D r. Y u s h i H o n d e of O saka aic, on all points. H is difference w ith m e I believe to be m ostly a m atter of
semantics, arising in part from m y use o f the popular term, “ sexual psycho­
of course, highly interesting not only because they reflect th e views of a
path.” T h e “ sexual psychopath” as I have tried to m ake clear, has little
foreign psychiatrist, b u t also because they convey a clear picture o f the
nr 110 conn ection w ith the “ constitutional psychopath,” although the
attitud e toward sexual offenses in Japan. D o cto r H o n d e virtually repeats a
psychopath m ay also be a pervert. D r. R u m k e w ould call the pervert a
statem ent w hich I have m ade m ore than once, and w hich has also been
psychopath only if the condition w hich m ade the disease possible is a consti-
m ade by several other com m entators, nam ely, that w h at constitutes a sex
111fional one. H ow is he, or anyone, able to establish the constitution al con-
ual offense is largely dictated by th e prevailing social attitudes of a par
dilions responsible for psychopathy, or for sexual psychopathy? D r. R um ke
ticular culture. H is com m ents on sex offenses in Japan po in t to the con­
makes a very fine distinction betw een a neurotic indulging in perversions
trast betw een eastern and western sexual codes. W h ile he has given us
mid the pervert proper, w ho offers no fight a t all, b u t accepts th e perver­
no statistics on the prevalence of sex crimes, the im pression is given that
sions as a m atter of course. I do not see th e d istinction quite as he sees it.
they are n ot as frequent as in this country, or at least attract less attention,
I here are m any neurotics w ho fight a perversion and do n ot indulge in it.
C ertain ly they seem to be m uch less severely punished, if the minimum
I here are other instances of neurotics w h o have struggled w ith masturba-
sentence of tw o years for rape is to be taken as an indication. M an y qucs
I i nn or hom osexuality and find them selves helpless in the face o f the
tions com e to m ind. H o w does the rate o f sex crim e in Japan com part
li'iuptation. Personally, I do n ot see m uch difference betw een th e neurotic
w ith that of the U n ited States and o f other countries? Is the trend con
who indulges in perversions w ith some disturbed conscience, and the neu-
stant? W h a t are the penalties? W h a t is the reason for the infrequency
mlic w ho accepts it as a m atter o f course. M y own understanding is, in the
o f exhibitionism and voyeurism , and w hy, w hen they do occur, do they
light of the histories I have studied, that there is hardly a paraphiliac
involve rape or m urder; a com bination hardly know n in this counliyi
(pervert) w h o has not gone through a very great m oral b attle before he
A ccord in g to D r. H onde, certain forms of behavior w hich in this country
fenchcd th e point o f accep tin g th e perversion. W e have had a case in our
are considered norm al are in Japan h igh ly condem ned, w h ile m any other*
hospital o f a h igh ly intelligen t m an, married, w hose m ind was constantly
abou t w hich citizens o f the U n ited States becom e increasingly, and perit;i|in
pieoccupied w ith perversions, b u t his conscience w ould n ot perm it him to
disproportionately excited, are there, for the m ost part, legally ignoied,
make the step. H e finally solved th e problem b y com m ittin g suicide, the
even though they m ay be the subject o f considerable social disapproval
1unscience w inn ing over th e instinct. A n d w ho o f us doesn’t know the ex­
H is extracts from th e m aterial relating to the case of “ Sada A b e, of Salome
hibitionist w ho, w hile indulging in exhibitionism , gets him self into a con-
C o m p lex ,” and his own com m ents on the psychological m otivations in
ln'sed and dazed state, and the terrific qualm s o f conscience th a t beset him
volved provide an interesting addition to the history of sexual crimes.
w hen it is all over. I have k now n som e w ho attem pted suicide, so strongly
D r. H ond e also m entions the case of Y osh io Kodaira, the Japanese Hint1
beard, w ho joins th e com pany of the Frenchm an Landru and th e A m ci i<nil were they upset by the m oral aspect o f their behavior. Y e t they continued
In llicir behavior.
W a tso n . T h e psychopathology underlying the reaction and other rclalt'd
I, naturally, quite accord w ith Professor R eiter in his statem ent that pun ­
behavior phenom ena, as given by D r. H onde, w ith reference to k ii In/ll
Ishida and the w om an Sada A b e is not appreciably different from lit! ishment is useless and irrational, b u t I can n o t quite accept his pessimism
"i rather doubt as to gettin g con vin cin g and lasting results from psycho­
psychopathology underlying our ow n cases of the sam e type, whi< h sng
therapy. Perhaps our backgrounds are slightly different. It m ay be th a t he
gests to m e that, for all the cultural differences, hum an beings arc quirt
li r. devoted his entire tim e to straight clin ical psychiatry and less to direct
alike; w e are all brothers under the skin. A n d w hile the cultural dillef
ences and mores are very im portant, w h at is m ore im portant to know ami pnchotherapy, whereas m y entire tim e is spent in psychotherapy only,
understand is th a t the unconscious, the w orld over, is very m uch uliU , which enables m e to give the sexual offender th e tim e he m ay n ot give;
Ilial like m any other psychotherapists he shies aw ay from paraphiliacs,
w hether it is a cultured university professor in A m erica, an A frican Hush
Mild sexual offenders whereas I, through years of experience, have devel-
m an, Japanese, E nglishm an, E skim o or H o tten tot.
u p i d a consciousness, even a certainty, that these cases are basically neu-
In conn ection w ith this, I m ay m ention th at a colleague o f m ine, 1If,
111 cs and are approachable as neuroses from the standpoint o f psycho-
R ad d y o f M adras, India, told m e that such reactions as hom osexuality,
llu iapy. I start each case w ith w hat one m ight call suprem e conviction that
exhibitionism and so on arc considered, in India, m erely as nuisances, lull
I c a n carry it through as I w ould any neurosis, unless there are resistances,
the one great sexual crim e in India is incest. It is regarded w ith s u c l i il
574 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
w ith in th e neurosis w h ich do not allow m e to carry it through, or else
external difficulties. In oth er words, I have developed a rather simple
m ethod of dealing w ith sexual offenders: I m erely change the diagnosis
from one of psychopathy to one o f neurosis and then proceed to treat as
any neurosis. I m ight add here th a t th e m ajority o f the so-called sexual
psychopaths and even th e noncrim inal paraphiliacs are n o t easy to hand 0,
for the sim ple reason th a t their behavior is so w ell established as to make
th e p atien t u n w illin g to accept treatm en t th a t w ill change his behavmi
B y far the largest num ber of cases of sexual offenders I have handled are
those w ho were arrested and are, for the m ost part, under threat o f sen
ten ce to a term o f prison. T h a t is som etim es enough to drive th e fellow into
treatm ent; a sort o f D am ocles sword is held over them th a t makes them
open up and th ey keep on w orking w ith you as lon g as th at threat is
h an gin g over them , and drop you surprisingly quickly w hen , through legal
efforts, their law yer m anages to dispose of their case to th e satisfaction ol
their clients. I m ay also express here m y con viction th a t as neuroses they
are in a sense even m ore treatable than ordinary neuroses.
I had a case o f statutory rape th at I got through w ith in ninety-six SCI*
sions. I had a case of hom osexual prostitution w here th e m an was cure®
o f his hom osexuality in sixty-four sessions. W h e re m ay I ask w ill you ill
established neuroses th at one can clear up in less than one hundred sc*
sions? T h erefore, I w ant to leave w ith th e statem ent and optim istic hopo
th at not only is psychotherapy h op efu l in these cases as it is m о iff
neuroses, b u t to some extent m ore h op efu l b ecau se th e problem is so с cat
CUIn conclusion, w e m ay very w ell ask ourselves the question: W h e re , thru
does th e sexual offender (th e crim inal paraphiliac) stand in th e gen с nil
schem e of things hum an? R ather than b ein g an isolated, specific phenoini
non w ith o u t relation to other behavior disorders, w e find h im to be Пи
b lo od brother of th e noncrim in al paraphiliac; a th in , alm ost vanishing mo
often separates th e tw o, although in m any cases th e transition from „
n oncrim in al to the crim inal paraphiliac is a slow and gradual on e attended
w ith great difficulty and effected only after th e breaking down o f the many
repressions and inhibitions w h ich had form ed a barrier separating ic о
from th e other. . ,
T h e paraphiliac, th at is, th e noncrim inal deviate, him self has m any ol
elem ents of neurosis; indeed, he suffers from a neurosis m every sens® of
the word. T h o u g h superficially h e m ay seem different, the deeper m o tiv e
tions are basically those fou n d in all neuroses.
A n d w here does th e neurotic stand? M a n k in d in general appears to M
only q uan titatively, rather than qualitatively, different from th e neurotiM
T h ere is virtually n oth in g fou n d in the average so-called norm al human
b ein g th at m ay not b e found, although adm ittedly in an exaggerated dn
gree in the neurotic. T h e great variety o f m echanism s encountered In
neuroses are also found in a sm aller, though definite, proportion апш'Щ
T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 575
norm al hum an beings. T h u s the crim inal paraphiliac appears to represent
merely a particular branch on th e large hum an tree; it m ay therefore be
said, w ith o u t m uch fear o f contradiction, th a t th e basic elem ents found in
crim inal paraphiliacs are also to b e found in norm al people. W e all carry
within us the fundam ents of the crim inal paraphiliac, b u t we have found
a way, b y severe repression or b y satisfactory sublim ation— n ot always en-
lirely successful— to control our original tendencies. W h ic h of us is not
cxhibitionistic, even if it be in a pale, socially accep table way? W h ic h o f
us doesn’t have the curiosity th at leads some people to inquire into every
detail o f other people’s lives, includ ing the sexual? H o w m any p eople in ­
dulge, in a controlled w ay, in verbal lashings w hich give every evidence of
a general sadom asochistic reaction? W h o doesn’t know the m an or the
wom an that, under th e guise o f w it, satisfies his or her d elight in m en tal
cruelty; or som etim es in obscenity? W h ile charity m ay cover a m u ltitud e
of sins, hum or often covers an even greater m ultitude of indecencies. W h a t
are burlesque and the striptease except a m odified— som etim es only slightly
modified— m eans of satisfying th e voyeuristic instinct of the individual
who boasts th a t he is “ norm al” ? W h a t is a prize fight or a w restling m atch,
or som etim es even a football gam e, if it is n ot a sim ilarly m odified satis-
Iaction o f th e sadistic instinct o f th a t sam e individual?
If the sexual offender is sick, it m ust b e because sexuality is sick. Is it?
Three hundred years ago, th e h igh ly gifted philosopher, T h o m a s H obbes,
expressed h im self to the effect th a t there is n oth in g w rong w ith hum an
passions, b u t th at law makes it so. If th a t b e true, then it is n ot sexuality
I hat is sick; th e sickness com es from th e en actin g b y m ankind o f laws
which m ake norm al phenom ena take on th e aspect of th e pathological.
T h ere are no k now n sexual offenders am ong anim als. T h e dog perform s
his sexual functions in th e open, in th e presence o f children and to th e
great distress o f their elders, w ho are equally distressed if they happen to
\ isit a zoo at th e w rong season. T h e cat, a b it more shy and nocturnal in
her habits, is nevertheless em barrassingly noisy in advertising to the
world her erotic activities. N atu re has no sexual prohibitions. Incest is uni­
versal am ong anim als, yet the race doesn’t die out. It is m ankind and th e
law th at m ake m ankind neurotic; th a t m ake the neurotic a paraphiliac or
■Icviate; th at m ake the n onoffending paraphiliac a crim inal paraphiliac.
• M an kin d is hopelessly confused and has never been able to arrive at a
ul isfactory solution o f th e sexual problem . D ifferen t countries, dom inated
by different religious influences, attest to this universal confusion. U n der
M oham m edanism one m an can have a harem o f w om en. T h e Judaeo-
• In istian religion upholds the ideal of strict m onogam y, b u t in m ost o f the
1 ountries d om in ated b y it prostitution as a social phenom enon is notori-
<■11чIу prevalent, and one w om an m ay receive hundreds o f m en. T h e C on -
lurian C h in e se can buy a w ife for a stipulated period and discard her
when she is no lon ger needed, and th e Japanese B uddhists are fam iliar
willi I he activities o f any num ber of geisha girls. A ll these varied custom s
 T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 577
576 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
W e stand at the bifurcation o f th e road, one w ay leading to D am ascus, th e
and practices have developed w ith in th e fram ew ork o f religion; some
other to B aghdad. W h ith e r m ankind? Perhaps it is not one D am ascus or
tim es counten an ced to a greater or less extent b y a particular religion,
one Baghdad, b u t m any; and w e d on ’t know w hich to choose. W e blam e
som etim es existin g in spite o f it, b u t identified nevertheless w ith countrici
Ilie sexual offender or th e crim inal in general for not according w ith the dic-
characterized b y a particular religious system. W e can n o t b lam e religion
lates o f society; b u t these sam e dictates are them selves the product o f
for them because religion itself is no m ore than a creation of th e human
unutterable confusion.
m ind; b u t w e m ust adm it th at the laws w h ich m an makes to punish sexual
Social dictates there m ust be; b u t they should b e the product of clari­
offenders and deviates are also the laws w hich perm it the innumerable
fied and scientific thought, and not the bastard offspring of ignorant and
deviations to be found w ith in th e heterosexual field. It is as th ough mail
lanatical prejudice. T h e task o f m ankind is to m ake such dictates conform
had m ade of heterosexuality an im practicable ideal w hich he does not ex
In psychological fact, as w ell as to classify them w ith respect to w hat is
pect to live up to, b u t in allegiance to w hich he takes a sadistic vengeaili 0
actually dangerous and harm ful— in a strictly social, not in an ecclesiasti­
upon those engaging in any form o f behavior th a t does n ot at least prolix*
cal sense— and w h at is relatively harmless and unim portant, even if objec­
a sim ilar allegiance, just as in tim es past a d om in an t religion too k sadistic
tionable to m any individual m em bers o f society. Social dictates should take
vengeance upon the follow ers o f any oth er w h ich dared to differ w ith II,
no cognizance of the puritanical prohibitions em anating from the uncon­
Social opinion w ith respect to sexual behavior can be just as dogmalu
sciously dirty m ind of M rs. G rund y, or of the disguised econom ic and
and fanatical as it can w ith respect to religion.
institutional interests of the R ev. M r. P in point. T h e y should serve a dis­
Since the sexual offender appears to b e b u t a part o f m ankind in f M I 'l
tinctly practical and n ot a theoretical purpose. T h e y should b e designed to
eral, w here docs he stand w ith reference to crim inal beh avior other Ilian
I'.ovcrn m an for the m axim um benefit o f him self and his fellow m en; not
sexual? T h e crim inal w ho preys upon society in an entirely predatory
to uphold the im aginary and m an-m ade laws of any inaccessible and un-
nonsexual w ay is also the blood brother of th e vast num ber of men .u iflB
I nown G o d . O n ly w hen this desired end shall have been reached w ill the
w om en w ho daily defy the accepted standards o f society, and w ho bill
pioblem of the sexual offender and th e crim inal be given a place duly
for the lack o f explicit law to th e contrary, can be called crim inal, cm
pm portionate to the problem o f social behavior as a w hole.
tain ly insofar as m otivation is concerned. T h ese in turn arc closely rclate^ B
to th e rest of m ankind w ho harbor crim inal tendencies b u t m anage to coll j
trol them , som etim es in an adequately repressed or sublim ated main icq j
som etim es in a w ay that represents on ly partial repression or sublim ation S II MMARY
T h e crim inal is n ot the isolated individual th at w e try to picture him , hill
is a part of m ankind in general.
T h e recognition o f this did n ot escape the insight of earlier thinker*. I lie present chapter has attempted to 1) The Sexual Psychopath D e­
Sixty years ago the b rillian t A m erican sociologist, Lester W a rd , discussing j jjnc as broad a formulation of the fined and Described: As concerning
(a) the evil aspects o f th e industrial order, expressed h im self as fo llo w » * problem of the sexual offender as is the definition and the description of
jinv;ible with our present knowledge. the term “ sexual psychopath,” practi­
“ T h ese are great and serious evils, com pared w ith w hich all lliM
Ih do that, the author has secured the cally all participants, in so far as they
crim es recognized as such, th a t w ould be com m itted if no governin' 11I pcration of many discussants, hav- have expressed themselves on the
existed, w ould b e as trifles. T h e underpaid labor, th e prolonged иnil | hic read the original paper before a subject, have objected to the use of
groveling drudgery, the w asted strength, the m isery and squalor, the <llt< number of audiences. There were the term. It was generally agreed that
eases resulting and the prem ature deaths that w ould be prevented by ..... . than thirty discussants, consist- the term “ sexual psychopath” as de­
just distribution o f the products o f labor, w ou ld in a single year (HIM n i: of general medical practitioners, scribing a sexual offender is mislead­
w eigh all th e so-called crim e of a century. . . . It is utterly illogical III neurologists, psychiatrists, orthopsy- ing. It is of popular origin and stand­
say that aggrandizem ent b y physical force should b e forbidden, w lill! *liuil lists, psychoanalysts, psycholo- ing, having no legitimate place in any
aggrandizem ent by m ental force or legal fiction should b e perm it led, (ji'il'i, lawyers, legislators, probation of- psychiatric or scientific classifica­
ii' >1 economists and so on. W h ile tion. T he term “ sexual psychopath” as
is absurd to claim th a t injustice com m itted b y m uscle should be regn
liiimy have accorded with each other, here used is a concession to popular
lated, w hile that com m itted b y brain should be unrestrained.”
llnic were equally many who took terminology (K ). According to
Is crim inality a disease and is it curable? N o t any m ore than sexuality, J ilnr.l ic.illy opposing views. I shall
now attempt to correlate those views
Gutheil, it brings up the question of
constitutionality. Ellis would relegate
It is m ankind th at is prim arily sick— not sexuality or crim inality.
tut" .1 consistent whole. the word to oblivion.
M an kin d is confused politically, econom ically, culturally and em ot
578 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
Sexual offenders are as heteroge­
neous a group as any other; the word
psychopath in this connection has a
moral connotation rather than a diag­
nostic one. Psychopathy is a disturb­
ance relating to the emotions and it
also represents a malfunction of anx­
iety as a defense. A psychopath shies
away from emotional relationships of
any sort, but he is apt to commit a sex­
ual offense, perhaps a violent one, to
achieve sexual gratification without
the danger (in his mind) of forming
any real attachment or affection for
the object. A psychopath may not feel
anxiety for the offense he commits,
but he commits offenses to escape anx­
iety in other areas of his life. T he fact
that an individual repeats an offense
regardless of how often he is punished
for it does not make him psycho­
pathic. There are others beside psycho­
paths who do not learn from experi­
ence (Schmiedeberg).
T he question was asked by Low-
rey, whether behavior regarded as nor­
mal or neurotic when private, is to
be regarded as psychopathic when it
is public. Fundamentally, there would
seem to be little or no difference be­
tween the paraphiliac who does not
get caught and one who does. The
distinction is social rather than psychi­
atric. T he nonoffending paraphiliac
uses repression effectively and is bet­
ter able to control his impulses,
whereas the offending paraphiliac is
less able to control his impulses which
are more unbridled (K ).
T h e term “ psychosexual infantil­
ism” has been suggested by Gutheil as
one which would include so-called
psychopaths, homosexuals and others
who have regressed to an infantile
level. This definition, however, fails to
distinguish between infantilism and
regression (К ).
Psychopathy is different from the
emotional problems in neuroses and
psychoses. T h e true psychopath has
not learned the meaning of emotional
relationships and emotional ties, and
does not experience anxiety. T he crim
inal paraphiliac experiences anxiety il
prevented from indulging in his para
philia but generally has anxiety wit'll
reference to his particular activity; but
may well have outside of that (K ).
T he term “ constitutional psycho
path” represents a projection of our
failure to understand and meet the
needs of the hostile delinquent child.
Behavior is no key to diagnosis, anil
the delinquent child, including the
sexual delinquent, must be undci
stood, beyond his behavior, in terms ol
his inner life and motivations. Only a
small percentage of delinquent cliil
dren belong in the psychopath ie
group, and these present a specific
syndrome, characterized by a gross dc
feet in capacity for experiencing mix
icty and intra-psychic conflicts. Ih'
search indicates that this syndrome il
psychogenetically determined, stein
ming from deprivation in infancy willi
lack of opportunity for the establish
rnent of a meaningful primary mothci
relationship (R abin ovitch).
T h e sexual psychopath exhibits n
type of sexual behavior characterized
by socially-prohibited aggressivencsH,
by lack of regard for the unwillinq
participant, by being compulsive and
irresistible in character, and by ж I'1
committed under the influence of 1111
exceptionally strong, overwhelming
urge, the tension of which is releau d
by the particular behavior (K ).
2) Sexual Offenses, Paraphilias anil
Neuroses: Inasmuch as there seems In
be an undoubted relationship betw een
sexual offenses, paraphilias (pciv i
sions), and neuroses, the problem will
discussed from the standpoint of si'l»
ual psychopathy as a paraphilia, pm 11
philias as neuroses and then com
paring paraphiliac neuroses and scxiul
T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
psychopathy. Because of the seem­
ingly compelling nature of the reac-
lion, the question was brought up of
a comparison between compulsion
neuroses and sexual psychopathy. The
opinion was thus expressed that dy­
namic psychiatry views the reactions
of the sexual psychopath as being part
of a larger group that comes under the
heading of perversions (the paraphil-
iac neuroses). These latter are reac­
tions that include: (a) extrabiological
forms of sexual adaptation (masturba-
tion, homosexuality, sadomasochism,
etc.), which in themselves need not
he regarded as sexual psychopathy,
since, though abnormal, they are not
lor the most part viewed as being il­
legal, and (b) those socially-prohib­
ited sexual relations (incest, paedo­
philia) which, by accepted standards,
lire regarded legally as crimes (K ).
In terms of the underlying dy­
namics and psychic structure, the par­
aphilias are viewed as being neuroses,
Ilie pathology of which appears to cf-
lect a specific sector of one’s sex life
(K ).
Some believe that there is a funda­
mental difference between sexual psy­
chopathy and neurosis. T he claim is
made by Rumke that the individual is
a pervert only if the condition is con-
•■lilutional; that the neurotic is in con-
IIui with his perversity, while the psy­
chopath identifies himself with it.
I )ickel claims that sexual disorders are
definitely psychopathic and do not
benefit from psychotherapy. Piotrow-
T i suggests that the difference is more
III kind than in degree, that the factor
ot violence is a necessary aspect of the
v xual criminal experience, which
marks qualitatively the criminal para­
philiac.
The majority of sexual offenders are
neurotic; the remainder about equally
divided between psychopathic and
psychotic (Schm iedeberg).
579
M any neurotics fight perverse trends
without indulging in them. Hardly a
paraphiliac has not gone through a
battle before he accepted the para­
philia. It is questionable whether a
man is to be considered psychopathic
simply because he does not respond to
psychotherapy. It is also known that
some men have indulged timidly in
prohibited sexual acts without being
apprehended. In extreme cases, non­
criminal and criminal paraphiliacs
may seem poles apart, but following
through the gradations, we come to
types of reaction which may or may
not be considered criminal para­
philias, depending almost upon one’s
definition. It may be necessary for the
sexual criminal to resort to violence or
assault, but often the primary inten­
tion is to commit the act without re­
flecting that it may be interpreted as
assault or violence (K ). Caprio be­
lieves that sexual deviates are more
likely to be neurotics, suffering from
feelings of inferiority and immaturity;
that sex offenses should be looked up­
on by Courts as symptoms of neuroses.
It is impossible to believe, as has been
stated by Ellis, that forty percent of
sex offenders are normal. There are no
normal sex offenders any more than
there are normal criminals. They are
neurotic as measured by psychody­
namic standards (K ). Contrary to
Freud’s belief that paraphilias were
negatives of neurosis— in neurosis par-
apliihac tendencies are repressed and
in paraphilia overt— we believe para­
philias are specific forms of neurosis.
Paraphilia differs from anxiety neuro­
sis in its specific structure (G u th eil).
Comparing paraphiliac neuroses
and sexual psychopathy, we may say
that paraphiliac neuroses differ from
sexual psychopathy by their lack of
undesirable social aggressiveness and
by a positive emotionally-toned atti­
tude toward the partner. T he sexual
 T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 581
580 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
eral. Just as sexual psychopathic be­ component in obscenity), they are for the avenues of release are limited,
psychopath does not, as a rule, have apart from the strength of the basic
havior is related genetically to the the most part and in individual cases
guilt feelings with reference to his un­ drive. T he greater the resistance, the
paraphiliac neuroses, so are the para fairly specific and delimited; though
willing partner. T he question has greater the reaction to resistance. The
philiac neuroses revealed on analysis occasional overlapping may and does
been asked by Guttmacher: Is guilt
to be related in general to the ncu occur, one reaction, as a rule, is not more obstacles in the way of instinct
lacking in the sexual psychopath?
roses which do not show overt sexual likely to pass into another (K ). satisfaction, the greater the strength of
Some show considerable guilt, some
pathology. T h e relationship is clearly 3) Character of the Sexual Drive: the urge pressing for discharge. T he
do not. Few show guilt at the time of
revealed when a paraphiliac person The character of the sexual drive came uncontrollability seems self-evident
the crime, some show later remorse. It
suffers a so-called nervous breakdown, up for particular, consideration: its from the behavior. T he individual
all depends on the individual. Rapists
whereupon he displays a host of ncu apparent uncontrollability and irresist­ will resort to any means to realize it;
show less guilt than exhibitionists.
ibility, which in turn brought up the repeated punishments and jailings fail
T he criminal paraphiliac and the crim­ rotic symptoms, while the neurotic in
dividual, heretofore without overt sex question of comparing the sexual to effect changes. If satisfaction is not
inal predatory psychopath have in
ual pathology, may suddenly reveal drive in different types of individuals. allowed, the individual develops tre­
common the uncontrollable tendency
striking paraphiliac reactions (K ). The discussion then led to the instinc­ mendous tension. T he urge cannot al­
to commit a crime. T he lack of guilt
T h e question has been raised (Son tive nature of the paraphiliac drive, ways be satisfied immediately, but the
preceding the episode is common to
tag, Piotrowski) whether or not sex with particular emphasis on the para­ individual will never delay it of his
both, but where remorse may be pres­
ual psychopathy is in some instances ,1 philiac behavior as being distinct from own accord, only through the force of
ent in the criminal paraphiliac after
normal sex life. W ith reference to un- particular circumstances. As for prep­
the episode, there is none in the psy­ form of compulsion neurosis. Sexual
offenders experience anxiety if they controllability, this character of the aration, the individual, having been al­
chopath, who only regrets that he
sexual urge was questioned by W ex- ready driven to such episodes, knows
didn’t escape being caught. T h e ma­ are not allowed to express their para
bcrg, Piotrowski and Eliasberg, who it will come, but makes no prepara-
jority of criminal paraphiliacs are neu­ philia; that is about as far as the com
parison with compulsion neurosis doubted that it was abnormal, uncon­ ation save in the immediate sense.
rotic. There are few sexual offenders
goes. Some reactions of the criminal trollable or that the libido was W h a t preparation there is, is minimal.
among psychopaths. T he predatory
paraphiliacs may be regarded as rclal stronger than in normal individuals. There are degrees of impulsiveness;
psychopath is not disturbed by the
ing to obsessive compulsive behavioi. It was claimed that the urge need not some are more, some less impulsive
sexual problem. He is oriented in a
be immediately satisfied but can be (K ). Paraphiliac drives are as much
bisexual focus, can get plenty of wom­ There is much less guilt in paraphil­
delayed, that the individuals can make beyond conscious control, and as di­
en; he is more concerned with preda­ ias than in compulsion neuroses. Com
careful preparations, accepting the vorced from a sense of responsibility
tory expeditions. A predatory psycho­ pulsion neurosis has a definite and
criminal thought without attempt at as the psychoses; and this is true even
path may run short of sexual gratifica­ specific structure in which the mccli
suppression, without guilt. (Piotrow­ of some of the reactions of normal in­
tion, when he may attack somebody anism of displacement is most promi
nent. W e find compulsive-obsessional ski). Cruvant questioned that the sex dividuals (H onde).
sexually; but this means no more to
reactions in all kinds of neurotics anil drive is as ubiquitous as has been im­ It has been questioned by G u tt­
him than attacking somebody pred-
psychotics, but we cannot call them plied, or that procreation is the only macher whether the drive in the non­
atorily. T he predatory psychopath
goal of sex life. Even if one assumes criminal paraphiliac is less than in the
shies away from emotional relation­ compulsion neuroses. W e deal wit 11 a
compelling tendency, not a compul only an instinctual basis for human psychopathic paraphiliac or whether
ships because he has not learned in
behavior and symptom formation on it is a matter of control. He asks also
infancy and childhood the meaning of sive one (K ).
There is further a relationship Ilie basis of unsuccessful repression, whether the sexual drive in the aver­
emotional relationships; and that is
instinctual drives other than the sex­ age neurotic, hysteric or anxiety neu­
true of all his relationships; the crimi­ among and between the paraphiliac
neuroses. This relationship appear* ual instinct must also be considered as rotic is greater than in the normal in­
nal paraphiliac may be a loving son,
possibly determinant. Sexual behavior dividual. There is no doubt that any
brother and a devoted husband, dis­ to be a fairly close one, since they
all stem from the same sources hut may be used in the service of anxiety, neurotic has a much stronger drive,
playing all the tender emotions that we
diverge at different developm ent! when it is not necessarily a derivative which is partly due to a constitu­
find in neurotics. T he true psychopath
ol the sexual instinct, but a sympto­ tionally different type of sexual organ­
doesn’t feel anxiety in a long-range sit­ levels. Sometimes they are mirmi
complements of each other, as cxhibi matic manifestation of other conflic- ization, and partly due to early envi­
uation; the criminal paraphiliac may
tionism and voyeurism, sadism and lual situations. T he symptomatic ex­ ronment. T he drive is more uncontrol­
not experience anxiety with reference
masochism, etc. W h ile the specific pression may be in the service of an lable in the criminal than in the non-
to his paraphilia, but outside of that,
paraphilias have a definite psychog'j* anxiety only distantly related to sex­ criminal paraphiliac. The difference
he may ( K ) . between criminal and noncriminal
ual needs (C ruvan t).
There is a relation between para­ netic relationship to each other (bn
The sex drive is stronger because paraphiliacs is also a difference of dc-
philiac neuroses and neuroses in gen­ moscxual basis in transvestism, sadist!'
582 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation
T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 583
velopment and of object relationship. One of the reasons it is used as a sub­
they are forever in search of new trend gradually substituting for and
T he noncriminal is an adult who es­ stitute for incest is because it is so­
partners and while some are almost overwhelming a more serious devia­
tablishes a mutual relationship with cially less harmful and the punishment
ascetic, many are promiscuous. tion from the norm, as the patient
another adult, which is generally car­ is not so great. Incest is so dreaded by
6) T h e Criminal Sexual Act: As grasps the difference partly con­
ried out in private. T he criminal, modern man that any paraphilia may
regards the criminal sexual act, atten­ sciously and partly by unconscious af­
through a particular development, be used as a substitute; any act, in fact,
tion has been called to the lack of pre­ fective constellations. He quotes a
needs an object that is prohibited, a including murder. All too often, one
vious contact between offender and case of osphresiolagnic, fetishistic-li-
child or an adult who has not given parent or another will encourage the
victim (Piotrowski). T he victim is bidinal attachment to odors. In the
consent (K ). affect of the children in a way that
sometimes a substitute for another; it case he described, a young man be­
T he paraphiliac behavior, whether may border even almost openly on the
may be psychologically necessary to came aware, in the Army, of homo­
of the type that is observably tolerated incestuous. Then, as the environment
the offender that the victim be far re­ sexual interests, manifested by fear of
in daily life or distinctly against the exerts repression, the incestuous drive,
moved from the family circle where an impending panic reaction. He
law, is such a highly specific form of which already has a good start, is
the childhood scene that he is reenact­ sought relief in phantasies; in one of
sexual behavior as to stand apart from obliged to detour in different di
ing took place. This makes for these phantasies he would bend down
normal sex life. Clinical experience rections without the drive itself being
less guilt and remorse. Some exhibi­ with his nose near the buttocks of
shows that attempts by the paraphiliac in any way lessened (K ).
tionists never expose before a familiar a French farmer’s daughter, smelling
neurotic to indulge in normal sex life 5) Latent and Overt Paraphil
figure; she would bring the situation her freshly-laundered cotton dress. He
in order to rid himself of the drive, iacs: W hile, for the most part, the
too close. Some will expose before a was then able to experience erection,
whether by excess or abstinence, can­ discussion was limited to overt para­
familiar, but not before a strange which he had been unable to do, un­
not be a substitute for the craved per­ philias and paraphiliacs, the question
woman (K ). O ne exhibitionist, who der the influence of the feeling of
versions which alone can satisfy the was raised about the latent para
had twenty convictions and had panic in the presence of men. Upon
individual because it gratifies some philiacs. Dr. Piotrowski stated that
served twelve sentences, would ex­ discharge, he married, concealing
highly specific need. T he individ­ since the criminal attack is a subs Ii
hibit only in front of a girl he from his wife his compulsion. His reg­
ual experiences the highest degree of tute for an original, prohibited, sc
believed to be a virgin. He contended ular heterosexual rhythm was about
sexual gratification during his socially- verely-repressed goal, incestuous 01
he did this as much to embarrass once in ten to fifteen days; his olfac-
prohibited behavior, because the need homosexual, those offenders who prac
the girl as to obtain pleasure. An­ tory-visual-partialistic-fetishistic com­
is so compelling, because it is close tice overt incest or homosexuality
other would molest only boys above pulsive urge had a rhythm of about
to the instinctive and less controlled; should differ from those whose
the age of nine wearing a sailor suit every five days. Analysis revealed his
also because it is substitutive and sym­ offenses were motivated by escape
and short trousers (Schmiedeberg). deviation to be a masked symbol with
bolic. T he symbolism can never ap­ from incest or homosexuality (latent
There seems to be a purpose in higher gratificatory quality than real­
proximate the real thing; he can never factor); that such overt cases may lie
perverse acts. T he statement that the ity. Riding on an escalator repre­
be satisfied; therefore, he is always less socialized than other sex offend
sexual psychopath’s purpose is not sented erection; the forward bending
running from one gratification to an­ ers. T h e practice of overt homosexual
positive satisfaction but relief from of the body to bring his nose into
other (K ). ity or incest is at the conscious level,
anxiety has been questioned, with the closer relation to the woman’s but­
4) Incestuous Basis of Paraphaliac but behind the overt practice stands a
idea that it is difficult to distinguish tocks represented the movement of
Drives: T he question was asked by large unconscious incestuous or homo
between the two (Piotrowski). T he normal intercourse. After about seven
Guttmacher: Is incest more instinc­ sexual component which provides a
distinction is not easy, but is recorded months of analysis, he was able to re­
tive than the normal heterosexual substitute for the original repressed
as a fact. T he closer the reaction to turn to work; there has been no re­
drive and closer to the instinctive? goal. T he number of overt homosi s
the instinctive, the more tension; the lapse, a-lthough he had suffered from
T he original relation between child uals with lesser conscience and pnui
closer to the social, the more anxiety. his deviation for three years (U jhely).
and mother is so close as to be almost work records is greater than that 11I
Sexual offenders do not have anxiety Almost universally, the indulgence
organic, as if the umbilical cord has the normal individual (Piotrowski),
hut they search for a relief from ten­ in paraphilias is accompanied by mas­
never been cut. Repression begins to M any homosexuals and paraphiliac.*
sion. T hey experience anxiety if they turbation. One may view exhibition­
come in later, which is what makes are very unreliable, as if the fact that
arc not allowed to express their para­ ism as merely an attempt to mastur­
the situation so difficult. Incest is they were obliged to break one set nl
philia, the reaction thus bearing re­ bate in public. All paraphiliacs are
closer to the instinctive, and where a conventions makes it easier for IIn in
semblance to compulsion neurosis given to masturbation; it is as if the
paraphilia such as exhibitionism is to indulge in other antisocial beli e
(K). paraphilia were invented for the pur­
used as a substitute, the exhibition­ ior. Insecurity and inconstancy sei 111
Ujhely has noted the motivation of pose of indulging in masturbation be­
ism is also closer to the instinctive. inherent in the paraphiliac’s relation*!
one comparatively less perverted cause the individual became impotent
584 T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 585

in masturbation and resorted to his sexual disturbance in our culture has chopath is unlikely to be a sexual of­ from that of normal individuals, a
paraphilia to make masturbation effec­ much wider ramifications than the fender. Mixed reactions do, however, statement that is much questioned by
tive, but moved the emphasis to the more sensational and criminal sexual occur (K ). Karpman. Sontag notes the variety of
paraphilia. He experiences the highest aberrations; it is reflected in such sit­ 8) Etiology: T he relative paucity of etiological factors; among them hos­
degree of gratification during his pro­ uations as divorce, desertion, distor information available on the subject tility and anxiety, and confusion over
hibited behavior, because the need is tions in parcnt-child relationships and was clearly evident in the discussion sexual roles. T he passive, masochistic
so impelling, because it is so close to much general personal discomfort of the etiology of the reaction. mother and hostile father, or the nar­
the instinctive (K ). (Rabinovitch). The opinion was expressed that the cissistic, seductive mother play a part
Exhibitionists, scoptophiliacs and It has been questioned how, in con etiology offers a fertile field for re­ in the psychogenesis of homosexuality
most homosexuals are often amazingly sideration of the uncontrollable na­ search (Musacchio, Karpm an). Low- (W ex b erg).
ignorant of sexual matters. T he act is ture of the paraphiliac urge, the low rey suggests that the reactions appear Rabinovitch finds the maladjust­
done under stress, often anxiety is as rate of recidivism shown by statistics so early in life as to seem consti­ ments deeper than those stemming
strong a factor as the wish for pleas­ is to be explained (G u ttm ach er). The tutional; a constitutional basis is from comic books and movies, or sur­
ure or sexual frustration (Schmiede­ N ew York M ayor’s Commission for denied by Rabinovitch. Musacchio face attitudes of the parents. He lists
berg). the Study of Sex Crimes followed 555 thinks sex offenses may be due to the major etiological groupings as:
7) General Considerations Regard­convicted sex offenders for twelve breakup of the old-fashioned home. (a) Gross biological or mental ill­
ing Sexual Crimes: The general con­ years, and found that only forty of But there were certainly sex offenses a ness problem: in a small number of
siderations regarding sexual crimes them were again charged with a sex­ hundred and more years ago. In the children, the sexual delinquency is a
were next in the discussion. Many ual offense; of these, nine were acquit majority of cases, the etiology lies in reflection of general schizophrenic dis-
have expressed the opinion that clin­ ted or discharged. Ninety-three per­ lack of love rather than lack of disci­ identity or disintegration. Stephen,
ical experience has failed to support cent avoided further arrest for sexual pline. In the old-fashioned home, chil­ brought to Juvenile Court for inde­
the current popular view that there offenses for twelve years. In the F.B.I. dren meant more to their parents cent exposure was a psychotic boy; his
exists a crime wave or that sex crimes list of recidivists for major crimes, sex (K ). T he criminal paraphiliac is often delinquent behavior was in response
are on the increase. Although news­ offenders are usually quite low on the ignorant of sexual matters, as re­ to the hallucinated voice of the devil
paper and magazine publicity might list (C ruvan t). W e deal here with marked by Schmiedeberg. Paraphiliac telling him to do bad things and was
indicate that they are on the upgrade psychological motivations; statistics drives are not simple and are variously just one manifestation of his total dis­
(M usacchio), it is difficult on this will not answer the complex and mu1 motivated, some of their motivations turbance. Psychotic children require
basis to form an objective opinion tiple questions involved. Rapists show originating in early infantile relation­ special protective therapeutic care; our
(K). small recidivism, while exhibitionists ships (H onde). Paraphilias are psy- resources to meet their needs arc lam­
As a psychosocial reaction, sexual may repeat hundreds of times. None chodramatic reproductions of specific entably poor. Another small group is
psychopathy shows a universal distri­ of this gets into statistics, which can childhood scenes and attitudes. If a mentally retarded; here the disturbing
bution, disregarding barriers of race, not adequately cover questions ini о man is attracted to another, both may behavior is but one manifestation of
class, culture or social position (K ). which the human equation enters In be playing roles. They may be repro­ total maladaptation. Another small
It is brought out that as regards sex such an extent (K ). ducing a heterosexual scene in which group is the psychopathic children,
crimes, the mores of this country are It is also asked (G u ttm ach er): WltV one plays the part of a woman; one who have failed to establish meaning­
entirely different from those of other are perversions rare among women? may play the role of a friendly mother ful relationships. T o them, the person
countries (Loew enberg). W e have Psychiatry has at present no answer as instead of visualizing the woman he is toward whom the act is directed is less
seen the difference in attitudes toward to why women show fewer sex afraid of. Or he may shy away from important than the act itself; because
sex crimes in Japan, where there is no crimes; there is little doubt that they women because of his murderous im­ of poor impulse control, they may pre­
sentence in the criminal code for ho­ have their full share of paraph iI pulses toward them. These cases rhap­ sent serious community problems.
mosexuality; though it is consid­ ias. Crime, in general, is also Irsi sodize frightening infantile experi­ Such gross disturbances are infre­
ered wrong, it is not a crime among women. It may be because ences to which is added a happy end­ quent; we must look elsewhere for the
(H onde). W h a t constitutes a sex women are more repressed, men mure ing (G u th eil). major etiological factors.
crime is dictated by the prevailing so­ aggressive (K ). W exberg believes that modes of be­ (b) Cultural rather than essentially
cial attitude of a particular culture There is no direct relation between havior, based on emotional immatu- psychiatric factors. There are wide
(K ). O nly when the individual vio­ sexual and nonsexual crimes. An indi ity, due to neurotic psychodynamics, variations in attitudes toward the ex­
lates the propriety of public behavior vidual sex offender is not, as a rule, gain momentum and assume a com­ pression of sexual drives from group
is he a problem (M iller). In terms of involved in criminal predatory aetivl pulsive quality. He believes that the to group and from home to home.
a realistic perspective, the problem of tics, while the criminal predatory psy* childhood sex history is not different Normal children, migrating from areas
586 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 587

where taboos are less operative, find he took his father’s place with his sion to sex. T h e mother was overpro- to an inner need to be patterned like
themselves in difficulty when trans­ mother; she had him sleep with her, tective and overinvolved with the the sibling of the opposite sex may
planted. Here the problem is social; bathed him. T he intolerable tension children, especially David, who felt lead to inversion. Dan, sixteen, was in­
treatment helps the child and family found expression in impulsive sexual stimulated in her presence. His reac­ volved in overt homosexual activity.
to adapt to a new social world. Other assaults in the community. The tion was one of internalization and His older sister was the favorite in the
social pressures play a role. Children mother was unconscious of her role. somatization; the disabling headaches family; the father belittled Dan and
are not impervious to newspaper head­ There is an inference for parent edu­ and nausea resulted. Albert, age four­ was never pleased by his accomplish­
lines; the thrill is at a premium, the cation. W e have stressed the need for teen, shot an older woman after de­ ment; Dan fantasied he, too, was a girl
values and aspirations that children maximal gratification for infants; manding that she undress in front of and favored. Other constellations of
live by get buried in the mud. some parents tend to prolong this grat him. His home atmosphere was per­ family relationship may interfere with
(c) Early genital stimulation or indi­ ification, even through adolescence. vaded with denial of the existence of the child’s achievement of a normal
rect stimulation. A t the root of many ( C ) Unconscious sanctions from par­ a sexual life. He felt guilty and con­ self percept.
sexual delinquency problems are ex­ ents for children’s delinquency. Par­ fused; felt he “ just had to see for my­ Our findings indicate a higher pro­
periences of overt stimulation of one ents struggling with impulse control self.” He shot her because afterward portion than was anticipated of more
type or another. (A ) Early genital ex­ may in a subtle way encourage delin he was ashamed and scared. direct sexual-experience etiologic fac­
periences with adults is one of the quency in children, achieving a sort of (e) Problems of identification: neu­ tors. M ost cases involved sexual delin­
commonest findings. In these cases we vicarious satisfaction. W e find this dy­ rotic reactions to disturbed relation­ quency of an acting out type. Problem
recognize a compulsive need to reex­ namic constellation in a number of ships without specific sexual trauma. In stemming from identification dif­
perience gratification at a genital sexually-disturbed children, more in these cases there is no underlying ex­ ficulties alone tend to be manifested in
level. T h e need is often inordinate girls than in boys. Louise, at four­ periential factor, the child’s difficulty inner conflicts and inability to func­
once the pattern has been established. teen had had sexual relations willi springing from inadequate opportu­ tion comfortably in the sexual area.
One isolated experience, it would many men for two years. She had been nity for positive identification. In Investigations into sexual pathology
seem, does not tend to establish a com­ sleeping in the same bed with her pat many of the cases discussed earlier, cannot end with the consideration of
pulsive need for repetition; in most of ents; had had frequent genital contacts such problems of identification are only sexual delinquency in the legal
these cases genital contact has occurred with her stepfather, of which hei present in addition to traumatic sexual sense. The general problem of difficul­
many times over a period. W illiam , mother was aware, though she could experiences. W ork in g through the ties in maturation and the attainment
age twelve, came to the attention of not see how traumatic it was to hci problem of his sexual role is always dif­ of inner comfort must be a matter of
the Court because of disturbing sex daughter. These cases are not too fre­ ficult for the child; in the absence of equal concern (R abinovitch).
play with young children. From four quent in our experience. comfortable parental relationships the 9) Forensic Aspects: Sex offenses
to seven years, he had lived with an (d) Inhibition of normal sexual in child may be unable to find a satisfac­ present a multifaceted problem and an
elderly man with whom he had had terests and experimentation. In sonic tory solution. It is not sufficient to important consideration in it is the
repeated genital experiences. Martha, cases we can trace disturbance to a sc state that homosexual development in forensic aspects. Sex offenses as a par­
age twelve, came to Juvenile Court be­ vercly punitive attitude toward casual, boys is due to a passive father and ticular form of antisocial behavior have
cause of repeated sexual episodes. exploratory genital manipulation a', dominant mother. In many cases the never been clearly defined legally; the
From the ages of five to eight she had early as the first year of life. Sexual reverse may be true. Tire father may law emphasizes the deed while psy­
been exposed to genital play and inter­ conflict in these cases is usually mam be so menacing that the child finds chiatry emphasizes the individual in­
course with an adolescent boy. In these festcd not through disturbed sexual be­ refuge in the feeling that he cannot volved and the motivation behind the
cases we are often successful through havior but through neurotic symptom* be like him. Am ong homosexual deed (K ). T he law does not face real­
treatment, in degenitalizing relation­ of internalized anxiety as somatic com adolescents, fear of growing in the ity with regard to sexual psychopaths
ships. (B ) Unconscious seductive atti­ plaints, school difficulties or willi image of a negative person is a fre­ and criminality in general (K ); it
drawal. David, age twelve, had been quent finding. W alter, age fifteen, had brushes aside the findings of psychiatry
tudes on the part of parents: There is
usually no genital expression of the unable to attend school for six month*, had overt homosexual relations with because they do not fit into legal defi­
parents’ feelings, but the overtones of complaining of severe headaches and an older man, since age thirteen. He nitions, failing to admit that some
the relationship make for severe ten­ nausea. Study of the family indicated was afraid of being like his father who, problems are without legal solution
sion that tends to carry beyond the a rigid patterning with emphasis on alcoholic and sadistic, had beaten the (de Gregorio). Laws lack unity; sex­
source of stimulation into other re­ conformity to standards of perfection brother in the presence of the boy. ual behavior that is regarded as a fel­
lationships. A boy of fourteen was and self-denial. Both parents were di* I le came to abhor and fear aggression, ony in one jurisdiction may not even
brought to court because of attempted turbed by any show of normal aggrc* which lie associated with intercourse. be a misdemeanor in another (K ). In
rape. A t age six, when his father died, sion, especially disturbed by any allu Problems of sibling rivalry leading all states, certain acts are punished
 The Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 589

even if performed in the privacy of the
bedroom between married people
(Benjam in). M any things done in the
privacy of the home should be of
no concern to the legislator (M iller).
Unfortunately, lawyers, who are po­
tential judges, have the same distorted
picture of the sexual psychopath as the
public in general (de G regorio).
In defense of the legal viewpoint, it
is stated that authorities must have
power, by statute, to detect, apprehend
and neutralize sexual offenders (Du-
bow ski). T he point here at issue, how­
ever, is the recognition of sexual psy­
chopathy as a type of illness calling for
treatment (K ). It is hard to draw leg­
islation to take care of the sexual de­
viate without getting close to violating
some freedoms of the American peo­
ple (M iller). It is claimed that law
follows science; if psychiatry can
prove that these people can be helped
and cured, the cases will be left out of
criminal courts and jails (Feingold).
Few psychiatrists will agree with that.
Psychiatrists have shown times with­
out number that psychiatric treatment
can help and cure, but this knowledge
has not penetrated or changed the legal
attitude (K ).
It is true many judges in our crim­
inal courts have unclear notions about
psychiatry, but many had a great deal
of understanding. They were practical
men who were faced with a problem of
how to dispose of an offender and do
justice to all sides. Motivations and in­
tricate dynamics offered no practical
solutions. W h a t they wanted to know
was: can the offender be treated, what
are the chances of success? Is this
treatment obtainable? This has put
psychiatry and psychiatrists on the
spot (Schmiedeberg).
W e agree with Dubowski that at­
tempts should be made to unify state
laws; but it is more important to rec­
ognize sex offenses as resulting from
emotional disturbances and not willful
criminal acts ( K ) . W e must learn to
differentiate between criminal and dis
eased minds (de Gregorio). N ew leg­
islation, it is claimed, helps to break
down the old legal concept that offend
ers are either sane or insane. They arc
neither; they have mental disability
calling for special treatment in a hos
pital (Overholser).
W e need to appreciate the motive
of the plaintiff in cases of reported
sexual assault. T he complaint may
spring from the disturbed inner life ol
the supposed victim rather than from
the facts. Unwarranted intimations
and accusations, stemming from an
hysterical reaction to a benign incidcnl
or from a disturbed individual’s fan
tasy life have played havoc with the
lives of a number of adults (Rabino
vitch ).
Criminals can be cured by psych i
atric means, which means that crim
inality is a disease. But psychothcra
pists will never get anywhere without
the help of the legal profession, noi
will that profession get anywhere willi
out the aid of psychiatry (K ).
10) Treatment: T he discussion ol
the treatment was not very enlighten
ing; while some expressed objection
to psychotherapy, by far the large i
number were favorably inclined In
ward psychotherapy and discussed the
various techniques and the prognosis
that may be based on psychotherapy,
Since we deal here with a strongly
charged impulsive instinctual life that
lies at the basis of and gives rise to a
particular neurosis, a modification nl
the reaction cannot be reached by j in и
ishment or related corrective men*
ures. Because the reactions in question
are expressions of unconscious urge»,
it is no more possible to cure a sexual
psychopath of his impulses by in
pcatcd punishment than to cure a
schizophrenic of his delusions by like
means. Punishing a man for exhibi­
tionism cannot change the basic force
driving him to exhibitionism; punish­
ing a man for homosexual acts cannot
turn him into a heterosexual (K ). Dr.
Reiter speaks of the uselessness and
irrationality of punishment.
There are, however, some who ob­
ject to psychotherapy. There are some
who feel that the public is not yet
ready to accept prolonged psychother­
apy, and that psychotherapy is better
carried out in a protected environment
(D ickel). Reiter believes that the
technique would require most experi­
enced psychotherapists, and even then
there would be doubt as to results. It
is questioned (Collins) whether intel­
lectual insight, as acquired through
reading on the subject, is sufficient to
bring about a cure. Psychiatrists, how­
ever, emphasize not intellectual but
emotional insight, which is quite a dif­
ferent matter ( K) . A plea is made for
other approaches, surgical and endo­
crinological (Generales). However, in
many cases, deviation is shown to be
psychogenic; hormones or surgery
could play no part and their use would
not be effective.
All in all, however, clinical experi­
ence is clearly in favor of psychother­
apy, which on many occasions has
been successful in ameliorating or
curing these conditions. T he offender
should be hospitalized, not sent to
prison as a criminal with nothing done
lo treat his condition ( K) .
T h e behavior of the predatory psy­
chopath and the sexual psychopath is
beyond the understanding of the aver­
age individual, and the psychic mecha­
nism of such behavior is often so com­
plex that any form of treatment ap­
pears futile, unless approached psy-
cliodynamically (H onde).
In dealing with sexual offenders, we
should, above all, strive to change the
diagnosis from psychopathy to neu­
rosis, then to treat it as any neurosis.
Psychotherapy is to some extent more
hopeful in these cases than in ordinary
neuroses. T he curability of such pa­
tients is borne out by results of treat­
ment at St. Elizabeths and elsewhere
(Karpman, Overholser). One case here
reported is of osphresiolagnia (attach­
ment to odors), analyzed and cured
(U jhely).
W exberg calls for superficial re­
habilitation in addition to psycho­
therapy, occupational, recreational
therapy and spiritual rehabilitation.
11) General Approach to the Prob­
lem: W e may end the discussion with
a consideration of the general ap­
proach to the problem, of the prob­
lem of research and training, of the
role of psychiatry and the problem of
prophylaxis.
Funds are needed for research, for
clinics and hospitals, for the training
of specialized workers ( K) . Ultimate
insight into etiology will come from a
more total understanding of disturbed
children. There are decided advantages
in studying children; patterns for later
disturbances are set down prior to ado­
lescence and direct relationships be­
tween life experience and behavior
patterns can be observed most readily.
The life experience is short and basic
causative factors are still operative and
accessible to study. W e have much to
learn yet about the dynamics of hu­
man behavior; we need more research,
but we can provide much help with
what we have (R abinovitch). The
vast clinical material should be util­
ized for study (Bcrgm ann). M any
studies might be desirable before con­
clusions as to the efficacy of any par­
ticular measure are reached (C ru van t).
There are plenty of places for diag­
nosis, but treatment facilities for of­
fenders are practically nonexistent.
W c have recently formed the Associa­
tion for the Psychiatric T reatm en t of
59o T he Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation T h e Problem of the Sexual Psychopath: A Formulation 591

com itan t reconstruction of the train­ T im s, as w e survey the opinions ex­ T h e re m ay b e som ewhere an ap­
Offenders. T h is is m ade up o f volun ­
ing and developm ent of children ” is pressed in this discussion, w e are im ­ proxim ation o f the truth, at best a rela­
teers w ho give their tim e free for the
som ething for w hich psychiatry is un­ pressed w ith the great variety of views, tive one b u t certainly noth ing like the
purpose o f treatm ent (Schm iede­
prepared at this tim e. T h is question some supporting each other, some real truth. B u t w hat is truth? P ilate’s
b e rg ).
requires a m ultiphasic and m ultidisci­ drastically contradicting the others. question was never answered. Plato
A plea is m ade for the study of the
plinary approach. T h e psychiatrist has O n the whole, the opinions expressed w ould have us believe that there is an
norm al sexes, in school, and for psy­
an im portant role, b u t by no m eans the are perhaps no different from w hat we absolute, even an abstract truth. T h is,
chiatric training in m edical school
only one (C ru v a n t). If society were have found before in reviewing the however, is doubtful. L ife is relational
(G en erales). T h e general practitioner
to make such a claim , psychiatry would literature. It is a question w hether the and as we note the various relations es­
has n ot the know ledge to deal w ith
m eet the challenge ( K ) . T u e rk also addition of m ore opinions w ould tablished, w e cann ot escape the feel­
m any cases th at com e to him , and does
calls for concerted action by lawyers, change the general contour of the dis­ ing that perhaps there is no absolute
n o t know where to send them (P ra tt).
psychiatrists, sociologists and psychol­ cussion. T o be sure, I should like to truth b u t only a relative truth, and
I t is the responsibility of the general
ogists along dynam ic lines. have had a sociologist, a pure sociolo­ that at different levels o f organization
practitioner to refer patients suffering
A total research program m ust he gist, if there is such a being, to tell us there m ay b e different truths. T o the
from paraphiliac neurosis to a psy­
m ultidisciplinary, b u t som ewhere the of th e position o f the sexual offender good Christian , m onogam y is the ac­
chiatrist for treatm ent (C a p rio ). A ny
problem m ust b e approached at the in­ in the schem e o f things sociological; cepted truth, to the M oham m edan,
physician should b e fam iliar w ith the
dividual, clinical level (R a b in o vitch ). an anthropologist, representing both polygam y is G o d ’s revelation w hich
general picture o f paraphilia (Berg-
O ver and above treatm ent, our cultural and physical anthropology, the is certainly the truth; to the old
m a n n ). T o approach the problem by
greatest need and hope is in prophy­ form er arguing the im portance of cu l­ G reeks, hom osexuality was a truth and
w arning children, through scare tech­
laxis and preventive measures ( K) . ture and the latter insisting th at if accepted as a m atter o f course; to us
niques, m ay do m ore harm than actual
A plea is m ade by D r. D o w d for pro­ premise be a physical basis for the re­ here, it is claim ed to threaten our very
sexual experiences (R a b in o v itch ).
phylaxis through fam ily attitudes. W e action, the latter o ught to be evi­ security and existence. T o the C h ris­
W e need a revaluation of morals in
m ust know m ore o f the underlying denced by definite physical differences. tian, the M oham m edan is an infidel;
terms of practical results rather than
psychopathology. M o re individual pa­ A nd perhaps if w e had a biologist, he to the M oham m edan , the C hristian
abstract m orality ( K ) .
raphiliacs should b e studied w ith ex­ m ight have expressed a different is the infidel. W h o is right and who is
A dissenting note is struck b y Elias-
trem e care and great detail, in order opinion, and I look w ith anticipation wrong? C a n any one be absolutely
berg, w ho claims that the field of psy­
that the lessons learned therefrom he when and if a biologist w ill review right and the other absolutely wrong?
chiatrists is psychiatry; that crim e is
applied to other individuals ( K ) . the work. I do n ot know w hat a Y e t, w ith all these lim itations, we
n ot necessarily a disease; th at if there
W e are only at th e threshold of a physicist, an astronom er and a m ath­ have gained som ething from the dis­
were no laws there w ould he no
real understanding of these problems; em atician could add. M o st o f them cussion. F rom the great variety of
crim e; th at psychiatrists m ust n ot
the great need is to test hypotheses are, after all, laym en as far as this views expressed, w e can develop a d if­
attem pt to be know-alls in crim inology.
and gain new insights. Prevention work is concerned, b u t then they ferential, flexible and perhaps more
In answer: it is stated that psychia­
m igh t have been m ore sim ple than m ight turn out to be laym en w ith tolerant approach to the problem , and
trists generally accept th at crim e is
cure. O u r ultim ate goal m ust b e to de particular points o f view. this, no doubt, is a gain.
a disease, a neurosis that has arisen as
a result of faulty em otional develop­ lineate and im plem ent preventive
m ent. Law s or no laws, there are measures.
acts universally regarded as crimes. In our shifting and unstable cul
Psychiatry m ust do missionary work ture, distortions in relationship are to
am ong other professions, even am ong a degree inevitable; b u t w e m ust strive
m any psychiatrists, and prove to them to provide for children gratifying and
our tenets. Psychiatry should be taught positive opportunities for m aturation
in all schools dealing w ith social prob­ and identification. W h a t knowledge
lem s. W e have n ot set ourselves up w e have is not bein g im plem ented to
as know-alls, b u t have a message to day because w e have n ot developed
sufficient accessible therapy resources
deliver ( K ) .
It has further been said that the for the children and fam ilies to whom
recom m endation for a “ com plete reori­ w e hold out the prom ise of help,
entation of fam ily attitude w ith con­ (R a b in o v itch ).
25. T O P I C A L S Y N O P S I S

A. D E F IN IT IO N S AND C L A SSIFIC A T IO N S 596

1. Sexual O ffenses 596

2. Paraphilias 596

3. Paraphiliac E xpedients 596

4. T h e N orm al Pervert 596

5. Specific O ffenses 596

6. T h e Sexual P sychopath 59-7

7. Classifications of Sex O ffenses 598

B. SEX OFFEN SES, PARAPH ILIAS AND

N EU R O SES 598

1. Sex O ffenses and P sychopathy 598

2. Sexual P sychopathy as (Paraphiliac) Neuroses 599

3. Paraphiliac Neuroses and Neuroses in G eneral 599

4. C rim in al Paraphilia and C om pulsion N eurosis 600

5. N orm al O ffenses and Offenders 600

C. C H A R A C T E R IS T IC S OF THE C R IM IN A L
SEX A C T 601

1. N atu re o f th e Sexual D rive 601

2. V ictim s 601

3. Purpose 602

4. R eactions 602
 Topical Synopsis 595
594 Topical Synopsis
2. Surgery, Endocrines, E lectroshock 615
D. B A C K G R O U N D OF PARAPH ILIAS AND
3. Psychotherapy 5, -
SEX OFFEN SES 6cH

1. Infantilism I. A P P R O A C H TO THE P R O B LE M 616

2. Incest 1. G en eral Suggestions for C o n tro l 616
3. E tiological Factors ^°4 2. F am ily A ttitud es 616
4. C om po n en ts of Specific O ffenses and Paraphilias 604
3. Research, T rain in g, Facilities 616

4. R o le o f Psychiatry 6 17
E. G E N E R A L C O N S ID E R A T IO N S R E G A R D ­
ING SEX U AL CRIM E 6o7
1. E xten t and D istribu tion 6°7

2. Society and the Sex O ffen d er 6o7

3. R arity of Sex C rim es A m o n g W o m e n 60S

4. Recidivism

5. C on n ection w ith N onsexual C rim es 608

6. Progression ^

7. M o rality and Perversions 6‘ ,S

F. H O M O S E X U A L IT Y 6(X)

1. Basis and E tiology (v H)

2. T ypes
3. L ate n t H om osexuality *10
4. Social Im plications o f H om osexuality (|i 1

5. H om osexuality in Prison *

6. T rea tm en t ^>ia

G. FO R E N SIC ASPECTS (u i

1. C riticism s and D efenses of G en eral Sex L aw s О *

2. R egarding “ Sexual P sychopath” L egislation 1

3. R ecom m endations Regarding L egislation 64

H. T R E A T M E N T
(u 1
hi 1
1. P unish m ent or Segregation

2 5 . Topical Synopsis
A. D E F IN IT IO N S AND C LA SS IFIC A T IO N S
1. Sexual Offenses: A sexual offense is sexual behavior that offends the
society in w hich the offender lives. E nglish and A m erican mores and
legal codes consider all prem arital, extram arital, postm arital intercourse,
m outh-genital and anal contacts, sexual contacts w ith anim als and public
exhibition of any kind o f sexual activity, as sexual offenses. N orm al sex­
uality is regarded as heterosexual relations volu ntarily practiced in a nor
oral m anner by responsible adults n ot too closely related and married to
each other or (possibly) n ot married at all. A ll else is taboo.
A n y crim inal act w hich is sexually m otivated m ay b e considered a sex
crim e. P rostitution and adultery are not indicative o f sexual deviation.
Bigam y and w h ite slavery do n ot usually b elo n g in th e category of sex
crimes.
2. Paraphilias are form s of sexual activity w hich run coun
Paraphilias:
ter to accepted social behavior and are characterized by th e absence of u
biological aim.
3. Paraphiliac Expedients (pederasty, fellatio, cunnilingus, e tc .), are
means b y w hich paraphiliac gratification is accom plished.
4. A Normal P ervert: O n e w ho, despite th e handicap of a socially un
acceptable sexual orientation, m anages to lead an otherwise norm al life,
5. Specific Offenses: Incest is sexual congress betw een close blood re­
lations.
Sadom asochism is a deviation in w h ich sexual satisfaction is obtamGi
from the infliction or suffering of pain.
R ape is carnal know ledge o f a w om an against her w ill. R ap e in Ни-
second degree (statutory rape) is an act o f sexual intercourse wi l h и
w om an under th e age of consent.
N ecrophilia is sexual intercourse w ith a fem ale corpse.
Fetishism is sexual interest centered on an inanim ate object. Partialism,
or anatom ical fetishism , should b e distinguished from fetishism , b oot fufc
ishism is partialism ; interest in shoes or slippers, fetishism .
59 6
Topical Synopsis 597
H om osexuality is a state in w hich an individual of one sex behaves
sexually as if belon ging to the other. O n e writer defines hom osexuality as
a state o f b eing in love w ith one of the same sex.
T h e overt hom osexual is aware o f his hom osexuality and engages in
hom osexual acts. T h ese m ay be subsum ed under the headings of active
(aggressive) or passive (subm issive); oral and anal. In anal relations,
the passive partner is the on e w hose anus is used; in fellatio th e active
partner is the one w ho is penetrated. M u tu al fellatio involves b oth active
and passive behavior. In other oral behavior (kissing, excessive use of the
tongue) distinctions betw een active and passive are vague. W it h the m a­
jority o f absolute hom osexuals the concepts, a ctive and passive, are on ly
relative; changes o f role occur.
T h e absolute hom osexual functions en tirely at the hom osexual level;
the bisexual appears to m ake adjustm ents at b oth levels, alternating b e­
tween hom osexual and heterosexual.
Sodom y statutes have becom e a retainer for all kinds o f unnatural sex
acts. Sodom y m ost generally m eans anal intercourse, th ough it is vari­
ously used to indicate an y sexual relations betw een m en, anal coitus
betw een tw o adults, oral or anal contacts b etw een m ale and fem ale, con ­
tacts betw een hum an beings and anim als or birds, sexual con tact w ith a
dead body. O n e w riter distinguishes paederasty as havin g a b oy for the
passive partner.
T ransvestism is the assum ption o f the clo th in g o f the opposite sex for
sexual purposes.
P edophilia is sexual attraction to children or gratification from sexual
intim acies w ith children. T h is includes exposure o f genitals, m anipula­
tion o f the child or penetration.
C arn al abuse is any actual con tact w ith a ch ild ’s b od y in a directly sex­
ual way.
Zoophilia is sexual excitem en t experienced w ith stroking or fon d lin g
of anim als; zooerasty (b estiality) a sex act betw een m an and anim al.
Pornography is th e u tilization o f obscene w riting and pictures to arouse
sexual interest. O b scen ity consists in th e expression, representation or
display of som ething regarded as shocking or repugnant.
E xhibition ism (in d ecen t exposure) is the exposure by an individual of
11is genital organs or other parts of his body, publicly, w illfu lly and inde­
cently.
Scoptophilia consists o f excessive interest in looking at genitalia, sex
acts, etc. as a sexual stim ulus. V oyeurism is a socially illegal act m otivated
by th e desire to see th e u n cloth ed or partially u n cloth ed sexual ob ject.
(i. T h e S ex u a l Psychopath: T h e sexually-deviated person is com m on ly
known as a sexual psychopath. V arious state statutes define such an of-
lender as a person, n ot insane or feeble-m inded, b u t w ho has given evi­
dence over a period of tim e, in acts con stitu tin g a continuous behavior

598 Topical Synopsis
pattern o f sexual deviation and o f b ein g in such state of m en tal aberra
tion th at he can n o t control his im pulses tow ard the com m ission o f sex of
fcnscs.
T h e sexual psychopath’s sexual behavior is characterized b y socially
prohibited aggressiveness, b y lack of regard for th e u nw illing partner, by
being com pulsive and irresistible in character and b y acts com m itted un­
der the influence of an exceptionally strong, overw helm ing urge, th e ten
sion of w hich is released b y th e particular behavior. H e m ay, except for
his sexual behavior, be a perfectly norm al person.
7. Classifications of Sex Offenses: W ile has three categories: rape
com m ercial vice and all others. Branham classified them as due to force of
com pulsive drives; those biologically determ ined; isolated; accidental;
com m itted b y the m en tally irresponsible. A lexander classified sex offenses
according to disturbance of aim and object. F ren ch law recognizes three
types: public offenses against decency; in d ecent assault; rape. S ellin g clas­
sifies offenses as offenses against decency; offenses against children; vicious
crimes. . ... .
A ttem p ts have been m ade to differentiate various types of exhibition
ism as psychopathic and depraved; as true exhibitionists, those in whom
exhibitionism is a prelim inary to attem p ted intercourse; those in w hom .
is an isolated occurrence, as hypersexual and hyposexual, constitutional
psychopaths, feeble-m indeds, psychotics, epileptics, nudists, com pulsion
neurotics, etc.
B. SEX O FFEN SES, PARAPH ILIAS AND
N EU RO SES
1. Sex Offenses and Psychopathy: T h ere is general objection to th e term
“ sexual psychopath” used to describe a sexual offender. T h e term is of
popular origin and standing; it has no legitim ate p lace in any psychiatric
or scientific classification.
A lth o u gh sex offenses, along w ith kleptom an ia, pyrom am a and alcohol
ism are com m on ly diagnosed as psychopathies, they are neuroses, sy
chopaths do n ot form th e bu lk of people charged w ith sex crim es, no mal
ter how abnorm al their sexual life m ay be. C o n flic t w ith th e law does not
in itself m ake an individual psychopathic; fu n dam en tally there is little or
n o difference b etw een paraphiliac behavior w h ich does n o t result 111 I lie
ind ivid ual’s gettin g caught and th at w h ich does.
P sychopathy is different from th e em otional problem s of neuroses am
psychoses. T h e true psychopath has n o t learned th e m eaning o f em otional
relationships and em otional ties and does n ot experience anxiety. I I"
crim inal paraphiliac generally has no anxiety w ith reference to his pa 1
ticular activity (unless he is prevented from indulging it) b u t outside ol
that, he may experience anxiety. A ccord in g to Schmiedeberg, psychopathy
Topical Synopsis 599
represents a m alfu n ction o f anxiety as a defense. T h e psychopath shies
away from em otional relationships although he m ay do sexual violence to
a w om an to end his anxiety concern in g w om en in general.
T h ese cases are vastly different from those o f prim ary psychopathy (ane-
th o p a th y ); th e individual has no ulterior m otive; w hich the true psycho­
path has. T h e constitution al psychopath or a n eth op ath is b u t on e am ong
the different types o f sexual offenders; he is w ith ou t conscience, w ith o u t
gu ilt and has a selfish narcissistic a ttitu d e toward the m ate.
2 . Sexual Psychopathy as (Paraphiliac) Neuroses: Sexual psychopathy
is seen as b elon gin g to the perversions (parap hilias). T h e distin ction is
social rather than psychiatric. T h e nonoffen din g paraphiliac uses repres­
sion and is b etter able to control his im pulses than is th e offending para­
philiac.
D yn am ic psychiatry views th e reactions o f the sexual psychopath as b e ­
ing part of a larger group th a t com e under the heading of perversions
(the paraphiliac neuroses). T h e s e latter are reactions th a t include:
(a) extra biological form s o f sexual ad aptation (m asturbation, hom osex­
uality, sadom asochism ) etc., w hich in them selves need n ot be regarded as
sexual psychopathy since, though abnorm al, they are n ot for the m ost part
viewed as b ein g illegal, and (b ) socially-prohibited sexual relations (in ­
cest, paedophilia, etc.) w hich b y accepted standards are regarded legally
as crimes.
Som e claim th at there is a distinction b etw een noncrim inal and crim i­
nal sexual psychopathy, suggesting th a t th e difference is m ore o f kind than
of degree. In extrem e cases th e noncrim inal and crim inal paraphiliacs
may seem poles apart, b u t follow in g through th e gradations w e com e to
types o f reaction w hich m ay or m ay n ot b e considered crim inal paraphilia,
alm ost depen din g upon one’s decision. Sex offenders are neurotic as meas­
ured b y psychodynam ic standards. T h e use of violence is n o t a deter­
m ining aspect; th e sexual crim inal m ay resort to violence, b u t o ften the
primary inten tion is to com m it the act w ith ou t reflecting th a t it m ay be
interpreted as assault or violence.
:t. Paraphiliac Neuroses and Neuroses in General: Just as sexual psy-
1 hopathic behavior is related genetically to th e paraphiliac neuroses, so
arc the paraphiliac neuroses revealed on analysis to b e related to neuroses
in general w hich do not show overt sexual pathology. T h e relationship is
revealed w hen a paraphiliac person suffers a so-called nervous breakdow n,
whereupon he displays a host o f neurotic sym ptom s; w hile th e neurotic
individual, heretofore w ith o u t overt sexual pathology, m ay suddenly re­
veal striking paraphiliac reactions.
P araphilias and neuroses are basically th e same. T h e difference is per­
haps m ostly in po in t and age o f fixation. Paraphilias represent fixations at
earlier, perhaps pregenital levels; hysterical reactions represent later, per­
haps O ed ip al fixations. Perversions are forms and expressions of neuroses,
6oo Topical Synopsis
genetically related to hysterical and other neuroses, and as such, am ena­
b le to treatm ent. Paraphilias differ from hysterical neuroses in that the
paraphiliac is conscious of b ein g different sexually; in th e hysterical neu­
rotic paraphilias rem ain repressed. In some, the claim s of hysteria and
paraphilia are about evenly divided. In som e hysterical individuals the
obsessions w ith paraphilias threaten to break through the social barriers.
In alcoholism , a large hom osexual com ponen t is universal. In some psy­
chotic states the individual desperately struggles w ith unconscious para
ph iliac trends. In some hom osexuals, hysterical sym ptom s are in abeyance
on ly as lon g as the individual engages in hom osexual pursuits. The
m ore atten tion he gives his paraphilia, the less likely he is to be occupied'
w ith baseless, im aginary fears.
K lep tom ania, pyrom ania, alcoholism , are com m on ly p u t am ong the psy­
chopathies, along w ith sexual offenses, althou gh th ey are clearly neuroses.
Since paraphilias have the sam e structure as neuroses, they are curable
w ith psychotherapy.
T h ere is a fairly close relationship am ong th e paraphiliac neuroses; they
all stem from the sam e sources b u t diverge at different developm ental lev­
els. Som etim es they are m irror com plem ents o f each other, as exhibition
ism and voyeurism , sadism and m asochism , etc. T h e y have a definite psy
chogenetic relationship to each other (hom osexual bases in transvestism,
sadistic in obscen ity) b u t are for the m ost part fairly specific and d elim -l
ited; though occasional overlapping m ay and does occur, on e is n ot likely
to pass into another.
4. C rim inal Paraphilia and Compulsion Neurosis: T h e question has
been raised: Is n ot sexual psych opathy in som e instances a form of com
pulsion neurosis? In exhibitionism th e com pulsive elem ent is marked Iо
the extent th a t on e w riter considers the exhibition ist a com pulsive ncu
rotic. Som e reactions of th e crim inal paraphiliac m ay be regarded as ir
latin g to obsessive com pulsive behavior, b u t there is m uch less guill ш
paraphilias than in com pulsion neurosis. C om p u lsion neurosis has a deli
n ite and specific structure in w hich the m echanism of displacem ent iXj
m ost prom inent. W e find com pulsive-obsessive reactions in all kinds of
neurotics and psychotics b u t w e can not call them com pulsion neurosis
W e deal w ith a com pellin g tendency, n ot a com pulsive one.
5. Normal Offenses a n d Offenders: N o t all sexual offenders arc sex;
deviates; statutory rape is nonp athological. M o st o f th e younger male
population could be arrested if laws w ere strictly enforced. T h e sexual ol
fenses o f juveniles are relatively unim portant; they m ay represent eillici
fixed m orbidity or adolescent experim entation. Society is upset b y I lie
prom iscuous girl, b u t n ot b y th e prom iscuous boy.
Topical Synopsis 60 x
C. C H A R A C T E R IS T IC S OF THE C R IM IN A L
SEX AC T
1. N a tu re o f th e S exu al D rive: T h e sex drive is stronger in th e para­
philiac than in the norm al individual because th e avenues o f release are
lim ited. T h e m ore obstacles in the w ay of instinct satisfaction, the greater
the strength of the urge. T h e drive is uncontrollable, as seems evident
from the behavior, although this has been questioned b y some. T h e indi­
vidual w ill resort to any m eans to realize his aim; repeated punishm ent
effects no changes. If satisfaction is not allow ed, he develops trem endous
tension. T h e urge can not always b e satisfied im m ediately, b u t he w ill
never delay o f his ow n accord. Som e authorities have spoken o f careful
preparation on the part of th e crim inal paraphiliac. T h e individual, hav­
ing been already driven to such episodes, know s it w ill com e, b u t makes
no preparation save in th e im m ediate sense.
A n y neurotic has a stronger sex drive than a norm al individual, partly
due to a con stitu tion ally different type o f sexual organization, partly due
to environm ent. T h e drive is more un con trollable in th e crim inal than in
the n oncrim inal paraphiliac. T h ere is also a difference in developm ent
and in aim or object. T h e noncrim inal is an ad u lt w ho establishes a m u­
tual relationship w ith another adult, w hich is usually carried out in pri­
vate. T h e crim inal, through his particular developm ent, needs an ob ject
that is prohibited, a child or adult w ho has n ot given consent.
T h e paraphiliac behavior stands apart from norm al sex life; norm al sex­
uality can n o t b e a substitute for the craved perversions w hich alone can
gratify som e high ly specific need. H e experiences th e highest degree of
gratification during his socially prohibited behavior, because th e need is
so com pelling, because it is close to the instinctive and less controlled;
because it is substitutive and sym bolic. T h e sym bolism can never approxi­
m ate th e real thing; he can never be satisfied, therefore he is forever run­
ning from one gratification to another.
Inconsistency and insecurity seem inherent in th e paraphiliac’s reac­
tions; they are forever in search o f new partners, and w hile som e are al­
most ascetic, others are prom iscuous.
2. V ictim s: V ictim s are of b oth sexes and o f all ages. T h e y m ay or m ay
not be know n to the offender. O fte n som ething in a girl’s background or
personality predisposes her to victim ization. T h e victim is som etim es a
substitute for another; it m ay be psychologically necessary to th e offender
Ihat the victim be far rem oved from the fam ily circle w here th e child hood
scene th a t he is reenacting took place. T h is makes for less gu ilt and re­
morse. Som e exhibitionists w ill never expose before a fam iliar figure; she
would brin g the situation too close. T h e n again, some w ill expose before
u fam iliar, b u t not before a strange, wom an.

6o2 Topical Synopsis
In some cases, th e “ victim ,” even if a child, is the aggressor.
Physical damage, death, pregnancy, venereal disease m ay result to the
victim from vio len t offenses. M e n ta l dam age is difficult to estim ate; it may
depend upon how th e problem is handled after discovery. Som e find little
evidence th a t sexual experiences w ith adults are h arm fu l to children;
others list such experiences am ong th e causes o f sexual deviation. Som e
believe th a t the h arm fu l effects arise from th e attitudes of adults, or of
court proceedings.
In exhibitionism the effect on children is said to be not harm ful, unless
they are shocked b y adult attitudes. T h e m an w ho exhibits to children
m ay be attem p tin g to interest them in further sex acts; this type is more
dangerous.
T h e victim is usually, b u t n ot always, a w om an or child. A ccord in g to
E ast, R ickies, T a ylo r, she is always a stranger. Pie desires to surprise, o f­
fen d or shock the w om an; his em otion al experience is greater if she is
shocked.
3. P urpose: T h e only purpose o f th e perverse act is relief from tension,
n ot positive satisfaction, although some feel it is difficult to distinguish be*
tw een the two. T h e closer th e reaction is to th e instinctive, the m ore ten­
sion; th e closer to th e social, th e m ore anxiety. Sex offenders experience
anxiety if they are n ot allow ed to express their paraphilia.
Q u ite universally, the indulgence is accom pan ied b y m asturbation. O ne
m ay view exhibitionism as an a ttem p t to m asturbate in public. A ll parti
philiacs are given to m asturbation; it is as if the paraphilia w ere invented
for the purpose o f indulging in m asturbation; as if th e person were impo
te n t in m asturbation and resorted to his paraphilia to m ake masturbu
tion effective. M astu rb ation evokes incestuous phantasies; he resorts In
paraphilia to disguise th e con n ection b etw een m asturbation and incest,
4 . R eaction s: It seems to b e characteristic o f the sex offenders to deny
th e offense. W h e n they do adm it the offense, after repeated denials, they
m ay claim that they were drunk or, in the case of exhibitionists, that they
w ere on ly urinating. Several writers m en tion the tenden cy to project Ilie
b lam e on others, particularly the victim . T h e reason for th e denial is
said b y some to lie in internal feelings o f guilt, in th e strong com m unity
attitudes in w h ich the offender participates. O n th e other hand, Karpman
believes th a t the sexual offender does not, as a rule, have gu ilt feeling!
w ith reference to his u n w illing partner. Som e show considerable g u ilt
som e do not. F ew show gu ilt at th e tim e o f th e crime; som e show later !<•
morse. It all depends on th e individual. R apists show less gu ilt than ex
hibitionists.
E xh ib ition ism starts in childhood (R ickies, K a rp m a n ). E pisodes may
occur every day, or regularly, or on ly once. A lm ost any place m ay b i
chosen. T h ere seems to b e a tenden cy to expose again and again in the satill
nlacc. under the sam e circum stances. Prodrom al sym ptom s arc described
Topical Synopsis 603
as restlessness, excitem ent, fearfulness, apprehension; headache, hotness,
diarrhea, palpitation , vertigo, perspiration. T h e part exhibited is usually
the penis. K arpm an believes th e attack takes place in a state o f daydream;
R ickies believes there is conscious awareness at all times. M o st cases deny
m asturbation. T h ere m ay infrequen tly be suggestive gestures or remarks.
Aggression is rare. F ollow in g th e act, he is depressed and rem orseful, ac­
cording to K arpm an, in a clo u d y state.
D. B A C K G R O U N D OF PARAPH ILIAS AND
SEX OFFEN SES
1. In fa n tilism : Paraphilias are only gross exaggerations of reactions
norm al to all hum an beings at on e stage or another. T h e paraphiliac has
n ot learned to put away childish things. It is natural for children to play
sexually w ith oth er children; som e do not outgrow their child hood sexual
objects. A ll children pass through a hom osexual phase, w hich norm ally
gives w ay to heterosexuality. C op rop h ilia is directly traceable to childish
or infan tile interests. C h ild ren are norm ally exhibition istic and voyeuris­
tic; as the child m atures th e sexual curiosities b ecom e m erely expedients
in reaching a norm al sexual goal. In exceptional cases, th e form s of fore­
pleasure b ecom e indepen den t aims. A certain am ount of force is used in
norm al sex relations; rape m ay occasionally be seen as an exaggerated re­
action. T ransvestism is an extension o f dressing-up games. T h ere ap­
pears to be no ch ild hood parallel for fetishism .
G u th e il has suggested, instead of “ sexual psychopath,” th e term “ psy­
chosexual in fan tilism ” w hich w ould include so-called psychopaths, h o m o ­
sexuals and others w ho have regressed to an in fan tile level. T h is defini­
tion, however, fails to distinguish betw een infan tilism and regression.
Incest: T h e problem o f unconscious incest pervades all neuroses,
psychoses and paraphilias. P sychoan alytic practice is n o t usually con ­
cerned so m uch w ith actual incest as w ith th e part played by unconscious
incestuous interest.
Tncest taboos are alm ost universal. T h e p atien t confron ted w ith incestu­
ous fixations on th e on e hand, th e incest barrier on the other, com pro­
mises b y indulging in oth er paraphilias w hich rem ove the a ctivity from th e
im plications o f incest. W h e n th e lib id o can n o t resort to paraphilia, h e t­
erosexual intercourse m ay be attem p ted w ith resulting im potence.
I lom osexu ality is less a choice o f on e’s ow n sex than a repudiation o f the
oilier sex, from w hich th e individual seeks to escape. In m ost cases, the
original object choice was incestuous. T h e hom osexual solves th e prob­
lem b y rejecting m others and all w om en. Fetishism is often traceable to
Ilie flight from incest; the fetishist renounces w om en and all hum an anat­
omy. Sadom asochism exhibits the flight from w om an, rooted in incestuous
til traction. Incest is often im portant in exhibitionism and voyeurism . T h e

604 Topical Synopsis
voyeur never finds th e m other or sister, th e original ob ject o f his voyeuris­
tic interest. . .
M a n y frigid w om en resort to prom iscuity, som e to paraphilias, in the
hope o f solving their frigidity. B ehind m any cases of frigidity stands an
unconscious incest barrier. A w om an w ho reached orgasm w ith her lover
before m arriage, becam e frigid after m arriage, w hen her husband becam e
a father figure. T h e incest barrier interfered w ith norm al relations.
3. Etiological Factors: T h e relative paucity of inform ation as to etiology
is indicated b y th e variety o f opinions expressed. C on stitu tion al or socio­
econom ic factors, physical factors as senility or physical deform ity may
play some part. Psychosis and m ental deficiency seem to b e relatively un­
im portant as factors; alcohol to be m ore im portant as a precipitating fac­
tor. T h e m ore im portant factors seem to be fam ilial situations and pa­
rental attitudes; overprotection, rejection, deprivation and related
attitudes. Son tag has noted the variety o f etiological factors; am ong th a n
hostility, anxiety and confusion over sexual roles. R ab in ovitch has listed
m ajor etiological factors as: gross biological or m ental illness problems;
cultural factors, early genital stim ulation or indirect stim ulation; eai v
genital experiences w ith adults; unconscious seductive attitudes on the
part of parents; unconscious parental sanctions for delinquency; m hi >i
tion of norm al sexual interests and experim entation. It has been noted
b y several th at th e crim inal paraphiliac is often ignorant o f sexual matters.
In th e m ajority of cases, the etiology lies in lack of love rather than lac
of discipline. , , , .
In exhibitionism , th e role of th e parents, particularly the m other, is em­
phasized. T h e O ed ip u s situation is a factor; am ong oth er possible factors
are fon d lin g of a naked child b y a fond m other, prim al scene, puritanical
attitudes in the hom e, psychic traum a. In m ost cases there is precipitating
traum a.
4. Components of Specific Offenses and Paraphilias: C u ltu ra l para
philias are incest, paedophilia and rape. T h ese are n ot antibiologica Ml
violate social laws. A ll oth er paraphilias are sterile, for no issue could rc
suit from such relations. Incest, according to some, is not always associ­
ated w ith psychopathology. M a n y psychosexual disturbances result from
early incestuous experiences.
P aedophilia is n ot antibiological, b u t is alm ost universally regarded .u
a sex offense if it involves sexual intercourse w ith a fem ale child. ie av<|
age paedophiliac contents him self w ith sex play. Sex offenders again»!
children have in com m on some psychopathology w hich prevents ie inc -
vidual from seeking sexual con tact w ith a m ature individual; anxiety .«•
garding poten cy leads him to seek younger, less form idable love o lq ccfl
(B rom b erg). O thers believe it to b e a variant of hom osexuality, or hi
Topical Synopsis 605
indicate regression to an earlier period. It is stated th a t a m inority of
these offenses are com m itted by the senile.
A ll rape cases seem abnorm al; the norm al individual responds only
w ithin a fram ework of affection. R ap e and sadism are n o t synonym ous;
the pain in rape is incidental; the prim ary aim is th e overpow ering o f the
victim . R ape m ay be related to early incestuous desires, the victim b ein g a
substitute for the m other, w ho w ould naturally resist. U n derlyin g inferior­
ity feelings and the sense o f dom inance are im portant in rape. Som e can
perform coitus only if it is preceded or accom panied b y strong em otion:
hate or fear. M a n y rape-murders arise from fear o f social consequences;
m ental disease is frequent in such cases.
H om osexuality has no biological aim. T h e hom osexual picture includes
everything from idealistic friendship to prom iscuous debauchery. H o m o­
sexuals w ho becom e involved in sex offenses have neurotic conflicts re­
volving abou t the perversion, w hich im pel them to expose them selves to
possible injury.
Transvestism is conn ected w ith hom osexuality and fetishism . In trans­
vestism, castration anxiety in m en, penis envy in w om en, are controlling
factors.
Fetishism is associated w ith legal offenses on ly w hen it is com plicated
by som e form of assault, as braid-cutting, or w ith burglary to secure the
fetish. It is a m anifestation of castration fear, connected w ith sadom aso­
chism. Fetishism contains hom osexual elem ents. In partialism , or anatom ­
j ical fetishism , the m ost frequently-encountered exam ples are the fem ale
buttocks or breasts. Fetishism is never encountered am ong wom en; it is
not know n w hy.
Sadism and m asochism are bipolar m anifestations o f th e sam e para­
philia, sadom asochism . E very sadist possesses elem ents o f m asochism , and
vice versa. Sadism , a form of psychosexual infantilism , is often turned
into m asochism as th e result o f a deep religious sense o f guilt. Sadom as­
ochism substitutes infliction or suffering of pain for sexual union. It m ay
fie heterosexually or hom osexually oriented; th e root is reaction to the
fear of incest and hom osexuality.
O b scen ity or pornography is sym bolic o f undeveloped sexuality; it is
a form o f psychic m asturbation, and has a certain relation to exhibition ­
ism.
C oprop h ilia is un likely to involve antisocial behavior. A coprophiliac
clem ent is discerned in every neurosis. W e usually include under copro-
plijlia a variety of perversive interests, hangovers from infancy.
E xhibitionism is a form o f regression into infancy. O th e r m echanism s
present are identification, transference, repetition com pulsion and differ­
entiation.
There are indications o f hom osexual tendencies, though hom osexuality
may not be a prim ary factor. Som e em phasize exhibitionism as a com pen­
боб Topical Synopsis
sation for phallic inferiority or psychic im potence; as an expression of a
tabooed incest drive. T h ere is a frequent history o f m asturbation from
puberty; lim ited, stereotyped heterosexual perform ance, enuresis, alcohol
ism. . .
A relation to castration anxiety is often evident. A fu n ction m ay be
to bring to view th e genitals o f the sexual object, to allay castration anx
iety b y reaffirming a phantasy of a w om an w ith a penis. R ickies believes
it to be an attem p t to prove m asculinity, to overcom e fear of castration,
an attem p t to break away from the m other.
T h e exhibitionist believes in th e beauty and charm of his ow n body; lie
feels he is conferring a kindness on th e beholder. T h e orality factor has
been em phasized b y som e authorities. R eligious conflict appears to be и
secondary factor. Sadom asochistic traits are evident.
P olice the cou n try over believe all exhibitionism to b e for solicitation;
m ost cases are n ot for this b u t for private purposes. Som e m en expose
b efore dozens o f w om en w ith no attem p t at solicitation; there is almost
always con com itan t m asturbation.
T h e re is a close conn ection betw een exhibition ism and scoptophiha,
though they rarely occur in th e sam e individual. T h e exhibitionist identi
fies him self w ith th e observer; th e voyeur w ith the ob ject view ed. B oth are
frequently accom panied b y m asturbation; b o th are nuisance offenses, gen
erally im plying no threat of assault. V oyeu rism is said to arise from the
ch ild ’s gu ilt anxiety in seeing adults’ genitals, or adults in copulation.
N ecrophilia is rare. A ccord in g to one explanation, it is th e result of an
attem p t to keep sexual im pulses under control b y en dow ing them with
extrem e disgust. O r, according to another authority, it is associated with
extrem e sadism, and the defenselessness o f the corpse is an importanl
factor. T h e n ecrophiliac is usually psychotic or frequently epileptic.
Z oophilia or bestiality is usually associated w ith experim ental activilie»
of adolescents in rural com m unities. It resem bles m asturbation and is U
paraphilia only w hen it involves th e deliberate use of anim als as sexual
objects. . . . lated b y th e prevailing social attitud e o f a particular culture. A s regards
F rottage is a m ild form o f assault; the frotteur obtains satisfaction hv
rubbing against w om en ’s bodies, or buttocks.
M asturbation is a paraphilia, except for the average you th fu l mast nr*
bation and adult m asturbation practiced in reaction to tem porary scxul
privation. . .
M a n y crim inal acts are substitutes for unconscious perverse impulse»,
R obb ery w ith a gun m ay represent a hom osexual attack upon th e falht‘1,
stealing m ay b e an o u tlet for sex tension; kleptom an ia m ay b e related In
frustrated love, im potence, frigidity, hom osexuality, etc. Pyrom am a in*
abou t th e sam e basis; there is a relation betw een pyrom am a and masliii
bation. Swindlers show deviations in their sexual lives.
Topical Synopsis 607
E. G E N E R A L C O N S ID E R A T IO N S R E G A R D IN G
SEX U AL CRIM E
1. Extent and D istribution: C lin ica l experience fails to support the
current popular view that there is a sex crim e w ave or th at sex crim es are
on the increase. M a n y th a t occur are never reported; m any w e read about
never occurred or are exaggerated. N ew spaper p ub licity to th e contrary,
sex crim es represent a sm all proportion o f crim es against persons and
property. M o st offenses are m inor ones. T h e paraphiliac m ay b ecom e dan­
gerous w hen he has strong aggressive tendencies against society, or w hen
he can allow self-gratification only if punishm ent is expected to follow .
M u ch overt behavior is only a nuisance; th e prim ary danger is in sadistic
tendencies.
T h e offenses seem to occur m ost frequently in th e offender’s residence
or an au tom obile and to b e m ost frequen t in the sum m er m onths.
M o st writers believe th a t m ost sex offenders are o f average intelligence.
T h e m ajority have had som e schooling; m ost did n ot finish grade school,
but advanced education is no barrier. T h e m ajority are unskilled w ork­
ers. Single m en predom inate. M o st are w hite; reports as to the incidence
of N egro offenders in proportion to th e population are conflicting. R e ­
ports as to age are conflicting; som e b elievin g th e age to be relatively
high, others find it relatively low . R ap e and exhibitionism seem to occur
most frequently w ith younger offenders; paedophilia w ith older. Scattered
reports indicate a greater frequency o f C ath olics, a lesser frequency of
Jews. Sex offenders follow no set type; an im m ense variety of persons com ­
m it sex crimes. T h e distribution disregards barriers o f race, class, culture
or social position. As a class, they are said to b e tim id rather than vicious;
undersexed rather than oversexed.
2. Society and the Sex Offender: W h a t constitutes a sex crim e is dic-
sex crimes, th e mores of this country are entirely different from those of
m any oth er countries. In Japan, for exam ple, there is no sentence in th e
crim inal code for hom osexuality; although it is considered wrong, it is
not a crim e.
Pu blic attitudes are based on lack o f inform ation. T h e sex offender is
more liable to be m isjudged b y prejudice than are m ost crim inals. W h e n
ch ild ren are th e victim s, and where sex crim es are accom panied b y vio ­
lence, th e com m u n ity is aroused. Since norm al people have th e same
m echanisms as sex offenders, copin g w ith them on ly through strong repres­
sion, they react em otionally to such offenses, projecting repressive m ech-
1111isms on th e offender.
Som e causes o f sex deviation lie in the culture. O u r moral attitudes
Inward sex should change. Sex curiosity and behavior in children should

608 Topical Synopsis
b e regarded as norm al and desirable. T h e problem can n o t b e solved
save b y th e rem oval o f taboos. O u r repressive culture m akes for taboos
on the part of th e individual.
3. R arity of Sex Crimes Among W om en: Sex offenders are alm ost in
variably m ale; th e reason for this is n ot know n. W o m e n have their full
share o f paraphilias. C rim e in general is also less am ong w om en. It may
be because w om en are m ore repressed and m en m ore aggressive.
F em ale exhibitionists are rare; perhaps because they have m ore socially
acceptable outlets; perhaps because they are asham ed to have n othin g In
show.
4. Recidivism: A m ajority find th at the sex offender is n ot a serious
recidivist; he is less likely than other felons to have a police record. Il is
n ot even agreed w h ich offense shows m ost recidivism ; paedophilia, abduc
tion, rape, exhibitionism , incest, sodom y and carnal abuse are mentioned#
O f those w ho repeat, it is said, the m ajority com m it nonsexual crimes,
T h e question has been asked: H ow are w e to reconcile these statistics
w ith w hat w e know of th e u ncontrollable and repetitive character of llie
paraphiliac urge? W e deal here w ith psychological m otivation; statistics
w ill n ot answer th e com plex and m u ltiple questions involved. Rapist I
show sm all recidivism w hile exhibitionists m ay repeat hundreds of times,
N o n e o f this gets into the statistics, w hich can n o t adequately cover qucs
tions into w hich the hum an equation enters to such an extent.
5. Connection with Nonsexual Crimes: T h ere is no direct relation
betw een sexual and nonsexual crimes. A n individual sex offender is not,
as a rule, involved in crim inal predatory activities, w h ile th e criminal
predatory psychopath is u nlikely to be a sex offender. M ixed reactions do,
how ever, occur. T h e fetishist m ay com m it burglary to obtain th e desired
object. Som e believe that rapists, som e that exhibitionists, are m ore likely
to com m it nonsexual crim es than are other sex offenders.
6. Progression: In general, sex offenders do n ot progress from minor
to serious crimes. T h e y do not usually chan ge in th e nature of the ii о I
fenses.
7. M orality and Perversions: W e find individuals w ho, apart from a
particular deviation, appear norm al in every respect. C ertain pervert*,
apart from their unorthodox sexual orientation, h ave a deep sense ol so
cial responsibility, conservatism and frequently sublim ation. W h e th er rtf
n ot som ething is m oral is determ ined b y social opinion, prom ulgated by
religion and confirm ed b y law . W h a t is sexually im m oral is th at win- li
victim izes or works harm to another. T h ere are, of course, m any hom o
sexuals w ho are profligate and libertines; some are interested only tlj
b leed in g their partners. B u t tw o hom osexuals w h o are faith fu l to пи b
other and le a d in g happy, healthy, quiet lives are m ore m oral than th e pm
m iscuous heterosexual m an w ho contracts syphilis and infects his wife, ot
Topical Synopsis 609
than th e scoundrel w h o seduces a girl, prom ising marriage, w ashing his
hands o f her w hen she becom es pregnant.
T o th e extent th at th e pervert is m oral, he is also norm al. H is only de­
parture is his specific paraphilia, w hich is such an integral part of his per­
sonality th at it is norm al for him . In all oth er respects, he conform s to
norm al standards. H e can b e as m oral as anyone, provided his para­
philia is n ot one w hich involves a harm ful attitud e toward others. T h e
paraphiliac w hose behavior is free from public offense, prom iscuity and
harm ful in ten t has a right to consider h im self norm al.
W ith in m arriage, relations as a rule are norm al, b u t abnorm alities are
found. Som e couples regularly indulge in perversions.
M u ch perversive behavior lies w ithin the fram ework o f heterosexuality.
T h e greatest mass iniquity in the field of heterosexuality is prostitution.
It is conn ected w ith bribery, corruption, gam bling, crim e. T h e evil from
prostitution and its ram ifications vastly overshadows the evil com ing from
hom osexuality and perversions.
F. H O M O S E X U A L IT Y
I. Basis and Etiology: W h ile som e believe hom osexuality to be entirely
due to a constitu tion al condition, others recognize a constitution al basis
plus environm ental factors, and still others differentiate betw een consti-
lutional and acquired hom osexuality; b y far the greater num ber of psychi­
atrists find the origin to be psychogenic; to lie in the fam ily situation.
A ll anim als are b u ilt on a bisexual level, every one carrying w ithin it
the fundam ents o f th e other sex. E very now and then deviations occur.
In hum an beings these deviations occur m ostly as hom osexuality. A large
hom osexual com ponen t is present in all children, b u t is norm ally re­
pressed b y the culture. H om osexuality is a sign o f retarded em otional
developm ent.
V ariou s explanations have been offered: Seduction in youth, enforced
discipline on a sexual level, resulting in displacem ent of sexual objects;
hostility or excessive affection for the m other, hostility for th e father or
identification w ith a w eak father; lack o f effective m ales, rebellion against
.111 aggressive father, continual em otional stress, broken hom es. T h e etiol­
ogy in w om en is believed to parallel that in m en: rejection by one par­
ent w ith consequent running to the other; biparental fixations. M o re than
hi ordinary neuroses we find fixations to parents o f th e same sex. The
Iisychogenesis often goes to the pregenital stage, to oral- or anal-sadistic
levels. T h e individual is n ot responsible fo r hom osexuality.
T y p es: A b solu te hom osexuals adjust them selves entirely hom osexually,
accepting only persons of the same sex as sexual partners. T h e y becom e
reconciled to their situation and suffer less conflict than do the bisexuals,
01 latent hom osexuals. Prim ary sex characteristics in absolute hom osexuals
6 io Topical Synopsis
are no different from those of norm al individuals. Som e hom osexual men
or w om en m ay approach fem inine or m asculine types in secondary char
acteristics, b ut it is not possible to recognize them b y sight, thou gh sonic
m ay give them selves aw ay by their behavior. T h e hom osexual m an is apl
to be an artist, and to dress m ore freely.
T h e num ber o f overt hom osexuals w ith less conscience and poor work
records is greater than th a t o f th e norm al individual. M a n y hom osexuals
and paraphiliacs are very unreliable, as if the fact th at they are obliged to
break one set o f conventions m akes it easier for them to indulge in other
antisocial behavior.
Bisexuals m ay consort sexually w ith persons o f b oth sexes. Som e nevci
marry, b u t m aintain relations w ith the opposite sex. Som e marry; their
wives are apt to b e active an d energetic. T h e bisexual is som ew hat more
likely to b e passive than active. Social conditions m ay have a greater in
fluence on their hom osexuality than is the case w ith th e absolute hom o
sexual; th ey are subject to greater conflict.
A b solu te w om en hom osexuals are m ore psychopathic than m en; they
do n ot readily seek treatm ent; they are m ore unscrupulous than men.
Secondary sex characteristics run parallel to those o f m en, though in a less
degree. H om osexual w om en can not b e recognized. M a n y w om en biscx
uals marry, b u t they do n o t m ake good wives. T h e y m ay or m ay n ot have
children. G ratification in w om en is secured through kissing, close cm
braces, m utual m asturbation, cunnilingus or an artificial penis, this Iasi
indicating possible etiological connections w ith th e castration anxiety ol
m ale transvestists and fetishists. In a few w om en, hom osexuality is com
binecl w ith sadom asochism and a strong b uttocks partiality.
3 . Latent Homosexuality: L ate n t hom osexuality is a source o f profound
m en tal and em otional disturbance for th e individual, w ho believes hints* 11
to be norm al. T h e hom osexual com ponen t struggles for expression, usu
a lly finding it on ly in neurotic or psychotic sym ptom s. L ate n t hom osexual1,
m ay resort to paraphilia, or their sexual life m ay evidence pathology willi
out recourse to paraphilia. V irtu a lly all paraphilias spring from uncoil
scious hom osexuality; these perversions give rise to a num ber of sex
crimes. F ellatio, cunnilingus, paederasty, w hen en acted in a heterosexual
setting express unconscious hom osexual trends.
T h e presence o f unconscious hom osexual com ponents is indicated m
m en b y: preference for succubus position in intercourse; phantasies ol
relations w ith another male; cu ltivation of fem ale physical features, as
breasts; exclusive devotion to prostitutes, relations w ith a w om an in I In
presence of another m an; relations w ith a w om an k now n to have frccjiu iit
relations w ith other m en. D elusions o f persecution in paranoia, ohsex
sional jealousy, chronic alcoholism , m ay ind icate unconscious hom osexual
ity. C h o ic e o f m asculine w om en and effem inate m en as love objects sue
com prom ises w ith unconscious hom osexual desires. M a n y cases o f ini
Topical Synopsis 611
p oten ce and frigidity are based on unconscious hom osexuality. D ream s of
attack or pursuit b y oth er m en, o f physical conflict involvin g contact
w ith other m en, and snake dreams, often express repressed hom osexual
com ponents. M a n y m asturbatory phantasies are tied up w ith hom osexual­
ity. M u tu al m asturbation is a hom osexual m anifestation.
Transvestism is related to hom osexuality. Transvestism is a separate pa­
raphilia, b u t w ith a thinly-disguised hom osexual trend. T h e real trans­
vestite rarely indulges in hom osexual relations. L ate n t hom osexuality
plays an im portant part in sadom asochism and in m any cases o f voyeur­
ism. C om pu lsive m asturbation is tied up w ith laten t hom osexuality.
4. Social Implications o f Homosexuality: T h ese deviations are disturb­
ing to the individuals and to the society in w h ich they live. Som e few
societies have condoned such deviations, though realizing th a t heterosex­
uality is th e u ltim ate social, biological and psychological aim. M o d ern so­
ciety, althou gh it is m ore tolerant than it was several hundred years ago,
still does n ot tolerate the hom osexual. T h e victim o f a physical handicap
is praised for his efforts to lead a useful life; the victim o f a psychosexual
handicap is condem ned. H om osexuality has existed in all countries and
in all ages. M a n y great m en have been hom osexuals. F rom the scientific
point of view , only th e peculiar sexual orientation distinguishes the h om o­
sexual from any other person. H om osexuality does n ot in itself invest
him w ith other undesirable characteristics. T h e views of society are drawn
from ancien t religious sources, n ot prim arily concerned w ith abstract m or­
als, b u t w ith nationalistic and im perialistic preservation. Present society
needs to reevaluate its m orals, to determ ine w h at is im m oral per se and
w hat should b e considered im m oral for practical reasons.
E very hom osexual act is legally a delinquency, b u t laws against those
who live in inoffensive hom osexuality are rarely enforced. D u e to the
search for gratification, conflict w ith th e law is m ore pressing am ong un ­
derprivileged hom osexuals, according to one writer. O f a group of m ale
prostitutes studied, m ost gave as reason for their activity th e desire for
money; few ad m itted pleasure from hom osexual relations. T h e m ost
serious hom osexual crim e is seduction o f th e young; any sexual approach
to a child is a social m enace; any form o f coercive sexual activity is crim i­
nal. B u t hom osexual union entered into b y tw o adults b y m utual con ­
sent is 110 m ore crim inal than heterosexual union. So lon g as hom osexual­
ity is considered a crim e, th e laten t hom osexual w ill fight against th e
hom osexual com ponen t, thereby increasing his difficulties. T h e hom osex­
ual is not w anted in th e Arm y.
Som e believe th a t hom osexuals are n ot likely to com m it nonsexual
crimes as are other deviates. T h e position that hom osexuality represents a
llireat to national security places a prem ium on blackm ail. T h e re is as
great a variety o f hom osexuals as o f heterosexuals. T h e type w hich can
be a security risk is rare. T h e silly, shallow hom osexual is n ot interested

612 Topical Synopsis
in politics: the serious intelligen t hom osexual, if interested in politics, is
m ore likely to be conservative to com pensate for his sexual unconven­
tion ality. T h e linking of com m unism w ith hom osexuality is absurd.
5 Homosexuality in Prison: Sexual irregularities are flaunted daily m
prisons; they are alm ost universal. T h e sexual urge is too elem ental to be
controlled b y confinem ent. T h e prisoner m ay struggle to m aintain h et­
erosexuality b u t opportunities for sublim ation are im possible and the
physical environm ent favors abnorm alities. M asturbation, w hich derives
its value from accom panying phantasies w hich give it an abnorm a oi
norm al character, becom es com pulsive. T ran sition to m ore abnorm al ex­
pressions takes place gradually. M a n y undergo severe conflict before
yielding; som e never succum b b u t d evelop neurotic or psychotic reactions.
In m any cases, hom osexuality is indulged in freely. If m asturbation
and hom osexual practices continue, they b ecom e fixed; the m diyidual
upon release m ay find him self unable to return to norm al sex activities
T h e entire personality is disturbed. T h e you th still in th e form ative period
is likely to rem ain single and lead a bisexual or hom osexual life. T hose
led into hom osexual prostitution are likely to continu e this on the outside.
A uthorities assume a puritanical attitude, offering no solution but forc­
ible repression and punishm ent, in spite of w hich abnorm al practices per-
sist T h e only control w ould b e through providing norm al sexual outlets,
as in M exico and some other countries. C rim in als are psychically-sick peo­
ple, n ot responsible for their behavior, w ho w ill n ot be im proved by be­
ing brutalized and hum iliated.
6 Treatm ent: T h e general opinion is that psychiatric treatm ent of th e
hom osexual is n ot prom ising. H om osexuality is, how ever, som etim es re-
sponsive to psychotherapy, if it is earnestly desired. It may often К too
deeply rooted to b e eradicated. U n til it can be eradicated or cured, no
w holesale persecution of hom osexuals should be perm itted T h e best way
to prevent the b lackm ailin g o f hom osexuals is to recognize hom osexua i у
as a fact and rem ove th e laws discrim inating against it.
G. F O R E N SIC ASPECTS
1. Criticisms and Defenses of General Sex Laws: M a n y and severe
are th e criticism s of crim inal law m ade b y psychiatrists and b y a few law
vers M a n y of these criticism s concern th e variations in state law, a с •
ony in one jurisdiction m ay not even b e a m isdem eanor in another. Som e
charges, as disorderly cond u ct, are catch-alls for all types of offenses.
T h e law fails to recognize the psychological aspects о e a c i .. ,
brushes aside the findings of psychiatry because they do no t fi t in t c .R e ­
definitions; it does not recognize differences in em otional ages, does no
recognize lack of crim inal inten t and irresponsibility m any b u t .he
m ore obvious form s of m en tal disorder; fails to distinguish betw een sex-
Topical Synopsis 613
ual behavior w hich is dangerous and th at w hich is m erely a nuisance. L aw
sacrifices th e individual for w hat it conceives to be the good o f society.
M a n y cases of rape are statutory rape and involve no serious age discrep­
ancy.
Punishm ents are inconsistent, out of relation to th e crim e. M o st m ale
adults have indulged in some form of illicit sex activities. Severity of
punishm ent m akes conviction difficult.
Law s are difficult to enforce. M a n y things done in the privacy of the
hom e should b e of no concern to legislators.
Judges are trained in law, not the abnorm ality or norm ality of the h u ­
m an m ind; they can not m ake m edical decisions. Lawyers, w ho are poten ­
tial judges, have th e same distorted pictures o f th e sexual psychopath as
has the general public. Judges m ay not understand the mores o f the o f­
fen der’s group. Jurymen may be incom petent to pass judgm ent on such
cases. F ew jurisdictions call for m en tal exam ination, though nearly all
have this right.
In defense of th e legal view point, it is claim ed th at courts are a ttem p t­
ing to m ake discrim inations and distinctions that need to be m ade, and
to deal less harshly w ith m inor offenses. T h e rule of law m ust be rigid, b u t
requires flexibility in adm inistration. People do n ot expect laws to be
strictly enforced under certain circum stances. It is stated th at authorities
m ust have pow er, b y statute, to detect, apprehend and n eutralize sexual
offenders. It is claim ed th at law follow s science; if psychiatry can prove
that these people can b e helped and cured, the cases w ill b e left out of
crim inal courts and jails. F ew psychiatrists w ill agree w ith that.
2 . R egarding “Sexual Psychopath” Legislation: Som e state laws pro­
vide th at the individual defined as a sexual psychopath m ay, b y the filing of
a petition , b e put under the law before a crim e is com m itted. Som e states
do not require a jury trial; in some, psychiatric exam ination is com pul­
sory. C o m m itm en t is to a m ental institution, upon indeterm inate sen­
tence, the offender not to be released un til cured. Psychiatric exam ina­
tions are provided at stated intervals.
Such legislation, it is stated, helps to break dov/n the old legal concept
that offenders are either sane or insane. T h e y are neither; they have a
m ental disability th a t calls for special treatm ent in a hospital. T h e inde­
term inate sentence makes possible detention un til the individual is no
longer a danger to th e com m unity.
O b jection s to this type of legislation are: ( 1 ) definition: the term “ sex­
ual psych opath” is a loosely conceived en tity concerning w hich psychia­
trists disagree; the broad interpretation allows application to hom osexu-
uals, adolescents, even young children. C riteria as to m ental condition
are vague (2) too great responsibility is given to county attorneys and
probate judges; th e laws are a departure from fundam ental concepts
of justice. Indeterm inate sentence m ay be for life; even for suspected o f­
614 Topical Synopsis
Topical Synopsis 615
fenders (3) these laws catch only the m inor offenders, w ho are the re­
treatm ent; generally stipulating that th e institution be neither penal nor
cidivists, not the serious offenders. N o distinction is m ade as to punish­
correctional. Segregation in prison alone w ill n ot cure disease. It w ill do
m ent or treatm ent (4) m ost m ental hospitals have no resources for
the offender no good, b u t m ay very w ell do him harm . It w ill n ot benefit
treating sex deviates; treatm ent is custodial w ith no real efforts to reha­
society perm anently; all prison sentences com e to an end som etim e.
bilitate. Som e m ight be cured; w ould the results justify the cost? (5) it
Parole has been m en tion ed as a successful measure. Several have found
is stated th at the laws are based on m istaken premises, as that sex crimes
th at b u t a sm all percentage o f those paroled are again arrested.
are prevalent and increasing; th at the offenders are usually recidivists;
that th e m inor offender progresses to m ore serious offenses; th at it is possi­ 2 . Surgery, Endocrines, Electroshock: C astration offers no solution to
b le to id en tify the poten tial offender before he com m its a crime; that the problem ; it w ill decrease the sex drive and destroy capacity for the
offenders are oversexed; that effective m ethods o f cure are know n; that norm al act, b u t m ost sex offenses are n ot norm al. P oten cy is n ot nec­
sexual psychopath laws get the vicious offenders. essary for m ost deviate acts; th e perversion is in the psychosexual field;
Such legislation has been either inoperative or ineffective in m ost states castration m ay increase the possibility o f turning to abnorm al acts.
w here it has been passed. In four states w hich passed such laws, the trend Som e believe, b u t m ore do not, th at horm one or endocrine therapy is
in rape is the sam e as before. T h e y are dangerous in principle and little helpful. In a series treated b y electroshock, no beneficial results were re­
used in practice. ported.
In m any cases, deviation is shown to be psychogenic; horm one therapy
3. Recommendations Regarding Legislation: O n ly th e m inority claim or surgery could play no part and their use w ould not be effective.
th at new legislation is needed to deal w ith this problem . T h e re is a need
3 . Psychotherapy: T h ere are some w ho object to psychotherapy, b eliev­
for procedure to enable cases to becom e m edical problem s w ith o u t the
ing that th e public is n ot yet ready to accept prolonged psychotherapy,
necessity o f proving psychosis. M a n y archaic laws should be repealed
and th at it is b etter carried out in a protected environm ent. Som e b e­
rather than enacting new ones. Psychiatric exam ination should b e before
lieve th a t the tech n ique w ould require m ost experienced therapists, and
trial. M a n y believe that revision o f th e laws is necessary: It should be
even then there w ould be d oub t as to results. Psychiatry m ay not b e able
settled w hether or n ot th e law has the right to interfere w ith private prac­
to cure all offenders; som e can not be cured b y any presently know n means.
tices b etw een norm al and responsible adults. T h e law should distinguish
A ll in all, however, clinical experience is clearly in favor o f psychother­
betw een sexual practices th a t are dangerous and those th a t are simply
apy, w hich has, on m any occasions, been successful in am eliorating or
silly. T h ere should be a sim pler, com prehensive category o f such charges
curing these conditions. T h e offender should be hospitalized, n ot sent to
as paedophilia, w hich includes rape, incest, attem pted rape, carnal
prison as a crim inal w ith n oth in g done to treat his condition. E ven if
know ledge, indecent assault, sodom y, contribu ting to th e delinquency of a
psychotherapy does not always cure, it m ay give the offender insight to
m inor, etc., etc. T h e im portant thin g is th e p oten tial effect upon the
enable him to m ake a m ore satisfactory social adjustm ent. Psychotherapy
child, n ot th e precise form th e activity took.
is im possible on a large scale at present, because o f costs, lack o f person­
T ren d s are n oted: tow ard lessening o f penalties, elim ination of sex
nel, the type of patients sent and so on.
laws, attem pts to recognize such cases as psychiatric and to treat them as
V ariou s techniques and facilities are recom m ended. Som e call for treat­
insanity.
m ent in clinics as out-patients; some w ould have specialized institutions
to treat sexual offenders. In some cases, orthodox psychoanalytic treat­
H. T R E A T M E N T m ent is n ot recom m ended, as in th e case o f juvenile offenders. In some
cases, guidance or change o f environm ent m ay be helpful. Som e recom ­
I. Punishment or Segregation: F ew indeed are those w ho claim that
m end superficial rehabilitation in addition to psychotherapy, occupa-
punishm ent w ill cure the sexual psychopath. Since his reactions arc cx
lional, recreational therapy and spiritual rehabilitation. O thers have had
pressions of unconscious urges, it is no m ore possible to cure th e sexual
lavorable results w ith group therapy, b rief therapy, recreational therapy,
psychopath o f his im pulses b y repeated punishm ent than to cure a schi/.o
and so on. Som e recom m end th e incidental use o f drugs, another of the
phrenic of his delusions b y like m eans. P unishing a m an for exhibition
polygraph.
ism can not chan ge the basic force driving him to exhibitionism ; punishing
In dealing w ith sexual offenders w e should, above all, strive to change
a m an for hom osexual acts can not turn him into a heterosexual. Pun
liic diagnosis from psychopathy to neurosis, and then treat it as any neu­
ishm ent is useless and irrational.
rosis.
Som e support th e idea o f segregation for those w ho arc unsuitable foi
As to prognosis, there is l illlc agreem ent. Som e believe it is poor where
616 Topical Synopsis Topical Synopsis 617

there are aggressive or sadistic factors. T h e general opinion seems to
be that some, b u t n ot all, can b e helped. K arpm an, how ever, finds that
psychotherapy is in these cases to some extent m ore hop efu l than in ordi­
nary neuroses. T h e curability of such patients is borne o u t by results of
treatm ent at St. E lizabeths and elsewhere.
I. A P P R O A C H TO THE PR O BLEM
1. General Suggestions fo r Control: T h e suggestions m ade cover a m ul­
titud e of approaches: the m ore superficial include such recom m endations
as for increased police personnel, b etter statistics, files of those picked up
upon suspicion. Som e believe newspapers should hand le stories of sex
crimes w ith m ore regard for young readers; H oover feels th at newspapers
do a service in arousing public opinion. O th er suggestions are m ade as to
court proceedings, involving the hand ling of you n g victim s; facilities, pro­
grams o f education and research. Som e believe th at efforts should be
concentrated on th e dangerous offender.
Som e believe the sex offender can b e identified early in life. W h ile it
is true that th e childhood sex life shows m arked deviation from th e nor­
m al, w e have n ot at present the techniques to distinguish those w ho will
b ecom e dangerous from those w ho w ill not.
2. Fam ily Attitudes: Som e w ould have parents w arn their children to
bew are o f strangers. It has been clearly dem onstrated that such scare tech­
niques m ay do more harm than m ight an actual sexual experience.
M o st psychiatrists believe th a t th e solution lies w ith the parents, in
preventing sexual deviation in their children. Parents should b e guides,
advisors, n ot bosses; they should treat the child as an equal and present Ilie
facts of life frankly, tru thfu lly and w ith ou t em barrassm ent. T h e child
should have w arm th from his m other; the interest of a m an during growth.
O verp rotection is harm ful. L ove of parents should be equally distributed.
T h e child should be an active part o f the w orld abou t him ; his interest
and curiosity should n ot be thwarted; he should b e allow ed to act out
som e o f his im pulses w ith in reasonable lim its. P unishm ent of onanism
and of infan tile sexual play creates attitudes of hatred tow ard parents and
A plea is m ade for th e study of the norm al sexes in school and for psy­
chiatric training in m edical school. T h e general practitioner has not the
know ledge to deal w ith m any cases and does n ot know w here to send
them . It is his responsibility to refer such patients to a psychiatrist for treat­
m ent. A n y general practitioner should be fam iliar w ith th e general pic­
ture of paraphilia. W e need more adequate supervision of th e m ental
health of school children; behavior clinics to study, diagnose and treat all
crim inal cases. W e should train young psychiatrists for special work in
this field. W e need m ore research, m ore hospitals. W e are not properly
utilizing the know ledge w e have. W e need a national crim inological in­
stitute, to contribu te som ething definite toward th e prevention o f crime.
4. R ole of Psychiatry: It has been said that the field o f psychiatry is
psychiatry; th at crim e is not necessarily a disease, th a t if there were no laws
there w ould b e no crime; th a t psychiatrists should n o t attem p t to b e know-
alls in crim inology. B ut psychiatrists generally accept that crim e is a
disease, a neurosis that has arisen as a result of faulty em otional develop­
m ent. Law s or no laws, there are acts universally regarded as crimes. Psy­
chiatry m ust do m issionary work am ong other professions, even am ong
m any psychiatrists, and prove to them our tenets.
T h e public m ust be enlightened to share th e understanding o f norm al
and abnorm al sexuality. O rthopsychiatry m ust go out of th e clinics and
see to the training of th e younger generation and see w hat it can do for
boys and girls in reform atories, training schools, etc. Psychiatry should
reach aggressive or subm issive children in school and hom e and take re­
sponsibility for ch ild guidance. It should study how to find sound reforms
in legal and police procedure. Psychiatry should go farther than giving
help w hen asked; it has the right and the duty to investigate present pro­
cedures.
It has been said th at psychiatry is unprepared for reorienting fam ily
attitudes. If society were to m ake such a claim , psychiatry w ould m eet the
challenge. H ow ever, psychiatry has n ot the only role; concerted action b y
lawyers, psychiatrists, sociologists and psychologists along dynam ic lines is
also necessary.

society.
3 . Research, T raining, Facilities: F u nd s are needed for research, foi
clinics and hospitals, for th e training o f specialized workers. W e need or­
ganized research in crim inal psychology, adm inistration of justice, diagno­
sis, treatm ent. W e need an inventory o f work already done; w e should co­
ordinate all th e facts w e have and provide psychiatric service in courts
and prisons. W e have m uch to learn yet abou t th e dynam ics of hum an be
havior b u t w e can provide m uch help w ith w h a t w e have. I here arc spe
cific advantages in studying children. M a n y studies m igh t b e desirable b e ­
fore conclusions as to the efficacy of any particular m easure arc reached.
26 . B I B L I O G R A P H Y

IN T R O D U C T IO N 620

A. A C R IT IC A L S U R V E Y OF THE E X IST IN G
L IT E R A T U R E ON THE P R O B LE M OF
SEXUAL O F F E N D E R S 625

1912-1926 625

1927-1931 627

1932-1936 629

i 9 37-i94i 630

1942-1946 639

1 947 ' 1 95 1 649

B. SU R V E Y 670

C. S U M M A R IZ IN G 674

1. G en eral Studies 674

2. M aterial D evoted to Specific O ffenses 675

A . H O M O S E X U A L IT Y

B . P R O S T IT U T IO N

C . O B S C E N IT Y

D. F E T IS H ISM

E . N E C R O P H IL IA

F -I. V O Y E U R IS M , T R A N SV E ST ISM , W H IT E SLA V E R Y, IN C E ST

3. Studies of Special G roups 676

4. State and C ity Reports 677

5. Sex and C rim e 677

6. L egal A spects 677

7. T rea tm en t 678

C. B IB LIO G R A P H Y : By Authors 679


26. Bibliography
IN T R O D U C T IO N
O vert hom osexuality and th e perversions (paraphilias) consequent upon
or related to it m ust have been k now n in prehistory for it is m entioned
and described fully in som e very ancien t m anuscripts. Anthropologists
have given us good records o f such deviations am ong prim itives and have
com pared and differentiated these from our ow n m oral sta n d a rd s..W e are
further acquainted w ith th e tolerant attitudes th at th e G reeks and Rom ans
had toward hom osexuality. B u t it is the latter part of the n in eteen th cen­
tury th at has witnessed th e developm ent o f great interest in th e problem
of hom osexuality and perversions. W e m ay n ote here the works of Hem-
rich K aan (1844) follow ed by: T ard ieu (18 5 8 ); U lrich, C . (1868);
C h arco t & M agn an (188 2); E . G le y (188 4); K rafft-E bin g (188 6); Lacas-
sagne & Brouardel (1888); C h evalier (18 9 3); R affalovich (18 9 6); H ave­
lock E llis (1898, 1903); A rd u in (1900); M o biu s (190 0); B ell (1902);
B lo ch (1902, 1903 and 1909); H erm an (190 3); R ohled er (1903);
W ein in g er (190 3); H alban (190 3); M agn u s H irschfeld (1904, 19 14 );
Fliess (190 6); M o ll (190 9). T h e list is hardly exhaustive and does not in­
clude m any other m en w ho too have furthered our know ledge of h om o­
sexuality and perversions. T h u s m ention m ay b e m ade here o f Caspar,
C . S. Fere, A . Forel, K isch, Lom broso, M an tegazza, M agn an , Schreck-
N o tze , T arn ovsky and m ore recently th e encyclopedic work of W u lffc n ,
T h e Sexual Crim inal, w hich like th e others above m entioned, was entirely
at the descriptive level.
T h e only type of hom osexuality am ong hum ans th at has been know n un ­
til recently is that of overt hom osexuality b u t w ith th e advent of psycho­
dynam ic psychiatry inaugurated by psychoanalysis and the research it stim ­
ulated, w e have com e to know another type of hom osexuality w hich is
spoken of as unconscious or laten t. Likew ise, th e one type of incest here
tofore know n and described was that of frank open incest, b u t in th e light
of psychoanalytic studies w e have learned of th e existence o f unconscious
incest. B oth unconscious hom osexuality and unconscious incest arc, us
w ill b e shown later, the m ost prolific contributors to the practice of per*
620
Bibliography 621
versions w hich in turn contribute the sexual offense. T h is work confessedly
is oriented in the focus of psychodynam ics w hich w ill require that the
older works, in so far as they are used at all, w ill have to be reevaluated in
the focus. W h e n in 1921, in preparation o f an article to be published, I
attem pted to review the literature on the subject, I was m uch surprised that
there was no bibliography available on th e subject of sexual offenses for
m any years preceding. E ven th e descriptive literature had b u t rarely an
article specifically dealing w ith the subject. Psychoanalysis was then as yet
in its early stages and it was too busy trying to solve m any of th e problem s
of psychoanalysis in th e neuroses and psychoses; it had n o t yet gotten to
the point of taking up antisocial behavior. T h ere was one exception to
this— there had developed a considerable psychoanalytical literature on
the problem of exhibitionism w hich I put together in 1926 and up to
1928, though it was not published until m uch later (1948) (9, 73 ).
T o be sure, scattered throughout psychoanalytical literature, there were
m any h elp fu l suggestions th at could provide background for the worker
in the virgin field of psychoanalytical crim inology. F reu d ’s original paper
on “ C rim in ality F rom Sense of G u ilt” was a bold gesture in th e direction
but was not, as it turned out, a very fruitful one for a psychiatrist w ork­
ing in a prison since it concerned neurotics treated in the private office
of an analyst w ho had n ot com e in conflict w ith the law . T h e y were chiefly
people w ho, driven by an obscure sense of guilt, w ould indulge in antiso­
cial behavior, usually m inor, w hich w ould atone th e sense o f guilt; that
is to say, the crim inality that w ould flow from a sense of gu ilt was not the
type that psychoanalysts were later to find in prisons and the point to be
em phasized here is th a t I tried to apply psychoanalysis to crim inals in
prison. A s yet, it had not been realized th at crim inality m ay result from
other situations in w h ich ungenerous em otions m ay b e th e leading etiolog­
ical factors or that guilt m ay itself produce hostility w hich in turn m ight
lead to crim inal behavior.
F reu d ’s “ T h ree C on trib u tion s to th e T h eo ry o f Sex” was originally pub­
lished in 1905 and it discussed the problem o f the paraphilias or perver­
sions. T h ese, as we have learned later, have an im portant bearing on
crim inality, certainly th e sexual crim inal. B u t again, these were w ritten in
Ihe focus of the usual neuroses and gave no h in t as to th e probable con ­
tribution to antisocial problem s or how to apply these to crim inals con-
lined in prisons. In the general psychoanalytical literature and elaborat­
ing on F reu d ’s original contribution , there began to appear in the m iddle
twenties individual studies that dealt w ith th e problem th a t could relate
to crim inality b u t it was only discussed in terms o f neuroses in general,
as for instance, studies on paedophilia.
A ll in all, th e work w ith im prisoned sexual offenders was a virgin soil
that probably could be tilled w ith the tools provided by psychoanalysis in
general b u t apparently needed also special approaches and techniques, as
yet undeveloped.

622 Bibliography
A t abou t that same tim e, th at is, in th e early tw enties, there began to
appear S tekel’s m agnificent case m aterial. T h e first was his “ Peculiarities
of B ehavior” w h ich discussed kleptom an ia and pyrom ania. T h o u g h these
seem ed at that tim e rather rem ote from their corresponding brothers m
prjson— th e th ief and the arsonist, they gave som ething of a h elp fu l clue
to w h at otherwise seem ed as yet a com plete m ystery. 1 о provide a possible
background, I have epitom ized these (14, 22) as I felt they provided a
fru itfu l and good foun dation for further work, even though it was con
cerned w ith private cases th at had a m ild antisocial aspect, n on e in prison;
whereas all th e crim inal cases I have observed were in prison and as I was
to con tin u e w ith such type o f m aterial, th e study of this m aterial gave me,
as yet, little help. T h e next volum es dealt w ith hom osexuality, sadomas
ochism , fetishism and other paraphilias. A gain , the m aterial was n ot di
rectly conn ected w ith crim inals in prison, b u t there was obviously much
one could use in th e study of prisoners. F o r this reason, and in order to
have it reach a larger public, I epitom ized some o f these volum es (27).
B y 1929, I published tw o m ore studies dealing w ith th e problem of
sexual offenses (16, 1 7) . B y this tim e a few studies began to appear 111
psychoanalytical and general psychiatric literature. T h ere was Bender s
and B lau ’s study (1 9 3 7 ), Pollens, “ T h e Sex C rim in al” (1938) Doshay s
“ T h e Y o u th fu l Sex O ffen d er” and the “ Sym posium on the Sex Offenders
(1938) and N ew Y o rk C itizen s C o m m itte e on Sex C rim es (1938)- From
this p o in t on, progress was fairly rapid in the study o f sexual offender*
and this was helped a great deal b y the Journal of Crim inal Psy скора
thology w hich cam e into existence at that tim e. H ow ever, actual psycho
analytical m aterial dealing w ith crim inals, especially sexual offenders, was
and still is very scarce.
It was decided to begin th e bibliography w ith 1912 and brin g it up In
1951, m aking it a forty-year survey. T h e decision and choice of date wcie
n ot entirely arbitrary. W u lffe n ’s m assive work appeared in 1910, and il
did n ot seem desirable to go beyond that. O n th e other hand, since In*
work was entirely descriptive, w hile the inten tion for th e present WOI
was to orient it in psychodynam ic focus, it seem ed desirable to begin
w here W u lffe n le ft off, w hich coincided w ith th e period of beginning ol
grow th o f psychoanalysis.
It was a surprise and d isappointm ent as w ell th a t in spite of having
com bed m ost thoroughly and energetically all journals from 1912 In
1921 for any m aterial dealing w ith the problem of sexual psychopathy,
non e was found. O f course, there was, here and there, som e materialI that
could b e used as collateral references, references that m erely form ed IIn1
background for th e study. T h u s, in 1913, there appeared M agn us H i » li
feld ’s “ H om osexuality in M e n and W o m e n ,” and a year later C lark s ex
cellen t digest o f it, b u t such m aterial, w hile providing excellent back
ground, did not give us w hat we were after. T h erefore, as a sort of apologia
pro vita sua, w e w ant to note th a t although no reference material 1*
Bibliography 623
available for the first decade, betw een 1912 and 1921, it isn’t due to
any lack o f effort or persistence on our part in searching for it, but m erely
because no such m aterial was found. T o b e sure, the sexual crim inal, as
the poor, has always been w ith us, and it is quite certain, as judged from
previous statistics, th at there w ere just as m any sexual offenses in the first
ten years as in the last ten years. B u t there w asn’t then, for some reason
or other, any public interest in the m atter, and on the other hand, W o r ld
W a r I, w hich began around that tim e and w asn’t really com pleted un til
the end o f th e first decade, did not stim ulate any work along that line.
T h e first five years of the second decade saw the publication o f Stekel’s
studies on hom osexuality w hich, though n ot contain ing anythin g directly
on sexual psychopathy, provided a good background in th e psychodynam ­
ics o f th e same.
N o substantial reason has ever been advanced as to w hy thirty years
ago no pu blication had appeared in psychiatric literature, dealing w ith
the problem o f sexual offenses, although such offenses existed then as
they do n ow and have for m any years before and th e proportionate num ­
ber o f exhibitionists, voyeurists, fetishists, transvestists, paedophiliacs or
cases of rape has n ot substantially changed or increased. D u rin g the
last fifteen years, how ever, m ore particularly the last ten years, th e litera­
ture on the subject has increased volum inously. A lm o st every profession
that has any sort of interest in social problem s— sociologists, psychologists,
anthropologists and psychiatrists, have all contributed to th e problem .
N ewspapers and m agazines vie w ith each other for publication o f this
type of m aterial. B u t w h ile quan titatively th e contributions seem bulky,
m uch less can b e said abou t th e q uality of th e m aterial. Substantial re­
search work is virtually absent. In its place w e have, for th e m ost part,
popularly w ritten articles, often w ith on ly slight or even lack o f fact. N o t
infrequently th e facts are grossly distorted in order to m ake a popular ap­
peal.
Since it is a social ph enom enon that has lon g attracted the atten tion of
psychiatry, even if ad m itted ly it is stim ulated artificially b y th e press that
is always ready to supply the public “ new sy” m aterial, it remains a prob­
lem th a t should b e presented in a b etter and m ore organized fashion. It is
essentially th e purpose o f this study, first to bring together all th e m aterial
available in order to extract from it w h at is valuable and thus prepare th e
way for further research, and second, to provide a form ulation and an
orientation. T h e study is, therefore, organized on tw o levels, first to give a
review o f the literature and th e conclusion that m ay b e drawn from that;
second, to provide basic biological and psychiatric m aterial th a t w ill at-
lem p t an organized form ulation of the problem in th e ligh t o f m odern
psychodynam ics.
It has been the aim of th e author to collect as com plete literature on
I lie subject as possible. W h ile it isn’t difficult to get at the popular articles,

624 Bibliography
or those in the m ore accessible psychiatric journals, there are m any veritable
gems hidden in obscure journals of years ago; obscure, not only in the
sense th at it doesn’t get to the public b u t even in th e sense th at it doesn t
reach the m ajority of psychiatrists. In particular, it was found to be rather
difficult to get at the foreign literature, thou gh m uch of it coincides w ith
the unproductive war period.
In the first part of the study a review was given of th e literature on the
subject arranged topically. T h is was necessary in order to give the reader a
system atic perspective of w hat has been going on in the field to date. Such
an arrangem ent, how ever, does n ot give one a clear idea of the develop­
m ent of th e problem through the years. For this reason it was felt that there
was also needed a critical survey of the literature on th e subject chrono­
logically. T h is, how ever, poses some problem s. Since the author, him self,
has actively participated in this work for over thirty years, he should have
been the proper one to critically appraise the m aterial, b u t no one can
objectively be his ow n critic. O n the other hand, in his evaluation of others,
there is always the likelihood of one-sidedness either b y overcriticizing
others, w hich w ould only antagonize a great m any people, or else b y al­
low in g for the tenden cy to m ake up for th at b y giving too liberal a review.
Som e other approach, therefore, had to be sought. It has been stated that
Bernard B aruch w hen asked for his form ula for success, replied th at he
had none b u t that he could offer a form ula for failure, w h ich was: “ T ry to
please everybody.” T h e reviewer is w ell aware o f the fact that if an attempt
were m ade to please every contributor, the work m igh t have little sub
stance to it, indeed it m ight never b e finished, w h ile on the other hand,
excessive criticism , either in the direction o f great severity or high com ­
m endation w ould m ake th e work appear very uneven. Authors are ex­
ceedingly sensitive to adverse criticism , how ever m ild, and are h igh ly per­
ceptive to praise, of w hich, in their view anyw ay, there is never enough,
Om issions are n o t tolerated any b etter than com m issions. B u t science
m ust always be objective, even if individual workers in the field are 110I.
A fte r all, w h at is desited here is n ot gettin g at personalities b u t to arrive
at a fair estim ate of th e situation. T h e author has solved the problem by
asking his research associate, M iss E dn a klo ran ce, to do the critical survey,
w ith a specific request and em phasis th a t no one, n o t even the author him ­
self, be spared; th at criticism s should be offered as ob jectively as possible
w ith ou t praise or condem nation. H er critical survey n ow follow s, and pro*
vides an opportun ity, n ot only to see w hat has been actually done in tlifl
field b u t perhaps even a stim ulus for other workers in the field.
Bibliography 625
A. A C R IT IC A L S U R V E Y OF THE E X IST IN G
LITER ATU R E ON THE P R O B LE M OF
SEXUAL O F F E N D E R S
By: E dn a F lorance, A .M . (R ad cliffe)
In offering a critical survey o f the literature on sexual offenders, I am in
the fortun ate position of n ot know in g any of the contributors; therefore,
entirely free o f personal bias. I hope to avoid sharp criticism , and anyw ay
tone dow n severe criticism , w hile where there is a positive case to be m ade,
each one, it is hoped, w ill get his full due. T h e readers, however, w ill be
grateful for this w hile research workers w ill profit b y n otin g their com m itted
m istakes as w ell as their omissions.
1912-1926
K arpm an ’s C ase o f O b scen e L etter W r itin g (1923) is th e first work on
the sexual offender to appear in this country. It is, a t the same tim e, th e
first a ttem p t to treat crim inals in prison b y psychoanalysis. H e notes, in
the case studied, profound pathology in the sexual life: sexual weakness,
prem ature ejaculation, indications o f laten t hom osexuality. T h ese are
traced to th e psychosexual attach m en t to the m other, autoeroticism is an
attem p t at union w ith her. T h e norm al channels of sex expression are
closed, and obscenity serves as a source of psychosexual satisfaction. T h is
pioneer work forecasts the type of study w hich contributes m ost to the un ­
derstanding o f th e problem . E tiological factors, other than “ aggressive
m other, inefficient father” are not m ade entirely clear, nor is it explained
w hy hom osexuality rem ained laten t rather than b ecom in g overt, nor w h y
obscenity was chosen, rather than some other outlet, as exhibitionism .
E ast (1924) contributes one o f th e earliest studies o f exhibitionism .
H e separates exhibitionists into tw o groups, psychopathic and depraved,
although he claim s it m ay be psychopathic and depraved in the same in­
dividual. Som e o f his subgroups, as visionaries, are n ot defined, and one
also wonders w hat is th e d istinction betw een m en tal defectives and “ sub­
norm als.” Som e cases are given b u t they contribute little to th e under­
standing of th e problem . T h e work is descriptive, and in th e ligh t of w h at
lias since been w ritten, full of m isstatem ents. H e finds the offense likely to
leave a perm anent impression in th e child victim , and suggests this m ay
contribute to later sexual delinquency; a statem ent th a t has n ot been
borne out b y the literature. H e believes that prison acts as a deterrent. H is
classifications into psychopathic and depraved seems com pletely unreal­
istic, biit has been follow ed by others, as T a ylo r (19 4 7) and Rickies
(1942). In th e first group he places psychoses, psychoneuroscs and “ vi­
sionaries.” “ V isionaries” arc said to com prise the largest group, w hich arc
 Bibliography 627
626 Bibliography
as one o f th e m ost com prehensive and searching studies of this aberration,
“ more easily cured b y im prisonm ent or fine” w hich “ teaches them to ap­
even though th e author has since corrected certain m isconceptions, as his
preciate the value o f reality and vanity o f phantasy form ation.” H e also
diagnosis of exhibitionism as a com pulsion neurosis (a m isconception
finds repetition o f tim e and place not evidence of obsession, b u t an at­
echoed by Rickies, 1950). H e points out th a t the sexual life shows m arked
tem pt to attract som e particular fem ale. H e says n oth in g as to the type
pathology; em ission dreams, priapism , excessive m asturbation, absti­
o f fem ale the exhibition ist desires to attract.
nence, im potence, prem ature ejaculation, etc. H e claim s that exh ib ition ­
T h e case o f exhibitionism reported by Peck (1924) is descriptive. L it­
ism satisfies an urge different from th at of norm al intercourse; it is thus a
tle is told o f the su b ject’s early history, and th e etiology is obscure. Peck
high ly specific form o f sex behavior as all paraphilias (perversions) are.
notes am nesic states, hom osexual dreams, strong repressions and excessive
N o one else has so vividly described prodrom al sym ptom s, although
m asturbation, b u t explains th e cond ition by stating th a t th e subject had
Silverm an (19 4 1) has briefly described a prodrom e. K arpm an claim s the
an exceptionally strong sexual drive, apparently controlled b y repression
attack occurs in a state o f daydream , w ith im perfect consciousness (this
u n til th e sexual problem s presented b y life in the O rien t m ade repres
is denied b y R ickies, 1950) and says that the exhibitionist feels th at he
sion inadequate. T h is does n ot appear to be a sufficient explanation.
m ust be seen or there is no satisfaction. T h is is confirm ed b y later writers,
K arpm an, in “ A C ase o f E xhib ition ism ” (1925) connects exhibition ­
(C . A llen , 1940 and 1949, H irning, 1947, R ickies, 1950, and H artw ell,
ism w ith frottage. Lie points ou t th at exhibitionists avoid heterosexual
relations because in these they m ust be aggressive. In this case th e etiology 1 95 ° ) -
K arpm an stresses, am ong th e factors involved, narcissism; this is
consists o f incestuous and hom osexual cravings, as a result o f episodes
corroborated b y H insie (Г926), Silverm an (1 9 4 1 ), Sperling (1942) and
w ith sister and aunt. H ere for th e first tim e is recognized th e sadistic com ­
R ickies (19 4 2 ). H e em phasizes th e role played b y th e adoring m other
ponent in exhibitionism ; the fact th a t a particular crim inal act is not an
w ho plays w ith the naked child; this is taken over b y R ickies (1 9 5 °) as the
isolated or incidental ph enom enon, b u t one w hich indicates th e presence
dom inating factor in exhibitionism . H e points out th a t there is frequently
o f unresolved psychogenic difficulties, o f w hich it is sym ptom atic. T h e in­
a precipitatin g factor, some em otional situation such as th e m other’s death
d ividual crim inal is frequently genetically related to th e neurotic and
or unsuccessful love affair. R ickies (1950) claim s there is always a pre­
psychotic, b ut the specific genetic relationship is not given.
cipitating traum a, a broken engagem ent, m other’s death or her remar­
R ich m o n d ’s (1925, 1933) chapters on sexual delinquen cy in th e Ado
riage. E xh ib ition ism is seen as a substitute for incestuous cravings, regres­
lescent B oy and th e A d olescen t G irl em phasize the norm al quality ol
sion to childhood days. T h e foundations in the im pulses for looking and
sexual experim entation in you n g people. S h e points o u t th a t stealing
showing off, and the close conn ection w ith voyeurism , are em phasized.
m ay be a substitute for sex. A lth o u gh there is little here abou t sexual of
fenses as such, these pages are a contribution tow ard understanding the
sexual problem s of th e adolescent. 1927-1931
T h e R ep ort o f th e D ep artm en tal C o m m itte e (1925) has little to con
C assity’s article (192 7) is psychoanalytically oriented. H e gives five cases;
tribute. It m entions that m any sexual offenses th at occur are never re
he is not always able him self to trace the m echanism s involved, and his
ported, b u t says n o th in g o f false accusations. It gives th e proportion ol
interpretations are n ot always convincing. H is explanations o f “ w ean ­
children, exam ined b y one police surgeon, w ho had received physical in
ing traum a” and “ identification w ith the m other” seem oversim plified.
jury, b ut w e are n ot told w h at type o f assault was responsible for the in
In “ P sychotherapy and th e C rim in al Insane” (1929) K arpm an gives
jury. It finds im prisonm ent th e m ost effective penalty; th e recom m end a
th e case o f an individual, gu ilty o f three murders, bootlegging, sale of
tions are for increased park-keepers, etc., and sex education in schools and
narcotics and robbery in w hom the crim inal acts w ere substitutive; serv­
hom es.
ing as an ou tlet to satisfy his antipathic em otions w hich he was not able to
H ad ley’s study (1926) of a case of paedophilia is psychoanalyticallv
release on his real m other (he was a d o p te d ). A s here reported (appar­
oriented. A n interesting case, b u t m any gaps in th e presentation. W r
ently abridged from a m ore detailed report) th e case is not, properly
should know m ore o f th e background, of th e fam ily setting.
speaking, th a t o f a sex offender, although hom osexual experiences are
H insie reports (Г926) an interesting case o f exhibitionism , in w hich
m entioned, and the man was a hom osexual prostitute for w hich, however,
th e conn ection b etw een th e need to expose h im self and th e incest m otive
lie was n ot ever arrested. T h is case does, how ever, reveal certain factors
is extrem ely clear. H e offers little in the w ay o f interpretation, allow
in th e causation of crim inality; hatred o f m other, incestuous attach m ent
ing th e case to speak for itself. H e finds strong narcissism; the hom osexual
to aunt; the crim inality apparently being coincid en t w ith a hom osex­
elem ent is m en tion ed as discernible in dreams.
ual adjustm ent. T h e possibility o f treating and curing crim inals psycho­
K arp m an ’s P sychopathology o f E xhibition ism (Г926) still stands today
628 Bibliography
analytically is here explicit, together w ith a statem ent as to th e relative
costs of treatm ent versus prolonged im prisonm ent. A lo n g w ith th e cases
published previously (1923, 192 6), this is one of the earliest analytically
studied and treated cases of sexual offenses.
In T h e Problem of Psychopathies (1929) K arpm an differentiates the
psychopathies, n oting that the term “ constitu tion al” is unscientific and
unjustified; it is preferable to refer to this group sim ply as “ psycho­
paths.” H e describes the characteristics o f this group as unstable, unable Iо
profit from training, unscrupulous, childlike in judgm ent, etc. H e finds
that th e sex life m ay seem superficially norm al, b u t these individuals fail
in higher sexual social adaptations; there is frequently excessive venery
and m any paraphilias. A case is quoted of a psychopath w ho was charged
w ith larceny, forgery, im personating an officer, obtainin g m oney under
false pretenses, bigam y and desertion. T h is individual is n ot primarily n
sex offender, thou gh he contracted a bigam ous m arriage. T h e case is hero
included because it reveals som ething o f the abnorm al sexual life of the
predatory psychopath, prom iscuity, m asturbation, and hom osexual tend­
encies.
A case o f exhibitionism reported b y K arpm an (1929) again reveals
the O edipus situation as a causative factor, w ith a directly precipitating
factor in the death of the m other. T h e case is especially interesting in
showing prodrom al sym ptom s and com pellin g nature o f th e act.
In this review of Stekel’s w ork (19 3 0 ), kleptom an ia and pyrom ania art'
considered as sym ptom atic acts, the basis o f w hich is ungratified sexualily.
K leptom ania m ay be related to frustrated love, jealousy, rivalry, impo
tence and frigidity, hom osexuality, sadom asochism , fetishism and othri
fixed ideas; in pyrom ania a prom in ent etiologic factor is revenge; though
there is a relation to im potence, hom osexuality, sadism and other regH'N
sive m otives.
W o lb a rst (1 9 3 1) considers sexual aberrations rather than sex offenscq
he apparently knows very little abou t either. H e has read a num ber of
books; K rafft-E bing, H irschfeld, E llis, B loch, C aspar are quoted; and In
recognizes th a t “ m ore serious perversions” have a basis in path o lo gf .d
m entality, b u t th a t is as far as he carries the psychiatric aspect. 1 le in
clines to believe hom osexuality congenital, and even racial tendciu ic*H
tow ard perversions are m entioned. In one breath he stresses the natural
aspects of perversions from a biological view point, in the next he ira’ii
term s like “ sham eful, repulsive, abnorm al.” His idea th at perversions a i r
encouraged by “ cleanup drives” is som ew hat fantastic, to say the least. 1(1
is a pity to see a psychiatrist m oralizing like a preacher.
H e is about the only w riter to point out th at w hat responsible adults do-
privately and o f their ow n volition does not call for legal intervention
H e notes the failure of punishm ent as prevention, and recom m ends men
tal hospitals rather than prisons.
Bibliography 629
1932-1936
H enry and G alb raith (1934) believe hom osexuality to b e “ phylogenetic
and em bryologic,” and find that hom osexual patients show a “ constitu­
tional deviation from the general average w hich is greater than that of
those heterosexually adjusted.” Som e o f the findings they report w ould
point equally w ell to a psychogenic origin; as “ am ong those w ith per­
sonality disorders hom osexual adjustm ent o f males is m ore than three
tim es as com m on as adequate heterosexual adjustm ent.” If hom osexuality
is, as is now m ost generally held, an expression o f personality disorder,
this w ould be w h at w e w ould expect to find. T h e authors also find th a t a
large proportion o f hom osexuals had had sexual traum ata in childhood,
w hich m ight also argue for a psychogenic origin.
O n ly psychotic patients appear to have been studied.
Som e statem ents are questionable, as, “ heterosexual adjustm ent for
w om en is less difficult.”
T h e differences in physiological and constitutional characteristics b e­
tween hom osexual and heterosexual patients are said to be considerable;
but it is also pointed out th at the psychosexual histories o f the tw o show
conspicuous differences.
T h e authors define individuals as hom osexual w hen there is evidence of
pleasure from repeated hom osexual relations.
In T h e O bsessive Paraphilias (19 3 4 ), Karpm an brings into use for the
first tim e in this country th e term paraphilias to com prise “ all sexual ac­
tivities th at are beside the pale of th e norm al and do not lead to norm al
gratification.” T h is is a critical review of Stekel’s works on Sadism , M aso­
chism and Fetishism . It is stated th at patients suffering from these aberra­
tions should be regarded not as perverts or degenerates, b u t as neurotics
whose illness is derived from environm ental sources. Som e of these cases are
curable; the fact th at m any can not be cured signifies m erely th a t th e proper
avenue of approach has not yet been found.
Lew is (193 5) states th a t th e obsessional does not, except in rare in ­
stances, com m it sexual crimes.
C hristoffel (1936) em phasizes the orality in exhibitionism , the hunger
for know ledge; and connects exhibitionism w ith scoptophilia. H e evalu­
ates exhibitionism as serving purposes of b oth erotic and death instinct,
lie has found that exhibitionists never develop their capacities fully, there
is always som ething many-sided and am ateurish about them ; they fre­
q u en tly chan ge their calling. T h e phenom enon is discussed as a psychiatric
problem, n ot in its legal aspects. H e digresses a great deal, as upon stam ­
mering; th e conn ection is n ot m ade entirely clear. It is felt that he de­
duces too m uch from a single case, w hich is not recorded.
F oxe (1936) finds sexual elem ents in nonsexual crimes and goes to the
extrem e o f psychoanalytical explanations. T o him , robbery w ith a gun
630 Bibliography
represents a hom osexual attack upon and coitus w ith th e father. Rob*
bery w ith a gun is ph allic, burglary is oral; th e pickpocket is fixated in
th e oral phase, w ith an added anal com ponen t. T h is does not pertain
directly to sexual offenses, b u t to th e understanding o f th e o ccu lt sexual
offense. H ow ever, th e thesis is n ot at all convincingly dem onstrated.
H ersh (Г936) found th a t in G alicia and in ex-Russian Poland, the
Jewish rate o f sexual crim e (as w ell as of oth er crim es against the person)
was m uch low er than th a t of non-Jews. So far as is kn ow n , no com parable
study has been m ade in this country. N o interpretation is offered as Iо
th e reasons for this.
1937-1941
B ender and B lau (193 7) deal on a descriptive level w ith th e reactions of
children to sex relations w ith adults. T h e study is n ot b y any m eans con
elusive, as ad m itted ly rem ote effects are not judged. T h e conclusion tlnil
im m ediate effects are n ot always traum atic raises at on ce the question as
to m ore far-reaching results, w hether or n ot im m ediate effects are cvi
dent.
T h e earliest of th e m ore popular articles is that o f D u tto n (Г9 37), who
argues for a new type o f institution w here sex offenders can b e segregated
H e claim s th a t sex crim es are rising rapidly, th a t m ost cases can be rcc
ognized early in life, th a t for each case in th e paper there are at least nine'
you never hear of, etc. A superficial article, based on m isinform ation
H enry (19 3 7) deals w ith hom osexuality as an aberration, n ot from so
cial or legal po in t o f view as a sex offense. H e bases his conclusions on
four cases here reported. H e believes in a constitu tion al predisposition,
b u t does n ot underestim ate th e influences of environm ent; believes lhal
m any cases could have been prevented though he does not state how; In
holds th e parents chiefly responsible. T h e psychogenic factors given set in
convincing, and th e statem ent o f different types o f psychogenic factors r.
w orthw hile.
B ow m an (1938) stresses the fa ct th at our repressive culture makes fin
conflict on the part o f th e individual; he w ould h ave it th a t th e solution
is the removal o f taboos. H e does n ot state w h a t particular taboos. Iln
claim s that the sex problem s o f neurotics are no greater than those ot
norm al persons, b u t does n ot explain w hy som e persons are neurotic and
others not. H e takes a middle-of-the-road attitu d e tow ard sexual malad
justm ent, laying th e b lam e partly on constitu tion al make-up and paillv
on special cond itioning experiences.
T h e H enry and G ross (1938) study is entirely descriptive, and to а Ьицэ
extent statistical. C ase histories on socio-econom ic level, not considered in
causative sense; w h at is considered is m ore “ aspects” than factors. N o al
tem p t to accoun t for origins. T h e case histories arc necessarily limited,
Bibliography 63 r
due to the m ethods o f study. M o re ligh t w ould b e throw n on the problem
by intensive study o f one case than from this superficial study o f a h u n ­
dred. T h e study o f thirty-tw o public interviews is so ad m itted ly unsatis­
factory, one wonders w hy it was included. Is there any value in grading
hom osexuals econom ically and socially, or into such types as “ orderly,”
“ exhibitionistic fairy,” “ hoodlum s,” terms w hich carry an opprobrium that
lias no place in a scientific study? T h e conclusions are abou t w h a t anyone
w ould expect, or could think out for him self, and w ould probably apply
equally w ell to any form o f crim inality.
In The K reutzer Sonata (19 3 8 ), Karpm an analyzes th e hom osexual
com ponents o f the protagonist of th e novel, as described b y T o lsto i, and
establishes th e sexually determ ined m otivation o f the murder. T h e inter­
pretation is convincing, b oth as applied to the character in th e novel, and
in the broader application to T o lsto i him self, but th e greatest value is in
the contribution to th e understanding o f laten t hom osexuality and th e
role it plays in th e genesis o f neurotic, paraphiliac and crim inal sym p­
toms.
D r. K ercher (1938) gives no impression th a t he has ever heard o f any
sex crim e other than rape, or th at he has ever heard of a psychiatric dis­
turbance in the case o f sex crimes. H e apparently feels th at all concern
about sex crim es is another instance of officiousness on th e part o f th e
“ good m oralists” w ho attem pted to w ipe out prostitution because they
failed to realize th e fa ct that the sexual im pulse is a natural fun ction. H e
claims th at if it were n o t for the “ passive nature o f the w om an ” as m any
sex crimes w ould b e com m itted by them , although he has just attributed
the cause o f sex crimes to the w om en ’s taking over m en’s roles, w hich
w ould argue against their “ passivity.” H e seems to consider that sex
crimes are a perfectly natural expression over w hich w e are un duly con ­
cerned; presum ably w e w ould return to the situation before the first W o r ld
W a r (w ere there no sex crim es previous to 1 9 r 8?) w hen w om an was con-
Icnted to be supported b y m an. H e apparently is com pletely uninform ed
on the subject and th e article is trivial and superficial.
K opp (1938) distinguishes betw een sterilization and castration and re­
ports favorably on th e effects o f castration as practiced in Sw itzerland,
where th e m ethod is a com bination of psychiatric, surgical and social wel-
lare. She adm its, how ever, that no studies show th e total life reaction. A
11 com m endation for castration is contradicted b y m ost of th e study in this
country.
M acC o rm ick (1938) believes th e problem w ill continue un til there is a
more rational attitu d e on th e part of th e public. H e recognizes lack of
hospital facilities for treatm ent, believes th e next best th in g is to do w h at­
ever can be done during prison terms.
O vcrholser’s plea (19 38) for a fair trial o f existing laws, w ith ou t pass­
ing new laws, is entirely rational and logical. H e calls atten tion to th e gen­
632 Bibliography Bibliography 633
eral n eglect of the provisions for psychiatric exam ination; the need to
u n til it is k now n w h a t to correct? T h e presentation is vague, and has little
e m p l o y psychiatrists in correctional institutions, and for parole hoards
value.
to pay atten tion to the m ental make-up of the individual.
B arrett and Shaeffer (1939) have w ritten a laym an ’s guide to sex laws;
Pollens (1038) m akes a plea for changes in th e legal systems, to pro­
this is for the m ost part a sober treatise, giving definitions and essential
vide for m ore and earlier psychiatric exam inations, and for detection of
elem ents; b u t a boxed-in paragraph warns against th e “ sex m aniac,” w ho
vio len t criminals. H is cases illustrate the fu tility of laws that fail to distin­
is “ m ore dangerous, m ore cruel, m ore cun n in g than any other kind of
guish betw een a harmless feeble-m inded m asturbator and a dangerous
lu n atic.” In the explanation o f crim inal statutes they apparently know
repetitive paedophiliac. H e does a service in quoting cases of nonpatho og-
their facts; in th e description of the “ sex m aniac” they are entirely unin­
ical offenders, as in cases of statutory rape, w here no deviation is involved,
form ed.
and he em phasizes the fu tility of jail sentences to effect any desirable per­
E ast’s (1939) remarks on hom osexuality, exhibitionism , transvestism,
sonality changes. are essentially superficial, and questionable. H e groups transvestists as
T h e work is psychiatrically oriented, b u t th e cases h ave n ot been psy-
hom osexuals in terms o f psychodynam ics w hich they certainly are not; of
choanalytically studied, and psychodynam ics are lacking. H e jum ps too
th e fetishists and transvestists proper, the latter seem m ore fem in ine than
hastily at conclusions. O n e case is described as that of a poten tial sex
m asculine. T h is differentiation seems unnecessarily to sim plify th e prob­
crim inal” because his phantasies of princesses and heiresses indicate a
lem . Transvestists m ay be grouped under the heading o f laten t or uncon­
poorly developed ego. T h is seems a hasty and superficial conclusion. A n ­
scious hom osexuality, b u t th a t is a m atter altogether different from open
other case, an individual w ho raped and m urdered a little girl is said to
or overt hom osexuality.
have shown signs of "tem p eram en t” at thirteen. It is probably true, as
E ast and H ubert (1939) in their chapter on Sexual O ffenses, touch
Pollens claim s, that had h e then had psychiatric treatm en t th e tragec у
upon hom osexuality, exhibitionism , sadom asochism , arson, larceny, etc.
m ight have been avoided; b u t is every youngster w ho shows signs of tem ­
M a n y cases are given, b u t they are so superficially studied, w ith no psy­
peram ent” during adolescence to be psychiatrically treated? A ll this
chogenic factors noted, th at it has not been th ough t w orthw hile to repeat
points, as D u n h am has m ade clear in “ C ru cial Issues,” to the need or
the m ajority. M a n y statem ents are questionable, as: “ th e m ore hom osex­
research, for developing techniques to distinguish th e poten tial offender
uality is associated w ith other perversions th e m ore it is associated w ith
from the nonoffender w ho has also shown behavioral difficulties in yout X,
other undesirable social activities.” O n e w onders w hat “ other perversions”
R e ic h ’s case of incest (19 3 8 ), available only in abstract is studied psy
he has in m ind. Cases caused b y environm ent are found to b e m ore am en­
choanalytically b u t psychodynam ic factors are neglected. T h e responsibil­
able to treatm ent. T h ere is no a ttem p t to uncover underlying m otivations.
ity for the situation, incest b etw een brother and sister, is placec on
P sychoanalytical term s are used in lay and popular sense, n ot scientific
crowded livin g quarters, w ith the resulting opportunity for sexual k n o w -
(e.g. sadism = brutality, e tc .). T h e value o f this study is slight.
edge and seduction, com bined w ith “ narrow m oral prohibitions and stricl
Frosch and B rom berg (1939) approach th e problem through statistics.
denials.” T h is explanation seems superficial.
T h e undependability o f this m ethod is revealed through their findings that
Selling (1938) is one of the first to po in t out the sm all proportion
few sexual offenders were gu ilty of previous offenses, sexual or otherwise;
(less than ten percen t) of m ajor crim es of violence am ong sex offench 1
this contradicts w hat w e know of the repetitive, com pulsive nature of
F rom the num ber o f cases o f dim inishing sexual fu n ction detected I
m any sex offenses. T h e y did not include exhibitionists, w hom A pfelberg,
concludes that hyperfu n ction is n ot th e reason for sex crim e, nor is 1 in­
Sugar and P feffer have foun d to b e th e m ost frequent repeaters, and m ore
hibitory. T h is is perhaps th e ch ief contribution of this study.
than h a lf their cases w ere statutory rape, w hich is regarded as a “ natural”
Stew art (1938) condem ns th e Illinois (proposed) b ill for com m it 111ц
offense, not ordinarily presenting a psychiatric problem .
sex offenders, on legal grounds. T h is is a p p a r e n t l y one of t i e ear ici!
T h e distinctions drawn am ong “ psychopathic” individuals (hom osex­
voices to b e raised against legislation directed against th e sexua p.y-
uals and paedophiles m o stly ), neurotics (paed o p h iles), egocentric aggres­
sive and em otionally unstable personalities (statutory rape and force
^ W e r t h a m (1938) w ould have b o th sides, psychiatry and law , get lo
crim es) seem unrealistic; just how do they distinguish betw een neurotic
gether and coordinate th e facts w e have. H e gives no very concrete suggОй
and unstable personality? N o practical, specific solutions are offered: only
tions as to how this is to be brou gh t about. H e claim s w e should n o t beg 1.
“ thorough study, reeducation and psychotherapy of th e offender and edu­
b y dissecting th e m inds of children b u t should correct th e circumstance»
cation of the ch ild .”
under w hich they grow up. H o w is it possible to correct th e circumstance»
H enn inger (1939) gives a descriptive study o f senile sex offenders,

6 34 Bibliography
m ainly concerned w ith disposition and likelihood o f further offenses,
though he adm its prognosis is difficult. H e does n ot deal w ith th e problem
of w hy som e senile m en becom e sex offenders, others do not.
M enaker (1939) relates stealing to the fear o f castration. In th e case
quoted, hom osexual acts and stealing represented attem pts to avoid castra­
tion by identification w ith the m other. R ich m on d and others in this series
have already noted the sexual im plications of stealing. T h is is a contribu­
tion to the know ledge o f the o ccu lt sexual crim e.
O b ern d orf (1939) considers the subject of voyeurism psychoanalyti-
cally; m en tion ing th e affinity betw een voyeurism and exhibitionism and
the com pulsive character o f b oth . H e gives tw o cases: in b oth he finds idcn
tification w ith the m other and castration anxiety.
P ayne’s study (1939) is psychoanalytical; she interprets a case o f fetish­
ism; finding th e psychology of th e fetishist dom inated by castration fear,
based on traum a o f th e prim al scene. T h e em phasis is on the interpreta­
tion, and since on ly the merest outlin e o f th e case is given, th e reader is
forced to rely entirely upon the author’s interpretation. T h e case dis­
cussed has no direct relation to sexual offenses.
T h e study o f th e C itizen s C o m m itte e (193 9) is largely statistical and
contributes n othin g either from the legal po in t of view , or to th e under
standing o f the individual offender.
Selling’s article (M arch , 1939) 011 significant factors in th e study and
treatm ent o f sex offenders is 011 a superficial level. H e does em phasize the
fa ct th at they com prise m any different personalities. H e finds sex offenders
n o t as discouraging as prospects for treatm en t as m any psychiatrists be
lieve, b u t remarks also th a t treatm en t has n ot b een developed to a point
w here a great deal can b e done. H e claim s that if there are no oth er signs
o f neurosis and if th e offense does n ot involve b od ily contact, th e chances
o f n ot repeating are abou t nine to tw o. T h e idea o f th e im portance of
b od ily con tact is one that has n ot been tou ched upon elsewhere.
S ellin g’s theory (1939) th a t feeble-m indedness is n ot a prerequisite lo
the sex offense, b u t a predisposing factor, is inconclusive. G ran ted that
feeble-m inded com m it a num ber o f sex crimes, it is still n ot clear how
feeble-m indedncss predisposes one to sexual m isconduct.
It is difficult to see any value in a study like Shaskan’s (19 3 9 ), th a t is
purely on a descriptive level w ith no effort to interpret cases, to determine
causes or to uncover any underlying m echanism s. D iagnosis is frequently
“ psychopathic personality” and treatm en t suggested is psychotherapy “ for
those w hose abnorm ality is in one (th e sexual) sphere. W h a t is to b e done
w ith those w hose abnorm ality is in m ore than one sphere?
W ile (1939) writes m ore from a social than from a psychiatric view
point; he offers very little to the understanding of th e problem either from
an individual or social view poin t. T h e m ost w orthw hile part o f the article
is that dealing w ith recom m endation for treatm ent; even this is superficial.
T h ere seems to be little to b e gained from classifications of sex offenders
Bibliography 635
on the basis o f th e extent o f their drives. H e says n oth in g about th e o f­
fender against children w hich w ould n ot apply equally to all sex offenders.
W o r d s ’ (193 9) approach is m ore anthropological than psychiatric. R e c­
ognition o f cultural sexual custom s of prim itive peoples does not add a
great deal to the understanding o f specific sex offenders as w e know them
now. H e notes the m istaken ideas as to harm fulness to children of sexual
experiences (B ender and B la u ), and points ou t that society deliberately
seeks to obscure the problem for the young.
W r ig h t (1939) contends th at hom osexuality is associated w ith and prob­
ably caused b y an irregularity o f endocrine physiology, and th at hyper­
sexuality due to overactivity o f gonads is a frequent cause o f serious sex
crim e. H is description o f the effect of endocrine treatm ent is n o t convinc­
ing.
B achm eister’s (1940) case seems to be one of m urder m otivated b y sex­
ual disturbance, b u t the discussion o f the case does not contrib ute a great
deal, since no analysis was possible and it seems un likely th at enough m a­
terial is extant to justify a definite interpretation.
B o n k ’s study (1940) o f castration o f sex crim inals is inconclusive as
regards effectiveness as a deterrent o f sex offenses. H e deals w ith som atic
effects; ad m itting that castrated individuals are reluctan t to indicate their
attitude toward libidinous drives. H e states th a t sex recidivists and h om o­
sexuals do not respond w ell— w hatever th a t means. H e believes th at cas­
tration does n ot get at th e root o f th e perversion, w hich is psychosexual;
however, no evidence is offered.
G illesp ie (1940) considers fetishism to be a result of a form o f castra­
tion anxiety, and traces it, in his case, to a confusion as to the difference
betw een sexes. Since no overt crimes were com m itted in this case, the
study does not directly pertain to sex offenses. T h e case is n o t w ell pre­
sented, and th e conclusions reached are not entirely convincing.
H enry and G ross (1940) trace the cases they report, o f m ale prostitu­
tion, rape, statutory rape and im pairing morals, to insecurity. T h e cases
are so briefly given th a t any oth er psychogenic factors w ould b e difficult
to determ ine. It seems that they jum p at rather hasty conclusions, w hen
they say th at th e sex offender w ill respond to anyone show ing an interest.
N either in the cases, nor in the discussion is there any considerable con ­
tribution.
Karpm an (1940) deals here w ith sexual crimes on ly incidentally; he
gives a b rief outlin e o f w hat crim inal psychopathology has gathered toward
live understanding o f crim inal behavior. Suggestions are m ade as to the
contribution of different types o f psychoses to types o f crime; this is a sub­
ject dealt w ith otherwise on ly b y R uskin (19 4 1) b u t in neither case has
an exhaustive study b een m ade. T h e paper contains a description o f the
psychopath, for w hom the new term , anethopath, is proposed. T h e sexual
basis o f such crim es as pyrom ania and kleptom ania is discussed. Karpm an
i loses w ith a pica for research, an inventory of available know ledge on the

636 Bibliography
subject, and for the establishm ent of a national organization to concern
itself m ainly w ith crim inal psychopathology. H e makes specific sugges­
tions for th e establishm ent of such an institution.
T h e report b y Krinsky and M ichaels (1940 ) is brief and sketchy and
adds n oth in g to w h at has been already w ritten.
M o ran ’s study (19 4 1) is statistical; he lists the sex crim es and penalties
in N ew Y o rk , and gives percentages o f convictions, ages, m arital status,
etc. H e pleads for m ore accurate statistics, and for social workers and psy­
chiatric and social research.
T h e R eport of the M ayor’s C o m m itte e (1940) is a sum m ary of factual
data about sex offenders and offenses. It gives definitions, distributions,
etc. It is a sober analysis of sex crimes, b u t neglects all psychiatric aspects.
F or certain tvpes of factual inform ation it is valuable, and has been
w idely quoted. It makes no plea for special institutions. It is a m uch
m ore useful report than that o f the C itizen s C o m m itte e of the previous
year. Я
R ubenstein, Shapiro and Freem an (Г940) report on th e successful
treatm ent o f five w om en w ith exaggerated sex urge w ith Testosterone
Propionate. It seems that th e num ber o f cases is too sm all to point
to any general conclusions.
Y aw ger (Г940) gives tw o cases o f peculiarities o f behavior; one a fe­
tishist and the other a psychotic. T h e cases have n ot been analyzed, and
th e author confesses him self unqualified to interpret them , so their value
is slight. . Я
F. A . A lle n ’s (Г94Г) discussion of the M in nesota statute for sexual ir-
responsiblcs is vague and inconclusive. It contributes little to the study.
B rill’s (19 4 1) study o f necrophilia is psychoanalytical, yet in the two
cases he discusses he is apparently unable to uncover any etiological fac
tors beyond a “ weak constitu tion .” H e quotes also a case of Tsheryaskin
in w hich the cond ition is traced to “ constitution and environm ent, spe­
cifically a “ psychopathic constitu tion .” O n e of B rill’s cases was an o v a l
hom osexual, th e other alm ost totally blind from birth; this case he finds
fixated at a pregenital level. H e gives a b rief criticism of the laws regard
ing necrophilia.
F o x e’s history (Г94Г) is com plete and detailed, b u t the psychogcnii
factors are not entirely convincing; this m ay b e partly due to th e fact th at
th e author has offered no interpretation, b u t sim ply reported the case
factually. O n e misses the statem ent o f any em otional reactions on the pail
o f the subject.
G u th e il (194Г) sum m arizes Stekel’s contributions regarding latent
crim inality. T h e study is psychoanalytically inclined. It does not apply
directly to the sex offender.
H en n in ger’s study (19 4 1) o f fifty-one cases o f exhibitionism is descrip
tive and statistical for the m ost part, although he quotes three cases that
apparently have been studied psychoanalytically. l i e regards exhibition
Bibliography 637
ism as a form o f com pensation for feelings o f inferiority due to the lack
o f attainm en t o f adult sexuality. B u t w hy one w ith a feelin g of inferiority
should com pensate b y (or defend him self against) exhibitionism is not
m ade clear.
H enry and G ross ( Г94Г) give a descriptive discussion of hom osexual
delinquents from socio-econom ic point of view . T h e y m ention insecurity
as a factor (w hether in delinquency or hom osexuality is n ot sta ted ), b u t
in a very general way. N o effort is m ade to determ ine causes. B rief cases
are given. T h e y recom m end for hom osexual delinquents penal hospitals
w ith em phasis on treatm ent, b u t do not say w hether or n ot, or where, such
facilities are available.
H ughes (Г941) criticizes the M in nesota “ Sexual Irresponsibles” law
from a legal po in t of view , regarding the definition as being too broad,
the elem ents of habitualness and likelihood o f injury too difficult to deter­
m ine. H e m entions the fact that too great responsibility is given to judges,
w ho m ay not b e qualified or m ay even be m alicious.
Som e of his criticism s and observations seem not entirely valid; is the
traum a to th e im pressionable child greater because the offender is com ­
m itted “ for life ” ; or is the traum a caused, as M illiken states, by the ques­
tioning b y unqualified police, courtroom scenes and reactions of friends
and relatives? H e makes m uch o f the absence of jury; b u t is the average
jury fitted to pass on questions o f sexual aberration?
A m ore serious criticism of the law m ade b y H ughes is that apparently
little w ill be done in the w ay of therapy, unless, as he observes, the situation
in hospitals for m en tally ill is different in M in nesota than in th e rest of
the country. U nless therapy is undertaken on a large scale, little is to be
gained, as h e points out, m erely in shutting up offenders for the rest of
their lives.
T h e “ chronic alcoh o lic” here studied b y K arpm an ( Г94Г) is another in ­
dividual w ho is n ot a real sex crim inal, since he has never been arrested
for a sexual crim e such as exhibitionism or paedophilia, b u t he is another
case in w hich sexual difficulties contributed indirectly to crim e, arrest and
im prisonm ent. A s a bisexual, he had also indulged in sexual behavior,
which is punishable b y im prisonm ent. T h e individual suffered from a
deep-seated anxiety neurosis flow ing out o f hom osexual and bisexual diffi­
culties, and resorted to alcohol to still his anxiety. A lco h o l is seen as the
surface expression o f an underlying neurosis.
T h is study is enriched b y the discussions o f the p atien t’s dreams, w hich
are unusually colorful, and which add m uch to the understanding of
the patien t’s unconscious m echanism s.
L ep p m an ’s (194Г) remarks on th e essential differences betw een sex o f­
fenders are superficial, and reveal no real understanding. Som e of his ob ­
servations arc naive, as when he considers a little girl being attached to
I lie ow ner of a candy store a condition peculiarly conducive to sex offense.
His recom m endation seems to be that the police should recognize th e type
 Bibliography 639
638 Bibliography
of offender— w hether a brute or a degenerate— and thus m ore easdy trap 1942-1946
A rieff and R o tm an (1942) studied exhibitionists statistically, as to age,
hl Patterson (19 4 1) considers legal features o f th e M ich igan 1939 law di­
sex, race, victim , occupation, education, m arital status, religion. T h e y
rected against sexual psychopaths. H e is apparently one of th e first to ask
trace sex offenses to feelings of inferiority, w h ich is a result of sexual im ­
w h y only the sexual psychopath, and n o t oth er crim inal psychopaths,
m aturity, brou ght on b y view ing intercourse as hostile or abhorrent and
should be considered m en tally ill? H e quotes one case w h ich shows a life
by traum atic factors resulting in fixation. O n e case is given in w hich ex­
history o f sexual offenses. A lth o u gh “ psychiatric aspects” are m entioned
hibitionism is seen as the result of feelings of inadequacy enhanced b y a
in th e title, the article has little to do w ith these.
dom ineering father; b u t how th e individual reached this stage is n ot given.
R u skin ’s (19 4 1) study o f sex offenders am ong psychiatric patients deals
T h e study is largely statistical; how ever, som e attem p t is m ade to study
on ly w ith psychotics; he gives the percentages of sex offenders in different
psychodynam ic factors.
types of psychosis, finding the distribution n ot m arkedly different from
G o ite in ’s study o f th e “ poten tial prostitute” (1942) is a psychodynam -
that of th e general hospital population. A lth o u gh there seems to be some
ically oriented discussion, ostensibly based on a case history, b u t the facts
indication from his work that certain types of psychotics tend m ore to cer­
of the case are sketchily treated and serve b u t as a fram ework for th e au­
tain types o f offenses, the conclusions are hardly definite. H e seems to
th o r’s interpretations. T h e author considers anorexia as a defense against
equate sex offense w ith psychosis.
prostitution wishes. T h e presentation is vague. T h e subject does n ot di­
Silverm an (19 4 1) reports on the treatm ent o f tw o cases o f exhibition
rectly concern th e m atter o f sex offenses.
ism. P sychoanalytically oriented, th e cases are given m considerable detail,
In Perversions as N euroses, (1 — х94 2 ) K arpm an discusses in som e de­
although com plete analysis was not undertaken, significant m aterial was tail the genetic relationship o f paraphilias to hysterical and other neu­
elicited. T h e prodrom al sym ptom s here described h ave n o t otherwise been
roses. H e distinguishes several types o f paraphiliacs: those w ho rationalize
described. T h e interpretations are convincing, and greater possibilities tor
their tendencies (u n con sciou s), those in w hom the claim s of hysteria and
b rief psychotherapy are indicated. H e finds in exhibitionists submissive
paraphilia seem about equally divided, and a group w hich includes psy­
ness, heterosexual im m aturity, feelings of inferiority, passive schizoid per-
chotic states. In certain hom osexuals, th e hysterical sym ptom s are held in
sonality structure. In the tw o cases given, he uncovered castration tears
abeyance as lon g as hom osexual activities are indulged in; w hen these are
W a g g o n e r and B oyd ( 1 9 4 1 ) , in their study of Juvenile Aberrant S exu d
abandoned h e falls a prey to anxiety. A n o th er group includes those w ho
Behavior, divide the juvenile delinquents studied into several groups:
are arrested for sex crimes; although these are usually diagnosed as psy­
those w ho have been overprotected and are em otionally im m ature; those
chopathies, they are neuroses as are th e others. T h re e cases are quoted; of
w ho have been rejected; and those w ith defects in personality orgamza
these, tw o w ere specifically charged w ith sex offenses, exhibitionism and
tion , intellectual deficiency or physical handicaps. Several cases are quoted
carrying obscene pictures. T h e third escaped arrest only techn ically as
from each group. T h e study o f the cases is psychoanalytically oriented a I
he had engaged in a variety o f prohibited sexual activity. T h e emphasis
though the interpretations are n o t searching and little is involved 111 I lie
in these cases is on relations betw een paraphiliac reactions and neurotic
w ay of psychodynam ics. T h e work illustrates th e variety o f different causa reactions rather than on etiology; the relations betw een these reactions are
tive factors. . , m ade clear b y presentation in tabular form . T h e m ajority of sex crim es in­
W ile (19 4 1) devotes m uch space to classifications of sex offenders given
volve m otivation th a t is n ot psychopathic b u t psychogenic, although the
b y different writers; n one of these is entirely satisfactory since all are based
psychopath m ay indulge in such behavior, b u t from psychopathic rather
on overt con d u ct rather than on underlying m echanism s. H e also clis
than psychogenic m otives. T h e paraphilias contribute m ost to sex crimes;
cusses th e treatm en t of various types o f offenses; this again is meaningless
the proper treatm en t for these cases, as for neuroses in general, is psycho­
as lon g as the treatm en t is based on th e offense, as in th e case of statu niy
therapy.
rape w hich m ay com prise so m any different offenses and m ay lave so
K arpm an (2— 1942) here reports another case o f sexual offense (ex­
m any different m eanings. O n e wonders w hy, w hen he states that trca
hibitionism , sexual assault) and repeated thefts in w hich the crim inality is
m en t designed to solve dynam ics does n ot deal directly w ith th e offense, lie
an expression o f a specific type of neurosis. T h is case is interesting espe­
m entions treatm en t o f statutory rape. N eith er th e classifications nor Ilie
cially in that it is studied largely through dreams and daydreams. E xh ib i­
proposed m ethods o f treatm ent are particularly h elpful.
tionism is here shown to be b u t one elem ent in an undeveloped, infantilis-
tic sex life, and his difficulties arc traceable to a feeling o f inferiority.
 Bibliography 641
640 Bibliography
H e m entions n ine different types o f psychotherapy; these seem so very
T h e ultim ate source of the inferiority feelings was n ot determ ined; a fail­
m uch like each other that one wonders just w hat was the purpose in listing
ure w hich the author shares w ith m any other workers in th e field.
them separately. H e m entions th at the recidivist and feeble-m inded are not
Rickies (1942) m entions m other-attachm ent, th e dom ineering m other
responsive to treatm ent. If the recidivist is not responsive, is the only one
and narcissism, b u t does n ot em phasize these as m uch as in his book
to be treated the one w ho w ould not repeat anyway?
(1950). H e coins a word (expom ania) to designate exhibitionism which
T h e case of hom osexuality as reported b y W u lff (1942) is interesting
h e believes due to com pulsion neurosis as distinguished from th e exhibi­
in showing psychogenic factors; the attach m ent to father and tw ice re­
tionism o f the “ depraved” and of the psychotic. It is his conten tion that
peated repression of love life. T h e case o f hom osexuality appears to have
exhibitionism can often be cured b y change in environm ent— rem oving
been entirely conscious, though apparently there was no overt hom osex­
th e patient from th e influ ence o f th e m other, or b y changing the nature
ual practice, therefore no actual offense took place. T h e study is psycho-
o f his sexual life. H e apparently has n ot found am ong his exhibitionists
analytically oriented.
th e m aladjustm ent o f heterosexual life that has been found by other in ­
D osh ay’s cases (1943) are reported descriptively w ith little attem p t at
vestigators, although he finds th at his patients frequently practice coitus
psychiatric understanding. T h e causes o f delinquency, sexual or other­
interrupters. His placin g exhibitionism as a type o f com pulsion neurosis,
wise, in the cases he studied are found to b e “ poor hom e environm ent or
and his recognition o f a separate type as “ depraved” ( W . N orw ood E ast)
“ undesirable com panions” or b oth. In the cases w here these conditions
are open to question.
are n o t seen to be a factor, no explanation is offered. H e com pares the
T h e value of C o n n 's paper (1942) lies chiefly in th e evidence th a t cer­
generally d elinq u en t juvenile w ith th e exclusively sexual juvenile o f­
tain chronic sex offenders can b e cured or im proved through psychiatric
fender, and finds th a t the tw o groups differ only slightly in early life; in
treatm ent in conn ection w ith probation. The case is briefly reported but
general, background and fam ily circum stances are more favorable w ith
th e psychogenic factors seem clear.
the exclusively sexual juvenile offenders.
E liasberg (1942) finds interest in pornography a sym ptom of psycho-
G o ite in ’s study of fellatio (1943) attem pts to relate a^holdup w ith a
sexual im m aturity, conn ected frequently w ith im poten ce in males, frigid
dangerous w eapon to oral traits springing from an unsolved O ed ip al
ity in w om en. T h is is abou t w h a t one w ould expect to find. T h e study is
conflict. T h e m aterial given b y him does n ot substantiate this theory, as
very general and no attem p t is m ade to trace psychogenic factors nor to
the case is n ot presented in full. T h e emphasis is upon interpretation at
study the psychodynam ics. N o cases are given.
the expense o f factual m aterial to bear it out. O n e should have m ore de­
R apoport (1942) relates th e necrophilia in the case h e describes to oral
tails o f the case itself in order to be able to follow the author in his con­
and anal drives, reactivated b y traum atic experiences at the age of thirty
clusions.
eight. H e fails to m ake the interpretation entirely convincing. T h e paper
K arpm an (3— 1943) here reports a case o f acute hom osexual panic
is descriptive and fails to reveal inner dynam ics.
(K em p f’s D isease) treated successfully through m ediate psychotherapy.
T h e case o f exhibitionism presented b y R o m m (1942) is well dc
T h is case is not, properly speaking, one of sexual offenses, since the pa­
scribed and th e interpretation is entirely convincing. In this case the an
tien t has never indulged in any overt acts b u t his m ental con ten t was
thor finds elem ents of narcissism, castration fears, fear o f hom osexuality
preoccupied w ith m any paraphilias showing the genetic relationship b e­
and m asochism . She claim s th a t am bulatory treatm en t is destined to fail­
tw een psychoses and paraphilias. T h e patien t was uncooperative b u t treat­
ure because th e patien t w ill invariably expose him self to arrest in order
m ent was effected through the m edium o f a third person (w ife) to w hom
to avoid bringing to consciousness underlying factors, and to gratify need
transference was effected. T h is m ethod has n ot b een applied elsewhere, so
for punishm ent. T h e conclusion that cases of this type cannot be success­
far as is know n , w ith sexual offenders.
fu lly treated on an am bulatory basis is perhaps too sw eeping a generali/.a
Is prostitution a sexual crime? T h e law definitely forbids it b u t its uni­
tion.
versality reveals law ’s failure. Is the problem an econom ic one? It w ould
T h e statem ent m ade b y Selling (1942) th a t feeble-m inded persons pre­
seem so, on th e surface at least. It w ould account, in part at least, for the
d om inate am ong sex offenders is at least questionable, and the article as
social aspects of the reaction b u t w ould n ot explain it psychologically.
a w hole is rather vague. It w ould b e m ore correct to say that the fccbli
G iven a n u m ber o f youn g girls grow ing up, a certain num ber are due,
m inded ones (e.g., prostitutes) are m ore likely to b e caught, w h ile I lie
(one m igh t say, fated ) to drift into prostitution. B ut w hy those particular
clever ones escape detection. H e says th a t the difference betw een the cs
young w om en, and n ot any other group o f youn g w om en? T h e question
h ib ition ist and the paedophiliac is in the com bination of factors having I о
can only be answered b y specific psychological study o f individual pros­
do w ith social control, opportun ity and deterioration. O n e w ould like In
titutes. U n fortu n ately, very few studies exist on the subject. W c n g r a f’s
k n ow m ore abou t these factors, w h at they arc and just how they operate.
642 Bibliography
study (1943) deals w ith th e analysis of a w om an o f good fam ily w ho he
cam e a prostitute and then murdered the lover for w hose sake she had
left prostitution. H e finds the basic factor to be fixation on th e father and
hatred for th e m other, though this is not borne out by the m aterial he
quotes. H e finds laten t hom osexuality, and considers th e m urder to b e an
attem p t to restore injured narcissism.
G lo v er’s study of prostitution (1943) is oriented on a m ore com prehcn
sive and profound level. Preparatory to discussing it, h e reviews briefly
the Freudian theory o f in fan tile sexuality, refers to th e sexual perversions,
w h ich are essentially regressive in type, and says th at “ one o f th e first ques­
tions to be raised regarding prostitution is w hether it is a regressive mani
festation ind icating a backw ard and retarded state o f sexual develop
nrent,” and also “ w hether signs of retardation are to be detected . . . in
th e m en tal developm ent of the prostitute.”
It is his opinion th at although th e prostitute has apparently “ broken
aw ay” from th e fam ily at an unusually early age, nevertheless there exisls
under the surface a strong fixation to th e O edipus phase; th a t th e emo
tions associated w ith this phase prove to have been m arkedly negative.
T h e re exists an acu te d isappointm ent w ith the father, w hile the relation
to the m other is strongly im pregnated w ith hostility. T h ese facts are o f sig
nificance in conn ection w ith th e unconscious hom osexual factor in prosli
tution.
H e believes th a t an im portant consequence o f th e norm al conflict ovci
in fan tile sexual urges w h ich has a very close bearing on th e psychology
of th e prostitute is th e divorce th a t takes place betw een the physical 01
sexual (erotic) aspects and the m ore idealistic and affection ate (non
erotic) aspects o f in fan tile love. H e discusses th e cleavage w hich tends to
persist into ad ult life w hen th e original conflict over infan tile love lias
b een excessive, stating th at in such a case th e ad u lt m ay lo ve idealized
objects b ut be incapable o f sexual relations w ith them , or m ay be capable
o f sexual gratification only w ith “ deteriorated” sexual objects w hom lie
can n o t love and in m any instances despises; and th a t these difficulties have
a close bearing on th e problem of prostitution. M a n y m en of high intellce
tual and ethical developm ent find them selves com pulsorily attached Iо
prostitutes because on ly w ith them are th ey capable of sexual potency.
In such cases the prostitute satisfies a psychopathological dem and. Tin
problem of prostitution, like practically all sexual problem s, is two-sided
N o sexual problem can be accurately measured w ith o u t takin g into 11c
co u n t th e reciprocal relationships existing b etw een th e parties to the silua
tion.
T h e real significance o f persisting and pathological cleavages is, accord
in g to G lover, that they are intended to perform an essentially protective
fun ction, to dissociate sexual desires from the parental objects to which
they were first attached. T h e bad m other im age is that o f a prostitute, so
th e m an w ho has a com pulsive interest in prostitutes seeks, w ith o u t k n ow ­
Bibliography 643
ing it, to gratify in ad u lt life th e tabooed desires o f infancy. C orrespond­
ingly, the prostitute sees in her client th e deteriorated im age of her father,
at th e sam e tim e registering vio len tly jealous disapproval of her m other s
m arriage b y debasing her ow n fem in ine currency. A ll m ental construc­
tions are overdeterm ined, and the state of prostitution is no exception.
T h e num ber o f sexual objects w ith w hom th e prostitute has relations m ust
be of som e psychological significance. Sexual prom iscuity is an u n con ­
scious protective device. In com pulsive sexual prom iscuity the m echanism
o f displacem ent can be m ade to serve the purposes n ot on ly o f defense
b u t of repressed im pulses. P rom iscuity serves to deny th a t there was a one
and only parental ob ject of infan tile love. It also represents unconsciously
a search for th e one and only (forbid d en ) love.
T h e problem o f prostitution can not b e studied in isolation. It is on у
a part of the problem represented b y th e role o f sexuality in hum an af­
fairs. T h e choice o f prostitution as a profession is determ ined b y the
early history of in fan tile sexual impulse; and the problem of prostitution
can not be m easured w ith ou t a collateral investigation o f th e sexual e-
velopm ent o f th e m ale. T h e re is some evidence th a t th e m anifestations of
prostitution are m ore infan tile than those observed in norm al adult sex
life; m ore closely associated w ith perverse practices; m ore isolated from
the general stream o f ad u lt love feelin g and social impulses in general.
Prostitution exhibits regressive characteristics; it represents a prim itive
phase in sexual developm ent. It is a kind of sexual backwardness.
A ccord in g to som e investigators, alm ost eighty percent of prostitutes
exhibit som e degree of intellectual and em otional backwardness. Investi­
gations o f th e subject are b y no m eans com plete, and m any m ore are
needed before final conclusions m ay b e reached. B u t how ever com m on
th e ph enom enon o f prostitution m ay be, its m anifestations are archaic
and regressive in character. If it is regressive in character it is likely to
conform to th e pattern o f m ental regression in general. It is likely to be
activated, in borderline cases, b y the factor of em otional stress. It is a
com m on place of psychopathology that em otional stress is one of the com ­
m onest precipitatin g factors in all m ental disorder. A n d this m turn raises
th e question: h ow far are these stresses personal and em otional, and how
far are they environm ental in nature?”
G lo ver does n ot b elieve th at there is any such th in g as a prostitute type.
T h e term has strictly legal connotations. T h e law defines its terms in ac­
cordance w ith social standards; it has n ot taken th e definitions of indi­
vidual psychology into account. T h ere are as m any different types of
prostitutes as there are varieties of pilfering. It is absurd to talk of rem e­
dies for prostitution w ith ou t first establishing a reasonably exact classi­
fication of prostitutes. T h e m ost cursory study o f police court^cases^shows
th at there arc three com m on groups: streetwalkers o f the “ drab” type
w ho usually practice prostitution as a lifelon g profession. T h e y are apa­
th etic and “ hopeless” in attitude, som e m en tally disordered, others m en­
644 Bibliography
tally backward; others prone to form associations w ith crim inals. T hey
incline to excessive use of alcohol, and m ost o f them attribute their choice
o f profession to em otional disturbances in adolescence.
In contrast to th e above, th e “ you n g” prostitutes are unstable adoles­
cents, of borderline intelligence, attracted by a gay life, irresponsible, re­
bellious, defiant, often ind olent and indifferent, w ith ou t foreth ought 01
anxiety as to th e future; b u t they are m ore readily am enable to social
influences and, under favorable environm ental conditions, often settle
dow n.
G lo v er m entions a variety of types betw een these extrem es: the “ flour
ishing” professional, know n to the police b u t often able to avoid police
interference, restless, dissatisfied, and given to various excesses; the “ dis
creet” type w ho has a com paratively short period o f flam boyance, settles
dow n as a short-term mistress and often ends as a respectable spinster.
T h ere are other sm aller and m ore specialized groups w hich do not ordi
narily com e under police scrutiny. Classifications m ay b e m ade in many
ways— according to age, social standing, success, tem peram ent, variety
o f sexual activity, publicity, m ental abnorm ality, and w hether or not pros­
titution is continued after the clim acteric, etc. In th e absence of detailed
psychological investigation of all types, one m ust confine him self to well-
established generalizations, the best test of w h ich is th at the pathological
factors should be present n ot on ly in groups of experienced prostitutes
b ut in w hat m ight be called “ larval” groups, those from w h ich th e experi­
enced ones are recruited.
A n extrem ely com m on factor am ong th e experienced types is sexual
frigidity— an absence o f either physical or psychical pleasure in th e sex­
ual act, and in particular incapacity to achieve sexual orgasm. B ut, says
G lover, frigidity is com m on to b oth neurotic and apparently normal
wom en and its significance in prostitution depends on its association
w ith other elem ents. In the case of prostitutes the m ost closely associated
factors are unconscious hom osexuality and unconscious antagonism to
th e m ale. T h ere is a good deal o f unconscious hostility to the m an as a
substitute father im age, and the attitu d e o f m any prostitutes towards their
clients is one of depreciation w hich frequently ends in som e form o f in
jury to (unconsciously, punishm ent o f) the m an; and n ot only does the
prostitute exploit m en financially, b u t frequently steals from them . I his
attitu d e o f depreciation is consciously or unconsciously reciprocated by
the m an, so th at th e sexual life of b oth prostitute and client contains ci­
ther in m anifest or laten t form a com po n en t of sadism. T h ere is also a
m asochistic com ponen t involved in th e injurious consequences o f the pros
titu te’s w ay o f life. Strong gu ilt reaction plays a part in her make-up. I lei
career, rather than indicating a strong heterosexual tendency, is in a sense
a denial of norm al sexuality.
W ith respect to the “ larval” group, cases o f precocious prostitutes in
early adolescence, w e cannot place the real onset of sexuality. M o re in
Bibliography 645
tensive investigation o f the sexual reactions o f little girls from three to
five years of age w ould be necessary. A d olescen t girls are n ot only “ little
w om en ” b u t also “ little children,” for the early phase of puberty is signal­
ized b y regressive as w ell as by progressive tendencies. T h e m ost fruitful
field for investigating early forms of prostitution is that o f juvenile delin­
quency, in w hich is found a group o f behavior reactions— early truancy,
w andering, pilfering, etc.— closely associated w ith precocious acts o f sex­
ual seduction and soliciting. M a n y children and adolescents com ing un ­
der the legal designation of “ out of con trol” or “ in need of care and pro­
tectio n ” already show tendencies indicative of later prostitution. W h e n
analyzed they show the m ain unconscious elem ents w hich are later de­
tected in experienced prostitutes. E nviron m en tal factors, w hile m ore easy
to check, are often unreliable, because the history of experienced pros­
titutes shows a m arked degree of fabrication. E con om ic m otives play a sub­
sidiary role. A n outstanding factor is the lack o f adequate fam ily love in
early and later childhood. Illegitim acy represents not so m uch the influ­
ence of econom ic hardship as th at of psychological insecurity. A n oth er fac­
tor is the m anifest irregularity in the sexual life of the parents. C h ildren are
quick to d etect m arital differences even when parents take some pains to
conceal them . T h is situation results in unconscious reactions of hostility.
T h e prostitute displays an urge to m ake a m ockery o f parental love life;
the brothel-keeper makes a m ockery of fam ily life.
T o return to the “ larval” prostitute, G lo v er continues, “ this com bin a­
tion of psychological insecurity (insecurity o f lo v e ), together w ith an u n ­
conscious urge to obtain revenge for neglect, can be borne out by a n u m ­
ber of observations.” L yin g and deception on the part of the parents plays
a large role in preparing the ground for sexual aberrations in the children.
P ractically all early delinquen cy m ay be traced to an original insecurity
abou t being adequately loved. “ T h e environm ental factors that lead to
prostitution are essentially psychological, in particular those conditions of
upbringing that low er the ‘love-security’ of the child, and increase its an­
tagonism to norm al sexuality.” O n e cannot exclude w hat are called con­
stitutional factors, the inborn tem peram ent o f the prostitute, b u t w ith the
expansion of psychological research th e im portance of these factors is in­
creasingly curtailed.
R eferring to therapeutic measures, G lo ver objects to the policy o f to l­
erated houses because it tolerates th e problem as w ell as the prostitute.
“ It gives social sanction to a pathological cond ition.” Pie discounts the
theory that the sanction of tolerated houses cuts dow n the incidence of
venerea] disease, and claim s that it is in any case irrelevant. T h e social
ph enom enon o f prostitution can not be dealt w ith by m erely paying psy­
chological atten tion to individual prostitutes. Suggested changes in the
attitu d e initiated by the State w ould have to include such problem s as
the regulation o f marriage and divorce. Serious attem pts should be m ade
n ot only to alleviate every variety of psychological stress b u t to provide

646 Bibliography
com pensatory interests w hich w ill tide th e individual over periods of psy­
chological hardship. B u t the solution o f the problem w ill depend upon the
extent to w hich w e can m odify those childhood patterns w h ich predispose
to the ultim ate choice o f prostitution as a career. T h is w ould involve a
radical change in our present system o f sexual upbringing. T h e w h ole sys­
tem o f child education should be of a liberal nature and this liberality
should begin at hom e. Parents and educator alike m ust grasp th e fact that
if w e deny children the am ou n t of love th a t is necessary for their personal
developm ent w e cannot expect them to love in norm al ways.
H e has som e com m ent on the individual treatm en t of prostitutes, w hich
should alleviate the psychological conflicts originally responsible for the
choice of prostitution as a career, m en tion ing various form s of psychother­
apy from psychoanalysis to suggestion. M u ch direct prevention could be
effected if all adolescent “ problem ” cases were psychologically exam ined
and guided during the difficult phase of puberty.
T h e im position of fines for prostitution is in the view o f G lo v er both
irrational and absurd, for it encourages a repetition o f the offense in or­
der to obtain m oney to pay the fine. Im prisonm ent destroys th e girl s
chances of finding “ respectable” em ploym ent later on. T h e m oral indig­
nation frequently expressed b y m agistrates is a positive encouragem ent to
recidivism .
T h is study of G lo ver’s is really very sim ilar in character to th e one on
th e sexual offender (vide infra) except that here G lo v er confines his dis­
cussion to a particular type of sexual offender— th e prostitute. H is con­
clusions are practically th e same; th at the roots o f prostitution are psycho­
logical and th at th e only m eans o f com battin g an d /or eradicating it arc
psychological. H is analysis of prostitution as b ein g based on the em otional
insecurity o f childhood, grow ing ou t of fau lty fam ily life, appears to be
true enough; and this same psychogenetic source m ay b e foun d to apply,
in our view, anyw ay, to m any other form s o f sexual aberration and anti
social conduct. A s he says, suggested rem edial changes w ould have to in ­
clude th e regulation of m arriage and divorce; b u t he doesn’t appear to
outlin e any program for such regulation, and one w onders w hether lie
has any and, if so, h ow practicable it m ight be. A s in the other article, hi
deplores present-day legal m ethods o f dealing w ith th e problem , and
wants to substitute m andatory psychological treatm en t for the prescnl
forms o f punishm ent. B y and large his com m ents appear to b e psycho­
logically and sociologically sound, and consistent w ith a forward vision,
b u t strike th e reviewer as a b it too idealistic and utopian for anythin g like
ready or whole-hearted acceptance b y legal authorities.
A p felb erg, Sugar and P feffer (19 4 4 ): A statistical and descriptive study,
psychiatrically oriented. T h e y find a high percentage of previous sex of
fense charges, particularly am ong exhibitionists; this contradicts other sin
veys, b u t is certainly m ore in accordance w ith case studies. T h e y consider
the paedophiliac the m ost dangerous to th e com m u n ity and the offender
Bibliography 647
against w h om concern should be directed. N o recom m endations are m ade
as to treatm ent.
C en iceros’ article (19 4 4 ), as abstracted, perm its no understanding of
the crim inal, since th e varying opinions are given in insufficient detail.
T h is case w ould probably be im portant in th e study of sex offenders only
if it were to b e interpreted according to th e second diagnosis, th at o f th e
neurotic w ith active O edipus com plex. It w ould seem the case could n ot
be discussed profitably un til th e release o f final opinion o f the psychiatrists
attached to the court.
G o ite in ’s study (1944) o f self-m utilation does n ot bear directly on sex­
ual offenses. T h e case given is not fully described and the conclusions
reached do n ot appear to be justified on the basis of th e m aterial given.
H onigm an n (1944) considers obscenity from an anthropological point
o f view, pointin g out th at obscenity deals only w ith cultural taboos.
F or the m ost part this paper b y K arpm an (4— 1944) does not concern
sexual offenses as th e individuals here studied were not prim arily sex of­
fenders and few details o f their sex lives are given. T h e em phasis is on
crim inality in general and th e distinctions b etw een crim inality due to
neurosis and that due to psychopathy, w hich is said to furnish b u t a sm all
proportion of predatory crim inals. M o st cases of crim inality are pro­
duced in a setting o f em otional privation and hostility; as regards sex
crim inals this is corroborated b y the findings o f the N ew Y o rk R eport on
102 sex offenders at Sing Sing.
T h e attem p t o f G reenspan and C am p b e ll (1945) to prove a constitu­
tional origin o f hom osexuality is superficial and reveals a lack o f under­
standing o f th e subject. In large part it consists o f dogm atic statem ents.
T h e y consider on ly the m ale hom osexual, and their statem ents apply only
to th e m ale. T h e y find a predom inance of fem in in e characteristics; this is
contrary to the findings o f H enry and Gross (19 4 1) w ho find th a t h om o­
sexual delinquents differ little from the rest o f the prison population.
T h e case given is n ot psychoanalytically studied and is lacking in nec­
essary inform ation as to psychogenic factors; however, w e are told th a t he
identified all w om en w ith his m other and was unable to regard them sex­
ually. T h e authors, in their zeal for a congenital origin, disregard th e im ­
plications o f this statem ent. T h e discussion o f th e m ale hom osexual as a
personality typ e is n ot convincing; nor is th e attem p t to distinguish b e­
tw een “ perversity” and “ true hom osexuality.”
H irnin g (1945) reports statistically on the study of sex offenders, par­
ticularly exhibitionists, including data as to attitud e tow ard offense, rela­
tive frequency, tim e o f year, m arital status, intelligence, age, religion, etc.
T h e study is very general. O n e case is reported, on a descriptive level. H e
m entions certain characteristics o f th e exhibitionists, as tim idity, in h ib i­
tions, insecurity, lack o f aggressiveness.
In this reference (L eonard, 1943) lie m erely states that the Suprem e
C o u rt of Illinois upheld I lie constitution ality o f the 1938 statute regarding
648 Bibliography
crim inal, sexual, psychopathic persons. T h ere is no discussion or interpre­
tation.
Loeser’s title is m isleading (19 4 5 ); instead o f the “ sexual psychopath”
he deals only w ith hom osexuals in the m ilitary service. H e divides h om o­
sexuals into four groups: endocrine or constitutional; psychological (O e d ­
ipus com p lex ); regressive (these, he says, are com pulsive-obsessional
n eurotics); and psychopathic. H e believes that only the com pulsive-
obsessional group w ould benefit from psychotherapy, and these are not
true hom osexuals. A p paren tly only the constitu tion al group are true h o ­
mosexuals. Such a grouping adds little to the understanding o f th e h om o­
sexual, nor is it quite clear h ow he justifies th e classification o f certain
hom osexuals as com pulsive-obsessive neurotics.
E ast (1945-1946), w riting from a legal po in t of view , attem pts a classi­
fication o f causal factors of sexual offenses as clinical, environm ental,
physical, psychological (under w hich he includes Freudian th e o ry), psy­
chiatric, and biological-anthropological. Just w hy he distinguishes “ clin i­
cal,” “ psychological” and “ psychiatric” factors is n ot clear. T h e fact that
behavior patterns “ sim ilar to those o f hum an sexual offenders” m ay be
observed am ong anim als contributes n othin g to our understanding of the
hum an sexual offender. H e explains a higher incidence of sexual offenses
in June and July (in G erm an y) b y len gth ened days and b etter w eather,
giving b etter opportunity; one m ight argue th a t longer nights w ould give
m ore opportunity.
H e seems to m isunderstand th e psychiatric aspects of the problem ; he
distinguishes the hom osexual from the transvestist, although h e admits
that b oth m ay be derived “ from the same physical ty p e” ; he speaks o f ex­
hibitionism as being “ im pulsive” and a “ h abit,” apparently failing to rec­
ognize the difference betw een a drive and a habit.
T h e recom m endations as to treatm ent are vague; he states th at th e pub­
lic m ust be educated to an “ understanding o f norm al and abnorm al sex­
uality” w ith ou t ind icating along w h at lines this should be done; “ medical
treatm ent in suitable cases” w ith ou t stating w hich cases are to be consid­
ered suitable. T h e fact that he writes o f “ m edical treatm en t . . . w ith
psychiatric treatm en t w hen required” raises the question of w hat sort of
m edical treatm en t is to be given w hen psychiatric treatm en t is not re
quired.
T h e case here discussed b y K arpm an (5— 1946) is one of felonious as
sault, legally classified as a crim e against the person, here clearly shown,
on the basis o f m otivation, to b e a sexual crim e. It is o f a type w h ich the
author has designated as o ccu lt or masked, sexual crim e. T h is case sup
ports the author’s argum ent for a classification of crim e based n ot on the
deed b u t on the m otivation back o f it, and for psychotherapy rather than
punishm ent as treatm ent. Selling, 1947, also criticizes th e “ legal tendency
to lum p all sex offenders into one category; . . . th e m ental reactions <>1
different offenders are quite different.”
Bibliography 649
A case of chronic exhibitionism treated b y th e autobiographical m ethod
of analysis was described b y F loch (Г946) in an article abstracted in the
Journal of C rim in al L aw and C rim in ology. T h e journal in w hich it origi­
nally appeared was not given. W ith in the lim its of the abstract, the case
is convincing, and a further dem onstration of successful treatm ent
through new m ethods o f psychotherapy. N o psychodynam ic factors are
given. E xhibition ism is traced to childhood punishm ent for sex play.
H arris’ (1946) is th e sort of popular article th at perpetuates m iscon­
ceptions as to sex crimes. T h e num ber of sex crimes annually is given as
40,000 (as is elsewhere pointed out, m ost of these are statutory rap e).
T h e recom m endations are for vice squads to constantly track down all
sex perversion, com plete files of all those picked up on suspicion; states
should provide institutions and staffs for indeterm inate com m itm en t. T h e
use o f lob otom y is advocated.
H irning (Г946) em phasizes a puritanical attitude toward sex on the
part of exhibitionists, and believes th a t exhibitionists are more than ordi­
narily troubled by m asturbation conflicts T h is how ever is true of all para-
philiacs. Fie believes that traum atic m asturbation experience is an im ­
portant etiological factor; how ever not enough cases are offered in
substantiation of this concept. D o not puritanical attitudes toward sex
and traum atic m asturbation experiences obtain in th e cases o f m any
individuals w ho do not becom e exhibitionists, or even sex offenders?
B rom berg (1946) deals w ith em otional im m aturity psychodynam ically;
his remarks apply m ore to yo u th fu l delinquency in general than specifi­
cally to sex offenses.
1947-1951
B u tts’ (Г947) study o f you th fu l m ale prostitutes is sociologically oriented;
based 011 brief and public interviews th e inform ation gleaned could
hardly be searching. H is findings seem to indicate that this is m ore a prob­
lem based on financial need than on fixed inversion, although w ith some
individuals th e m otive is pleasure rather than profit. It is difficult, h ow ­
ever, for a dynam ically oriented psychiatrist to accept the idea th at m oney
could be the driving m otive behind paraphiliac indulgence. It is d oubtful
w hether a norm al individual w ould for any financial gain be w illin g to
change the direction o f his psychosexual drive.
T h e case described b y C ason (Г947) is th at o f an individual, diagnosed
at one tim e as a psychopath, a hom osexual and transvestist, serving a long
sentence for arm ed robbery. T h is is a m ost interesting, and carefully re­
ported case; however, it is felt that the interpretation is som ew hat weak.
T h e behavior is traced to com pensation for feelings of inferiority, and it
is stated that lie felt a drive to m ake a success o f his life. O th er factors cited
in the case would appear to be of at least equal im portance. Ib is case
w ould have rewarded a m ore psychodynam ic approach.
650 Bibliography
“ A N ew R eport” (194 7) is along th e sam e lines; it recom m ends the
G allegh er program o f Springfield, M assachusetts, w hich calls for w ider use
of policem en, education of school authorities, ou tlaw ing bargain sen­
tences, detailed records, etc. Just how these aids are to be brought into
play or to be m ade effective is not m ade clear.
Freyhan ’s case (1947) of m ale prostitution is reported descriptively. It is
recorded in som ew hat m ore detail than those of B utts, b u t has little more
in the way of etiological factors, and no psychodynam ics.
T h is study b y Flirning (194 7) is one of the very few papers to deal w ith
the interrelation betw een th e offender and the com m unity, although this
constitutes a small part o f the paper. It deals also w ith legal aspects and
w ith psychiatric aspects o f particular offenses.
Floover (194 7) declares the best w ay of com batin g “ the m enace of sex
fiends” is through aroused public opinion. Fie does his best in this article to
arouse it. T h is seems to b e th e source for the frequently qu oted statem ent
that “ a crim inal assault takes place every forty-three m inutes, n igh t and
day, in the U n ited States.” H e does not m ention w hat types of assault are
included in this. H e states th at “ lon g before the sex fiend reaches his
eventual crim e of violence he has given am ple evidence o f his tendencies,”
and that if “ th e laws d on ’t provide for specialized treatm ent w ith o u t their
consent, new laws should be forthcom ing.” T h is is not in accordance with
other statem ents th at there are already too m any obsolete and u n enforce­
able laws, nor does he com m en t on the efficacy of “ specialized treatm ent
w ith o u t their consent.” H e states that the average tim e served in prison
for rape is “ o n ly” 36.2 m onths, b u t here again there is apparently no effort
to distinguish b etw een statutory and forcible rape. T h is is a typical scare
article, m isinform ed and sensational.
T h is sum m ary b y K arpm an (1 — 1948) contains com paratively little bear­
ing directly on the problem o f sexual crim e. M ost of th e m aterial here
quoted is in book form , w hile th e literature on sexual crim e is largely
in th e form o f journal articles. T h e only tw o books on the subject to be
here considered are those of Pollens and D oshay, althou gh W o r tis ’ article
is quoted, and M enaker, R ich m on d and E ast have contributed som e­
thing. H ow ever, all that K arpm an says in his analysis o f the m aterial re­
view ed applies at least as w ell to sexual crim e as to delinquency and
crim e in general. W e see that in sexual crim e, as in other crim e, little
has been determ ined regarding etiology, th at th e greatest contribution
here, as elsewhere, is m ade by psychodynam ics; here as in general crime,
new classifications are necessary.
C om paratively few cases of transvestism have been studied. E ast (1939)
reports several cases w hich are briefly given and on a descriptive level; he
notes the conn ection w ith hom osexuality b u t believes th e difference to be
that transvestists have n ot been seduced early. H e m entions th e relation to
m asturbation b u t does not enlarge upon this. T h e case of C ason (19 4 7)
is also reported on a descriptive level. Karpm an (2— 1947) alone in his
Bibliography 651
discussion of a case o f transvestism deals w ith psychodynam ics; he finds
that perversions persist in individuals w ho are heterosexually inadequate,
w h o find them selves im poten t in m asturbation and resort to perversions
to effect m asturbation. T h is is an im portant statem ent for it provides a
com m on denom inator to all paraphilias. T h e problem of unconscious
hom osexuality is em phasized. T h e intensive study of th e dream life, here
recorded, shows evidence o f hom osexual and of other paraphiliac trends.
W h ile this particular individual has never been arrested, transvestists are
som etim es arrested. T h e case presentation, therefore, is useful in th a t it
shows the general psychodynam ics of the reactions.
K ennedy, H offm an and H aines’ study (19 4 7) o f W illia m Heirens, fe­
tishist and murderer, is detailed and descriptive. N o a ttem p t is m ade at
interpretation, or to determ ine etiology o f aberrations. Im p licit in the
presentation is a great deal of m aterial th at easily lends itself to psycho­
dynam ic interpretation. T h is the authors have com pletely overlooked or
they could easily have seen th at they w ere dealing w ith a h igh ly specific
type of a neurosis instead of m erely w ith a piece of psychopathic behavior.
O verliolser’s reference (194 7) consists o f b ut a few lines stating that
certain types of perverted sex conduct are pathological, and some can be
helped if they w ill accep t treatm ent. Efforts should be m ade to cure them
if possible.
T im e M agazin e (194 7) has a b rief article on P aedophilia w h ich is about
as fu ll o f m isstatem ents as it can w ell be. A . A . B rill is quoted as saying,
“ sex crim es are com m itted on ly b y people of defective m en tality.” T h is
has been am ply disproved b y m any of the studies here presented. T h e
quotation goes on: “ those w ho seize upon children because of a feeling
o f inferiority. . . are not really paedophiliacs.”
A statem ent by K eller in this article seems to b e the source o f th e quota­
tion b y W itte ls (19 4 8 ). E very sentence, alm ost, in this statem ent is open
to question. Particularly objectionable are his claims that Paedophilia is
incurable (see cases o f Karpm an and of C o n n ) , and that “ constitutional
psychopaths” should all b e castrated. B etter psychiatrists than this m an
m aintain th at castration is worse than useless.
In tw o nearly identical articles published in different journals in the
same m onth, Piker (194 7) lays th e blam e for sex deviation on th e cultural
attitudes regarding sex. T o avoid deviation, w e m ust avoid thw arting the
ch ild ’s curiosity and encourage him to sublim ate his sexual energy. T h is is
all very w ell as far as it goes, b u t it seems alm ost too great a sim plification
o f the situation.
Ploscow e (194 7) discusses th e proposed sexual psychopath law of N ew
Y o rk from the legal point o f view, citing the advantages o f the proposed
legislation as a w eapon against the dangerous offender. H e adm its that
even after its passage, m any offenders w ill escape detection and arrest,
and m any prosecutions will fail for lack of proof, b ut makes 110 recom ­
m endation as to how such shortcom ings m ight be overcome.
652 Bibliography
Porterfield’s reference (19 4 7) is a brief editorial, m ain tainin g that
treatm en t o f th e sexual psychopath should precede sentence; disposition
should provide for suspended sentence or probation. T h is po in t also has
been m ade elsewhere.
S ellin g’s title here (19 4 7) is m isleading; h e doesn’t so m uch deal w ith
treatm ent o f sex offenders b u t sum m arizes some of the better-know n facts
regarding them . Som e o f his statem ents seem questionable, as his claim
th a t m ore than two-thirds of th e exhibitionists are “ m ildly feeble-m inded,
and th a t an ideal arrangem ent for the cure o f true exhibitionists (as dis­
tinguished from the feeble-m inded) w ould b e to give th em norm al sexual
outlet w ith a sym pathetic w om an. W h a t of those w ho have already such
outlets, b u t prefer exhibitionism ? T h e other treatm ents suggested for ex­
hibitionism , as taking him out of the car if he exposes him self from a car,
seem oversim plified.
T a y lo r’s study (194 7) is descriptive and statistical. H e leans very heav­
ily on H ubert and E ast (1939) from w hom he takes his classifications. H e
denies the existence of psychoneurosis in cases o f exhibitionism ; b u t his
cases are n ot psychoanalytically studied. H e considers im prisonm ent an
effective deterrent, b u t the first case he quotes is adm ittedly im pulsive and
had seven previous convictions. . . . . , Fie claim s th at the sexual disorders of adolescents and adults are not
Sperling’s (19 4 7) psychoanalytically studied case of exhibitionism shows
identification w ith m other, narcissism, oral fixation, denial of castration,
hom osexual tendencies. T h e case shows w ell the m echanism s of
transference-resistance w ith a w om an analyst.
It has rem ained, however, for G lo v er (194 7) to give a m ore rounder
and com prehensive exposition o f the problem of sexual abnorm alities as
they refer to sex offenses. H e begins w ith the statem ent th at th e problem
of sexual disorder arouses in b oth m edical and legal practitioners not on у
conscious passion and prejudice b u t unconscious reactions of a m ore pro­
found and intractable nature, and that few can approach the problem w ith
th a t com plete em otional detach m en t th a t is th e prerequisite o f successful
research. H e cites th e prejudice w hich follow ed F reu d ’s form ulation of the
theory of infan tile sexuality, and claim s th at the final confirm ation o f this
theory cam e n ot from doctors, lawyers or biologists, b u t from sym pathetic
and observant m others w hose sim plicity o f approach saved them from b e ­
ing squeam ish about th e facts o f life. If a ch ild is sensibly and reasonably
b rought up, his thirst for sexual inform ation adequately satisfied, and his
early sexual activities treated w ith friendly understanding, he is far less
likely to get into trouble in later life than a child w hose deep anxieties
and guilts are aroused b y threats, w arnings and punishm ents^for w hich
there is no justification, b u t w hich m erely indicate th e parents fai lire to
overcom e their ow n sexual difficulties. If th e sexual difficulties of later life
can be prevented by proper upbringing, it is reasonable to inquire w hether
measures of psychological understanding and treatm ent w ould n ot produce
Bibliography 653
b etter results than the m oral opprobrium and punishm ent inflicted on sex­
ual offenders under our present legal code.
A fter ou tlin ing w h at he calls “ the sequence of events” in infan tile
sexual developm ent, according to Freudian theory, and m en tion ing th e re­
lation o f unconscious phantasies to various neurotic disturbances, G lo ver
goes on to say th a t if w e turn our atten tion to an exam ination o f the
sexual perversion s o f a d o lesce n ce and a d u lt life , w e find th at these dis­
orders, although m ore system atized than th e infan tile com ponents o f sex­
uality, are o f the same nature. C o n fin in g him self to “ the form s m ost fre­
qu ently dealt w ith b y the C ourts, nam ely, exhibitionism and hom osexual­
ity,” he em phasizes the follow ing points: T h e sexual perversions are de­
rived and b u ilt up from infan tile sexual com ponents, and are in the nature
o f regressions to earlier systems, w h ich regressions, how ever, are so organ­
ized that they take the place of norm al sexual activity. T h e ir d evelopm ent
can often be prevented by adequate measures o f upbringing; b u t if despite
th e best efforts of parents or child-m inders, abnorm al sexual cond uct m an­
ifests itself at puberty or in later life, such m anifestations require suitable
psychological observation and treatm ent. N o other form of h an d lin g has
th e slightest chance of resolving sexual disorder.
sim ply chance disturbances o f norm al fun ction, b u t that, paradoxically,
they constitute spontaneous attem pts to cure earlier disordered fu n c tio n s,
a characteristic they share w ith all other forms o f psychological illness,
stating that in th e case o f com m on neuroses (hysteria and obsessions) this
has been proved beyond a shadow of doubt. “ T h e sym ptom s o f adult
neurosis are essentially attem pts to find a com prom ise betw een unconscious
stresses of infan tile instinct and the restraining forces th at exist in th e
m ind, and w hich are reinforced in adult life by social and penal codes.”
A d u lt neuroses are w ith ou t exception superim posed on infan tile neuroses,
and the same th in g is true o f adult perversions, w hich are b u ilt up on the
pathological sexual conflicts o f infancy. T h e m eaning of the inhibition
of the norm al heterosexual and reproductive im pulse can be grasped only
if w e realize that the norm al heterosexual impulses of infants are incestu­
ous, and th a t these norm al incestuous impulses, together w ith all th e rival­
ries and hostilities they engender, are norm ally controlled b y th e develop­
m ent o f an unconscious incest barrier o f anxiety and guilt.
G lo ver further refers to the Juvenile D elin q u en cy A cts w hich cover ch il­
dren “ in need o f care and protection ” and children and adolescents “ o u t of
control,” and says that the distinction betw een th e tw o groups is a tacit
admission o f the duties o f the State in certain cases. A greater num ber of
the “ out of con trol” cases are sim ply pubescents w ho for one reason or
another (usually lack of proper sexual upbringing) have been unable to
w eather the storm of oncom ing adult sexuality, resulting in a certain
am ou n t o f refractoriness to social conditioning. “ It is, by th e way, a good
654 Bibliography
rule to regard m ost outbursts of sporadic violence or antisocial cond u ct as
a sign of weakness rather than o f strength. A m o n g th e cases in need of
care and protection ” com e a num ber o f minors w ho, because o f b ad fam ­
ily conditions an d /or “ b ad ” com pany, are in need of preventive supervision
lest they should take later to disorderly forms of conduct. A m o n g these
tw o groups are to be found those “ larval” prostitutes w ho, having tasted
som e of th e rebellious joys of im pulsive conduct, m ay com e under th e in­
fluence o f older and m ore experienced “ professionals” and graduate as
confirm ed prostitutes. B u t the largest proportion o f these groups are sim ­
p ly cases o f pubertal and adolescent m aladjustm ent readily am enable to
psychological-guidance or treatm ent. H e believes th a t official records are
of little value as an index to the extent of th e problem o f sexual disorder,
th e inciden ce o f w h ich is m uch greater than either C o u rt statistics or pri­
vate m edical records w ould suggest.
It is G lo v er’s view th a t n ot all sexual disorders are am enable to psycho­
logical treatm ent. T h e m ost favorable group is that of “ pubertal sexual
stress,” w here th e m ost dram atic changes can be b rou ght abou t b y sim ple
sexual instruction and en lightenm ent, preferably com bined w ith advisory
con tact w ith th e parents. T h e younger th e case, th e m ore effective the result
of psychological treatm ent. W h e re th e sexual perversion is fu lly organized
and o f long duration, th e ou tcom e is m ore uncertain, and favorable re­
sults m ay b e anticipated o n ly in cases w here there is a definite w ill to
recovery.” B ut there are no certain guarantees o f “ cure.” H ow ever, there
are a num ber of sexual perverts w ho, after a lon g phase of perverse prac­
tice, b ecom e spontaneously heterosexual. T h is is usually betw een the
ages o f 33-44- B u t the general m ental cond ition of advanced cases is
such that psychological treatm en t is called for irrespective of w hether the
sexual com pulsion is likely to b e resolved or not. In hom osexual perver­
sions it is necessary to estim ate th e respective significance of constitutional
and o f d evelopm ental factors. T h e stronger th e constitu tion al factor, the
less likely is resolution possible by psychotherapeutic means. B u t even in
favorable cases it is unreasonable to expect im m ediate or perm anent im ­
provem ent. It is in the nature o f com pulsions that, even under treatm ent,
they are repeated at often frequent intervals. “ It is too readily assum ed by
th e C ourts that because an offense is repeated during treatm en t th e case is
therefore to be w ritten off as a failure suitable only for condign measures
o f pun ishm en t.” M agical cures o f sexual disorders by psychological means
should no m ore b e expected than im m ediate recovery from chronic rheu­
m atism on th e adm inistration of appropriate drugs.
If recidivism is to be expected during th e treatm ent even o f favorable
cases, the law should display som e o f the patience expected from every
physician w ho deals w ith chronic ailm ents. T h e psychologist’s efforts
should be encouraged w ith ou t w eakening the social proscription of the
offense. T h e re are inevitable conflicts betw een psychology and law, and
a com prom ise betw een them is not always possible. Persons w ho have
Bibliography 655
periodic im pulses to m ake sexual assaults on strangers, unless they can
be rapidly cured, m ust be segregated in order to protect society, even
th ough it b e desirable th at their treatm ent be carried out under am bu­
lan t conditions, i.e., livin g at hom e and voluntarily atten ding a psycho­
logical clinic. T h ese and similar dilem m as frequently arise during the
work of the Institute for th e Scientific T rea tm en t of D elin q uen cy. T h e
policy in such cases is first to state w hat, from the psychological point o f
view , w ould be th e ideal course, and then to m ake practical suggestions as
to h ow various com prom ises m ight b e effected. T h e final decision obviously
is a m atter for th e C o u rt. T h e aims of the law are n ot and never can be
identical w ith those o f m edical psychology. T h e L aw C o u rt is itself a
prod u ct o f th e inevitab le and unending conflict b etw een th e instincts o f
th e individual and the needs o f the group.
G lo ver believes that the problem of treatm ent or prevention o f sexual
offenses m ust b e approached b oth from the po in t o f view o f sexual pa­
thology and from th at o f social expediency. A m ajority of outbreaks of
sexual disorder can be prevented b y proper upbringing, and it is the duty of
society to provide suitable sexual instruction for parents, child nurses,
teachers, etc.
Sexual disorder is a form o f m ental illness, and every sexual offender
w ith ou t exception should be psychologically exam ined and given th e op­
portun ity o f receiving psychological treatm ent. W h e rev er possible b oth ex­
am ination and treatm en t should be carried out b y m edical psychologists
w h o are n o t officially connected w ith the court. T h e patien t should be al­
low ed to live at hom e, w ith or w ith ou t probationary control, and encour­
aged to follow his usual em ploym ent, unless it is psychologically unsuit­
able. In cases o f patients undergoing intensive treatm ent, involving frequent
con tact w ith his physician, probationary supervision should b e w aived.
W h e n tem porary segregation is essential, it should b e in an institution
w here expert psychological aid is available.
G lo v er m aintains th at “ im prisonm ent of sexual offenders is not only a
confession of failure on the part of society b ut in all b u t habitu al and
incorrigible offenders an incitem ent to recidivism .” A p propriate treatm ent
follow in g the first offense w ill reduce th e num ber of incorrigible offenders
to a negligible figure. T h e pow er o f the C o u rt over th e recidivist could be
m aintained through a “ con tem p t o f C o u rt” system. Instead o f im posing
fines or periods of im prisonm ent, the offender could b e b ound over on set
terms of treatm en t and supervision. T h e com m ission o f subsequent offenses
w ould constitute con tem pt o f C o u rt, b u t the penalties should be suspended
until all efforts at treatm en t had failed.
W h ile m any sexual disorders are a sign of em otional backwardness, the
m oral codes enforced b y society also show a degree o f backw ardness. So­
ciety is regressive n ot on ly in its impulses, b u t in its m ethods o f controlling
im pulses. It should have more o f the attitu d e of tolerant, understanding
parents toward the first uprushes of infan tile love, anxiety, envy, rivalry
656 Bibliography
and hate. W h ile the individual should be fu lly protected from the ag­
gression of others, w hether it be social or sexual, he should also realize
how m uch he has in com m on w ith those w ho suffer from aberrant im ­
pulses.
A s one studies G lo v er’s article, it strikes one as definitely representing
a step in the right direction. It is, to b e sure, prim arily educational. T h e
attitu de o f tolerance and understanding w hich it advocates on th e part of
the public is probably n ot m uch nearer realization, how ever, than the ec­
clesiastic’s continual adm onition to “ love your neighbor as yourself.” B ut
it is, o f course, far m ore practical, because it is based on true psychological
understanding rather than on divine com m andm ent. It w ill be a lon g tim e
before courts and lawyers w ill give place to psychiatrists. W h a t progress
th e Institute for the Study and T rea tm en t of D elin q u en cy has m ade or is
m aking in E n glan d , can hardly b e stated w ith definiteness b u t at least it is
an organization likely to accom plish som ething of considerable conse­
quence, provided it can secure th e necessary cooperation from legal author­
ities. W h ile the article is som ew hat vague and general, it could not be
otherwise in view o f the lim itations o f space and tim e. T h e recom m enda­
tions offered seem to b e practical and conservative. T h e question w hich oc­
curs is: W h o is going to pay for th e necessary treatm en t in case th e patient
is unable to do so him self? O r can there be any treatm ent in such a case?
A ll in all, the article seems to b e a w orth w hile contribution to the litera­
ture relating to sexual offenders, and points the w ay tow ard a general so­
cial revaluation o f th e problem w hich they present.
Barratt (1948) claim s th a t no new legislation is needed for P ennsyl­
vania; sex offenders can b e handled w ith existing techniques and facilities
b u t that a special court should b e created for hearings and trials of these
cases. H e believes there is insufficient evidence to prove sex offenders
curable (he obviously ignores or doesn’t know the literature) b u t that
th e chances o f im provem ent are greater for juveniles. W h ile he believes
th a t the recom m endation o f the psychiatrist in th e court should be fol
low ed, he seems to overlook, otherwise, the m edical aspects, treating this
prim arily as a legal problem .
B onner, (1948) in his descriptive essay on th e “ sexual psychopath,” is
frequently at variance w ith other thou ght, as w hen he speaks o f th e con
dition as apparently b ein g o f constitution al origin. “ C u n n in g in p lann ing”
w ith “ elaborate plans for a quick escape” seems to contradict th e state­
m ent, “ interested on ly in the im m ediate satisfaction o f his instinctive drive,
irrespective o f m anner of attainm en t or of consequences.” H e seems to
h ave confused the “ sexual” w ith th e “ idiopathic” psychopath; his descrip
tion does n ot fit either.
H e differentiates betw een the psychotic and th e sexual psychopath, and
makes no recom m endations for therapy, only incarceration, for an “ in
defin ite” period, not stating w hat w ill happen w hen the indefinite term is
Bibliography 657
over. H e differentiates betw een norm al childish behavior of an experim ental
nature, and “ undesirable sexual traits in child ren ” b u t fails to m ake clear
just w hat he considers norm al and w h at undesirable. T h e w h ole article
gives no impression o f any fundam ental know ledge on th e subject.
In the chapter on Sexual Psychopath in his book, “ C rim e and the M in d ,”
B rom berg (1948) deals w ith the psychodynam ics of certain sex offenses:
rape, incest, paedophilia, sodom y, etc., and o f certain less obviously sex­
ual offenses: m urder, swindlers, larceny, bigam y. T h is is one o f the few
psychodynam ically oriented m ore general studies and throws considerable
ligh t on th e m echanism s of certain offenders. T h e cases quoted are of m ur­
der, larceny, paedophilia, sodom y, and bigam y. T h e case o f m urder (Irw in)
is also quoted by W e rth a m in “ T h e Show of V io le n c e .” W e rth a m ’s study
w^s n ot included in this series because, w hile W e rth a m m entioned the
attem p t at castration, his interpretation failed to establish the m urder as a
sexual crime; B rom berg’s interpretation makes this clear.
Busser (1948) claim s, m ore clearly than did Barratt, th a t Pennsylvania
has already means to com m it sex offenders to m ental institutions. H e notes
that no state acts m ake it clear w hy th e sexual psychopath has to have
special legislation to distinguish him from other psychopathic persons. H e
m ight have turned this about and questioned w hy, if the sex offender is to
have m ental treatm ent, should not all crim inals b e treated as patients?
C ap rio (1948) reports a case of exhibitionism in w hich he considers
th e drive resulting from incestuous phantasies toward m other and sister
was stim ulated by exhibitionistic behavior on th e part of the parents in
the hom e. M echanism s believed to be present: psychosexual infantilism ,
castration fear, unconscious hom osexuality, penis-narcissism, sadism. T h e
study is psychoanalytically and psychodynam ically oriented, and therefore
aids substantially in the understanding of the m echanism s underlying ex­
hibitionism .
M a n y writers adm it that prison w ill not do an offender any good b u t
m ay do him harm; Karpm an (3— 1948) is practically alone in explaining
explicitly just w hat harm m ay result and w hy. Kinsey (1948) also touches
upon the effects of institutionalization upon younger males as regards the
problem s of sexual adjustm ent b u t his discussion is kept very general,
stating “ his sexual life is very likely to b ecom e perm anently stam ped w ith
the institutional pattern ,” w hatever this means. K arpm an deals w ith the
em otional states, w ith m asturbation, phantasy indulgence w hich gradually
give w ay to m ore abnorm al sexual expressions. Ele finds th a t th e aber­
rations once acquired in prison, m ay carry over into daily life w hen th e
prisoner is released.
T h is case of w h ite slavery studied b y Karpm an (4— 1948) is a sex crim e
only in the broadest sense of the word. It is that o f a man w ho forced his
w ife into prostitution, apparently as a projection upon her o f hatred felt
toward w om en in general, revenge for his forced m arriage or as a result
658 Bibliography
o f brutality he suffered in hom e and in a reform atory. T h e re are indica­
tions of incestuous attach m en t to th e m other. T h e individual had m any
psychopath-like traits, b u t the over-all picture is of a neurotic.
Karpm an (5— 1948) reviews the literature on exhibitionism up to 1926,
sum m arizing the cases so far published and analyzing th e conclusions. It is
interesting th a t the analysis of this early m aterial has been in m ost in­
stances corroborated or confirm ed b y later studies. Psychic m echanism s as
regression, identification and transference are at work, as m entioned here
and borne out by later m aterial; differentiation is not so clear. R epetition
com pulsion, according to K arpm an, is another m echanism , though it m ay
b e questioned w hether this is evident in exhibitionism . H e m entions the
castration-com plex, w hich has been observed in m any cases. E xhibition ism
as a com pensation for sexual inferiority has n ot been discovered in litera­
ture beyond th e statem ents o f the A dlerian school, according to Karpm an.
A m o n g th e psychogenic factors m entioned are psychic traum a, incest
and hom osexuality, sadism and m asochism , and narcissism. T h ese have been
apparent in m any analyzed cases. K arpm an places religious conflict high
on th e list o f psychogenic factors; this hardly appears in th e literature of
later years.
T h e other conclusions, as to abortive sex life (echoed in phantasies and
in dream s), to distribution (no class or group is im m une) and as to pre­
cipitating factors have been corroborated b y later writers.
T h e K insey report (1948) is a statistical study o f sexual behavior; it
deals w ith sexual offenses as such very incidentally, although a consider­
able proportion o f th e behavior is legally prohibited. E xhib ition ism and
paedophilia are n ot m entioned in th e index; there is one index reference
to rape b u t this consists o f m erely a few paragraphs concerning th e older
m an w ho m olests children. O n this po in t there are no specific data given,
on ly generalities. Interpretations are occasionally w eak from a psychiatric
p o in t o f view , as in these paragraphs concerning paedophilia. O n e is left
w ith th e im pression th a t this involves older m en exclusively and th at m ost
such cases are false accusations. T h e aspect o f regression is ignored.
T h e value o f th e report from a psychiatric po in t of view lies in its em pha­
sis on th e w ide inciden ce o f certain forms of sexual behavior, legally
proscribed, as hom osexual and anim al contacts and prem arital heterosexual
relations, and th e fu tility o f laws regarding such cond u ct. T h ere is no dis­
tin ction m ade betw een norm al and abnorm al offenders.
A n editorial b y Leonard (1945) quotes D r. Lester A . K irkendall as say­
ing th a t parents can prevent sexual deviation in their children b y proper
sex education; b u t th e specific type of sex education needed is n o t indi­
cated. Lurtherm ore, w hile lack of sex education seems to be a factor in
th e sexual deviation and offenses, it has yet to b e established th a t it is the
only factor, and this statem ent seems to oversim plify th e problem .
T h e M assachusetts R eport (1948) is o f lim ited scope com pared to some
Bibliography 659
o f the m ore len gth y and com prehensive state reports, b ut has a reasonable
and rational approach. T h e definition suggested, o f th e aggressive sexual
deviate, is specific and m eaningful. Statem ents as to proportion o f
sex crimes, public attitudes, treatm ent facilities, and prevention are pretty
m uch w h at has been stated elsewhere.
A b rief article by Haines, H offm an and Esser (1948) has slight value.
It deals w ith legalistic aspects. L ive or six cases are briefly given, b u t are
w ith ou t psychiatric significance.
In an editorial on “ Post-Sex C rim e A m n esia,” H ulbert (1948) claim s
th at a crim inal m ay have a dream state follow ing a crim e w hich is a sub­
stitute for m asturbation. T h e article is brief and no real evidence is given
in support o f the theory.
The L aw Journal’s editorial (1948) com pares th e sexual psychopath
statutes o f the different states and suggests a m odel statute, defining the
sexual psychopath, providing for m andatory psychiatric exam ination w hen
charged w ith offense, discretionary w hen cause shown, and com m itm en t
to m ental hospital or probation w ith periodic exam ination. T h e suggested
statute seems to differ very little from others actually in effect, nor does it
take into consideration the availability of treatm ent facilities.
W a ll and W y lie (1948) stress th e need for specialized institutions to
segregate and treat aggressive sexual psychopathic personalities w ho are
responsible, they say, for m ost sex offenses. O n e form o f treatm ent sug­
gested is m oral re-education under the guidance o f m inisters and priests,
a m ethod o f approach o f doub tful value in cases o f psychic illness.
C . A llen (1949) gives several cases of exhibitionism w hich have been
psychoanalytically studied. T h ese cases reveal no new know ledge, except
th at one is said to show th e value of brief psychotherapy (six m o n th s).
Lie also quotes a case from K. Berg, th at o f a m ultiple murderer, and
gives definitions o f various sexual offenses.
W itte ls ’ (1948) is the worst type of sensational article. T h e on ly sex o f­
fense considered here is murder. L B I figures regarding the incidence of
rape cases are quoted, w ith the usual lack o f distinction betw een statutory
and forcible rape. Cases are selected apparently for their horror value,
and presented in a deliberate attem p t to play upon parental fears. T h e
cases are all diagnosed as “ constitution al psychopathic inferiors,” although
one (H eirens) is “ also schizophrenic, obsessive-compulsive, psychoneurotic
and sexual pervert.” W e have such statem ents as “ th e pattern is determ ined
by w hat crim e h e com m its first. H e w ill com m it one crim e and keep on
w ith the sam e.” It is not explained w h a t determ ines w h at crim e he com ­
mits first. T h e authority quoted, D r. D avid H enry Keller, recom m ends life
sentence for every constitutional psychopathic inferior, together w ith
castration. If castration cures, w hy a life sentence; if im prisonm ent, w hy
castration?
In a case of exhibitionism reported b y C ap rio (1949) th e exhibitionism
ббо Bibliography
is closely related to scoptophilia. T h is is one o f the m ore carefully studied
and detailed reports on a case, tracing th e exhibitionism back to th e ousel
at the age of five.
C o n n (1949) has w ritten a convincing refutation of those w ho claim
th a t cures of sexual offenders are unknow n, and presents a good argument
for probation w ith psychiatric treatm ent. O f twenty-three cases referred In
him in ten years b y the court, nineteen were effectively treated. T h e elm
logical factors noted are varied, indicating a broader view poin t than tlial
o f some w ho w ould trace all deviations to one or tw o environm ental ftlC*
tors. T h is is a valuable support of the efficacy of psychotherapy.
C o o k (1949) seems to have had no particular reason to w rite this article,
and no special inform ation regarding th e sex offender. H e argues for prison
and for parole as therapeutic im plem ents; still he finds th at abnonn.d
brain function plays a considerable part, and does not m ake it clear Imw
prison can help this situation. T h e case for abnorm al brain function seems
to be based on the fact that fifty-five out of 100 crim inal sexual psycho
paths showed abnorm al E E G S ; this percentage w ould hardly seem con
elusive, even assum ing that abnorm al E E G S are m ost conclusive, whi< h in
cjuestionable.
In a brief item D avidson (Г949) argues against sexual psychopath law
on the ground that psychiatry has no effective m eans of curing the oficml
ers and th at penal institutions are m ore efficient in th e field of custody
C ures, if any, he says, are extrem ely rare. T h erefore, jurisdiction should
b e left w ith the courts. W e r e n ot an M .D . attached to the author’s name,
one m ight think that the article was w ritten by a D istrict A ttorn ey will» a
nasty disposition.
T h e fact that any m an w ould w ant to w rite and publish a book like I lull
o f D eR iv er’s (Г949) does not speak w ell for his ow n m ental heal 11» Л1
though a num ber o f cases are given, they add n oth in g to th e understainIЩЦ
of the sex offender or of anythin g else; th e case histories sound more llkf j
a police report. H is idea o f a psychosexual history is to establish win и
th e individual began to m asturbate. T h e illustrations are n ot justifiable
from any point o f view; they add n othin g to the text and are such lliitl
even the m ost sensational newspaper w ould not publish them . 1 lie cases tlffi
m ostly o f rape and sexually m otivated m urder, though bestiality and net
rophilia are also included along w ith some cases of flagellants.
G o lla and H odge (1949) report success in treating thirteen persons w fill
horm one therapy. T h e y found, how ever, th at libido returned im m ediately
when treatm en t was stopped, even after four years.
H orack (1949) contributes n oth in g to the understanding o f th e srx o f­
fender; he evaluates th e K insey report from the po in t of view of law И!»
forcem ent.
K arpm an (6— Г949) here quotes tw o cases in support of his thesis l l i a l
sexuality is a factor in m any crim inal cases not considered as sex п п и и
In one case, burglary is revealed as fctishistic kleptom ania; in the olltH,
Bibliography 661
preoccupation w ith knives suggests an abnorm al sexuality and sadism.
H ere again, as in his previous studies (e.g., “ Principles and A im s of C rim ­
inal P sychopathology,” 1940), the author restates his b elief as to the
wide spread o f types o f crim inal offenses am ong m ental defectives, the
neuroses, psychoses and psychopathies, and asserts th a t it is not reasonable
to punish them for behavior they can not control.
I he psychopath so closely studied by Karpm an (7— J949) is n ot in the
main a sex crim inal. T h e crim e for w hich he was im prisoned was murder.
A considerable proportion o f his life seems to have been spent in the
icform atory and penitentiary, and his crim inal career includes larceny,
carrying concealed weapons, raising checks, assault w ith inten t to k ill and
mbbery. It is n ot clear th at he was ever sentenced as a sex crim inal ex­
cept that during his arm y service he is said to have spent six m onths in the
guardhouse for fornication w ith th e w ife o f a provost sergeant. H is sex
life has, how ever, been extrem ely varied, including three marriages w ith
110 divorces m entioned, relations w ith and procuring for prostitutes, general
prom iscuity and considerable hom osexuality, for w hich he had a reputation
in the arm y as w ell as in prison. T h is accou n t gives a m ost striking picture
"I Ihe ruthlessness and lack o f em otion that characterizes the sex life of
Ilie psychopath, as distinguished from th at o f th e “ sexual psychopath.”
M cN iekles (1949) balances his statem ents so carefully, one opinion
against another, that no very clear conviction is evident. H e quotes F B I
u cords and a statem ent b y the director of th e Federal Bureau o f Prisons.
I le does recom m end com m un ity support for institutions w here offenders
1 hi be treated, and for m ental hygiene clinics.
M in ow ’s paper (1949) is an exposition o f the provisions o f th e proposed
(1949) changes in th e Illinois sexual psychopath law. T h e Illinois law
is com pared to those o f other states. N o particular attitud e in regard to
Ilie m atter is indicated.
I'he G rou p for th e A d van cem en t o f Psychiatry (1949) published a
" port criticizing the recent sexual psychopath laws, and setting forth rec­
om m endations for the treatm ent o f psychiatrically-deviated sex offenders,
in Incying for them essentially th e same treatm ent as that extended to chil-
1 n in Juvenile C o u rt jurisdiction. T h e report shows the influence of the
Kinsey report in its recognition that on ly a sm all percentage o f males con-
vii led of sex offenses have been involved in behavior m aterially different
1...... Iliat m ost males in the com m unity. T h e G reen stein A c t o f Penn-
xvlvimia, w hich perm its a trial judge to require psychiatric exam ination of
пну person convicted o f any offense, is regarded as com m endable for sim-
I 1 ily 11,1(1 com prehensiveness and is stated (as also b y Busser and Bar-
uiil I I" Ire adequate to deal w ith the sex offender. A n appendix compares
lln d illcrcn t state statutes dealing w ith sex offenders. E xcep t for th e q uo­
ta! ion o f th e G reenstein A c t there is little here that has n ot appeared clse-
Wline. T h e C o m m itte e recom m ends com m itm en t o f th e convicted offender
I" 1 m ental hospital, but flic objections to this procedure, as inadequate
66г Bibliography
facilities and personnel, m erit only a footnote. T h e aspect o f research
com pletely neglected.
T h e N ew H am pshire report (1949) is a good exam ple of those described
b y Sutherland as gathered from popular literature w ith no attem p t at firsl
hand investigation. It is based on th e prem ise th a t it is possible to identify
the poten tial offender b efore he com m its a crim e. If such inform ation is
available to th e writers, they ought to share it w ith others. T h e report
as a w hole m akes no contribution .
R ein hardt and Fisher (1949) have little to contribute. T h e y find tluil
since prison and fines are useless as reform measures, th e sexual psycho
path laws m ust b e effective. T h e y recognize th e sexual psychopath a s a
m edical problem , b u t are w ith o u t m edical inform ation.
Sherw in (1949) com pares th e statutes regarding sexual offenders in tin
forty-eight states, pointin g ou t the variations and inconsistencies. It is wnl
ten from a legal po in t o f view entirely and adds little to th e understand ii 14
of the sex offender or o f sex offenses. H e gives harm ful effects and bcnc
ficial effects o f sexual psychopath laws, and notes th a t m any obsolete law»
should be repealed.
T a p p a n (1949) m akes a m ost convincing case against th e “ sexual psycho
p ath ” laws, pointin g out the evils of im prisoning offenders w ithout I In 1a
peutic facilities, th e nonexistence of such facilities, and questioning w hcl lit a,
if such facilities were available, th ey w ould n ot b e m ore usefully employed
for violent crim inals, psychotics, etc. H e m isunderstands the term sexual
psychopath,” regarding it as one type of “ constitu tion al’ psychopalli,
w h ich in turn he groups w ith “ psychopathic personality,” and one ma\
question his recom m endations as to h and ling all “ psychopaths to g d ln 1
H is case is som ew hat w eakened b y his failure to q u ote his authorities, as
w hen he writes, “ some authorities” say the condition is biological and
hereditary, “ som e authorities” say no uniform definition is possible, s u n n
claim th e cond ition is incurable.” H e echoes H ughes (19 4 1) in claiming
th a t little is to b e gained b y shutting up offenders for th e rest of llu II
lives w ith ou t therapy, b u t his oth er points are m ore realistic than lliuni
m ade b y H ughes. H e recom m ends preventive measures, as child guidance
clinics, and laws allow ing and encouraging volu ntary com m itm en t. No <mi*
can question the advisability o f th e first recom m endation; just how Hl'«
tive th e second w ould b e m igh t be debatable, though it is worthwhile
trying.
T h e Joint C o m m itte e on Psychiatry and the L aw report (1949) лч-пш
mends treatm ent rather than punishm ent; prevention rather than cun' И
contains no m aterial th a t has n o t appeared elsewhere, and som e statcninil»,
as that hom osexuality is probably innate, are questionable. It seems III
reveal no very deep understanding of th e problem .
T h e N ew Jersey R eport on the H ab itu al Sex O ffen d er (1930) takcx
strong stand against sexual psychopath laws, calling atten tion to llu ml
conceptions on w hich they are based, to the lack of m edical facilities f(
Bibliography 663
is
Ilie treatm ent o f these individuals, and to the ineffectiveness o f state laws.
It outlines a program o f control and a program o f prevention. T h is is a
more com plete and convincing den unciation o f sexual psychopath laws
Ilian th e earlier discussions by Patterson and H ughes, since it deals at con ­
siderable len gth w ith erroneous views concerning the offenders.
T h om p son (1949) is the only w riter in this series to deal w ith electro­
shock as a therapeutic measure in sexual psychopathy, and th e six cases he
reports, n one o f w hich received any benefit from this treatm ent, illustrate
th e inefficiency o f this treatm ent.
In T h e Show o f V io le n c e ,” W e rth a m (1949) gives the case o f an indi­
vidual w ho was “ not a true exhibitionist b u t a m urderer,” although he
was arrested several tim es for exhibitionism and n ot for murder. T h e pres­
entation of th e case is so confused th at it is hard to follow it, and since
there was no psychoanalytic study of th e individual, one does n o t see
quite w h y it was included. T h e presentation is entirely descriptive; al-
Ihough the case w ould seem to be one th at w ould reward study, appar­
ently a closer study was n ot attem pted. O n e w ould like to know som ething
"I the conn ection betw een violence and exhibitionism as m anifested in this
individual, b u t n oth in g o f his early history is told.
Judge Julius Isaacs (1949) in his very sym pathetic biography devotes
a chapter to sex crimes. H e cites three cases. T h e first is that o f a veteran.
I lie second case is one o f hom osexuality. T ire third case is that of prosti-
luh'onal transvestism . A lo n g this line, Judge Isaacs com m ents that punish­
ment o f prostitutes in the accepted sense is no good. Som e m ay drift into
piostitution because o f evil desire, even eagerness to associate w ith un ­
derworld b ig shots. T h ere are m any m ore w ho are sw ept into the stream
because of econom ic necessity. W h e n these are caught in th e early cor­
n el ivc stages, confinem ent is th e m ost degrading adm ission o f failure.
< i/si 1. A veteran accused o f rape. T h e com plaint was m ade b y a sixteen-
\car-old girl. T h e veteran did not deny takin g her to a dance, b u t main-
Imncd that she had rem ained fu lly clothed in his room w here he had taken
I'd :lftcr the dance. T h e girl’s parents com plained th at they had long ago
I n. I control over their daughter, and that she had a previous history of
telling fantastic stories. She had cu t her legs w ith a razor and had refused
I" go to the C h ild ren ’s A id Society for m edical exam ination in order to
nl >nIinitiate the sex charge. It is because o f the vivid im aginations o f these
mink . c e n t girls and others th at the law has laid dow n requirem ents for
boration o f th e charge o f rape.
' use 2: H om osexuality. A young physician, just returned as an officer
I " " " honorable service abroad, was arrested in a subway w ashroom . A s a
I'liv.ician be was interested w hen tbc police officer exposed him self, and
I" approached to speak fo him . T h e police officer’s story was quite diffcr-
• Hi I be court found a reasonable doubt and acquitted th e doctor o f the
1 liaigc,

664 Bibliography
Case v Prostitution: Transvestism . A young m an dressed as a wom an,
w ith lipstick and rouge, accosted m en on th e streets and was arrested as a
prostitute. W h e n he was sent to the W o m e n ’s H ouse of D eten tio n , h st Ml
was discovered; th e charge was redrawn to cover th e facts. H e den
that h e had approached m en, b u t the testim ony was against him . A monl
later he was again arrested for th e satire offense, still dressed as
w om an. H e refused to plead and sought an adjournm ent to о Ъ Ь ч п с о ш 1
U p o n th e return date, h e had had his hair cut and had donned n ra n s a U u c
to fare b etter on the trial under m asculine auspices. H e was nevertheless
C°A b rah am sen (.9 5 0 ) repeats th e findings o f th e S in g Sing
th a t he devotes c o n sid e ra b le space to th e description of the genuine psy
chopath, a description that has b een m ade elsewhere.
Biggs’ (1930) b ook let is a rather superficial little treatise. It defines с «
tan, sex offenses, deals very lightly w ith causes of sexual dev,at» and gives
certain rules, as not accep ting rides w ith strangers for th e protect,,,,1 I
individual children. It adds n othin g to th e understand,ng o f th e d c v u h ,
or to the legal or m edical questions involved.
B ow lin g (1950) deals w ith difficulties of convicting for sex offenses али
of enforcing laws. C on trib u tes n oth in g to the b etter understanding о
offender, and no real recom m endations for treatm ent, on у m o ic pun
aspects o f the law and strengthening of control features
B raude (1950) writes from a legal po in t o f view b u t recogm / .
psychiatric aspects of sex offenses. Pleads for th e m determ m r e sen
and therapeutic institutions, and for judges to avail them selves of p у
atric facilities. R ecom m ends disposition according to type o f disorder,
theB uriffigeh am e’s editorial ( r 95o ) is just a brief n ote advocating s c g . . ^
tion of th e poten tial offender as lon g as he is dangerous to others «:ml h
him self. B u t how lon g does one rem ain dangerous. А У ^ '
T h e C aliforn ia R eport (1950) is a sober appraisal b u t w ith little m
w ay of new inform ation. It leans rather heavily on Kinsey, w ho off j \\ Ihi I could punishm ent, im prisonm ent, fines, or endocrine therapy have
tim ony, and also quotes th e opinions of others as Rickies, W .lI .. *|
Schm idt, and T a llm a n . T h e recom m endations are for research am flfl
facilities for detection and conviction.
C ru van t, M e ltzer and T arta g lin o (1950) consider a little-discussed
o f the problem , th e response of th e offender to hospitalization T h e m
ods o f therapy used are described, and it is noted that the greatest n j
in the group are n ot am enable to psychotherapy nor does a good ho . M
adjustm ent always m ean a social adjustm ent The presentation is valmffili
in offering a practical refutation of “ sexual psychopath aws. j M u key’s study (1930) com pares sexually delinquen t boys and girls
C u sh in g (1950) touches upon legal, psychiatric and socia aspc ^ ■
sexual offender problem ; m aking general recom m endations as о 1 II illy delinquen t arc sexually active in the same m anner as the
social education,” “ higher standards of livin g,” “ relaxed gene ul ,•
losophy” w ith ou t giving any specific ideas of how these are to к >101 g |
Bibliography 665
•
about; a defect found in m ost writings. H e makes no original contributions.
D eu tsch ’s article in Colliers in 1950 is an excellent sum m ary o f the most
authoritative inform ation about sex offenders. H e follow s closely T ap p an ,
w hose picture appears w ith the article and w ho seems to be th e source of
the au thor’s inform ation. Kinsey, Sutherland and S ch m id t are quoted; H o o ­
ver is not; psychoanalysts are not; he points out the inefficacy o f laws,
im prisonm ent and surgery and pleads for concentration on serious offend­
ers, and on research. T h is is b y far th e best of th e popular articles.
G ard n er (1950) gives a psychodynam ic interpretation o f aggressive-
destructive im pulses and includes a definition th a t comprises his concepts.
I Ie considers th a t the greatest danger to the com m unity is th e aggressive-
destructive sexual delinquent; and calls for civil court proceedings for
Ihose w ho need treatm ent, though not apprehended. H e says that the task
of control is “ for som e reason” unsuccessful b u t gives no causes for this
deviation. H e gives atten tion to the sexual practices o f th e young, n ot atypi­
cal for particular age levels. H e looks to detection and apprehension of
sexual deviates before crim e com m itted; to th at extent his approach is
more protective, m ore preventative, than most. It is d oubtful, however, to
what extent provisions for voluntary com m itm en t b y parents or guardians
w ould be utilized. T h e definition and description o f th e aggressive sexual
deviate is th e same as that given in the M assachusetts R eport (19 4 8 ), in
which D r. G ard n er participated.
H artw ell’s study (1950) is one o f th e m ost com prehensive summaries
ol the know ledge regarding sex offenders. V ariou s offenses are described
•mil defined; th e results o f such offenses are soberly evaluated. W r itte n
Irom a psychiatric po in t o f view , it deals also w ith flaws in state laws.
In the literature o f sexual crim e, there is no case m ore instructive than
Karpm an’s case of Paedophilia (19 5 0 ), treated in 1926 (8— 1950). In no
oilier case is the etiology (psychic traum a) m ore clear, and the fact that
I hr case was cured b y psychoanalysis dem onstrates again th e psychic
. 1 uuses o f crim inality, and its curability through psychotherapeutic means.
- oulrihuted either toward the im provem ent o f this case, or toward th e un-
■1' r,landing o f other cases through this one? T h e patien t had been arrested
. In lore and once faced the electric chair, w ith o u t it actin g as a deterrent;
, obviously the instinctive drive was stronger than any fear o f consequences.
l» I biough the study o f dreams, em phasized by Karpm an as b y few others,
■1'" I by associations w ith the dreams, th e traum atic incid en t w hich lay at
Ilie basis of the individual’s hair phobia, and therefore o f his paedophilia,
Wits icvcaled.
« 1! It I hose w ho arc generally delinquent, and finds that those w ho are gen-
iillu i group. T h e study w ould have been more com plete had lie included
In 1111 Idiiicjiicnt adolescents. His conclusion, that sex sym ptom s arc not in
666 Bibliography
them selves evidence o f m orbid sex developm ent b u t o f poor personality
integration, is a contribution to th e study of sex offenses.
M ayer (Г950) writes for the fam ily doctor; his article is directed to the
general practitioner, w hom he attem pts to enlighten on the psychiatric as­
pects of sex offenses and sex deviation. H e quotes F reud, Perloff, Feni-
chel, N oyes; em phasizes th e fa ct that the public is still uninform ed. T h e
value of this article is m ostly to th e person generally uninform ed as to
th e nature o f sexual deviation; there is little th a t w ill b e new to th e psy­
chiatrist, except his ideas as to th e deleterious effects o f arrest on th e ado­
lescent.
M illiken (1950) points ou t th e lack of safeguards for th e ch ild victim ,
and points to possibly dam aging effects on children. T h ese are theoretical;
apparently no study has been m ade to determ ine w hat th e psychological
effects actually are upon child victim s. (S ee B lau -B en d er). She fails to
m ake any practical suggestions for lessening the traum a, beyond “ better
training of police.” A very general article, apparently w ritten w ith ou t any
special know ledge.
M u llin s (Г950) does n o t deal specifically w ith th e sexual offender; his
article is a plea for greater utilization o f existing laws, to the extent of
psychiatric exam ination before th e question o f gu ilt has been determ ined,
certainly before disposition. H is points are sim ilar to those m ade by Over-
holser, w ho has n oted th a t in this country few courts avail them selves of
th e alm ost universal privilege o f psychiatric exam ination. M u llin s recom ­
m ends th at in no case should sexual offenders b e im prisoned; w hen they
refuse psychiatric aid they should be severely w arned and fined. H e gives
n oth in g as to the results o f this particular treatm ent.
F ran kel’s report (19 5 0 ), not listed, is entirely statistical, and as such has
n o doubt a certain value for th e study o f sex offenses, thou gh it does not
help our understanding o f th e offender. T ables are given as to types of
offenses, victim s, intelligence, education, place of occurrence, psychiatric
diagnosis, etc. A great deal o f inform ation is gathered here in tabular
form ; just how im portant it is for us to realize th a t th e percentage o f su­
perior intelligen ce is th e sam e am ong those com ing and n o t com ing under
th e sex offender’s act, or th a t cases of open lewdness constitute 36.7 per­
cen t o f th e cases com ing under th e act, 39.7 percent o f those n ot com ing
under the act, is debatable.
T h e Sing Sing R eport (1950) outlines th e 102 cases studied, b u t so
briefly th a t they have little value. B rief case reports, how ever, can b e valu ­
able as seen in th e report by R ab in ovitch in the M ich igan R eport. Som e
half-dozen cases are given at greater len gth , b u t these too are entirely de­
scriptive. T h e report is perhaps one-sided in its em phasis on em otional
deprivation and consequent resentm ent to authority; granted th at these
m ay b e im portant factors, there certainly are others. 1 he cases arc divided
into groups as to treatability, b u t it is not q u ite clear how it is determ ined
Bibliography 667
m w hich group an individual falls, nor w hy one group includ ing alcoholics,
seniles and those w ith m alady too deep-seated for treatm ent, are con-
sidered n ot treatable at present. H o w are these distinguished from those
now treatable?
In E xhibition ism , R ickies (1950) offers a serious, psychodynam ic study
o t seven cases o f exhibitionism . H e draws th e conclusion that exhibitionism
is due to m aternal attitudes; lays the b lam e at the door o f the narcissistic,
aggressive, penis-envying m other, w hich seems borne out b y th e cases de­
scribed, b u t w hich also seems to be an oversim plification o f th e explana­
tion. O n e has read o f other cases w hich w ould n ot fit into this pattern. T h e
im pression is given that the cases are too carefully selected to fit into this
pattern, and that th e facts presented are also selected. In a study contain ­
ing only seven cases, the cases should have been presented in m ore de­
tail to give a m ore balanced idea o f the w hole problem . T h e com pulsive
aspect is overem phasized; granted th a t the need to expose is com pelling, it
is probably n ot true in all cases in w hich the other characteristics o f com ­
pulsion neurosis are so obviously outstanding.
Cases presented in the appendix are repeated in large part in the text
m aking for annoying repetition.
W h y does he distinguish betw een m ental disorder and depravity? “ In
m y opinion, m ost cases o f exhibitionism are the result o f m ental disorder,
not o f depravity.” W h e re does one end and the other begin? W h a t is de­
pravity, anyw ay, psychiatrically?
F ew dreams are given, and in m ost cases, no attem p t is m ade a t inter­
pretation. W e miss th e description o f the m ental content.
W h y does he include cultists (nudists) am ong “ norm al exhibitionists” ?
A re discretion, locale, possibility o f escape, exposure being only part o f
t ie act, sufficient basis for distinguishing betw een depravity and psycho­
neurosis?
G u ilt occurs once in the index; this reference reads: “ If he is appre­
hended and jailed, punishm ent is w elcom ed unconsciously as means of re­
ducin g the gu ilt he feels because o f his incestuous drive.” T h is is not
proven. It w ould seem that a closer study o f the unconscious need for
reduction o f gu ilt could be m ade in this connection, and that this aspect
could b e em phasized. Elsew here R ickies writes: “ he usually perform s his
exposure in a pu b lic place in broad dayligh t w hen the chances o f appre­
hension are great.” T h is m ay indicate the need for punishm ent though not
necessarily so other factors m ay be involved here; at any rate the fact is
not brought out.
R ickies contradicts w hat has been said elsewhere o f the dream y state
during perform ance o f the act; claim ing full consciousness in spite o f
denials on the part o f the perpetrator.
Ricklcs quotes Peck, Stckel, Karpm an briefly, b u t n ot Sadger. Karpm an
has already called atten tion to the narcissistic tendencies fostered b y m is­
668 Bibliography
guided parents w ho fon dle and caress th e naked child, strengthening the
O edipus situation, b u t has not em phasized the narcissistic, aggressive, dom ­
ineering m other.
Precipitatin g traum a are m entioned as having been present in every
case” b ut are m entioned specifically in only tw o. T h ere are no m entions
of early exhibitionistic activities; religious conflicts are neglected, (although
the religious hom e is m entioned as a fa cto r); as are hom osexual inclina­
tions, m asochistic and sadistic trends and voyeurism .
R o ch e’s article (1950) is a sum m ary o f w hat is know n abou t sex devi­
ates and sex offenders, on a descriptive level w ith som e atten tion to etiol­
ogy. T h ere is little in the w ay o f original contributions; th e discussion of
exhibitionism is borrow ed to a great extent from Rickies, even to th e clas­
sifying of on e type of exhibitionist as “ depraved.” W ith in its necessarily
lim ited scope, a sound presentation.
T h e article by Sutherland (1950) is a convincing condem nation o f the
m isconceptions regarding sex crim e w h ich result in th e passage of sexual
psychopath laws. H e dwells upon the unreliability o f statistics, w hich do
n o t generally distinguish betw een forcible and statutory rape, the vagueness
o f the concept of the sexual psychopath and denounces, from a legal point
o f view , the sexual psychopath laws. O n e m ight question his statem ent that
psychiatrists should not have the com plete supervision of crim inals found
t o 'b e psychopathic. It is n ot established th a t other disciplines have any­
th in g to offer in th e w ay of cure for such individuals.
In another article, Sutherland (1 9 5 °) em phasizes the state o f com m u­
n ity fear and hysteria, w hich results in the passing of sexual psychopath
laws, poin tin g out that th e appointed com m ittee takes its inform ation
w here it finds it, m uch being in popular literature. H e states th at “ psy­
chiatrists are an interested group back o f th e law s,” b u t apparently in
this case he bases his opinion on popular literature, such as th e statem ents
b y Brill and K eller (he quotes the statem ent of B rill) in T im e. H is ob­
servation that the treatm en t of th e sexual crim inal as a patien t is consist­
ent w ith the general social m ovem ent, toward treatm ent, away from pu n ­
ishm ent, is well-considered; b u t w e m ay question his statem ent that h is
n ot dem onstrable that treatm ent is m ore effective than punishm ent. H e
says too that it is n ot dem onstrable that em otional traits are the cause of
crim e. Perhaps his psychiatric reading has been confined to such statem ents
as those in T im e.
T a p p a n (1950) is critical o f recent legislation against th e sexual psy­
ch o p a th ” b u t offers no alternate solutions. H e considers the laws inoper­
ative, a m enace to personal liberty, and the treatm en t essentially punitive
and n ontherapeutic. H e brings in no m aterial n ot covered in his 1949 arti­
cle, and this presentation is n o t so convincing.
P loscow e (1 9 5 1 ) deals w ith the legal aspects of sex offenses in his
chapters on In decen t Exposure, R ape, H om osexuality and Sex O ffen der
Law s. H e points ou t the fallacies o f certain statem ents of H oover and W it-
Bibliography 669
tels, and quotes R ickies as b elievin g that exhibitionists are com pulsive neu­
rotics. H e em phasizes, as has been done previously, the lack o f statistical
distinction betw een statutory and com m on law rape, and makes th e point
th a t in m any states a girl can legally marry long before the age of consent.
H e w ould alter th e laws to elim inate legal prohibitions against ad u lt pri­
vate hom osexual and heterosexual behavior b u t w ould suppress m ale pros­
titu tion and protect minors. H e suggests no m ethod, other than laws, to
accom plish this. H e criticizes the sexual psychopath laws w ith th e same
argum ents used by T a p p a n and Sutherland, and advocates “ prison m ental
hospitals” for treatm ent. H e w ould incarcerate for life only those w ho use
force, and paedophiles. It is a rem arkably w ell w ritten book, w orth the
best atten tion o f the student.
“ C ru cial Issues” (1 9 5 1) is a condensation o f an original (m im eo­
graphed) report on th e State Psychiatric Research C lin ic w hich operated
in D etro it from January to June, 1950. T h e crucial issues in the problem
are seen as scope o f deviation in M ich igan , predictability, treatm ent, pre­
vention, victim s and facilities.
It has been difficult to reconcile the tw o view points; of those w ho m ain­
tain that there is no m eans of predicting offenses or p oten tial offenders,
and of those w h o m aintain (and this is borne out in m any case histories)
th at sex offenders have invariably shown tendencies in youth w h ich fore­
told the com ing difficulties. T h is report makes it clear that w hile adult
m ale sexual deviates have shown in youth indications o f behavioral diffi­
culties, so have m any o f those w ho w ill not b ecom e sexual deviates as
adults; w e have not, at present, the techn ique to distinguish those w ho w ill
from those w ho w ill n ot becom e ad ult sexual deviates.
T h is report also touches upon m echanism s and defenses involved; som e­
th in g th a t is generally brou gh t out only in the case histories o f those psy­
choanalytically treated, and then only for specific individuals. It differen­
tiates betw een the goals of psychotherapy; m aturation of th e personality
or m erely stabilization of th e personality.
G u ttm a ch er (1 9 5 1) makes some points that have n ot been m ade else­
where, as his reasons w hy there are fewer sex crimes b y w om en and w h y
there are few er exhibitionists am ong N egroes. H e finds deteriorated ego
control as a factor, b u t otherwise there is little in his book th a t is essen­
tially new. H e gives a num ber o f cases, including arson, exhibitionism ,
murder, rape, incest, paedophilia, b u t m any of these are rather sketchily
presented, and even the longer cases are descriptive w ith little attem p t to
determ ine etiological psychic factors. W h ile he appears sym pathetic toward
psychoanalysis, his case m aterial lacks psychoanalytical m echanism s. In dis­
cussing different m ethods o f treatm ent he quotes H aw ke, H odge, O w en sby
and C on n ; and in his discussion o f legal aspects he quotes Sutherland
and the Forensic C o m m itte e o f the G rou p for the A d van cem en t o f Psy­
chiatry. l i e outlines the failures o f sexual psychopath laws.
T h e R eport df the G overn or’s Study C om m ission (1 9 5 1 ),-State of M ic h i­
670 Bibliography
gan, is an unusually com prehensive report, w ritten from a psychiatric point
o f view and contain ing an excellent section w ritten by R ab in ovitch 011
Sexually D isturbed C h ildren . T h e report deals w ith m isconceptions and fal­
lacies regarding sex offenders; one section deals w ith recom m endations
for prevention, w hich are for the m ost part quite specific. It calls for re­
peal o f th e sexual psychopath law , provided th at certain provisions for
tem porary hospitalization and for indeterm inate sentences o f convicted o f­
fenders are carried out.
Included in the report are chapters 011 reports o f th e various com m ittees
on fa ct finding, on resources and present practices, on legislation, on edu­
cation, and on m oral and spiritual values.
T h e section on Sexually D isturbed C h ild ren b y R ab in ovitch gives a well-
rounded picture o f sexual disturbance in children; different m anifestations
and different causative factors. W e see from this that it is n o t only the
overprotective m other, n ot on ly em otional deprivation, th at m ay be respon­
sible for sexual m aladjustm ent, although these m ay w ell bear the responsi­
b ility in certain cases. W e are also shown the results o f false accusation
upon the youngster accused, and th e results o f repeatedly w arning children
about possible assault. T h ese pages, in the variety o f cases presented, and
in the clearly defined etiological factors, are am ong th e m ost valuable
o f those dealing w ith children; indeed, the m ost valuable one w ould say.
T h e work contains an unusually com plete bibliography, a list of recom
m ended reading on m ental hygiene and fam ily living. T h e appendix con
tains tables, dealing w ith nearly every aspect o f sex offenses; distribution,
disposition, etc., b u t for the m ost part pertaining only to M ichigan .
T h e Pennsylvania R eport (1 9 5 1) leans very heavily on the N ew Jersey
and N ew Y o rk reports and contains very little in the w ay of original nra
terial. It finds th a t specific sex offender laws are unsuccessful due to ill
defined terms, inadequate facilities for diagnosis and treatm ent and
dangers to civil liberties, and points ou t th at Pennsylvania laws do nol
provide for confinem ent and treatm ent of persons 011 suspicion, exccpl
for the insane.
B. SU R V E Y
T h u s, as w e survey the literature on the sex offender, w e note th at as
concerns quantity, the sex offender w ould appear to have been abundantly
studied in the literature. H ere is a bibliography o f m ore than tw o hundred
references, the greater part o f w hich has appeared in th e last thirty years
and in th e U n ited States. Surely it w ould seem th a t all these studies would
give m ore than an adequate picture. H ow ever, it can be readily seen Ilia I
a qualitative analysis tells another story; m uch o f the literature is repel i
tive, uninform ed, one-sided, or superficial; and it is an interesting study in
Bibliography 671
hum an psychology w hy people rush into print, w hen they have absolutely
n othin g to say.
It seems th at this is a subject that nearly everyone has an opinion about,
and feels th at he can m ake a contribution to. H ere is m aterial from legal
experts, sociologists, anthropologists, psychiatrists, psychoanalysts and lay­
m en. W e have statistical approaches, sociological and anthropological
approaches and nondescript approaches. Perhaps each discipline has som e­
thin g to contribute, b ut this is not true of individual writers. Som e psy­
chiatrists have w ritten nonsense; som e articles seem alm ost deliberately
designed to perpetuate m isconceptions and hysteria, w hile som e studies, by
jurists as w ell as b y psychoanalysts, really serve to help our understanding
o f w hat the situation really is; of these, unfortunately, there are very, very
few .
W e see th at the literature is in fact in a chaotic condition, abounding in
m isunderstandings and contradictions. T h e re are nearly as m any defini­
tions o f sex offenses as there are writers. W e are still left in th e dark as to
w h at a sex offense really is. Is statutory rape a sexual crime? Legally, yes;
b u t from a psychiatric view poin t it does n ot necessarily involve pathology.
In m any jurisdictions, the law doesn’t consider forcible rape a sex crim e
b u t a crim e against the person, although it w ould seem that this is a sex
crim e if any is. A re bigam y, w h ite slavery, abduction and seduction, pros­
titu tion, sexual offenses? F or disagreem ent as to definition of individual
offenses, note the variety of definitions for paederasty and sodomy. W h a t is
a sexual psychopath? State laws have m ade attem pts to define this con ­
dition; b u t the legal definitions are frow ned upon by psychiatry. Is the
hom osexual a sexual psychopath, as some w ould have it? W h a t about
juveniles? A t w h at age does a youngster becom e a sexual psychopath? If
w e follow K insey in his statem ent that eighty-five percent of adult males
have been gu ilty o f sex offenses, are these all sexual psychopaths?
If there is no un an im ity as to definition, there is little m ore as to causes.
P sychic traum a, the dom inating m other, clean-up drives, econom ic factors,
poor hom e environm ent, heredity, constitution , endocrine glands, lack of
sex education, are am ong the factors cited. Y e t everyone know s of indi­
viduals w ho have survived such conditions w ith o u t b ecom ing sexual psy­
chopaths. W h e re there is no agreem ent as to cause, there can be none as
to cure. Punish them , p u t them in prison, segregate them , castrate them ,
have bigger police forces, give them horm ones, give them psychotherapy,
are some o f the suggestions. Som e say “ pass a law ,” some say to chan ge
the existing laws; som e believe th e indeterm inate sentence is th e answer.
T h e m ost logical conclusions are o f those w ho urge prevention: m ental
hygiene clinics, saner sex attitudes am ong the population (how is this to b e
brou gh t a b o u t?), hospitals instead of prisons. M a n y feel, and som e state
laws are expressions o f this attitude, th at potential offenders should be
detected and im prisoned or treated, before they com m it serious crimes.
 672 Bibliography
T h eo retically, of course, this w ould he ideal, b u t no one has yet given
adequate criteria for such identification. If they are identified, w here and
by w hom are they to be treated?
T h e statistical approach has certain values. It is perhaps w ell that w e
should have some idea w hat proportion o f sex crimes are serious; w hat
percentage o f sex offenders are exhibitionists or paedophiliacs; w h a t per­
centage are recidivists; w h at percentage o f the victim s are children. B u t
how are w e to reconcile these statistics, for instance, those show ing that
sex offenders are not serious recidivists, w ith th e case histories o f indi­
viduals w ho are repeatedly arrested for the same offense, and w ho even
m ore frequently indulge w ith ou t b ein g arrested? Statistics thus m ust be
taken w ith reservations. H oover tells us w ith alarm of the appalling num ­
ber o f rape cases occurring every year; he fails to explain th a t the greater
proportion of these are o f statutory rape and therefore not necessarily
pathological. O n e fails to see th e value o f statistics dealing w ith th e per­
centages of sex crim es taking place in autom obiles or in the offender’s
hom e, in daylight or after dark, etc., especially since th e statistics vary
from place to place.
T h e legal approach explains the laws; it can do little m ore since it deals
w ith individual offenders only at th e m om ent o f trial. Jurists m ay question
or uphold the constitu tion ality o f certain laws regarding sex offenders, but
they have n ot the deep know ledge o f th e background or m echanism s of
individual offenders that w ould serve to contrib u te to a greater understand­
ing.
T h e popular articles are m ostly rubbish. H ere is w here w e hear about
th e sex fiends and degenerates lurking around th e corner, the thousands
o f rape cases occurring every year, the danger to your daughter, and
where w e hear the gory details o f the m ost sensational rape-murders.
H ere w e find the pleas for castration. A n exception is th e article of
D eutsch, w ho gives a sober, balanced and reasoned account.
Several states and one city have appointed com m ittees to study the prob­
lem s of sex crim es and to form ulate reports and recom m endations. Som e
of these reports, like th at o f M ich igan , are excellent; giving summaries
o f practically all th e know n inform ation on the subject, com bin in g statisti­
cal w ith individual approaches, th e legal w ith the psychiatric. O thers, like
that o f N ew H am pshire, are superficial and contain m isinform ation.
T h e conven tion al psychiatric approach does n ot contribute m uch. East,
for instance, reports m any cases o f exhibitionism and other sex offenses,
b ut his cases are purely descriptive; he never seems to find out w hat causes
sexual deviation; he has n oth in g m uch to report in th e w ay of cures, so
how m uch farther ahead are we? T h is m ethod is hardly m ore searching
than the statistical m ethod.
It is the psychoanalytically studied, and m ore particularly the psycho
d ynam ically studied cases, that allow us true insight. Cases like those of
Brom berg, R ab in ovitch , C o n n , G lo ver and Karpm an w ho through analysis
Bibliography 673
determ ine just w h at psychogenic factors are responsible for the individual’s
b ein g th a t way, are those w hich throw true lig h t on th e subject. T h ese,
and oth er writers, report cures, w hich stand as proof o f th e validity of
their findings.
M u c h is repetitive. T h o se w ho have contributed m ore than one article
frequently repeat them selves w ith little n ew to add. Piker carries this som e­
w h at to an extrem e, w hen he publishes an identical article in tw o different
journals in th e same m on th, m erely chan gin g the title from active to pas­
sive voice. A m ore searching study m ight have m erited this repetition. K arp­
m an always sings his them e song o f hospitals instead of jails, perversions
are neuroses and can be cured b y psychotherapy, b u t he always has som e­
th in g new to contribute as well. Som e verify, from their own experience,
w h at others have already found; w hile some m erely quote others, w ith
or w ith o u t acknow ledgm ent.
W e have gained, through statistics, a fairly clear picture o f the extent
and distribution o f sex crimes. W e learn th a t all types o f persons, in all
walks of life, o f all grades of intelligence and all kinds o f educational
backgrounds, are represented. W e learn, through the sociological-statistical
approach of K insey, th e frequency o f illicit b u t un detected sexual b e­
havior.
T h e legal writers are in the main responsible for pointin g out th e flaws
in sexual psychopath state laws, for w hich they hold psychiatrists responsi­
ble, and for revealing the inconsistencies and variations in other laws per­
taining to sexual behavior. Psychiatrists hold th e jurists responsible. Psy­
chiatry has shown that the sex offender is m en tally ill; it know s at least
som e o f the factors in the illness; w hile psychoanalysis has uncovered
m echanism s in the illness, has determ ined the bases of the deviation, it
offers diagnosis and presents an avenue for treatm ent and possible cure.
M a n y questions are le ft unanswered. W h y does th e incidence o f
sex crimes vary so greatly in different parts of the country? In C aliforn ia,
for exam ple, sex crim e is said to constitute nine percent o f the total num ­
ber of offenses; in th e rest o f the country only abou t four percent.
W h y is th e literature on exhibitionism and hom osexuality so m uch more
abu n d an t than on other sexual crimes? Perhaps because these are num eri­
cally larger.
W h a t part does religion play in sexual deviation? T h is question has
been suggested, m ostly from a standpoint o f statistics, b u t needs to be
studied further.
N o adequate study has been m ade o f effects upon victim s. B ender and
B lau deal only w ith im m ediate results; no system atic study has been m ade
of m ore rem ote effects. C ase histories indicate this m ay b e considerable,
b u t no a ttem p t has been m ade to bring these together.
M u ch remains to be done on the question o f etiology. H ere there are
varying points of view; constitutional, psychogenic, glandular, or com bin a­
tions. W h a t part does each of these factors play? H ow is the potential
674 Bibliography
offender to be detected before the com m ission o f serious crime? N o tech ­
n iq ue is at present available for id en tifyin g him .
Since it seems to be fairly generally agreed that exhibitionists and voy-
eurists are relatively harm less, and th at it is n ot practical to shut them up
in prison for life, and th at treatm en t is n ot generally available, w h a t shall
b e done w ith them ? A re w e to ignore them ? N o satisfactory answer has
been given to this question.
W h y are so few w om en involved in sex offenses? A re th ey overprotected
by the police? Is it th a t there are really few w om en offenders, or do they
not com e to the atten tion o f police or of students of the subject?
Just w hat effect does sensational newspaper reporting o f sex crim es
have upon th e prevalence of such crimes?
Just w hat part does the poten tial victim play in the offense? W h y is a
particular victim chosen? Bender and B lau have done some work upon
this aspect, and th e part o f the victim has been suggested in other studies,
b u t this field offers m any possibilities for investigation.
Psychiatry has y et to determ ine w hy th e offender chooses this particular
type o f behavior rather than som e other w hich m ight be available to him .
It is felt that insufficient atten tion has been paid to juvenile offenders.
T h e work of D oshay and of M arkey are nearly alone in this field, w hich
w ould seem to offer th e greatest possibilities, n ot only for treatm en t but
for research.
W h y is so little o f w h at has been w ritten for laym en on this subject
adequate, factual or inform ative? N early all th e m aterial has appeared in
scientific or legal journals; w hat has been published in popular m agazines
is generally unscientific, fear-provoking and sensational. M a n y believe that
there is a need for b etter public understanding, a change in attitudes to­
ward sexual m atters, m ore adequate sex education. H artw ell’s C itizen s’
H an dbook is a valuable contribution , w hich w ould seem to po in t th e w ay
toward a satisfactory m ethod of en lightenin g th e public. A rticles, or series
o f articles along this line, in popular m agazines, w ould serve a useful
purpose in reducing hysteria, h elp ing toward a clearer understanding, and
p oin tin g the need for treatm en t facilities and research possibilities.
C. S U M M A R IZ IN G
1. G e n e ra l Studies: A large num ber o f the item s noted in this b ib liog­
raphy are studies of sex offenders in general, w ritten from no one specific
p o in t o f view and w ith ou t any particular background of know ledge. T h is
is true particularly of the earlier works, up to abou t 1940. T h e very size of
th e subject, w ith its m any m anifestations, precludes treating “ th e sex o f­
fen der” in a b rief m agazine article w ith any significance, therefore it is
n o t surprising th a t th e earlier, general articles add little to existing know l
edge. Som e studies are largely statistical, as those of A p felb erg, Sugar and
Pfeffer, and Frosch and Brom berg and M oran; these have a real, alth ou gh
Bibliography 675
lim ited , value. O thers, as W ile and East, have attem pted classifications, on
one basis or another w hich have been generally unsatisfactory. F ew or no
cases are presented, or are presented so briefly as to be entirely unillum i-
nating, and for th e m ost part not psychoanalytically studied.
K arp m an ’s work on Perversions as N euroses is the earliest intensive
study o f th e broad field; it establishes perversions (paraphilias) as b eing
gen etically related to neuroses, if n ot actually neuroses, although o f
a highly specific type, and like them , curable through psychotherapy. It is
th e paraphilias, not the psychopathies, th a t contribute m ost to sexual
crim es. In the years follow ing this w e have, in the general field, oth er psy­
chod ynam ically oriented work, such as th a t o f Brom berg, G ardner, G lover,
H artw ell, R o ch e and G uttm acher. R o ch e’s article (1950) is one o f th e m ost
inform ative o f th e shorter, general articles.
2. Material Devoted to Specific Offenses: It is perhaps natural th at the
largest num ber o f articles on specific offenses should be on exhib ition ­
ism. T h ese begin w ith East, and P eck in 1924, b oth reporting on a de­
scriptive level, but P eck’s case b eing reported at greater length. E ast’s
rather m eaningless division o f exhibitionists into “ psychopathic” and “ de­
praved” was follow ed b y T a ylo r and b y R ickies. Peck, and later H insie,
found hom osexual elem ents in exhibitionists’ dreams. Karpm an, 1926,
noted the pathology o f the sex life, tw iligh t state, narcissism, and incestuous
background. In 1929, he reported on th e conn ection w ith th e oedipal situ­
ation, and described th e com pellin g nature of exhibitionism and prodrom al
sym ptom s. Silverm an also has described a prodrom e. Rickies, R o m m and
Sperling, too, have noted narcissism and th e m other attach m ent. C hristoffel,
and later Sperling, em phasized orality. H enninger related exhibitionism
to com pensation for inferiority; this is also m entioned b y A rieff and Rot-
m an. R ickies, w ho coined th e w ord expom ania in 1942, em phasized the
role of the d om inatin g m other and th o u gh t exhibitionism could be cured
b y change in environm ent. T h e hom osexual elem ent was also brought out
b y R o m m . C astration is m entioned b y Silverm an, R o m m and Sperling.
C ap rio brings out incestuous phantasies and the close conn ection w ith
Scoptophilia, as m entioned b y Karpm an in 1926.
a. h o m o s e x u a l i t y is in second place as regards quantity of m aterial. M a n y
aspects o f this problem have been studied. E tiology varies from th e con ­
stitutional, em phasized b y G reenspan and C am p b ell, the endocrines of
W r ig h t, to psychogenesis dem onstrated so outstandingly in th e case of
W u lff. H enry (193 7) is a middle-of-the-roader, believin g that a constitu­
tional predisposition is influenced b y psychogenic factors. K arpm an studies
the laten t hom osexual in hom osexual panic (K em p f’s disease) and o f a
m urderer. T h e hom osexual in the arm y is reported on by Loeser, m ale
prostitutes by Freyhan and Butts, hom osexual delinquents by H enry and
Gross. T h e psychopath described by C ason is also a hom osexual and trans-
vestist. Foxe gives an analysis of a sodom ist, less convincing, in respect to
676 Bibliography
psychogenesis, than the case of W u lff. M aterial on the treatm ent of the
hom osexual, however, is lacking.
E arly studies by H adley and C assity on p a e d o p h i l i a leave m u c h to b e
desired; the outstanding contribution here is that of K arpm an, w ho dem on­
strates in the m ost striking w ay n ot only the psychogenesis (psychic
traum a) b u t also the cure.
b. F or p r o s t i t u t i o n w e have b u t three articles; those o f G o itein , W e n g ra f
and G lover. T h a t of G lo ver is m uch m ore com prehensive and profound. It
is som ew hat surprising th at this particular situation has not attracted m ore
students.
c. o b s c e n i t y has been studied b y K arpm an, Eliasberg and H onigm an n.
Karpm an is th e only one o f these to report a case, studied psychodynam i-
cally.
Payne, G illespie and K ennedy, H offm an and H aines have w ritten on
cases of
d. f e t i s h i s m . P ayne and G illesp ie interpret their cases as castration fear.
T h e case reported by K en n edy, H offm an and H aines is m ost interesting,
b u t not studied to the fu ll extent o f its possibilities.
e. n e c r o p h i l i a has been intensively studied by R apo port and b y Brill.
Brill discovers no etiological factors beyond a w eak constitution; R apoport
relates his case to oral and anal drives.
f-i. v o y e u r i s m , transvestism, w hite slavery and incest are given a single
paper each. A case o f voyeurism is described by O berndorf. L ik e K arpm an,
earlier, and C ap rio later, he points to the conn ection betw een voyeurism
and exhibitionism . R eich , in his case o f incest, relates th e etiology to social
conditions. T h e individual described b y K arpm an in a C ase of W h it e Slav­
ery forced his w ife into prostitution, projectin g on her th e hatred he felt
for all w om en. In his study o f a case o f transvestism , K arpm an sees this
paraphilia as a means of effecting m asturbation.
3 . Studies of Special Groups: Several writers have m ade studies o f par­
ticular groups or types involved in sexual offenses. It is u n fortu nate th at a
greater num ber have n ot been devoted to children and adolescents. W a g ­
goner and B oyd find different causative factors in th e sexual m isbehavior
o f juveniles, particularly parental overprotection and rejection. D osh ay in
his less searching study o f b oy sex offenders usually finds the causes to
b e poor hom e conditions or poor com panions, or b oth. H e finds that the
general juvenile offender differs slightly from th e sexual delinquen t in
early life, a finding confirm ed b y M arkey, w ho includes girls. R ichm on d ,
in her study o f adolescent boys and girls, em phasizes the norm ality o f
sexual experim entation in you n g people.
Psychotic sex offenders w ere studied b y R uskin, w ith no very striking
results. Selling in several articles has em phasized th e feeble-m inded sex
Bibliography 677
offenders. H enninger studied senile sex offenders, m ostly from the view ­
po in t o f prognosis.
T h e greatest atten tion paid to any one specific psychiatric type has been
to the psychopath. K arpm an, in a num ber of articles, has described th e
prim ary or idiopathic psychopath, as distinguished from the sexual psycho­
path, and proposed the term anethopath. His description of the psychopath
has been confirm ed by others ( C ason, A b rah am sen ).
It is rather surprising th a t so little atten tion has been paid to th e victim s
o f sex offenses, particularly children. B ender and B lau deal on ly w ith
im m ediate results to children of sexual experiences w ith adults; these they
find often to be not serious. M illik e n ’s article on child victim s is general.
Popular A rticles— T h e average article on sex offenders in popular m aga­
zines can be dismissed as uninform ed and sensational. F rom these authors
w e hear th e cries for m ore laws, greater vigilance, w arning of children,
longer sentences. A n exception is the article of D eu tsch , w ho gives an ex­
cellent sum m ary o f the best know ledge on th e subject.
4. State and City Reports: R eports com piled b y com m ittees usually
appointed b y the governors o f several states and b y the m ayor o f N ew
W r k C ity could be am ong th e best sources o f inform ation as to sex
crimes, if and w hen carefully prepared. A n outstanding exam ple is the R e ­
port of the G overn or’s Study C om m ission o f th e state o f M ich igan , w hich
contains chapters on fact finding, on resources and present practices, on
legislation, education, m oral and spiritual values and an excellent b ib liog­
raphy. T h e chapter on Sexually D isturbed C h ild ren by R ab in ovitch is
particularly valuable. W h e n such reports are carelessly prepared, as is the
case w ith th e N ew H am pshire report, they are worse than useless.
5. Sex and Crime: O n ly in com paratively recent years has the sexual
basis o f m any nonsexual crimes b een generally recognized. K arp m an ’s
Psychotherapy and the C rim in al Insane reported incestuous attachm ents
and hom osexual adjustm ents as the m otivatin g factors in a case of m urder
and robbery. T h is was follow ed in 1930 b y his review o f Stekel’s work on
the sexual basis o f kleptom ania and pyrom ania, and in later years by
studies o f the sexual bases o f other offenses, burglary, assault, etc. M ena-
ker and R ich m on d noted th e sexual im plications in stealing. F oxe related
arm ed robbery to hom osexual assault on the father; G o itein described a
holdup as due to oral traits springing from an unresolved O edipus phase.
6. Legal Aspects: W riters on strictly legal aspects tend to fall into two
groups; those w ho consider legal procedure th e country over, as in par­
ticular Ploscow e, T a p p a n and Sutherland, and those w ho argue for, or
against, particular state legislation, the “ sexual psychopath” bills. In this
latter group are Stewart, M in ow , A llen , H ughes, Barratt, Busser and P at­
terson. In general, the argum ents against passage of new laws b u t for re­
vision o f old laws, arc m ore convincing. O verholser w ould have full use
678 Bibliography
o f existing laws, for instance, those allow ing for psychiatric exam ination,
rather than th e passage of new ones.
7. Treatment: K op p and B onk have studied the effects of castration
w ith ou t reporting definite conclusions. R u bcnstein, Shapiro and Freem an,
and G o lla and H odge, report prom ising results w ith horm one therapy in
a lim ited num ber of cases. T h om p son , w ho has experim ented w ith electro­
shock, finds this treatm en t useless. R ecom m endation s for lob otom y appear
usually in sensational popular articles.
T h e case for im prisonm ent is not m uch better represented. T h e D ep art­
m ental C o m m itte e R eport, 1925, com es out for im prisonm ent, and m any
others appear tacitly to condone im prisonm ent, perhaps for w ant o f a m ore
effective approach. M o st psychiatric writers, how ever, recognize the fu tility
o f im prisonm ent as an effective measure. Karpm an, in Sex L ife in Prison,
has shown in detail the devastating nature and extent of em otional and
sexual disorders resulting from confinem ent. Popular writers as a group
tend to em phasize the need for bigger police forces and m ore strict vigi­
lance, w hich w ould indicate th at catchin g the crim inals and shutting them
up is their answer to the problem .
T h e case for psychotherapy is ably presented by those w ho report actual
cures, as C o n n , Karpm an, F loch , and others. It is perhaps too m uch to ex­
pect, as som e recent legislation w ould im ply, th at w hoever is arrested on
a sex charge should be sent to a m ental hospital un til he is cured. T a p p a n
in particular points out the lack o f hospitals and facilities for care of all
sex offenders. C ru van t, M e ltzer and T artaglin o, in a u n iqu e contribution,
report on the results of hospitalization in such cases, finding th a t the
greater num ber o f sexual offenders com m itted under such legislation are
m inor offenders, and not am enable to treatm ent.
C. B IB L IO G R A P H Y AN D R E FE R E N C E S: B y A uthors
I
A b r a h a m s , J o s e p h , m .d ., Preliminary Report of an Experience in the Group
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A b r a h a m s , J o s e p h , m .d . a n d M c C o r k l e , L l o y d W ., Group Psychotherapy of
M ilitary Offenders. Amer. J. Sociol., V ol. 51, No. 5, March, 1946.
A b r a h a m , K a r l , m .d ., T he Experiencing of Sexual Traumas as a Form of Sex­
ual Activity (1907). Selected Papers. T he Hogarth Press, Ltd., London,
1 94 8-
--------- , T he Psychological Relations Between Sexuality and Alcoholism (1908).
Selected Papers. The Hogarth Press, Ltd., London, 1948.
, Remarks on the Psycho-Analysis of a Case of Foot and Corset Fetish­
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--------- , Restrictions and Transformations of Scoptophilia in Psycho-Neurotics;
with Remarks on Analogous Phenomena in Folk-Psychology (1913). Se­
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, T h e First Pregenital State of the Libido (19 16). Selected Papers. T he
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London, 1948.
--------- , T he Narcissistic Evaluation of Excretory Processes in Dreams and
Neurosis (1920). Selected Papers. T he Hogarth Press, Ltd., London,
1948.
— , Contributions to the Theory of the Anal Character (1921). Selected
Papers. T he Hogarth Press, Ltd., London, 1948.
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——---- , A Short Study of the Developm ent of the Libido, Viewed in the Light
of M ental Disorders (1924). Selected Papers. T he Hogarth Press, Ltd.,
London, 1948.
A b r a h a m s e n , D a v i d , Study of 102 Sex Offenders at Sing Sing. Federal Proba­
tion, V ol. 14, N o. 3, September, 1950, pp. 26-32 (16 2 ).
A l e x a n d e r , F r a n z , Fundamentals of Psychoanalysis. W . W . Norton and C om ­
pany, Inc., N ew York, 1948. (a) p. 263.
A l l e n , C ., T he Sexual Perversions and Abnormalities. Oxford University Press, *
London, 1940.
, T h e Treatment of the Sexual Abnormalities. M ed. Press (5 Circ., V ol.
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Criminol., V o l. 32, 1941, pp. 196-199 (63).
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A r i e f f , A. J. a n d R o t m a n , D . B., O ne Hundred Cases of Indecent Exposure.
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B a c m e i s t e r , W a l t e r , Murder Com m itted by a M an Aged Sixty-Three as a
Result of Constantly Troubled Conscience over Bestiality Performed at
Seventeen Years of Age. A rchiv fiir Kriminologie, V o l. 106, May-June,
1940, p. 136. Abstracted, J. crim. Psychopath., V o l. 5, July, 1943, pp.
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II. Social Patterns 710
694 Psychogenic Inventory

V I. A N T IS O C IA L H ISTO R Y 711

V II. P SY C H O S E X U A L H ISTO R Y 7 11

A. E arly C uriosity and Interest 7 11

B. Sexual Instruction 713

C. Sex D ream s, N octu rn al and Involuntary Em issions, etc. 713

D. M asturbation 714
PREFACE
E. H eterosexuality 714

F. H om osexuality 716

G. V oyeu rism (looking or “ peeping” ) 717

H. E xhibition ism 718

I. Sadom asochism 718

J. Transvestism (cross dressing) 719 The preparation o f the psychogenic inventory has been a m atter o f slow
evolution during the past thirty years. T h e need for it was originally stim u­
K. Partialism 719 lated in m e b y patients w ho, as it were, gave me the first lessons in ques­
L. Fetishism 720 tionnaire m ethods. G radually, as the practice broadened, the num ber of
questions increased. B ecause o f the fact that I frequently use questions
M. Zoophilia 720 w ith certain types of patients, I felt justified in preparing the outlin e in
order to give the reader an inkling as to how one gets m aterial by this
N. C oprop hilia 721
m ethod. N eedless to say, these questions can not all be used in th e m anner
O. N ecrophilia 7 21 in w hich th ey are w ritten. It is not intended to take the place of an initial
questionnaire, w hich universally is based only on the p atien t’s m aterial, b ut
P. Sexual Stim ulation 721
rather to be general in approach, m erely giving the worker an idea o f the
Q. Personal and Social Factors 722 type of questions to be asked. T h e y m ust be m odified to m eet the particular
needs of a situation. B y and large, I prepare questions 011 the basis o f the
initial m aterial subm itted to me by the patient. His answers provide fur­
V III. D R E A M LIFE 723
ther questions, so th at in toto the questions are highly specific for each
particular case. I am n ot unaw are that m any o f these questions, as pre­
I X. A T T IT U D E S , OPIN ION S, V IE W P O IN T S 723
pared here, can n ot be asked o f a patient. F or instance, very few patients
A. Sexual Instruction 723 w ill b e able to answer such questions as “ A re you aggressive or passive?”
T h is m ust be elicited b y questions w hich include the problem of aggres­
B. M arriage 723
sion, bu t are based on patien t s ow n m aterial. T h en , it w ill really m ean
C. M orals 724 som ething to the patient.
A b o u t tw enty-five years ago, there appeared in the Psychoanalytic R e ­
view a questionnaire, authored b y S. D . Schm alhausen, and later incorpo­
rated in his book, “ W h y W e M isb eh ave.” B u t at the tim e of preparing the
present m anuscript, this questionnaire was not available. Som e ten years
previous to that, the late G eorge Am sden published a questionnaire deal­
ing w ith schizophrenia. I have, in the past, used hints from b oth . I have
also utilized som e o f the m aterial published in m y O b jective Psychotherapy,
C lin ica l Psychology M onograph N u m ber 5.
 Psychogenic Inventory 69 7

age at the tim e she becam e your stepm other, and the circum stances
under w hich your father remarried.
5 . D escribe: (a) any paternal an d /or m aternal uncles and aunts w ho

Psychogenic Inventory have lived in or visited your hom e and w ho played any appreciable
part in your life, or in the life of your fam ily, in the same m anner as
you have described each o f your parents.
(b) any oth er relatives— cousins, nephews, nieces, in-laws, etc.
6. D escribe each of your siblings, in the order of their birth, stating in
I. F A M IL Y H ISTO R Y
each case how m uch older or how m uch younger they are than your­
1. D escribe each of your paternal grandparents. If they are dead and you self. Include any brother or sister w ho has died, stating in each instance
have no m em ory of them or had no ch ildh ood association w ith them , your age at the tim e o f their death as w ell as the age at w hich he or
she died and the cause o f death.
tell w hatever you have heard abou t them from others. If possible, state
the age at w hich each died, the age you were at their death, and the In the event th a t you have half-brothers, half-sisters, stepbrothers or
stepsisters, describe them also, stating your age at th e tim e of your
cause of death in each case.
first association w ith them .
2 . D escribe each of your m aternal grandparents. If they are dead and you
have no m em ory of them or had no childhood association w ith them , 7. D oyou know w hether any m em ber o f your fam ily, or any near relative,
tell w hatever you have heard abou t them from others. If possible, state suffered from heart disease, tuberculosis, cancer, epilepsy, or from any
kind of physical or m ental disturbance? W a s any m em ber of your
the age at w hich each died, th e age you were at their death, and th e
fam ily, or any near relative, ever confined to a m ental hospital, either
cause of death in each case.
3. D escribe your father. T e ll som ething about his characteristics, per­ private or public? If so, tell w hatever you know concerning the reason
sonality, habits; his attitu d e tow ard you and your attitude toward him , for such confinem ent. D id any m em ber o f your fam ily, or any near
relative, com m it suicide? If so, tell w hatever you know about this. D id
taking this through various stages of your developm ent; also his a tti­
any m em ber o f your fam ily, or any near relative, ever serve a prison
tude toward the other children in the fam ily (if there are other ch il­
sentence? If so, tell w hatever you know about the circum stances. H as
d ren ), through various periods of his life.
any m em ber o f your fam ily ever been charged w ith, or com m itted a
If he is dead, state his age at the tim e of his death and the cause
murder?
o f his death. D escribe in detail the reaction of the fam ily to his death
and the effect his death had on the subsequent fortunes of the fam ily.
If he is living, b u t suffers from any particular disease, handicap, or II. F A M ILY S IT U A T IO N
chronic ailm ent, give som e accoun t of this.
8. G iv e a full and detailed accoun t of your hom e life, the general atm os­
In the event th a t you have a stepfather, describe him to th e same
phere w hich prevailed in the fam ily circle, including the follow ing:
extent th at you have been asked to describe your father, stating your
(a) Y o u r parents’ attitud e tow ard each other;
age at th e tim e he becam e your stepfather, and the circum stances
(b) Y o u r parents’ attitud e toward the children; any special favoritism
under w hich your m other remarried.
or its opposite shown toward any of the children;
4 . D escribe your m other. T e ll som ething abou t her characteristics, per­
(c) T h e econom ic circum stances, the influence of m oney or the ef­
sonality, habits; her attitu d e toward you and your attitude toward her,
fects o f the lack o f m oney;
taking this through th e various stages of your developm ent; also her
(d) Y o u r parents’ attitu d e toward religion, and its effect on the ch il­
attitud e toward the other children in the fam ily (if there are other
dren;
ch ild ren ), through various periods of her life.
(e) T h e relations w hich existed am ong the children;
If she is dead, state her age at the tim e o f her death and the cause of
(f) T h e fam ily activities, am usem ents, cultural interests, etc.
her death. D escribe in detail the reaction of th e fam ily to her death
(g) T h e effects o f alcohol, gam bling, social clim bing, or any other un ­
and the effect her death had on the subsequent fortunes of the fam ily.
usual factor w hich influenced the fam ily life.
If she is living, b u t suffers from any particular disease, handicap, or
chronic ailm ent, give som e accou n t of this.
9 . As a child, did you have a distinct fondness for one parent over the
other; or were you equally fond of b oth of them ? If you had a decided
In the event th at you have a stepm other, describe her to the same ex­
preference for one, w hich one and why?
tent th a t you have been asked to describe your m other, stating your

6q6
698 Psychogenic Inventory
10. As a child, did you have a decided preference or dislike for any one of
your siblings? If so, for w hich one, and why? D id this preference or
dislike subsequently undergo a change or m odification, or did it persist
into adulthood?
III. PER SO N A L H ISTO R Y
A. B irth and Infancy:
11. W h a t have you been told, if anything, abou t your birth? D o you know
w hether it was norm al, easy, difficult, instrum ental, prem ature, C a e ­
sarean, etc.?
12. W h a t have you been told, if anything, abou t your nursing period in
infancy? D o you know w hether you were breast-fed or bottle-fed or
both? If b oth , do you know w hen you were sw itched from breast to
bottle?
H ave you been told anything about the w eanin g period? D o you know
at w h at age you were w eaned, and w hether you were w eaned easily
or w ith difficulty?
H ave you been told anythin g abou t any other aspects o f your infancy,
e.g., w hether you were a generally conten ted or an irritable infant, a
cry-baby, or anythin g abou t any other personality traits, characteristics,
etc., w hich you exhibited as an infant?
B. Early C hild hood :
13. C an you rem em ber anythin g about, or can you recall anythin g that you
have been told about, the period of toilet training? C a n you rem em ber
any thoughts or feelings about, or reactions to, urine, feces, or toilet
functions? H ave you any childhood m em ories associated w ith the
bathroom ?
14 . D o you know w hether or n ot you ever suffered from enuresis (b ed ­
w etting) ? If you did, have you been told anything about this difficulty,
e.g., the measures taken to com bat it; how lon g it lasted, etc.? If you
have any conscious m em ory of this, tell as m uch abou t it as you can
rem em ber. If bed-w etting was a problem w h ich persisted to a com ­
paratively late period— pre-puberty, puberty, adolescence, etc.— give
a full and com plete accoun t o f this, and state the precise age at w hich
it ceased to becom e a problem .
15. D id you have during any particular period of childhood any m anifes­
tations of nervousness, e.g., nail-biting; any peculiar m annerisms, etc.?
If so, at w h a t age did these occur and how lon g did they last?
16 . D o you know , or have you been told, w hether or not you sucked your
thum b as a child? If so, how lon g did you persist in this habit? W e r e
there any thum b substitutes th a t you know o f or have been told about?
17. D id you as a child have any particular difficulties in conn ection w ith
Psychogenic Inventory 699
eating? D id you have to b e urged to eat? D id you have a tendency to
overeat? T e ll w hatever you can rem em ber, or w hatever you have been
told, about this, and state the age represented b y the period in question.
18. W h a t can you rem em ber, or w h at have you been told, about your dis­
position as a child? D id you have tem per tantrums? D id you sulk? D id
you have fits o f obstinacy? T e ll anythin g and everything that you can
rem em ber, or that you have been told, about your childhood dis­
position.
19. W h a t were the sleeping arrangem ents th a t existed in your hom e when
you were a child? D id you sleep in the same bed w ith your parents,
or w ith either o f them , and if so, for how long? F or how long did you
sleep in th e same room w ith one or both of them? D id you sleep in
th e same bed w ith any o f your siblings, and if so, for how long? For
how lon g did you sleep in the same room w ith any of them ? D escribe
any other sleeping arrangem ents not covered by the preceding ques­
tions.
20 . W h a t was the general state o f your health as a child? W h a t childhood
diseases did you have? D id you have any serious illness in childhood?
If so, give an accoun t of it. D id you have any serious accident as a
child? If so, describe. H o w did you react to various sicknesses? D id you
enjoy th e atten tion given you on such occasions; or did you have an
indifferent or even painful reaction? D id you suffer any disabilities
as a result of sickness?
21 . D id you at any tim e during childhood develop the h abit of “ running
aw ay” ? If so, where w ould you go and for how lon g w ould you be
gone? W h a t age is represented b y this period? Llave you any m em ory
of, the reasons w hich you th ough t you had for this behavior?
22 . As a child were you bashful or bold; tim id or fearless? W e r e you
seclusive, or did you m ake friends easily? T e ll as m uch as you can
abou t how you reacted to th e presence of others.
23 . C an you rem em ber any outstanding childhood fears? If so, describe
them , and state your age at the tim e you had them . D o you know
o f any particular experiences w hich caused them , or was their develop­
m ent independent o f any external circum stances that you can re­
member?
24 . D id you have any terrifying dreams or nightm ares as a child? If so,
can you rem em ber the general nature of these, or can you rem em ber
any of them in detail? A t w hat age did they occur? Flow did you react
to them ? W e r e you com forted or reassured afterwards by cither of
your parents, or by any other person? If so, give som e accoun t of the
m anner in w hich you received such com fort or assurance.
25 . W e r e you troubled at any tim e during childhood or youth with in­
somnia (inab ility to sleep)? D id you ever w alk or talk in your sleep?
If so, give a full accoun t of these sleep disturbances— year of origin,
frequency, duration, etc. D id you ever get into any difficulty 011 ac­
 Psychogenic Inventory 701
7oo Psychogenic Inventory

count of that? C a n you recall any special circum stance w hich started
34. D id you finish grade school? If not, exactly how far did you go? If you
did n ot finish grade school w h at was th e reason for this? G iv e some
you on sleepwalking?
accoun t of your life in grade school— your relations w ith other pupils;
26 . A s a child, were there any things w hich you particularly liked or dis­
w ith teachers; w hich studies you liked or disliked; w hich studies were
liked to do; any places w here you particularly liked or disliked to go;
easy or difficult, etc. etc. D escribe your relations w ith other children
any substances w hich you particularly liked or disliked to tou ch or
outside o f school. D id your relations at hom e change as a result of
handle? G iv e as full an accoun t of these as you can, and state the age
going to school?
at w hich these likes and dislikes were m ost noticeable. D id any o f
them persist into adulthood? If so, w hich ones, and to w h at extent?
35. If you w en t to high school, did you graduate? If not, h ow far did you
go and w h y did you leave? T e ll som ething about your life in high
27 . As a child, were there any particular stories, fairy tales, etc. w hich were
school— relations w ith other students, w ith teachers, your attitud e
told to you or read to you th a t you were especially fond of? W e r e there
toward your studies, etc.
any stories w hich especially frightened you? W e r e there any particular
36. If you w en t to college, did you graduate? If not, how far did you go
pictures w hich especially fascinated you? If so, give an accou n t of these
and w hy did you leave? W a s the college you attended near to or far
and o f your reactions to them , and state your age in each instance.
from your hom e? W h e r e did you live w h ile you were atten d ing college?
28 . W h a t do you consider to be your m ost outstanding childhood m em ory;
G iv e a fairly detailed accoun t o f your college life, from b oth an educa­
the one that has m ost often recurred to you in ad u lt life? W it h w hat
tional and a social standpoint. D id you have very m uch social life w hile
age is this m em ory associated?
going to college?
29 . D id you at any tim e in childhood have any speech difficulty, e.g.,
stam m ering, stuttering, etc.? If so, tell som ething abou t this, and indi­
37. If there were any other aspects of your education not covered b y th e
questions w hich you have already answered, e.g., n igh t school, post
cate the age at w hich it developed. H ow lon g did it last? W e r e there
graduate work, extension courses, etc., give som e accoun t o f these,
any tim es or circum stances during ad u lt life w hen this difficulty re­
stating your age at th e tim e you engaged in them .
appeared tem porarily? If so, describe.
D id you as a child suffer from any other physical handicap? If so, D. O ccupational History:
describe in detail, stating age, duration, and w hether or n ot it persisted
38. H o w did you obtain the first m oney th at you earned? D id you engage
into adulthood.
in any sort of w ork w hile you were going to school, e.g., paper route,
30. C an you rem em ber, as a child, feignin g sickness in order to secure
vacation jobs, part-time jobs, etc.
attention? If so, w hose attention? T e ll som ething abou t this and state
39. W h e n did you begin full-tim e em ploym ent? G iv e a chronological
the age represented by the period in question.
accoun t of all the types o f work you have done, stating your age in
31. C a n you rem em ber, as a child, b ein g especially jealous of anyone else?
conn ection w ith each o f them , the len gth of tim e you held each job
If so, of w hom , and why? W h a t age is represented b y this period?
or position, reasons for leaving, etc.
D id such jealousy persist to any degree into adulthood?
32. W e r e you ever punished physically as a child? If so, b y w hom , and 40 . W h a t was the longest period you ever h eld a job? W h a t was the short­
est period? H ave you been discharged from any jobs, and if so, from
in exactly what manner? (N o te: D o n ’t say were you w hipped. D escribe
how many? W h y were you discharged? H o w m any jobs did you quit?
th e exact procedure from b egin n in g to en d.) H o w did you react to
W h y did you q u it them?
such punishm ent? D oes any specific occasion of such punishm ent
stand out in your mem ory? If so, describe it in detail. W h a t was your
41 . T o w h at extent has illness, alcoholism , a quarrelsom e disposition,
sensitiveness to criticism , or some other factor, interfered w ith your
age at the tim e such punishm ent stopped?
occupational adjustm ent?
C. Education: 42 . A re you satisfied or dissatisfied w ith your occupational record? In either
case, why?
33. A t w h at age did you begin school? If it was later than the usual age,
explain the reason for this. If earlier than th e usual age, how did you E. M ilitary History:
feel in th e presence of children older than yourself and how did you
feel in the com pany of children younger than yourself? W h a t kind of
43 . H ave you seen any kind o f m ilitary service? If so, give a detailed ac­
cou nt of .it, stating date of induction, date o f discharge, type of service,
school was it— public, private, parochial, etc.? C a n you rem em ber your
th e locations involved, etc.
first day at school? T e ll as m uch abou t it— your reactions, feelings, etc.
44 . If m ilitary service was attended w ith any,particular difficulty, or if you
— as you can recall.
702 Psychogenic Inventory
were dishonorably discharged for any reason, give a com plete accoun t
o f this.
45 . If you were w ounded, or suffered any lasting effects or any handicap
as a result o f m ilitary service, describe these facts in som e detail.
F. Habits:
46 . D o you use alcohol, and if so to w h at extent? Flas it interfered w ith
your occupational adjustm ent? H ave you ever been arrested for drunk­
enness? H ave you ever been hospitalized for alcoholism ? H ave you
ever had delirium trem ens or any other kind of alcoholic hallucination?
47 . H ave you ever used any drugs? If so, state w hich ones you have used
and to w h at extent. H as your occupational adjustm ent suffered as a
result of that? H ave you ever been h ospitalized for drug addition, or
otherwise suffered any ill effects from the use of drugs? If so, give a full
accoun t of this.
48 . D o you gam ble, and if so in w h at m anner and to w h a t extent? H as
gam bling affected your career in any appreciable degree? If so, give
a detailed accoun t of this. W h a t is your attitude tow ard gam bling?
C an you take it or leave it, or are you an inveterate gambler?
49 . A re there any particular recreational pursuits w hich you carry to excess?
If so, w hat are they and how have they affected you?
50. D o you use tobacco, and if so to w hat extent? If you sm oke, h ow m any
cigarettes a day do you smoke?
D o you chew tobacco? D o you chew gum , and if so to w hat extent?
D o you take snuff? D o you sm oke m arihuana, and if so to w hat extent?
Is there anythin g else w hich you consum e to an unusual extent, w hich
has n ot b een m entioned in th e preceding questions? If so, give details.
IV . P E R S O N A L I T Y MAKE-UP: G en eral Features
51. Are you o f a generally sociable disposition, or are you seclusive and
solitary? G iv e som e accoun t of your reaction to oth er people or of any
difficulties you m ay have in your relations w ith others.
52. A re you easily angered? D o you express anger openly, or do you “ b ottle
it u p ” and cherish silent resentm ent? D o you cool off fast or slowly?
H ave you done any im pulsive things under the stress of anger w hich
you afterwards regretted? A re you of a forgiving disposition, or do you
carry grudges, rem em ber injuries?
53. A reyou disposed to be jealous? If so, of w hom are you, or have you
been, jealous? H o w did your jealousy affect your feelings or your b e­
havior?
54. Is there anyone toward w hom you feel, or have felt, definite hatred?
If so, toward w hom and why?
55. H ave you at any tim e suffered from conscious feelings of inferiority?
Psychogenic Inventory 703
D o you suffer from such feelings at th e present time? A re these feelings
o f inferiority restricted to any particular field, e.g., athletics, m echanical
efficiency, intellectual ability, social life, etc.; or are they general in
character, relating to your total personality? C a n you relate this feelin g
of inferiority to any actual existing physical inferiority in you; can you
associate it w ith any special situations in your life?
56. A re you subject to m ood swings? D o you have spells of depression
alternating w ith periods of elation— “ on top of the w orld” at one tim e,
and “ dow n in the dum ps” at another? O r are you of a generally even
disposition, w ith no marked or exaggerated changes of mood?
57. A re you given to day-dreaming? If so, w h at is the nature of such day­
dreams? A re they am bitious, egoistic, or erotic in character; or arc
they all of these? If you have any day-dreams w hich you indulge in
frequently, describe them in som e detail. A t w hat age did you first
have them ? H o w do they affect your daily behavior?
58. A s a child, did you indulge in any acts of cruelty? D id you torm en t
anim als, insects, or other children? If so, give an account of such b e ­
havior, stating the age a t w hich it occurred. D o you engage in any
cruel behavior at the present tim e, either physical or m ental? D o you
enjoy b elittlin g others or hurting their feelings? Are you given to cyn i­
cism, sarcasm or m ockery? D o you “ b u lly ” other people? A re you
threatening or belligerent?
59. D o you have periods of self-pity, w hen you “ enjoy being m iserable”
and exaggerate your m isfortunes? W h a t occasions such periods? D o
they have som e basis in fact; are they predicated on some actual cir­
cum stances; or are they entirely self-created?
60 . Are you of a more than ordinarily suspicious nature? D o you con ­
tinually suspect others of ulterior motives? A re you always looking for
som eone “ to do you dirt” ? D o you have a tendency to b lam e others
for your troubles? D o you think th at you have enemies? A rc there any
persons who, you think, really have a desire to injure you in any way?
If so, w ho are they and w hy do you thin k they w ant to injure you?
61 . H ow m uch adaptability do you have? C a n you accustom yourself easily
and rapidly to changing situations, environm ents, etc.; or docs it take
considerable tim e to do this? Are you “ set in your w ays” ; do you liavc
to do the same things at the same tim e in the same manner? D o
changes in your custom ary routine upset you?
62 . A re you system atic or unsystem atic in the way you do things? I hi you
think th at your activity is well-directed? If so, why; if not, w hy 110I?
D o you have a tendency to becom e absent-m inded or preoccupied?
63 . D o you exhibit good foresight? D o you plan well? D o you spend money
wisely? C an you satisfactorily plan a trip? C a n you go shopping, set me
everything you intended to buy, and not forget anylhing? ( . an von
keep all o f your necessary belongings w ith you; or do you leave tilings
704 Psychogenic Inventory
behind you, forget things, lose things, etc.? If you have a tenden cy to
forget or lose things, are they invariably the sam e things, or the same
sort o f things? If so, w h at are they?
64 . H ave you any outstanding fears? A re there any specific things or situa­
tions of w hich you are particularly afraid? Are there any situations
w hich you worry abou t unnecessarily? Are you inclined to “ borrow
trouble” or “ cross bridges b efore you get to th em ” ?
65 . D o you feel th a t the extent of your education corresponds to the educa­
tional opportunities w hich you have had? If not, how do you explain
th e discrepancy?
66. D o you consider yourself alert? W h a t do you m ean by “ alert” ?
67 . D o you consider yourself to be a good observer? C a n you report cor­
rectly w h at you have observed? A re your powers of observation b etter
in som e fields than in others? If so, in w h at fields are they good, and
in w h a t fields are they deficient?
68. D o you consider yourself as b ein g capable of learning from experience?
If so, w h at can you offer to substantiate your opinion in this respect?
69 . H o w broad are your interests? Flow restricted are they? W h y do you
consider them to be either broad or restricted? D o you m aintain your
interest in those things in w h ich you are interested; or do you soon
cease to becom e interested in one thing, and transfer your interest to
another? G ive som e exam ples to illustrate your answer to this question.
70 . D o you consider that you possess good com m on-sense judgm ent? W h y
do you think so? A re you deliberate, hasty, firm, or hesitating in form ­
ing judgm ents, or in com ing to conclusions? D o others seek your advice
or judgm ent? D o you think th a t you display consistency b etw een your
judgm ents and your acts; or are you one of those “ d on ’t-do-as-I-do,
but-do-as-I-say” people?
71 . D o you work better w ith som eone else or alone? D oes the presence
o f any sort o f com petition help or hinder you in working?
72 . H o w w ell do you m anage others? W h a t experience have you had in
m anaging or controlling others?
73 . D o you have good m uscular coordination? If you have observed any
difficulty in this respect, w h at is it? A re you handy w ith tools? W h a t
opportunity have you had to learn th e use o f tools?
74 . D o you consider yourself to be m atter-of-fact? D o you consider things
as they are, or do you tend to visualize them as you wish them to be?
D o you think th a t you are clear o f purpose or vague? W o u ld you de­
scribe yourself as visionary?
75 . A re you inventive? Artistic? D o you use either of these interests con ­
structively? If so, how? If not, how do you use them ?
76 . D o you regard yourself as possessing a good sense of responsibility?
If so, w h at can you offer to substantiate your opinion in this respect?
77 . D o you consider th at you have a good sense of right and wrong? D o
Psychogenic Inventory 705
you regard yourself as honest? If you think th at you are in any w ay
dishonest, precisely w hat form does your dishonesty take? D o you re­
gard yourself as truthful? If not, in w hat w ay do you think you are not?
D o you give deceitful or plausible explanations for things in lieu of
the exact truth? D o you lie to gain a well-defined purpose? D o you lie
from an excess of im agination? D o you lie to keep yourself out of
trouble? D o you lie in order to cause others trouble? etc. etc.
78 . A re you superstitious? If so, tell som ething about the nature o f your
superstitions.
79 . D oyou thin k th a t you are easily led b y others? If so, give som e ex­
am ples to illustrate this.
V. P E R S O N A L IT Y MAKE-UP: Special Features
A. M em ory:
80 . W h a t is your opinion o f your memory? D o you consider it good, bad,
or indifferent? Is it good for som e things and bad for others? If so, for
w h a t things is it good and for w hat things is it bad? Is it b etter for
recent events or for past events; or do you consider it equally good for
both?
81 . Isyour m em ory b etter for things seen or for things heard; in other
words, is it prim arily visual or auditory? C a n you rem em ber clearly
events w hich you have witnessed; scenes in plays or pictures, etc.? C an
you rem em ber anecdotes; addresses; telephon e numbers; popular songs;
poetry, etc.?
82 . H o wm uch effort do you m ake to rem em ber things; or isn’t it necessary
to m ake any?
83 . Is your m em ory capricious? C a n you rem em ber w h at you w ant to, and
“ forget” w h at you d on ’t w ant to remember?
84 . H ave you at any tim e m ade any particular attem p t to im prove your
m em ory, e.g., taken a “ m em ory course,” etc.? W h a t success did you
have?
B. Peculiarities o f Appetite:
85 . D oyou have a tendency to over-eat?
86. A re you restrictive in w h at you eat? If so, is your choice governed by
appearance or b y taste?
87 . D oyou crave any particular types of food, e.g., bitter, sweet, sour,
chalky, etc.?
88. A re you sensitive to, or disgusted by, any ordinary articles o f diet,
e.g., m ilk, butter, eggs, sea foods, etc.?
89 . Have you any peculiar preferences in the matter of beverages, e.g., tea,
coffee, soft chinks, alcoholic drinks, etc.?
706 Psychogenic Inventory Psychogenic Inventory 707

102. D o you think there is any relation betw een security and prejudice? If
C. R eactions to External Factors: so, w h at do you consider that relation to be?
90 . H ave you any attraction for special odors; or are you repelled b y any 103. D o you think th a t mass insecurity plays a part in w orld events? If so,
special odors, e.g., body odors; perfum es; cooking odors, etc.? discuss your ideas of the influence w hich mass insecurity has on world
91 . W h a t is your reaction to the sight of blood? H ave you a tenden cy to conditions, developm ents, etc.
becom e uncom fortable, faint, etc. at any other unpleasant sights? If 104. D o you feel at a disadvantage as com pared w ith others; or in regard
to your responsibilities? W o u ld you say that this am ounted to a strong
so, w hat sights?
92 . D o you display intolerance of noise generally? O f any special noises, feelin g of insecurity? If not, how w ould you describe it? W h a t is your
e.g., thunder; noise of sipping; dripping water; creaking stairs or fur­ reaction to this feeling? D oes it cause you to becom e dependent; trust­
niture, etc.? ful, hesitating, evasive, on your guard, tim id, or shy?
105. D o you consider yourself unusually self-reliant? If so, why; if not, w hy
D. Insecurity: not? Are you dependent upon others for your decisions? H o w do you
93 . W h e n do you first rem em ber experiencing insecurity? D escribe a later react to the favorable or unfavorable opinions of others?
specific situation in w hich you experienced insecurity. 106. A re you inclined to b lam e others for your ow n shortcomings? A re you
94 . W h a t, in your opinion, are th e connections, differences, sim ilarities easily flattered? Are you inclined to seek sympathy? A re you inclined
betw een: to pity yourself?
(a) anxiety and insecurity 107. D o you display noticeable deference to others socially, or are you ego­
(b) inferiority and insecurity centric? In social relations, do you show a preference for those of a
(c) inadequacy and insecurity different age or social level? Discuss.
(d) guilt and insecurity 108. W o u ld you describe yourself as am iable, friendly, or hailfellow ? H ave
(e) fear and insecurity. you a tenden cy to hold others at a distance? D o you think that you
W h a t other em otions have you experienced along w ith insecurity? could be described as quarrelsome?
95 . W h a t part has insecurity played in your: 109. D o you prefer to be alone, or is it hard for you to b e alone? In either
(a) choice o f a career case, discuss this situation.
(b) choice of a m ate 110. H o w w ell do you endure discom fort or pain? D o you think that you
(c) social activities pay too m uch atten tion to small ailm ents? D o you worry unnecessarily
(d) fam ily relationships? abou t your health? Are you inclined to take a good deal o f m edicine,
96 . W h a t do you consider to be the relation, in the ligh t of your ow n ex­ and if so, do you thin k th at you take it w hen it isn’t necessary? D o
perience, betw een am bition and insecurity? you think th at anyone could justifiably accuse you o f b ein g a h yp o­
97 . W h e n have you felt m ore secure? D escribe the situations and circum ­ chondriac?
stances w hich you think w ere responsible for such a feeling of security.
E. Aggression:
98 . G iv e your ow n definition and description of:
(a) em otional (affective) insecurity 111. W h a t do you m ean by “ aggression” ? A re aggressiveness and aggression
the same thing? If not, how do they differ? D o you think of yourself
(b) social insecurity
(c) econ om ic insecurity as b ein g aggressive, or shy and nonaggressive?
(d) physical insecurity 112. In w h at kind of situations are you m ore likely to be aggressive? In w hat
and state w hich one of these you believe to be the m ost destructive, situations are you likely to be nonaggressive?
and w hy.
113. D escribe a situation in w hich you used aggression? W h a t other em o­
99 . W h a t
persons or type of persons contribute m ost to your security or tions did you experience before, during, and after th e aggression?
to your insecurity? 114. D o you prefer aggressive or nonaggressive people?
100. H o w have you adjusted yourself to, or m anaged to overcom e, feelings 115. H o w do you react to aggressiveness in other people?
o f insecurity? T o w h at extent w ere your efforts successful? 116. D o you feel angry and aggressive at the same time? W h ic h com es first?
101. W h a t circum stances do you believe contribute m ost to security or to 117. T ow ard w h at type o f person are you m ost likely to b e aggressive?
insecurity? 118. H ave you ever observed aggressiveness in children? D escribe.
708 Psychogenic Inventory
119. In your experience, has aggression been coupled w ith fear?
120. H ave you felt like being aggressive b u t suppressed the impulse? W h a t
happened then? W h a t em otions were experienced? W a s the aggression
com pletely suppressed or did it com e out later, or in another direction,
w ith a different object?
121. H ave you ever let out aggression on an inanim ate object or on an
anim al? W ith w hat em otional result? H ow did you feel about it later?
122. H ave you experienced insecurity and aggression together? W h ic h cam e
first? W h a t was the result?
123. W h a t is the relation betw een aggression and hostility? D o they always,
never, or som etim es go together?
124. In w hat different ways have you shown aggression?
125. W h a t do you consider to be th e purpose of aggression?
F. G uilt:
126. D escribe a situation in w h ich you felt guilty. W h y did you feel guilty?
W h e n did you begin to feel guilty? H o w did you get rid o f the feeling
of guilt? W h a t other em otions were experienced at the same time?
127. W h a t was the first tim e you rem em ber feelin g guilty? R em em ber as
far back as you can, and describe the situation and your feelings?
128. In w h at type of situation are you m ost likely to feel guilty? (Social,
professional, fam ily, etc.)
129. In w hat kind o f situations do you feel the m ost intense guilt?
130. H ave you ever felt gu ilty w hen you really had done n oth in g wrong?
C an you distinguish betw een this sort of gu ilt and the type you feel
w hen you have done som ething wrong?
131. H ave you ever felt gu ilty and afraid of being caught at the sam e time?
H ave you been afraid of being caught w ith ou t feelin g guilty? W h a t
are the differences and sim ilarities betw een th e two?
132. W h a t is the difference betw een gu ilt and shame? C a n one feel
ashamed w ith ou t feelin g guilty? G u ilty w ith o u t feeling ashamed?
133. W h a t is th e relationship betw een gu ilt and insecurity? D oes gu ilt al­
ways involve insecurity; insecurity always involve guilt? W h ic h com es
first, and w hich is m ore intense?
134. W h a t is the relationship betw een inferiority and guilt? H o w does one
contribute to the other?
135. H ave you m ade som eone else feel guilty? or tried to? W h a t em otional
effect did this have on you?
136. W h a t is conscience, and w h at relation has it to guilt?
137. D o you rem em ber being punished? W h a t effect did punishm ent have
upon gu ilt feelings? W h a t other em otions did such punishm ent arouse?
138. D o you feel m ore gu ilty if you have: (a) hurt som eone close to you
(b) hu rt a stranger (c) violated your ow n concep t o f w hat is right
(d) broken a law or (e) broken a m oral code?
139. H ave you ever felt th at som eone was equally guilty w ith you, or m ore
Psychogenic Inventory 709
guilty? H o w did this affect your own sense of guilt? W h a t em otional
effect did it have upon you?
140. H ave you ever felt that you w anted, or needed to be punished? W h y ?
141. In relation to w h at other persons, i.e., parents, siblings, friends, m ate,
children, or others, have you felt m ost guilty?
142. W h a t type o f behavior, either experienced or contem plated, is asso­
ciated in your m ind w ith a greater feelin g of guilt than any other?
143. H ave you ever felt that you w anted to com m it suicide? W h y ?
144. H ave you ever felt guilty and proud of som ething at th e same time?
D iscuss this in detail.
145. H ave you felt guilty for a wish or a thought? H o w does this guilt
com pare w ith guilt for som ething you have actually done?
146. D o you rem em ber any dreams in w hich you felt guilty? W h a t becam e
of the em otion in the dream? W h a t becam e of it after you awoke?
147. W h a t part has religion played in your feelings o f guilt? In causing
gu ilt feelings? in allaying them?
148. W h a t, in your opinion, is the difference betw een repentance and guilt?
W h a t are the similarities?
149. C a n you think o f any good accom plished for you b y the feeling of
guilt? A n y harm it has done you?
150. W h a t do you do w hen you feel guilty; how do you act? H o w does it
affect you physically?
151. H o w do you feel about gu ilt m anifested b y others?
G. Prejudice:
152. W h a tkinds o f entertainm ent do you prefer? W h a t kinds o f entertain­
m en t do you dislike?
153. W h a t foods do you dislike? W h ic h do you prefer?
154. Is there a physical type that you dislike, in men or wom en? Is there a
physical type to w hich you are attracted?
155. C a n you recall having m et som eone w hom you “ instinctively” disliked?
W h a t was it abou t th a t person th a t you disliked? C a n you recall hav­
in g m et som eone w hom you im m ediately liked? W h y did you like
them ?
156. W h a ttype o f personality is m ost pleasing to you? W h a t type o f per­
sonality do you m ost dislike?
157. A rethere any particular physical features that you dislike in people?
H ave you any idea w h y you dislike these features? A re there any
physical features th a t attract you in people? H ave you any idea w hy
those features attract you?
158. Is there any racial group th a t you dislike? Is there any race or na­
tion ality that you particularly like?
159. A re you aware of any bias for or against any religious group?
160. W h o is th e first person you rem em ber disliking? W h y do you think
you disliked that person? W h o , apart from m em bers of your innnc-
710 Psychogenic Inventory
diate fam ily, is the first person you rem em ber liking? W h y do you
thin k you liked that person?
161. Is there any professional group for w hich you have a distinct prefer­
ence? Is there any professional group that you are inclined to dislike?
162. H ave you a bias for or against persons from particular parts of the
country, as southern, mid-western, N ew E ngland, etc.?
163. A re there any types of children that you “ take to ” or do not “ take to” ?
164. A re there any personal habits (as sm oking, chew ing gum , m anner of
dressing or w earing hair, speech, make-up, etc. etc.) that bias you for
or against individuals you meet?
165. W h a t is your attitu d e toward prejudices in oth er people?
166. W o u ld you ob ject to m eeting N egroes professionally? Socially?
167. W o u ld you object to staying in a hotel that had a large Jewish clien ­
tele?
168. H ave you Jewish friends? D o you feel tow ard them exactly as toward
your G en tile friends?
169. W h a t is your feelin g abou t interm arriage: betw een N egroes and
“ w hites,” betw een Jews and G entiles; betw een C ath o lics and Protes­
tants?
170. W h a t do you consider to be th e effects of prejudice:
(a) on the person having the prejudice; (b ) on the ob ject of the
prejudice; (c) on society as a whole?
171. H ave you ever felt that you w ere the ob ject of prejudice? E xp lain ,
and describe how you felt?
172. Is one type of personality, in your opinion, m ore likely than another
to be prejudiced?
173. W h ic h of the qualities com m on ly attributed to Jews, as shrewd, grasp­
ing, intelligent, dishonest, aggressive, obese, noisy, do you believe to
be justified?
174. W h ic h of the qualities com m on ly attributed to N egroes, as ignorant,
lazy, over-sexed, happy-go-lucky, diseased, shiftless, do you believe to
be justified?
H. Social Patterns:
175. H o w m any close friends have you to w hom you confide personal prob­
lems? D o you m ake friends easily? D o you keep them ?
176. D o you prefer large or sm all parties?
177. D o you introduce yourself in com pany, or w a it till you are introduced?
178. D o you, or w ould you, enjoy work involvin g m any contacts w ith the
public?
179. D o you enjoy speaking in public, or is this difficult for you?
180. D o you consider yourself patien t or im patient? C h eerfu l or depressed?
T o lera n t or critical?
181 A re you active in any clubs or organizations?
182. W h a t sports or recreations do you enjoy?
Psychogenic Inventory 711
183. D o you know your neighbors well? W h a t sort of relations do you have
w ith them ? A re the people w ith w hom you work congenial or un ­
congenial? W h a t makes them so?
184. D o you enjoy know ing m any different kinds o f people, or prefer to
keep in your ow n group?
185. Flow do you react in strange situations? D escribe several such situa­
tions.
186. Are you conscious o f w hat people m ay say or think abou t you?
187. W h e n are you happiest? W h e n saddest? G iv e some exam ples o f b oth
situations.
188. A re you, or are you not, easily bored? W h a t particular situations bore
you?
V I. A N T IS O C IA L H IS T O R Y
189. H ave you at any tim e been in conflict w ith the law; arrested, tried or
convicted for any offense? If so, please give a full, detailed and chrono­
logical accoun t of such arrests, trials, convictions, etc. C a n you furnish
any reasons for such behavior?
190. H ave you at any tim e been guilty of offenses w hich were n ot detected,
b u t w hich, if they had been detected, w ould have resulted in your
arrest? If so, describe, and give reasons for your behavior.
191. H ave you ever suffered from kleptom ania (com pulsive stealin g)? If
so, give a detailed accoun t of this, statin g your age at the tim e. W h a t
prom pted you to do that? W h a t gratification did you get from such
behavior? W h e n did it stop?
192. H ave you ever had an im pulse to set fires? H ave you ever yielded to
th at impulse? If so, give a detailed accoun t of this, stating your age
at the tim e. W h a t prom pted you to do that? W h a t gratification did
you get from such behavior? W h e n did it stop?
V II. P SY C H O S E X U A L H ISTO R Y
A. Early Curiosity and Interest:
193. W h a t is the first th in g you can rem em ber w hich in any w ay aroused
your interest in, or your curiosity about, sex? F o r exam ple: W h e n did
you first becom e conscious of th e nude body, or the partly nude body,
o f another person? W h o was it? D escribe th e circum stances. W h e n
did you first hear or see som ething w hich prom pted you to ask a
question about sex? W h e n did you first ask, “ W h e re do babies com e
from ?” and w h at answer did you get? D id this answer satisfy you, and
if not, w hy not? W h e n did you first observe sexual activity in animal's?
C a n you think of anythin g else that is associated w ith your earliest
interest in, or consciousness of, sex? W h e n did you first b ecom e aware
o f Ihe difference bet ween the m ale and the fem ale sex?
712 Psychogenic Inventory
194. If there w ere younger children in your fam ily, do you rem em ber any­
th in g about their birth? If so, h ow did you react to it, or w h a t did you
think about it? W h a t did you know abou t birth at th a t tim e, or w hat
were you told?
If you w ere an only child, w hat was your first occasion to think any­
thin g about the birth o f other children, e.g., a n eighbor’s child, the
child o f som e relative, etc.? W h a t interest, curiosity, reflections, etc.
did it arouse?
195. C a n you rem em ber ever having seen your parents engaged in sexual
intercourse? C an you rem em ber ever hearing them engaged in sexual
intercourse? If so, give a detailed accoun t of w h at you saw and/or
heard, and th e impression w hich it created in you; and state your age
at that tim e. State particularly w hether such w itnessing was accidental
or deliberately planned.
196. C an you rem em ber any m isconceptions or erroneous ideas w hich you
had as a child, conn ected w ith sexual or excretory processes, or w ith
the m eaning of certain words that had a sexual connotation, etc.?
197. As a child, did you ever see a younger child b eing nursed? If so, w hat
impression did it m ake on you, or w hat did you think or feel at the
time? IIo w old were you then?
198. C a n you rem em ber your earliest curiosity abou t your own sexual
organs? H o w old were you then? G iv e an accoun t of this. D id you ask
questions? H o w were they answered? W h o answered them? D id the
answers satisfy you? If not, w h y not; and w here did you look for other
answers?
199. C a n you rem em ber your earliest curiosity abou t th e sex organs of the
opposite sex? H ow old were you then? G iv e an accoun t of this. D id
you ask questions? H o w were they answered? W h o answered them?
D id the answers satisfy you? If not, w hy not? W h a t conclusions did
you arrive at?
200 . In w hich sex organs were you th e more interested, the m ale or the
fem ale? W h y ?
201 . W e r e there questions abou t sex w hich you were asham ed to ask your
parents? W h a t were those questions? W h y w ere you asham ed to ask
them ? O r were you afraid, rather than ashamed? If so, why?
202. C an you indicate th e progress of your sexual curiosity? W h a t sexual
facts were you th e m ost curious abou t at certain ages? F or exam ple:
6 to l i ; 1 2 to 1 5 , 1 6 to 1 8 ; 1 8 to 2 0 . A t w hat age did you have the
keenest curiosity abou t sex?
203 . A re there any phases o f sex abou t w hich you are still curious, or con ­
cerning w hich you feel that you have insufficient know ledge? If so,
w h a t are they?
Psychogenic Inventory 713
B. Sexual Instruction:
204 . W h a tsort o f sexual instruction did you receive in childhood, or didn ’t
you receive any? If you did receive some, b y w hom was it im parted
and how? ( W e are referring here to serious sexual instruction by older
persons; n ot to street or playground inform ation obtained from other
children.)
205 . W a s sex ever m entioned or discussed in your hearing b y any other
m em ber of the fam ily? If so, give an accoun t o f w hat you heard and
the impressions w hich you received.
206. W h a t was the earliest sex instruction you had? H ow old were you? B y
w hom was it im parted and how? W h a t was your reaction to it?
207 . From w hat source did you receive the sexual instruction w hich you con ­
sider did you the m ost good? T e ll som ething about this.
208. D id any adult, or any appreciably older child, under the pretext o f giv­
ing you sex instruction, ever take any personal liberties w ith you during
your childhood? If so, describe the incident, stating your age at the
tim e as w ell as th e approxim ate age of the other person. D escribe also
the effect w hich this incid en t had on you; w hether it was pleasant or
unpleasant; w hat you th ough t about it at the tim e, and w hether you
th o u gh t differently about it later on.
C. Sex Dreams, N octurnal and Involuntary Em issions, etc.:
209 . A tw h at age did you first experience nocturnal emissions? W h a t was
your reaction to them ? D id they frighten you or worry you? W e r e
they som ething strange to you, or had you already been prepared for
them ?
210. W e r e any o f these nocturnal emissions accom panied by dreams? If
so, give as m uch of a description of such dreams as you can remember.
W a s the first emission you can rem em ber accom panied b y a dream,
or did dreams com e later? Flow old were you at that time?
211. W h a t was your reaction to sex dreams? D id they leave you feeling
b u oyan t or depressed? W h y did you feel either way? D id you report
this to any m em ber of your fam ily, or did you consult a doctor?
212 . D id you ever have any involuntary sem inal emissions during w akin g
hours? If so, describe the circum stances under w hich these occurred.
W e r e they preceded b y any conscious sexual excitem ent? W e r e they
preceded by any activity w hich had no apparent connection w ith any­
th in g sexual? If so, w hat activity? Flave you ever had emissions as the
result o f physical contact w ith another person? If so, was such contact
accom panied by conscious sexual excitem ent, or was it not? In cither
case relate the exact circum stances, and especially your em otional
reaction on such cases.
213 . A re there any other circum stances, n ot covered by th e questions you
714 Psychogenic Inventory
have already answered, under w h ich you experienced involuntary
emissions? If so, describe.
D. Masturbation:
214 . Please describe in th e greatest possible detail the first tim e you mas­
turbated. H o w did you com e upon it? G iv e all the atten dan t circum ­
stances— age, tim e, place, surroundings, etc.— and tell in exactly what
m anner the act was perform ed. D id it result from th e suggestion of
som eone else, or did you discover the process b y yourself? A lso describe
your feelings afterwards. W a s this initial m asturbation accom panied
by any m ental im ages or phantasies? If so, describe them in extrem e
detail, individually and b y type. W a s it solitary or in com pany of some
com panion?
215 . A fterthe first tim e you m asturbated, give an accoun t of your subse­
quent m asturbatory activity up to th e present. State frequency at d if­
ferent periods, giving your age at each period; and describe particularly
the exact nature of the accom panying phantasies. A lso describe your
m ental and em otional reactions to this practice, w hich probably dif­
fered at different periods.
216 . D id you ever engage in m utual, reciprocal, or com petitive m asturba­
tion w ith another child, or w ith other children (boys? girls?). If so,
describe in detail. D id you ever witness m asturbatory activity b y other
children (boys? girls?). If so, describe, and state your age in each in­
stance.
217 . D id m asturbation b ecom e a definite problem w ith you? D id you asso­
ciate it w ith the idea of m anliness or sin; or w ith weakness of char­
acter? D id you worry about “ lost m anhood ” ? H ad you been told that
it w ould lead to terrible consequences such as insanity? A n d if so, did
you worry over this? If you had none o f these reactions, w h at was your
attitude toward it, and w hat was th e basis of th at attitude?
218 . D id you continue to m asturbate after you began having heterosexual
relations? D id it follow im m ediately upon th e com pletion o f the
heterosexual act, or was it som etim e afterwards? W h a t was th e char­
acter o f your m asturbatory phantasies? D id they differ from those
w hich you had before you com m enced having heterosexual relations?
If so, how did they differ?
219 . W e r e there tim es w hen you found m asturbation m ore satisfactory
than sexual intercourse? If so, can you tell why? D id you always find
m asturbation m ore satisfactory than sexual intercourse? If so, why?
220 . W h a t is your present attitude tow ard m asturbation?
E. Heterosexuality:
221. W h e n , where, at w hat age, and under w h at circum stances, did you
first experience sexual intercourse? G ive a full and com pletely detailed
accoun t of this first experience.
Psychogenic Inventory 715
222 . Prior to your first sexual intercourse, did you have any relations w ith
m em bers of th e other sex that bordered on the sexual, w ith ou t pro­
gressing as far as actual intercourse? If so, give a detailed account of
such relations, stating your age in connection w ith each episode de­
scribed.
223 . D id you ever participate in group sexual activities?
224 . A fte r you had experienced sexual intercourse for the first tim e, give an
accou n t o f your subsequent heterosexual relations up to the tim e of
your marriage (if you have been m arried); or up to the present tim e,
if you are still single. H o w often did these occur, under w hat circum ­
stances, w ith w h at types of persons, etc. etc.? W a s it w ith girl and
w om en friends, or prostitutes?
225 . Ifyou are married, give a fairly detailed accoun t o f your m arital rela­
tions to date. H ave these relations been satisfactory or unsatisfactory?
If unsatisfactory, tell in exactly w hat way they have been unsatisfactory.
If you have been married more than once, give a similar accoun t of
the m arital relations in each marriage.
226 . D id any o f your heterosexual relations include any irregular or so-
called abnorm al acts, e.g., fellatio, cunnilingus, anal intercourse,
analingus, etc.? If so, describe the circum stances under w hich these
departures from norm al intercourse took place, and also your reaction
to them .
227 . W h e nand in w hat connection did you first hear about prostitutes?
W h a t was your reaction to w h at you heard?
228 . If you are a m an, have you ever had sexual relations w ith a prostitute?
If so, describe your first visit to a prostitute, stating your age at the
tim e. T h e n give a general accoun t of any subsequent relations you have
had w ith prostitutes.
If you are a w om an, w hen did you first yield to a m an and under
w hat circum stances? H ave you ever engaged in com m ercial prostitu­
tion? If so, tell how you cam e to do this, and describe your first ex­
perience as a prostitute. T h en give a general accoun t of any subsequent
activities as a prostitute.
If you have never engaged in com m ercial prostitution, have you ever
engaged privately in sexual relations for w hich you received m oney or
its equivalent? If so, give a detailed accoun t o f such relations, stating
your age, the other persons involved, your reaction, etc. etc.
229 . If yon are a man, have you ever visited a prostitute in the com pany of
another man, or in th e com pany of other m en, w hen you and the
other m an, or the other m en, had relations w ith the same prostitute?
If so, describe the situation.
H ave you and another m an, or other m en, ever follow ed each other
in sexual relations w ith a w om an w ho was not a prostitute? If so, de­
scribe the circum stances in each case.
230 . H ave you ever attended a party during w hich sexual exhibitions were
716 Psychogenic Inventory
staged or sexual m oving pictures shown? W h a t was your reaction to
such exhibitions or pictures at that time? C a n you recall any particular
exhibition or picture w hich you considered unusually exciting, or
w hich m ade a lasting impression on you? If so, please give a detailed
accoun t of it.
231 . D id you ever participate in any adult sexual activity of a pluralistic
character, i.e., involving m ore than tw o persons? If so, describe in
detail, giving place, tim e, surroundings, the num ber o f persons in ­
volved, how m uch of the other persons’ activities you witnessed,
w hether there was any exchange of partners, etc. etc. W h a t was your
reaction to such episodes?
232 . R eview in g your past sex life, w h at is your opinion o f your sex urge as
com pared w ith that of others? D escribe by age or periods. W a s it
accom panied b y a great deal of tension? W a s it m oderate or m inim al?
233 . W h a t particular changes o f opinion or view poin t do you think have
characterized your sexual developm ent? H o w does your present a tti­
tude toward sex differ from earlier attitudes? In answering this ques­
tion, try to indicate the ages at w hich specific attitudes existed and
th e ages at w h ich th ey underw ent a change.
F. Hom osexuality:
234 . W h e n and in w h at conn ection did you first hear abou t hom osexuality?
H o w old were you? W h a t was your reaction to w hat you heard?
235 . H ave you had any hom osexual experience? If so, describe in detail the
first tim e that you had a hom osexual experience, and state your age
at that tim e. (N o te : W h a t is m eant here b y “ hom osexual experience”
is any sort o f physical con tact w ith another person of the same sex as
yourself, w hether this con tact was considered at th e tim e as being
“ sexual” or not. T h e question does not necessarily refer to genital con ­
tact, nor to con tact m otivated b y conscious sexual interest. T h e ex­
perience m ay have been a h igh ly idealistic one, or it m ay have been
a frankly sexual one. W h a t makes it “ hom osexual” is the interest in
and physical con tact w ith another person of th e sam e sex.)
236 . If, after the first hom osexual experience, w h ich you have already de­
scribed, you had additional hom osexual experiences, please give a
detailed and chronological accoun t of such experiences, w hether they
were prim arily em otional or frankly sexual. State your approxim ate
age in connection w ith each episode described, and bear in m m d the
fact th at by “ hom osexual experience” w e m ean any em otional interest
in or physical fam iliarity w ith another person of the same sex as your­
self.
237 . A reyou or are you not, proud, glad, happy, satisfied, (or use any other
term w hich you m ay prefer) w ith th e fact that you are a (m a n )?
(w om an ) ?
Psychogenic Inventory 7 17
Discuss in detail your feelings abou t b elon gin g to your ow n sex, from
your earliest recollections up to the present tim e.
H ave you ever wished th a t you were of the opposite sex? C an you
assess any o f your personality traits w hich you feel b elon g to one sex
and those w hich m ight be regarded as b elon ging to the opposite sex?
238 . A s a child, were you particularly interested in the clothes, games, or
other activities o f persons o f the opposite sex rather than in those of
your own sex? If so, give a detailed accoun t o f such interest, stating
your age a t the tim e.
239 . W b a t is your present attitud e toward hom osexuality? D o you condem n
it, condone it, deplore it; or how otherwise do you regard it? G ive your
reasons for w hatever attitude you have described.
240 . W h a t have you read about hom osexuality? If this reading was o f a
scientific nature, cite books and authors, if you rem em ber them .
H ave you read any works o f fiction w hich deal to a considerable extent
w ith a hom osexual them e? If so, state w hat they were, their authors,
and your opinion o f them .
G. V oyeurism (L ookin g or “ peeping” ):
241. C a n you recall any “ peeping” episodes in childhood; attem pts to see
the nude bodies o f other persons; to see other persons undressing, or
engaged in any sort o f sexual behavior? D id you ever accidentally com e
upon another person, or upon other persons, nude or engaged in any
sort o f sexual activity? If so, describe all such scenes in detail and
state your age in each instance.
242 . D id you a t any tim e deliberately go out o f your w ay in order to try to
see oth er persons nude or engaged in any sort o f sexual activity? If so,
describe such attem pts, stating your age in each instance.
243 . D id you ever go w ith others on “ peep in g” excursions, w ith the de­
liberate purpose o f trying to see nudity or sexual activity? If so,
describe in detail, stating your age at the time.
244 . H ave you ever attended movies, burlesque shows, vaudeville shows,
m usical com edies, or other theatrical presentations, m otivated m ainly
b y th e expectation th a t they offered an opportunity to see a consid­
erable am ount of nudity? D id any o f these presentations cause you
to becom e sexually excited? If so, describe them in some detail, stating
your age at th e tim e and m en tion ing the particular feature w hich you
consider responsible for the sexual excitem ent.
245 . H ave you ever visited bath in g beaches, athletic exhibitions, Turkish
baths, “ health clubs,” or any other sim ilar place, m otivated m ainly by
the expectation o f seeing a considerable am ount o f nudity? If so, de­
scribe, stating your age at the tim e and your reaction to w hatever you '
saw.
718 Psychogenic Inventory
Psychogenic Inventory 719

IT. Exhibitionism : w h at extent you carry such activity. Is such activity always follow ed b y
sexual intercourse, or are there any occasions w hen you engage in such
246. A s a child, did you ever run abou t nude, or did you ever w ant to do
a ctivity w ith o u t having sexual intercourse? G iv e a full and detailed
so? D id you ever expose your sexual organs? If so, give a detailed ac­
accoun t o f any experiences you have had w hich included any such
count of this, stating your age at th e tim e, exactly w h at you did and
activity on your part.
how you did it, w hat th e reaction o f others was, etc. etc.
247 . D id you ever have an im pulse, at a later period than childhood, to 255. D o you ever w ant to have a sexual partner bite, pin ch , strike, or other­
wise hurt you? If so, tell exactly w h at you like to have them do and to
exhibit your sexual organs in public? D id you ever fear th a t you m ight
exactly w h at exten t you like to have them carry such activity. Is such
yield to such as impulse? D id you ever yield to it? If so, give a detailed
a ctivity always follow ed b y sexual intercourse, or are there any occa­
accoun t o f any such exhibitionistic im pulses, tem ptations or activities,
sions w hen such activity is engaged in w ith o u t h avin g sexual inter­
stating your age in each instance.
course? G iv e a fu ll and detailed accoun t of any experience you have
248 . W h a t is the nature o f your behavior in the presence of others? D o you
had w hich included any such activity on the part of another.
like to “ show off,” to be the center of attraction? D o you like to parade
in scant attire on a bath in g beach or in any other place w here this
256 . W h a t is the relation o f all of th e above activities to m asturbation?
m ay be done? D o you like to appear nude b efore another person, or J. Transvestism (cross dressing):
other persons, and if so under w hat circum stances? In other words, do
you generally avail yourself of any opportunity to attract atten tion to
257. As a child or adolescent, did you ever “ dress up” in the clothes o f the
opposite sex, or w ith the aid of any m aterials w h ich had th e effect of
yourself or to show off your b od y to others?
approxim ating or suggesting th e clothes o f th e opposite sex? If so,
249 . W h a t is your taste in dress? D o you like conspicuous clothing, bright
give a detailed accoun t o f this, stating the age at w h ich it began and
colors, loud patterns, “ daring” costum es; or are your tastes conserva­
for how lon g it continued, w ith an indication of the frequency of such
tive and do you dress as inconspicuously as possible?
activity. W a s this “ dressing u p ” done in secret, or w ith the know ledge
I. Sadomasochism: o f others, or in the com pany of others?

250. As a child, did you a t any tim e derive conscious pleasure from b eing
258. H ave you ever taken part in any theatrical production, either am ateur
or professional, in w hich you played the part of a m em ber o f the op­
whipped? If so, describe the situation in detail, stating w ho w hipped
posite sex? D id you particularly like this, dislike it, or w ere you in d if­
you, exactly h ow you were w hipped, and all the atten d an t circum ­
ferent to it? D id you choose the role or were you asked to take it?
stances. H ow old were you at that time?
G iv e a fairly detailed accoun t o f any such appearance, statin g your age
251 . A s a child, did you at any tim e derive conscious pleasure from seeing
at th e tim e, and stating also w hether the playing o f th e part of a m em ­
som eone else w hipped? If so, describe th e situation in detail, tellin g
ber o f the opposite sex was “ straight” (serious) or w heth er it was a
w ho the other persons were, exactly how the w h ipp in g was done, and
burlesque.
how old you were at the tim e.
252 . A s a child or adolescent, did you ever engage in any games w hich had a 259 . H ave you ever attended any private parties, m asked balls, H allow e’en
revels, M ardi G ras celebrations, or similar gatherings, in w hich some
sexually stim ulating effect, e.g., games in w hich you w hipped or
o f those present, or all of them , were dressed in the clothes o f the
spanked another, or were yourself w hipped or spanked; games in w hich
opposite sex? W h a t was your reaction to these gatherings? D id you
you were “ tied u p ” or in w hich you “ tied u p” som eone else; w restling,
yourself dress as a m em ber o f the opposite sex on any such occasion?
etc.? I f so, describe in detail and state your age at th a t tim e.
253 . C a n you recall any passages in literature, scenes in plays or m oving 260 . If you are a m an, do you m ake a practice o f atten d ing n igh t clubs, etc.
w hich feature fem ale im personation? W h y does this form o f entertain­
pictures etc. w hich involved w hipping, flogging, or any other form s of
m ent attract you?
physical punishm ent or torture, and w hich caused you any sexual
If you are a w om an, do you try to attend any entertainm ent w hich
excitation? If so, give a b rief accou n t of them , em phasizing the specific
features m ale im personation? W h y does this form o f entertainment
feature w hich you thin k was responsible for the excitem ent. If such
attract you?
pictures, etc. caused no sexual excitem ent, did they provoke any other
particularly noticeable reaction? K. Partialism:
254 . D o you h ave any tenden cy to bite, pinch, strike, or otherwise hurt a
sexual partner? If so, tell exactly w hat you like to do, and to exactly
261 . Isthere any particular part o f th e hum an b od y w hich holds a special
fascination for you, besides the genitals, i.e., th e breasts, buttocks, etc.?
720 Psychogenic Inventory
262 . H ave you ever occupied yourself exclusively w ith the particular part of
the body w hich you say holds a special fascination for you; that is,
have you ever occupied yourself w ith it to the exclusion of sexual inter­
course? O r as an absolute requirem ent for sexual intercourse? If so,
give a full and detailed accoun t o f exactly how you have occupied
yourself w ith it, and the degree of sexual excitem ent or satisfaction
w hich it provoked. D id you ever experience orgasm as th e result o f
such exclusive atten tion to the particular part of the body under dis­
cussion? W h a t age is represented b y such activity?
L. Fetishism :
263 . Is there any particular m aterial, fabric, or substance w hich appeals to
you to an extraordinary extent; w hich you especially like to tou ch,
stroke, or handle, e.g., silk, velvet, rubber, m ud, etc.? If so, give a de­
tailed accoun t of your interest in such m aterial, fabric or substance.
C an you rem em ber the first tim e it exerted unusual interest? H o w old
were you? U n der just w h at circum stances was your interest aroused?
D oes con tact w ith the particular m aterial, fabric or substance under
discussion ever provoke sexual excitem ent? If so, to exactly w hat extent?
264 . Are there any particular objects, articles o f w earing apparel, etc. w hich
interest you to the point o f provoking sexual excitem ent? If so, give a
fu ll and detailed accoun t of your experience w ith these, tellin g under
just w h at circum stances and at just w h at age this interest was first
m anifested, and to exactly w h at extent the article, object, etc. excites
you sexually. H ave you ever m ade collections of th e article or object
in question? H ave you ever stolen th e article or object in question, and
if so where or from w hom ? H ave you ever m asturbated w ith th e aid of
such article or object?
M. Z o o p h ilia :
265 . D id you as a child or adolescent ever attem p t to have sexual relations
w ith any anim al, or engage in any sort of sexual activity w ith any
anim al? If so, describe in detail, stating your age at th e tim e. W a s
such a ctivity carried out secretly, or in the com pany of others?
266 . H ave you since reaching adulthood ever attem pted to have sexual rela­
tions w ith any anim al, or engage in any sort o f sexual activity w ith
any anim al; or has there been any occasion w hen proxim ity to or con ­
tact w ith any anim al caused you to b ecom e sexually excited? If so,
give a fu ll and detailed accoun t o f any such experience.
267 . H ave you ever attended any exhibition in w hich a w om an (or a m an)
had any sort o f sexual relation w ith an anim al? If so, w h at was your
reaction to this exhibition?
Psychogenic Inventory 721
N. Coprophilia:
268 . H ave you any pronounced or extraordinary reaction to urine or feces?
D oes the sight o f them disgust you, attract you, or are you com pletely
indifferent to them?
269 . C a n you recall any childhood episode in w hich urine or feces or b oth
figured conspicuously? If so, describe it in detail, stating your age at
the tim e and impression m ade upon you.
270. D id you in childhood or later ever have another person urinate on you;
or did you ever urinate on another person? If so, describe th e episode
in detail, stating your age at the tim e and the impression w hich it left
on. you.
271. D id you as a child ever drink, or attem p t to drink, any urine; or try to
get another child to do so? If so, describe the circum stances in detail.
272. D o you suffer from constipation or from diarrhea? If so, give some
accoun t o f this. A re these conditions associated w ith any particular
circum stances?
273. Are you extrem ely neat and tidy in your livin g quarters, or are you care­
less and “ sloppy” ? H ow do you keep desk or dresser drawers? A re you
a fanatic abou t personal cleanliness, or are you som ew hat lax in this
respect?
274. D o you have an abnorm ally keen sense of smell? A re you particularly
sensitive to certain odors? If so, to w h at odors?
O. Necrophilia:
275. D o dead bodies interest or fascinate you? H ave you ever w anted to be
an undertaker or to assist an undertaker? H ave you ever had occasion
to handle a dead body, and if so w h at effect did this have on you?
276 . If you are a m an, are you one of those w ho during sexual intercourse
dem ands a com plete absence of any m ovem ent b y your sexual partner,
or w ho w ants the sexual partner to remain as lifeless as possible?
277 . H ave you ever had any dreams or phantasies o f inflicting injury o f any
kind on a dead person? C a n you recall having read any story, news­
paper article, etc. involvin g interference w ith the dead? If so, w hat
was your reaction?
P. Sexual Stim ulation:
278 . H ave you ever attended “ strip-poker” parties, or other sim ilar gather­
ings at w hich sexual activities, or activities suggestive o f sexual interest,
took place? D id such parties include persons o f b oth sexes, or were they
confined to persons o f one sex only? G iv e an accoun t o f such parties
and o f your reaction to them .
279. If you have indulged to any extent in alcohol, discuss in detail the
relation betw een alcohol and sex in your own case. W h a t influence do
they have on each other? W h a t sexual activity have you engaged in
722 Psychogenic Inventory
under the influence o f alcohol that you w ould not have engaged in
otherwise? etc. etc.
280 . C a n you recall any passages in books, scenes in plays or m oving pic­
tures, or anythin g else w hich you have read or seen, w hich was provoca­
tive o f considerable sexual excitation? If so, describe same, stating the
particular feature w hich you thin k was responsible for the sexual ex­
citem ent.
281 . If you have at any tim e used any drug or drugs, discuss in detail the
relation betw een this and sex in your ow n case. H ave you engaged in
any sexual activity under the influence o f a drug th a t you w ould not
have engaged in otherwise, etc.?
282 . A re there any other forms of sexual stim ulation not covered b y the
questions you have already answered th a t have figured in your past
experience? If so, give a detailed accoun t o f them , state th e age at
w hich you cam e in con tact w ith them , and the extent to w h ich they
affected you.
O. Personal and Social Factors:
283 . W o u ld you describe yourself as prudish? W h a t do you m ean b y
“ prudish” ?
284 . D o you think th at you could be described as “ over-nice,” too m odest,
or unusually “ in n ocen t” ? W o u ld this description have applied to you
at any tim e during your childhood? If so, at w h at age? A s a child,
were you “ over-good” ?
285 . W h a t is your attitu d e toward risque stories? A re you easily disgusted?
If so, by what?
286 . In your friendships are you: dem onstrative; cold; whim sical? Discuss.
D o you think th at your friendships reflect either a parental or a fra­
ternal interest? Discuss.
287 . W h ic h m em bers o f your fam ily do you resemble? D o you have any
special attraction or repulsion in relation to either o f your parents or
any of your siblings? If so, describe.
288 . H ave you shown any m arked change o f attitu d e tow ard any m em bers
o f your fam ily? If so, w hen did such change take place? T e ll som ething
abou t it and the reasons for it.
289 . H ave you at any tim e shown any m arked reaction to either m arriage
or death in your fam ily? If so, describe.
290 . D o you consider th at you have a good appreciation o f right and w rong
in sex matters? Discuss.
291 . H ow m uch conscious restraint do you im pose on your sexual inclina­
tions?
Psychogenic Inventory 723
V III. D R E A M LIFE
292 . D o you dream frequently, occasionally, rarely, or are you one of those
persons w ho insist that they do n ot dream at all? (N o te : E veryone
dreams, b u t not everyone is conscious o f dream ing.)
293 . A re your dreams vivid or vague? A re you frequently able to rem em ber
them upon awaking, or do they evaporate as soon as you w ake up?
294 . W h a t sort o f dreams do you have? A re they generally pleasant or
unpleasant? D o you have any nightm ares or terrifying dreams? If so,
can you rem em ber any such dreams that you have had in the past?
295 . D o you have any recurring dreams, i.e., dreams w hich recur at intervals,
d ep ictin g th e same or sim ilar situations? If so, w hat is th e character
o f such dreams? C a n you rem em ber some of them ? If so, describe
them .
296 . D o you have emission dreams ( “ w et dreams” )? If so, can you describe
some o f these w hich you have had in the past?
297 . D o you ever w alk or talk in your sleep? If so, describe any such activity
that you can rem em ber or about w hich you have been told b y others.
298 . D o you have any erotic dreams from w hich you awake in a state of
sexual excitem ent b u t w hich do not culm in ate in emission? If so, give
som e accoun t of these.
299 . C a n you rem em ber from the past any outstanding dreams w hich m ade
a deep impression on you because of their beauty, absurdity, unusual
character, unpleasantness, fear elem ent, or for any other reason? If so,
describe.
IX . A T T IT U D E S , OPIN ION S, V IE W P O IN T S
(n o te : In answering these questions, please do not confinp yourself m erely
to an expression o f your opinion, b u t state in each case w hatever reasons
you m ay have for the opinion w hich you have expressed.)
A. Sexual Instruction:
300. D o you believe that children should or should n ot b e given sexual in­
struction? If you believe th at they should be given such instruction,
at w h at age do you recom m end sexual instruction for (a) boys;
(b) girls? B y w hom do you thin k such instruction should b e given?
H ave you any opinion as to the m anner in w hich it should b e given?
B. Marriage:
301. D o you believe that “ marriages are m ade in heaven ” ? W h a t d o .yo u
consider to be the essentials of a happy marriage?
302. D o you believe in divorce? If so, w hy and under w h at circum stances?
If not, w hy not?
724 Psychogenic Inventory

303. W h a tdo you consider to be the proper num ber of tim es for a married
couple to engage in sexual intercourse per night, w eek or m onth?
304. D o you believe that sexual relations betw een a m arried couple should
be exclusively for the purpose and in the expectation o f producing
children? If so, why; and if not, w h y not?
305. Is there any alternative to marriage that you approve of? If so, w hat
AUTHOR INDEX
is it, and w hy do you approve o f it?

C. Morals:
N am es separated b y diagonals in d icate, n o t collab oration , b u t in d ivid u al con tribu tion s
306. W h a t is your attitude toward “ free love” ? bearing on a given subject.
307. W h a t is your attitu d e toward prostitution?
308. D o you believe in censorship of: (a) literature; (b ) the stage; A b ra h a m , K arl, x, 679 B arrett, D . A ., an d Shaeffer, C ., 38, 279,
(c) m oving pictures; (d ) art? If so, how and to w hat extent do you A b rah am s, Joseph, 679 633, 680
A b rah am s, Joseph, and M c C o rk le , L lo y d B aru ch , B ernard, 624
think it should be exercised? If not, w h y not?
W „ 679 B auer, B ., 680
309. D o you believe th at sexual relations for their ow n sake are immoral? A b rah em sen , D a vid , 32, 43, 60, 63, 72 , 83, B e ach , F . A ., an d F ord , C . S., 536
If so, why? If not, w h y not? 9 5, 106, Г44, 1 5 3 , 225, 2 57 , 258, 259, B ech terew , V ., 680
260, 269, 284, 286, 3 6 1, 664, 679
310. D o you believe th at m an is essentially m onogam ous or essentially A b raham sen / C a so n , 6 77
B e ck , S. J., 220
B eeth oven , 367
polygam ous? D o you believe in the double standard of morals, or A b raham sen and Sin g Sing R ep o rt, 260 B ell, 620
w ould you allow w om en the same latitude in sexual behavior as you Adler; A lfre d , xiii B elletru d an d M ercier, 361
w ould men? A lexan d er, F ra n z, 18 , 20, 3 13 , 365, 598, B en jam in , H arry, 5 1 5 , 588
B en der, L au retta, an d B lau , A b ra m , 24,
311. W h a tdo you consider to be the m ost satisfactory solution o f the sex *, 679 •
A llen , C liffo rd , 1 1 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 1 7 , 18, 23, 6 7, 68, 69, 73 , 622, 630, 635, 666,
problem in youth? 1 2 3> * 37’ 1 51 > l 6 4> 1 7Q, 1 7 5 , 184 , 6 73 , 674, 6 7 7 , 680
18 5 , 186, 18 7 , 19 6 , 2 10 , 264, 270,
312. D o you believe in birth control, or are you firm ly opposed to it? If you
272 , 6 27, 6 59, 6 79 , 680
B e n n e tt, E . A ., 680
B erg, K ., 659
believe in it, discuss th e circum stances under w hich you consider it A llen , F rances A ., 636, 680 Bergler, E ., 680
justified. A llen , F . H ., 224, 225, 233, 249, 2 7 7 , 548 B ergm an n , W e rn e r, 530, 563, 589, 590
A lle n / H u gh es / B arratt / Busser / P a tter­ B erne, 245
son / Stew art / M in o w , 6 77 B iggs, E arl R ., 279, 664, 680
A m sd en , G eorg e, 695 B lau , A b ra m , an d B en der, L au retta, 24,
A p felb erg, B ., 4 6 7, 68, 69, 73 , 622, 630, 6 35, 666,
A p felb erg, B .; Sugar, C ., and Pfeffer, A . Z., 6 73, 674, 6 7 7 , 680
1 5 , 20, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35, 38, 43, 7 1 , Bleuler, 542
80, 10 5, 1 5 1 , 164 , 1 9 1 , 2 1 5 , 2 2 1, 225, B lo ch , I., 13 , 358, 496, 620, 628, 680
249, 2 7 7 , 633, 646, 6 74, 680 B o n k , F ., 245, 635, 680
A rd u in , 620 B o n k / K o p p , 678
A rieff, A . J., an d R o tm a n , D . B ., r6 , 26, B on n er, C lare n ce A ., 7 , 32, 43, 7 2 , 76 , 8 1,
z 8 ’ 33. 34- 35’ 36’ 3 8’ 43 ’ 53’ 95 ’ 86, 254, 2 74, 656
184 , 196 , 2 0 1, 639, 6 75 , 680 B o w lin g, R . W . , 12 , 25, 36, 17 3 , 209, 220,
A sb u ry, H erbert, 373 2 2 1 , 224, 225, 2 5 7 , 2 7 7 , 283, 664,
680
B o w m a n , K arl М ., 23, 58, 76 , 9 1 , 94, i 54,
B a b b itts, 469 245, 2 8 1, 630, 680
B a ch , 367 B oyd , D . A ., Jr., and W a g g o n e r, R a ym on d
B achm eister, W a lte r , 13 6, 635, 680 W . , 4 5, 70, 78, 83, 85, 90, 9 1 , 1 1 6 ,
B arratt, N orris S., 14 , 235, 257, 266, 656, 129 , 279, 282, 638, 676, 692
63 7 , 680 B ran ham , V . C ., 18, 598
B arratt / Busser, 661 B rau de, Jacob М ., 7, 23, 37, 43, 2 2 1, 224,
B arratt / Busser / Patterson / S tew art / 225, 2 27, 254, 260, 269, 664, 6 8 1
M in o w / A llen / H ughes, 6 77 Bridges, C a lv in , 297
B arratt / D avidson / Sellin g, 269 B rid gm an , 367
Barratt / D osh a y / G ard n er, 270 B rill, A . A ., 13, 14, 76 , 104, 126, 12 7 , 128,
B arratt / Sherw in / W o rtis, 19 129 , 144, 2 15 , 358, 636, 6 5 1 , 668,
B arrett, D a vid A ., 10 6 76 , 681

725
726 Author Index
B rill / K eller, 668
B rill / W o lb a r s t / W o rtis, 19
B rom berg, W a lte r , xiii, 4, 26, 43, 72 , 95,
98, 100, 10 2, 10 5, 10 7, 1 1 1 , 1 1 2 ,
1 2 1 , 123 , 1 3 1 , 13 2, 13 3 , 1 3 5 , 142 ,
4 4 - 2 74- 847- 35°- 379- 6o 4 - 6 49 -
6 5 7 , 6 75 , 681
B rom b erg / F rosch, 34 35, 42, 6 1, 7 1 , 94,
9 5, 10 4, 2 16 , 256, 276, 2 7 7 , 2 8 1,
348, 6 3 3 ,6 7 4 , 683
B rom b erg / G u ttm a ch er, 143 , 144
B rom b erg / H ad ley / K ie llio lz, 144
B rom b erg / R a b in o vitch / C o n n / G lo v e r /
K arpm an , 672
B rouardel and Lacassagne, 620
B row n , L . G ., 681
B row n in g, 367
B u rlin gam e, G . C ., 254, 664, 681
Busser, R a lp h C ., Jr., 235, 240, 249, 657,
681
Busser / B arratt, 661
Busser / P atterson / Stew art / M in o w /
A lle n / I Iughes / B arratt, 6 77
B u tts, W illia m M arlin , 15 9 , 160 , 1 6 1 , 162,
16 5 , 649, 650, 681
B u tts / F reyh an , 675
B yron , 366
C aesar, Julius, 470
C a lifo rn ia R ep o rt, 5, 6, 23, 4 7 , 35, 8 1,
233, 237, 246, 2 4 7, 253, 258, 259,
262, 265, 269, 2 73 , 2 7 7 , 283, 286,
664
C a m p b ell, John D ., an d G reen span , H er­
bert, 13 , 19 , 15 4 , 1 5 5 , 15 6 , 16 4 , 647,
6 75 , 684
C a p o n e , A lp h o n se, 376
C a p rio , F . S., xiii, 16 , 1 7 , 2 7, 200, 205,
206, 2 1 1 , 498, 579, 590, 6 5 7 , 659,
6 75 , 676, 681
C a p rio , F . S., and L o n d o n , L . S., 13 , 103,
1 1 6 , 196 , 206, 2 10 , 687
C a rp , E .A .E .D ., 199 , 681
C a so n , H u lsey, 80, 1 1 4 , 148 , 15 6 , 223,
649, 650, 6 75 , 681
C ason / A b rah am sen , 6 77
C aspar, 90, 620, 628
C a ssity, John H ., 14 , 10 4, 10 7, 108, 144,
6 27, 681
C a ssity / H ad ley, 676
C en icero s, Jose A n g e l, 1 3 7 , 6 4 7, 681
C h a rc o t an d M a g n a n , 620
C h ev alier, 620
C h o rn y a k , J., and Severinghaus, E . L ., 690
C h risto ffe l, H ., 17 3 , 190 , 1 9 7 , 19 9 , 200,
203, 209, 2 10 , 629, 6 75 , 681
C h risto ffel / R icldes, 210
C itize n s C o m m itte e , N e w Y o rk , 36, 42,
66, 2 16 , 2 1 7 , 2 72 , 276, 622, 634
C la rk , 622
C le c k le y , 5 1 1
C o llie r’s, 665
C o llin s, C h a rles, 5 1 5 , 528, 589
C o n n , Jacob H ., 15 , 43, 4 7 , 102, 11 0 , 1 4 1 ,
19 2 , 202, 2 18 , 249, 257, 262 263,
264, 267, 276, 640, 660, 681
C o n n / G lo v e r / K arpm an / B rom b erg /
R a b in o vitch , 672
C o n n / H aw k e / H od ge / O w en sb y, 669
C o n n / K arpm an , 651
C o n n / K arpm an / F lo ch , 678
C o o k , G e o rg e A ., 2 47, 278, 254, 269, 660,
681
C o ry , D o n a ld W . , 3 1 2 , 681
C o stello , F ran k , 3 77
C o stler, A .; W illy , A ., and H aire, N ., 684
C o u r t o f G e n e ra l Sessions, 26
C ru v a n t, B ernard H ., 494, 502, 504, 505,
544, ; 8 i , 584, 589, 590
C ru v a n t, В . H .; M eltze r, М ., and Tarta-
glin o, F rancis J., 17 4 , 209, 224, 230,
259, 260, 268, 269, 270, 664, 678,
682
C u sh in g, J. G . N ., 5, 25, 43, 7 1 , 10 6, 144,
2 78, 664, 682
D a vid so n , H en ry A ., 228, 2 57 , 660, 682
D avidson / Sellin g / B arratt, 269
D a V in c i, L eon ard o, 470
D e G o u rm o n t, R em y, 682
D e G reg orio , C o sim o , 5 16 , 528, 587, 588
D ’E o n , C h e v alie r, 485
D e p a rtm en ta l C o m m itte e , 6 7, 70, 248,
272, 626, 678, 689
D ep a rtm en ta l R ep ort, 24, 94
De R iver, P a u l, 84, 1 0 1 , 1 1 0 , 120, 122,
12 3 , 12 4 , 12 6 , 13 2 , 13 6, 536, 569,
660, 682
D e u tsch , A lb e rt, 23, 26, 38, 66, 228, 232,
233, 246, 2 4 7, 249, 250, 2 5 7 , 283,
286, 665, 6 72 , 6 77, 682
D eu tsch , H ., 682
D e v , H . J.; W r ig h t, C . A ., and G lass, S. J.,
683
D ia gn ostic C e n te r, 32, 33, 34, 35, 66, 95,
224, 512
D ick e l, H erm an A ., 532, 565, ;6 6 , 579,
589
D o b zh an sk y , T h ., 297
D o sh a y , L . J., 36, 38, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
58, 69, 70 , 7 7 , 78, 79 , 8 1, 9 1 , 160,
263, 266, 267, 280, 622, 6 4 1 , 676,
682
D o sh a y / G a rd n er / B arratt, 270
D o sh a y / M ark ey, 674
D osh a y / Pollens, 650
D o stoyevski, 366
D o w d , D o ro th y D o n le y, 542, 569, 590
D ubois-Ferri^re, H ., and M aville, F ., 170 ,
688
D u b ow sk i, K u rt М ., 535, 568, 588
D u n h a m , H . W a r re n , 23, 25, 29, 32, 34,
37- 44 - 45 - 54- 6 б- 2 l 6 - 2 32- 247>
265, 2 75 , 278, 284, 286, 288, 632,
681
D u n n , 247
D u tto n , C h arles J., 22, 2 6 1 , 2 74, 630, 682
E ast, W . N o rw o o d , 4, 1 1 , 13 , 15 , 16, 25,
26, 2 8, 37, 6 7, 7 1 , 73 , 79 , 9 7 , 105,
1 1 2 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 6 , 12 6 , 1 5 1 , 15 4 , 1 5 5 ,
16 4 , 16 9 , 17 4 , 1 7 5 , 184 , 18 5 , 186,
200, 207, 208, 209, 2 2 1, 222, 249,
260, 283, 287, 602, 6 2 ;, 633, 640,
648, 650, 672, 6 75 , 682
E ast, W . N o rw o o d , and H u b ert, W . H .
de B ., 1 1 2 , 144, 16 9 , 207, 2 1 1 , 248,
633, 652 , 682
E ast / M en a ker / R ich m o n d , 650
E ast / T a y lo r / R ickies, 2 10
E ast / W ile , 675
E liasberg, W . , 15 , 1 0 1 , 499, 500, 507, 590,
640, 682
E liasberg / H on igm an n / K arpm an , 676
E liasberg / W e x b e rg / Piotrow ski, 581
E llis, A lb e rt, 5 1 1 , 5 2 ;, 5 77
E llis, H avelock , 170 , 1 8 7 , 3 12 , 350, 355,
359- 3 6 1 - 380- 496, 526, 579, 620,
628, 682
E n ke, F ., 531
Esser, R o b ert A ., 7
Esser, R o b e rt A .; H aines, W illia m H ., and
L loffm an , H arry R ., 223, 2 27, 659,
684
F ab re, J. H enri, 683
F ederal B u reau o f Investigation , 25, 493,
584, 659, 661
F ederal B u reau o f Prisons, 661
F ein gold , A lfred , 5 13 , 514, 5 16 , 526
F eld m an , S. S., 365, 366, 683
F en ich el, O tto , 44, 14 2 , 188, 19 9 , 303,
306, 3 13 , 365, 570, 683
F en ich el / K arpm an , 544
F e n ich e l / N oyes / F reu d / Perloff, 666
F ere, C . S., 620, 683
F eren czi, S., x, 364, 369, 408, 522, 683
F ish er, E d w ard C ., 7
F ish er, E . C ., an d R ein h ard t, J. М ., 2 18 ,
220, 224, 230, 662, 689
F ish m an , Joseph F ., 683
F ish m an / K arpm an , 405
F la u b ert, 367
Fliess, 620
F lo ch , M au rice, 265, 270, 649, 683
F lo ch / C o n n / K arpm an , 678
F lo ra n cc, E d n a , 624
F ord , C . S., a n d B e ach , F . A ., 536
F orel, A ., 620
Author Index 727
F orsen ic C o m m itte e , 8, 669
F o x e, A rth u r N ., 12 , 14 , 13 3, 138, 145,
1 5 1 , 629, 636, 6 75 , 6 77, 683
F rankel, 2 7, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 5 1, 6 1,
66, 92, 224, 2 7 7 , 666
F red erick th e G rea t, 3 67, 470
F reem an , W .; R u b en stein , H . S ., and
Shapiro, H . D ., 2 47, 636, 678, 690
F ren ch R e v o lu tio n , 378
F reu d, S igm u nd , viii, xiii, 365, 366, 514,
526, 579, 6 2 1, 683
F reu d / P erloff / F en ich el / N oyes, 666
F reyh an , F . A ., 163 , 650, 683
F reyh an / B u tts, 675
F rom m , xiii
F rosch , J., 4
F rosch , J., an d B rom berg, W . , 34, 35, 42,
6 1, 7 1 , 94, 9 ; , 98, 10 4, 2 16 , 256,
2 76 , 2 7 7 , 2 8 1, 633, 674, 683
G a lb ra ith , H u g h М ., and H en ry, G eorge
W ., 15 4 , 16 4 , 629, 684
G allegh er, 650
G ard n er, G e o rg e E ., 8, 4 5, 92, 1 2 1 , 2 17 ,
236, 240, 254, 266, 269, 2 75 , 665,
6 75 , 683
G a rd n er / B arratt / D osh a y, 270
G en erales, C . D . J., 5 3 1 , 564, 565, 589,
590
G id e , A ndr6, 3 67, 470
G illesp ie, W . М ., 1 1 6 , 1 1 9 , 635, 683
G illesp ie / K e n n e d y / P ayn e, 676
G illesp ie / Payn e, 676
G in sb erg, E ., 683
G lass, S. J.; D e v , H . J., an d W r ig h t, C . A .,
683
G le y , E ., 620
G lo v e r, E d w a rd J., 372, 642, 643, 644,
6 45, 646, 652 , 6 53 , 654, 655, 656,
6 75 , 6 76, 683 *
G lo v e r / G o ite in / W e n g ra f, 676
G lo v e r / K arpm an / B rom b erg / R a b in o ­
v itch / C o n n , 672
G lu e ck , 138
G o d w in , 378
G o e b b e ls, 1 1 8
G o erin g , 1 18
G o ite n , P . L ion el, 120 , 1 3 1 , 13 5 , 639, 6 4 1,
6 4 7, 6 77
G o ite in / W e n g r a f / G lo v e r, 676
G o ld sch m id t, R ich ard , 298, 684
G o ld ste in , K ., 87
G o lla , F . L ., and H od ge, R . Sessions, 246,
2 4 7, 660, 678, 684
G o rd e n , 138
G reen span , H erbert, and C a m p b e ll, John
D ., 13 , 19 , 15 4 , 1 5 5 , 156, 164, 647,
6 75 , 684
G reen stein A c t, 661
G ross, 4
728 Author Index Author Index 729
G ross, A lfre d A ., and H en ry, G e o rg e W . , 246, 249, 253, 266, 270, 2 72, 283, 15 6 , 15 7 , 172, 17 3 , 17 4 , 175 , 177, Krinsky, С . М ., and M ich aels, Joseph J.,
14 , 22, 52, 70, 80, 83, 122 , 15 8 , 15 9 , 627, 6 4 7, 649, 650, 685 179 , 180, 18 1, 183, 184, 18 5 , 186, 44, 636, 687
160 , 162 , 16 5 , 249, 2 55, 258, 269, H irn in g / R ickies, 209, 2 11 18 7 , 188, 190 , 191, 192 , 19 4 , 196, K ron en gold, E d w a rd , and Sterba, R ich ard,
630, 6 35, 6 3 7 , 6 4 7, 6 75 , 684 H irsch feld , M agn u s, 496, 536, 563, 620, 19 7 , 198, 19 9 , 200, 2 0 1, 202, 203,
G u th e il, E m il A ., 5 13 , 526, 527, 577, 578, 622, 628, 685 206, 208, 209, 2 10 , 2 11, 2 16 , 2 17 ,
351»687
K ron feld , 13
579, 585, 603, 636, 684 H itler, 1 1 8 , 469 2 18 , 249, 252 , 253, 262, 2 6 ;, 267, K u rop atk in , 372
G u ttm a ch er, M a n fre d S., 5, 24, 26, 27, H obbes, T h o m a s, 575 269, 270, 2 79 , 283, 285, 287, 492,
28, 32, 35, 37, 38, 39, 50, 5 1, 52, H o ch , P . II., and Z u b in , J., 6 8 ; 494 - 495 ' 49 8' 499 »50°> 5° 6- 508, Lacassagne and Brouardel, 620
6 3, 70, 72 , 93, 103, 104, 106, 10 7, H od ge, R . Sessions, an d G o lla , F . L ., 246, 509, 5 10 , 5 1 1 , 5 1 2 , 5 13 , 3 14, 5 15 , Lan g, Т ., 687
ll6 , 1 2 1 , 12 9 , 13 9 , 14О, I4 2 , 18 5, 2 47, 660, 678, 684 5 l6 ’ 5 * 7' 5 l 8 ' 52 9 >53°> 53L 53 2> L ea ch , 86
189 , 202, 209, 220, 2 27, 229, 230, H o d ge / O w en sb y / C o n n / H aw k e, 669 533 > 534' 535 ' 536, 537 ' 53 8> 539 ' L eck y, 372
233, 246, 278, 280, 284, 288, 497, H offm an , H arry R ., 7, 11 8 542' 543 ' 544' 545' 54 6' 548- 549- L eon ard , V . A ., 647, 658, 687
505, 580, 5 8 1, 582, 584, 669, 6 75 , H offm an , H . R .; Esser, R . A ., and H aines, 550, 556, 5 57, 558, 559, 561, 562, Lep p m an , F ried rich , 38, 43, ;o , 63, 90,
684 W . H ., 223, 2 27, 659, 684 577 ' 578- 579' 58° ' 5S l - 582- 58 3- 6 37, 687
G u ttm a ch e r / B rom berg, 143 , 144 H o ffm an , H . R .; Plaines, W . H ., and 584 ' 5 8 5- 587, 588, 589, 390, 602, L evy, 84
Esser, R . A ., 676 603, 6 16 , 6 2 5 , 626, 6 27, 628, 629, Lew is, A u b rey, 4 7 , 629, 687
H acker, F red erick J., 27 H o ffm an , H . R .; H aines, W . H ., and 6 3 1 , 6 35, 6 37, 639, 6 4 1 , 6 4 7, 648, Lillie, 298
H ad ley, E rn est E ., 14 , 104, 109, 626, 684 K en n ed y, F ., 6 ; i , 6 76 , 686 6 ; o , 6 5 7 , 660, 6 6 1 , 6 6 ;, 667, 6 73, Loeser, Lew is H., 148 , 1 5 1 , 15 4 , 16 3 , 164 ,
H ad ley / C assity, 676 H o n d e, Y u sh i, 5 5 7 , 372, 58 1, 584, 5 8 ;, 6 75 , 676, 6 7 7 , 678, 685 648, 6 75 , 687
H ad ley / K ie lh o lz / B rom berg, 144 589 K arpm an / B rom b erg / R a b in o vitch / L o ew en b erg, R ich a rd D ., 339, 569, 584
H aines, W illia m H ., 7 , 25, 1 1 8 Honigmann, John J., 1 5 , 6 4 7, 68 ; C o n n / G lo ve r, 672 L o m b roso, 620
H aines, W . II.; H o ffm an , H arry R ., and Honigmann / Karpman / Eliasberg, 676 K arpm an / C o n n , 6 51 L o n d o n , L . S ., 499
Esser, R o b e rt A ., 223, 2 27, 6 59, 676, Hoover, J. Edgar, 23, 24, 234, 240, 236, K arpm an / E liasb erg / H on igm an n , 676 L o n d o n , L . S., and C a p rio , F . S., 13 , 103,
684 269, 2 74, 288, 6 ;o , 6 6 ;, 68 ; K arpm an / F e n ich e l, 544 1 1 6 , 19 6 , 206, 2 10 , 687
H aines, W . H .; K en n ed y, F oster, and H oover / W itte ls , 668 K arpm an / F ish m an , 405 Lo ran d , x
H o ffm an , H arry R ., 6 5 1 , 676, 686 H o p p el, C la ra , 108 K arpm an / F lo ch / C o n n , 678 Low rey, L aw son G ., 5 4 ;, 570, 5 7 1 , 578
H aire, N .; C o stle r, A ., a n d W illy , A ., 684 H orack, F ra n k E ., 223, 238, 230, 282, K arpm an / M u sa cch io , 5 8 ;
H alban , 620 660, 6 8 ; K arpm an / P eck / Stekel, 667 M a c C lu n g , 297
H all, G . S., 684 Horney, Karen, xiii K arpm an / R ick ies / R o m m , 2 1 1 M a c C o rm ic k , A u stin H., 22, 24, 220, 224,
H all, R ., 684 H u b ert, W . H . de B ., an d E ast, W . N o r­ K arpm an / Stekel, 140, 1 4 1 , 144 2 2 ; , 234, 2 6 1, 2 7 7 , 2 8 1, 6 3 1 , 687
H arn ik, 1 7 5 , 209 w o o d , 1 1 2 , 144, 16 9 , 207, 2 1 1 , 248, K efau ver C o m m itte e , 376 M agn a n , 620
H arris, C h arles A ., 22, 272, 649, 684 633, 632, 682 K efau ver, E stes, 373 M agn a n and C h a rco t, 620
H artw ell, Sam u el W . , 6, 7 , 1 1 , 38, 68, 82, H u gh es, James E ., 8, 226, 228, 282, 2 8 ;, K efau ver R e p o rt, 382 M ala m u d , W . , and Palm er, G ., 687
9 2, 10 6, 14 4 , 15 8 , 16 5 , 1 8 7 , 2 10 , 637, 662, 6 8 ; K eller, D a v id H en ry, 263, 6 3 1 , 639 M an n h e im , H., 687
2 16 , 233, 240, 246, 2 54, 268, 269, H u gh es / B arratt / Busser / Patterson / K eller, H elen , 367 M a n te g a zza , P ., 620, 687
270, 2 7 5 , 2 7 7 , 288, 6 27, 665, 6 75 , S tew art / M in o w / A llen , 6 77 K eller / B rill, 668 M ark ey, O scar B ., 10, 13 , 14 , 1 7 , 19, 43,
684 H u gh es, P atterson , 663 K en n ed y, F oster, 1 1 8 53, 5 ; , 6 6 ;, 6 76 , 687
H artw ell’s C itiz e n s’ H an d b o ok , 674 H u lb ert, H arold S., 13 3 , 14 4 , 639, 6 8 ; K en n edy, F .; H offm an , H . R ., and H aines, M ark ey / D osh a y, 6 ;o
H aw ke, С . C ., 246 H u m b le, 18 W illia m H ., 6 5 1 , 676, 686 M arlo w e, C h ristop h er, 470
H aw k e / H o d ge / O w cn sb y / C o n n , 669 H u xley, A ld o u s, 374 K e n n e d y / P ayn e / G illesp ie, 676 M artin , C ly d e W .; K in sey, A . C ., and
H ead, xiii H yn d , A la n , 373 K erch er, John, 80, 6 3 1 , 687 P om eroy, W aijd ell B ., 16 , 25, 51,
H egel, 364 K ie lh o lz, 104 13 2 , 1 5 5 , 2 15 , 2 2 1, 252, 536, 687
H en nin ger, James М ., 16 , 34, 36, 42, 88, Irw in, 6 37 K ie lh o lz / H ad ley / B rom b erg, 144 M a rtin , W . F ., 5, 687
89, 1 7 2 , 1 7 5 , 17 8 , 188, 202, 633, Isaacs, Judge Julius, 663, 6 8 ; K in sey, A lfre d C ., 5, 6, 106, 16 4 , 188, M arx, K arl, 3 75, 378
636, 6 75 , 6 7 7 , 684 2 32> 2 37- 498, 508, 5 16 , 529, 538, M assach usetts R ep o rt, 23, 7 1 , 249, 257,
H en ry, G e o rg e W . , 4, 1 5 1 , 15 2 , 15 4 , 164, Jennings, H . S., 297 563, 6 4 7, 658, 660, 6 6 1 , 664, 673 2 6 1, 2 73 , 274, 658, 665
629, 630, 6 75 , 684 Jennings, Son n eborn and others, 297 K in sey, A . C . (an d C a lifo rn ia R e p o r t), M asserm an, 366
H en ry, G e o rg e W . , and G a lb ra ith , H u gh Johnson, A d elaid e, 332 246, 2 53 , 2 57 , 269 M av ille, F ., and D ubois-F crrierc, II., 170 ,
М ., 15 4 , 16 4 , 629, 684 Johnson, Lo ren В . Т ., 363, 327 K in sey, A . C .; P om eroy, W a r d e ll B ., and 688
H en ry, G e o rg e W . , and G ross, A lfre d A ., Joint C o m m itte e , 1 7 , 250, 260, 2 6 1 , 662 M a rtin , C ly d e W . , 16 , 25, 5 1, 13 2, M aye r, E . E ., 59, 93, 148, 164 , 2 16 , 252,
14 , 22, 52, 70 , 80, 82, 15 8 , 15 9 , 160, Jones, 199 1 5 5 ,2 1 3 ,2 2 1 ,2 5 2 ,5 3 6 ,6 8 7 2 54, 260, 269, 282, 666, 688
16 2 , 16 3 , 16 5 , 249, 2 55, 258, 269, Jung, C . G ., xiii K insey / S u therlan d / S ch m id t, 6 6 ; M a y o r’s C o m m itte e , 10, 12, 15 , 16 , 18,
630, 6 35, 6 3 7 , 6 4 7, 6 75 , 684 K irken d all, Lester A ., 280, 658 23, 25, 2 7, 29, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 66,
H erm an , 620 K a an , H ein rich , 620 K isch , 620 6 7, 68, 70, 72 , 73 , 80, 9 7 , 98, 2 16 ,
H ersh, L ieb m an n , 37, 38, 630, 685 K a h n , S., 685 Koerner, A ., and Seym our, F . I., 690 2 2 1, 222, 225, 238, 233, 269, 2 77,
H insie, L ela n d E ., 19 5 , 626, 6 27, 6 75 , 685 K arp m an , B en jam in , 1 1 , 13 , 14, 16 , 34, K o p p , M arie E ., 22, 245, 253, 268, 6 3 1, 495, 584, 636, 689
H irn in g, L . C lo v is, 5, 15 , 23, 2 7, 28, 29, 44, 46, 4 7 , 48, 60, 6 1, 62, 76 , 84, 87, 687 M c C o rk lc , Lloyd W ., and A b raham s,
34, 36, 38, 7 1 , 72 , 88, 102, 10 5 , 1 2 1 , 90, 9 2, 94, 9 5, 96, 100, 10 2, 1 1 2 , K o p p / B on k , 678 Joseph, 671;
12 2 , 14 3 , 1 7 2 , 17 8 , 184 , 186 , 188, 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 , 120 , 12 2 , 12 4 , 1 3 1 , 132, Krafft Kbing, Richard von, 90, 344, 355, McNauKnton Law, 218, 229
1 9 7 , 204, 207, 209, 2 1 1 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 1, 133' 4 4 - Ч 6- Ч 8- Ч9> Ч°> 4 4 - 357' 358' 536' bio, 628, 687 McNicklcs, R. N,, 250, 279, 661, 687
 73° Author Index
M cP artlan d , J., 687
M eagh er, J. F . W „ 688
M eltze r, M ilto n ; T a rta g lin o , Francis J.,
an d C ru va n t, B ernard A ., 1 7 4 , 209,
2 24, 230, 259 , 260, 268, 269, 270,
664, 678, 682
M en aker, E sth er, 85, 138, 13 9, 634, 688
M en aker / R ich m o n d , 6 77
M en aker / R ich m o n d / E ast, 650
M en d e l, G regor, 297, 5 17
M en n in ger, K arl, 688
M ercier an d B elletru d , 361
M erzb a ch , 496
M eyer, 260
M ich aels, Joseph J., an d K rinsky, C h arles
М ., 44, 636, 687
M ich ela n gelo , 470
M ich ig a n R ep o rt, 6, 25, 29, 32, 33,
34, 39, 44, 5 1, 52, 66, 76 , 82, 83, 84,
86, 94, 9 5, 232, 234, 239, 240, 246,
250, 2 5 1 , 258, 269, 2 74, 2 8 1, 282,
556, 666, 6 7 7 , 689
M ich ig an R ep o rt / R a b in o vitch , 279, 281
M iller, A . L ., 494, 584, 588
M iller, Jane R ., 536
M illik e n , R h o d a J., 6 37, 666, 6 77, 688
M in n eso ta Suprem e C o u r t, 7, 224
M in o w , N e w to n , 223, 6 6 1 , 688
M in o w / A llen / H u gh es / B arratt / Busser
/ P atterson / S tew art, 6 77
M o b in s, 620
М оНёге, 375
M o ll, A ., 1 3 , 620, 688
M o ran , F red erick A ., 6, 24, 2 2 1 , 256, 269,
285, 636, 6 74 , 688
M o rga n , T . I F , 297, 298, 5 1 7
M oussorgsky, 367
M u eller, II., 297
M u llin s, C la u d , 208, 2 1 1 , 222, 223, 250,
252, 268, 288, 666, 688
M urder, Incorporated, 3 77
M u rd o ck , G e o rg e Peter, 344, 688
M u sa cch io , F . A ., 529, 562, 563, 584, 585
M u sa cch io / K arpm an , 585
M yerson , A ., a n d N e u sta d t, R ., 688
N ap o le o n , 372
N e u sta d t, R ., an d M yerson , A ., 688
N e w H am psh ire: R ep ort, Interim C o m ­
m ission, 7, 224, 2 75 , 662, 6 7 7 , 689
N e w Jersey C o m m issio n , 49 7
N e w jersey R ep o rt, 662, 670
N e w Y o r k C itiz e n s’ C o m m itte e , 36, 42,
66, 2 r6 , 2 1 7 , 2 72 , 276, 622, 634
N e w Y o rk M a y o r’s C o m m itte e , t o , 12 , 15 ,
16, 18, 23, 25, 27, 29, 33, 34, 36, 37,
38, 66, 6 7, 68, 70, 7 2 , 73 , 80, 9 7, 98,
2 l6 , 2 2 1, 222, 225, 238, 2 53 , 269,
2 7 7 , 49 5 , 584, 636, 689
N e w Y o rk R ep ort, 670
N e w Y o rk T im e s, 26
N oyes / F reud / P erloff / F en ich el, 666
O b ern d o rf, C . P ., 1 7 , 32, 37, 1 1 5 , 203,
2 i r , 222, 249, 634, 676, 688
O h tsu k i, K en ji, 561
O sb orn e, T h o m a s M o tt, 4 12
O verholser, W in fr e d , 2 1 7 , 222, 2 25, 2 57 ,
284, 543, 569, 588, 6 3 1, 6 5 1 , 666,
6 7 7 , 688
O w en , 378
O w en sb y / C o n n / H aw k e / H od ge, 669
Palm er, G ., a n d M ala m u d , W . , 687
P atterson , R a lp h М ., 232, 2 55 , 283, 638,
688
P atterson / H ughes, 663
P atterson / Stew art / M in o w / A llen /
H u gh es / B arratt / Busser, 6 77
P ayn e, S. М ., 1 1 6 , 1 1 9 , 352, 634, 689
P ayn e / G illesp ie, 676
P ayn e / G illesp ie / K en n ed y, 676
Peck , M artin W . , 1 9 1 , 626, 6 75 , 689
P eck / Stekel / K arpm an , 667
Pennsylvania R ep o rt, 24, 228, 232, 670
P erloff, 148
P erloff / F en ich el / N oyes / Freu d, 666
Pfeffer, A . Z ., 4
P feffer, A . Z .; A p fe lb erg , B ., and Sugar, C .,
1 5 , 26, 2 7, 33, 34, 35, 38, 43, 7 1 , 80,
10 5, 1 5 1 , 164 , 1 9 1 , 2 15 , 2 2 1 , 225,
249, 2 7 7 , 633, 646, 674, 680
P iker, P h ilip , 24, 82, 249, 280, 6 5 1, 673,
689
P ilate , 591
P iotrow ski, Z ygm u n t A ., 508, 518 , 5 19 .
5 2 1 , 522, 523, 579, 580, 581, 582,
583
P iotrow ski / E liasberg / W e x b e rg , 581
P la to , 591
P lo scow e, M orris, 6, 1 3 , 24, 29, 43, 51,
1 7 4 , 2 25, 226, 228, 229, 230, 236,
2 4 1, 249, 2 53 , 2 6 1, 269, 2 73 , 275,
278, 6 5 1 , 668, 689
Plo scow e / T a p p a n , 288
P lo sco w e / T a p p a n / Su therlan d , 6 77
P ollens, B ., 22, 32, 35, 44, 46, 5 1, 52, 57,
59, 60, 76 , 7 7 , 80, 8 1, 82, 88, 89, 95,
108, 1 1 0 , 1 2 1 , 12 2 , 148, 15 3 , 15 4 ,
15 9 , 1 9 1 , 200, 2 0 1, 2 17 , 2 19 , 253,
2 55, 260, 269, 2 74, 276, 280, 2 8 1,
288, 622, 632, 689
Pollens / D osh ay, 650
P om eroy, W a r d e ll B ., 5, 516
P om eroy, W . B .; K in sey, A . C ., and M a r­
tin , C . W . , 16 , 25, 5 1, 1 3 2 , 1 5 5 , 2 15 ,
2 2 1, 252, 536, 687
Porterfield, A . L ., 652 , 689
P o zd n u ish ev, 506
P o zd n uish ev / R askolnikivs, 506
P ratt, Perry G ., 534, 566, 567, 590
Proust, M arce l, 470
P rudlion , 378
Pulver, M a x , 542
P u sh kin , 375
R a b in o vitch , R . D ., x, 44, 5 1, 52, 82, 83,
84, 86, 88, 93, 94, 15 3 , 548, 549,
550, 566, 5 7 1, 578, 584, 585, 587,
588, 589, 590, 604, 670, 6 77
R a b in o vitch , R . D . / M ich ig an R ep o rt,
279, 281
R a b in o vitch / C o n n / G lo v e r / K arpm an /
B rom berg, 672
R a d d y, 572
R a d o, Sandor, 365, 366, 689
R a ffa lov ich , 620
R am sey, G . V . , 689
R a p o p o rt, J., 12 6 , 640, 6 76, 689
R asm ussen, A ., 6 7, 68
R ees, J. R ., 689
R e ich , A ., 79, 632, 6 76 , 689
R ein h ard t, James М ., 7
R ein h ard t / Fisher, 228, 220, 224, 230,
662, 689
R eiter, P au l J., 562, 573, 589
R ich ard th e L ion-H earted , 470
R ich m o n d , W . , 58, 13 8 , 15 Г , 2 5 1 , 626,
634, 6 76, 690
R ich m o n d / E ast / M en aker, 650
R ich m o n d / M en aker, 6 77
R ickies, N . K ., 1 7 , 27, 170 , 1 7 1 , 1 7 2 , 17 3 ,
1 74 > x 75 > 1 7 6> 117 > 1 7 8’ l 8 l > 282,
184 , 18 5 , 186 , 1 8 7 , 188, 189 , 190,
x 9 2’ x 95 > x 97 > 200> 204, 207, 209,
2 10 , 2 r 1, 222, 226, 282, 284, 602,
603, 606, 6 27, 640, 667, 668, 669,
6 75 , 690
Rickies / C h risto ffel, 2 10
R ickies / E ast / T a y lo r, 2 10
R ickies / H irn in g, 209, 2 11
Rickies / R o m m / K arpm an , 2 11
R ickies / R om m / Sperling, 675
R ickies / T a y lo r, 62 5
R ickies / W illia m s / S ch m id t / T a llm a n ,
664
R ob b in s, B . S., 690
R o ch e , P h ilip Q ., 1 1 , 15 , 20, 4 5, 4 7 , 10 6,
1 1 2 , 1 1 5 , 1 1 6 , 120 , 13 3 , 13 4, 144,
14 9 , 16 4 , 1 7 5 , 186 , 226, 2 4 7 , 2 78 ,
668, 6 75 , 690
R oh led er, 620
R ok itan sk y / V irc h o w , 485
R o m m , M a y E ., 188, 198, 200, 207, 208,
2 1 1 , 640, 6 75 , 690
R om m / K arpm an / R ick lcs, 2 11
R o m m / Sperling / R icklcs, 675
R om m / Sperling / Silverm an, 675
R oosevelt, I1'. D ., 366
R o tm a n , D . lb , and A rieff, A. )., 16, 26,
Author Index 731
z8 > 33 . 34 ’ 35 ’ 36 ’ 38’ 43 ’ 53’ 95 >
184, 19 6 , 201, 639, 6 75 , 680
Rousseau, Jean Jaques, 367, 378, 485
R u b en stein , H . S.; Shapiro, H . D ., and
F reem an , W a lte r , 2 47, 636, 678, 690
R u m k e , H . C ., 5 6 1, 573, 579
R u sk in , Sam uel H ., 92, 98, 635, 638, 676,
690
Sadger, S. A ., 1 7 9 , 180 , 1 8 1 , 108, lq q ,
667, 690
Schilder, xiii, 265
Sch m alh au sen , S. D ., 690, 695
S ch m id t, D . G ., 248
S ch m id t / K in sey / Su therlan d , 665
S ch m id t / T a llm a n / R ickies / W illia m s ,
664
Sch m ied eberg, M e litta , 510, 523, 524,
578> 579’ 58 3’ 584 ’ 58 5’ 588’ 59°<
598
S ch reck-N otze, 620
Schricker, 529
Sellin g, L o w e ll S., 18, 20, 28, 38, 39, 50,
72 , 90, 94, 10 4, 10 5, 12 9 , 148 , 164 ,
16 5 , 17 2 , 188, 1 9 1 , 1 9 7 , 200, 206,
20S, 2 ro , 2 i i , 2 16 , 2 37, 245, 246,
2 47, 253, 256, 262, 265, 266, 267,
269, 270, 2 74, 2 7 7 , 598, 632, 634,
640, 648, 652, 6 76 , 690
Sellin g / B arratt / D avidson , 269
Severinghaus, E . L ., and C h o rn ya k , J., 690
Seym our, F . I., and K o em er, A ., 690
S haeffer, C ., 10
S haeffer, C ., an d B arrett, D a v id A ., 38,
279, 633, 680
Shakespeare, 3 2 1, 469, 470
Shapiro, H . D .; F reem an , W a lte r , and
R u b en stein , II. S., 247, 636, 678,
690
Shaskan, D o n a ld , 26, 34, 72 , 10 6, 13 5,
260, 276, 634, 690
S h erw in, R o b e rt W . , 12 , 14 , 1 7 , 19 , 216 ,
228, 235,"662, 690
Sherw in / B arratt / W o rtis , 19
Silverberg, W . V . , 690
S ilverm an, D a n ie l, 1 7 2 , 1 7 9 , 184, 206,
2 1 1 , 222, 6 27, 638, 6 75 , 690
Silverm an / R o m m / Sperling, 675
S in g Sin g R ep o rt, 26, 32, 33, 8 1, 86, 95,
96, 1 0 1 , 1 1 1 , 2 5 1 , 254, 257, 258,
260, 2 6 1, 266, 269, 647, 664, 666,
690
S in g Sin g R ep o rt / A b rah am sen , 269
Slater, E . P ., 691
S on n eborn, Jennings, 297
S on tag, L . W ., 544, 570, 580, 585, 604
Sperling, M elitta , 189, 190, 199, 207, 210,
2 1 1 , 627, 652, 6 75 , 691
S perling / Rickies / R o m m , 675
S perling / Silverm an / K on u n , (175
732 Author Index

Stalin, 469 U jh e ly , V a le n tin e A ., 49 5 , 583, 389

Stearns, A . W . , 691 U lrich , C ., 620
S tein m etz, C h arles, 367
V a tsy a y n a , 496
Stekel, W . , 1 1 , 13 , 90, 13 8 , 180, 1 8 1 , 1 8 ; ,
V e rla in e , P au l, 470
1 9 7 , 3 5 1 , 358, 570, 622, 623, 628,
V ic to r, F ran k , 542
629, 636, 6 7 7 , 684, 691
Stekel / K arpm an , 140, 1 4 1 , 144
V irc h o w / R ok itan sk y, 485 SUBJECT INDEX
Stekel / K arpm an / P eck , 667 W a g g o n e r, R . W . , an d B o yd , D . A ., Jr.,
Sterba, R ich ard, an d K ro n en gold , E d w ard , 4 5, 70 , 78, 83, 8 ; , 90, 9 1 , 1 1 7 , 129 ,
35 687
C „ 279, 282, 638, 6 76 , 692
Stevenson R . L ., 366 W a ld ro p , 257
S tew art, W illia m S cott, 228, 632, 691 W a ll, T . P ., Jr., an d W y lie , C . P ., 236,
S tew art / M in o w / A lle n / H u gh es / B ar­ 2 6 1, 269, 6 59, 692
ratt / Busser / P atterson , 6 77 A b d u ctio n , 4, 5, 20, 36, 2 2 1, 276, 608, dream , 1 1 0 , 1 18
W a r d , Lester, 576, 692
St. P a u l, 472 6 71 free-floating, 4 7 1
W e in in g e r, 620
S trecker, 22 defin ition o f, 18 in psych opath s, 598, 599
W e n g ra f, F ritz , 130, 6 4 1 , 692
Sugar, C ., 4 A b o rtio n , 129 neurosis, 369, 488, 503
W e n g r a f / G lo v e r / G o ite in , 676
Sugar, C .; A p fe lb erg, B ., an d P feffer, A . A c n e , 2 0 1, 394, 3 9 ; n eurotic, 386
W e rth a m , F red eric, 256, 283, 632, 6 57,
Z ., 15 , 26, 2 7, 33, 34, 35, 38, 43, A crom egaly, 247 A p o p le x y, 90
663, 692
7 1 , 80, 10 5, 1 5 1 , 16 4 , 1 9 1 , 2 15 , 2 2 1, A c tin g o u t, 44 A rson , 5, 1 3 7 , 263, 633, 669
W e x h e rg , L . E ., 492, 500, 502, 385, 589
225, 249, 2 7 7 , 633, 646, 674, 680 A d ip oso gen ital dystrophy, 91 cases cited, 140 , 1 4 1 -1 4 2
W e x b e r g / P iotrow ski / Eliasberg, 581
Sullivan , xiii A d olescen ce, 52 Arteriosclerosis, 89
W h itm a n , W a l t , 470
S u therlan d , E d w in H ., 25, 26, 7 1 , 158, A d u lte ry , 4-6, 10, 205, 2 15 , 222, 2 3 ; , 255, cerebral, 464
W ild e , O scar, 367, 4 1 3 , 470
2 26, 2 27, 228, 2 3 1 , 234, 2 37, 240, 558, 596 Arteriosclerotic psychosis, 92
W ile , Ira S., 19 , 22, 36, 38, 50, 59, 60,
2 73 , 2 7 7 , 662, 668, 669, 691 A ggression, 100, 1 1 9 , 1 2 1 , 13 0 -13 2 , 13 5 , A sceticism , 483
76 , 9 2, 16 3 , 208, 2 n , 2 15 , 2 4 ;, 256,
S u therlan d / P loscow e / T a p p a n , 6 77 4 3 , 2 0 1 ,4 8 4 , 554, 555 A sth m a , psych ogen ic, 483
262, 266, 270, 278, 2 8 1, 598, 634,
S u therlan d / S ch m id t / K in sey, 6 6 ; and exh ib ition ism , 17 2 , 18 5, 603 Assau lt, 96, 13 4 , 13 8 , 14 4 , 2 16
638, 692
S u therlan d / T a p p a n , 239, 669 social, 472 and b attery, 5
W ile / E ast, 675
A go rap h o b ia , 130 and h om osexu ality, 95
W illia m s , D a v id B ., 258, 269
T a llm a n , F ran k F ., 262 A lco h o l, 92, 10 4, 637 sexual, 28, 2 7 7 , 484, 556
W illia m s / S ch m id t / T a llm a n / R ickies,
T a llm a n / R ickies / W illia m s / Sch m id t, and sex offenses, 59, 604 w ith in te n t to rape, 6
664
664 A lco h o lic psychosis, 92 See also In d ecen t assault
W illy / H aire / C o stle r, 684
T a p p a n , P a u l, 7 , 28, 29, 30, 44, 226, 2 27, A lco h o lism , 43, 89, 15 2 , 2 0 1, 2 5 1, 255, A u toerotism , 10 4, 1 1 4 , 136
W itte ls , D a v id G ., 692
228, 229, 2 3 1 , 232,. 233, 2 3 ; , 237, W itte ls , F ., 7 7 , 12 5 , 226, 263, 270, 6 5 1, 2 57- 393 -397 - 4 8 9 - 493 - 5° 6» 598- 6o°- an d exh ib ition ism , 196
239, 240, 2 4 1, 230, 2 73 , 2 7 5 , 282, 610
659
2 87, 4 9 7, 505, 662, 665, 668, 678, case cited, 96 B eh avior, an d paraphiliac trends, 408-410
W itte ls / H oover, 668
691 and exh ibition ism , 169 B estiality, 4, 14 , 20, 42, 50, 1 1 ; , 128, 13 6,
W o lb a r s t, A . L ., 14 , 19 , 30, 34, 42, 90,
T a p p a n / P lo scow e, 288 an d h om osexu ality, 95 1 3 7 , 19 5 , 199 , 205, 2 1 5 , 606, 660
9 7, 2 53 , 628, 692
T a p p a n / S u therlan d , 239, 669 an d h om osexu ality, laten t, 322, 387 as a paraphilia, 338-360
W o lb a r s t / B rill / W o rtis , 19
T a p p a n / S u therlan d / P loscow e, 6 77 and neurosis, 95 case cited , 132
W o lf , 2 4 ;
T a rd ieu , 3 6 1, 620 A lg o lag n ia, 15 9 , 355 definition of, 597
W o o d ru ff, 297
T a rn o v sk y , 620 A m b iva len ce, 19 9 , 449, 542 m o tiva tion o f, 132
W o rtis , Joseph, 4, 6, 14 , 26, 68, 76, 80,
T a rta g lin o , F . J.; C ru v a n t, B . A ., and A m n esia, 43, 1 3 3 , 1 8 1 , 182, 185 B igam y, 5, 23, 92, 12 4 , 399, 508, 596,
92, 94, 222, 236, 240, 2 4 1, 6 35, 650,
M eltze r, М ., 17 4 , 209, 224, 230, 259, A n alin gu s, 305, 333, 343, 370, 42 7, 429 628, 6 5% 6 71
692
260, 268, 269, 270 , 664, 678, 682 A n e th o p a th y , 399, 599, 635 and h ostility, 13 1
W o rtis / B arratt / Sh erw in, 19
T a x il, 361 A n orexia, 130, 1 3 1 and neurosis, 13 1
W o rtis / B rill / W o lb a r st, 19
T a y lo r, F . H ., 2 7, 28, 34, 36, 72 , 170 , W r ig h t, C liffo rd A ., 15 4 , 16 4 , 2 47, 635, and prostitution wishes, 639 and sw in dlin g, 13 1
1 7 1 , 1 75 , 185 , 186 , 18 7 , 2 10 , 2 77, A n tab u se, 266 case cited , 13 1-13 2
6 75 , 692
602, 6 52, 6 75 , 691 A n x ie ty , 5, n - 4 3 , 54- 68> ■79 » 102, 1 0 5, m o tiva tion o f, 13 1-13 2
W r ig h t, C . A .; G lass, S. J., a n d D e v , H . J.,
T a y lo r / R ickies, 625 11 0 , 1 1 2 , l l 6 , 11 9 , 1 2 7 > 130, 4 3 > 4 9 » B irth con trol, 4 1 7
683
T a y lo r / R ickies / E ast, 210 184 , 185, 200, 310, З46- 38 5> 3 8 7 - 39°» B isexu ality, 96, 362, 366, 6 10
W u lff, М ., 14 9 , 6 4 1, 6 75 , 676, 692
T ch a ik o v sk y , 367, 470 W u lffe n , E rich , 620, 622, 692 437 - 479 - 4 8 1, 4 8 3- 495 » 5° 4 > 5° 9 - 5“ . and p sych ob iological deviations, 296-
T e m p le to n , A le c , 367 W u lffe r, vii, viii, 13 52°> 52 5- 543> 545- 549- 552> 554» 602, 300
T h o in o t, 18, 70 W y lie , C . P ., and W a ll, T . P ., Jr., 236, 604, 606, 6 37 B lackm ail, 24, 58, 158 , 44 3, 452 , 462,
T h o m a s, W . I., 691 2 6 1 , 269, 6 59, 692 an d h om osexu ality, 15 6 4 6 7, 468, 6 1 1 , 612
T h o m p so n , G . N ., 5, 248, 663, 691 and narcissism , 546 Braid cu ttin g , 3 5 1 , 605
T im e M a g a zin e , 6 5 1 , 668 Y aw g er, N . S., 93, 1 1 2 , 1 1 8 , 636, 692 castration , 4 ; , 1 1 2 , 1 1 5 , 11 6 , 143 , psych odyn am ics o f, 142
T o lsto y , 3 2 1, 631 Y o u n g , H . H ., 692 170 , 3 13 , 330, 6 10 , 634, 633 Breast partialism , 334
T slieryaskin , 126 , 636 and exh ib ition ism , 606 Bribery, 376
T u e rk , Isadore, 499, 590 Zubin, J., and Hoch, P. II., 685 and transvestism , 605 Buggery, 14

733
734 Subject Index
Burglary 5, 28, 56, 59, 1 1 7 , 229, 263, 276,
2 7 7 , 376, 482, 6 0 ;, 608, 630, 660
case cited , 139
B u ttocks partialism , 3 13 , 354, 496, 6 10
C a n n ib a lism , 1 1 , 102, 1 3 1 , 358, 390
and exh ibition ism , 203
C a rn a l abuse, 4, 20, 28, 36, 220, 224,
254, 276, 2 7 7 , 278, 608
case cited , 96
definition o f, 14 -1 5 , 597
C a rn a l kn o w led ge, ; , 12 , 14 , 26, 27, 10 7,
2 73 > 345 - 46.3; 4 6 5>4 6 6- 596- 6 l 4
and exh ib ition ism , 169
case cited, 250
C astration
a nd exh ib ition ism , 188
anxiety, 4 5, 1 1 2 , 1 1 5 , 1 1 6 , 143 ,
3 4 , 3 5 0 , 6 10 , 6 3 4 ,6 3 5
and exh ib ition ism , 606
a nd transvestism , 6 0 ;
com plex, 1 7 5 , 17 6 , 658
fears, 43, 1 3 3 , 1 3 5 , 13 9 , 1 4 1 ,
205, 640, 6 57
and fear o f im po ten ce, 393
and fetishism , 605
m urder, 561
psych ic, 204
self, 201
surgical, 245-246, 5 3 1 , 564, 6 15 ,
6 3 ; , 659, 678
threats, 86, 180
w ishes, 43, 79, 120
C lau stro p h o b ia , 130
C o itu s interruptus, 1 7 1 , 19 5 , 207,
640
C o m p en sa tio n , in exh ibition ism , 188,
202
C o m p u lsio n neurosis, 520, 544, 570,
640
and paraphilias, 600
Com pu lsiven ess, in exh ibition ism ,
1 7 6 , 1 7 7 , 206
C o n ju g a tio n , 297
C o n stitu tio n a l factors
in sexual d eviation, 76 -77
C o n tra ce p tio n , 494, 503
C o n versio n , 397
C o n vu lsion s, 396, 397
hysterical, 389, 480
C o p ro p h ilia , 46, 128 , 199 , 2 0 ;, 352,
396, 397, 603, 605
as a paraphilia, 360-362
C o u n te rfe itin g , 92, 132
C rim e , nonsexual
as a disease, 507-508
sexual m o tiva tion o f, 133
C rim in a lity , 283, 49 3, 576, 6 2 1 , 627,
6 4 7, 665
a n d sexual psych o path y, 489
Subject Index 735
as disease, 526 112, 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 , 1 3 0 -1 3 1, 138, 1 6 9 -2 1 1 , personality o f, 172
in exh ibition ists, 1 7 4 2 17 , 229, 267, 278, 2 8 1, 348-349, 361- sex o f, 1 7 4 -17 5
C rim in a l sexual act, 583, 584 363, 390, 394-396, 390, 4 1 2 , 444-445, syndrom e, 1 7 4
C u n n ilin gu s, 14 , 27, 46, 69, 84, 96, 10 1 , 465, 468, 477-480, 482, 484-485, 489,
E xp om an ia, 170 , 640
10 4, 10 7-10 9 , 1 1 3 , 1 2 1 -1 2 2 , 126 , 129 , 4 9 1, 500, 504-506, 509, 5 18 -5 19 , 5 2 1,
2 0 1, 2 16 , 3 12 -3 13 , 3 19 , 3 2 1 , 333, 343,
52 7- 52 9-546> 558- 56 4 - 572' 573 - 600, Fear, 7 1 , 12 2 , 365, 5 2 ;
360, 368, 370, 393-396, 596, 6 10 602-604, 607-608, 6 14 , 6 2 1, 625-629, and rape, 347
633-634, 636-638, 640, 649, 652-653, F ella tio , 14 , 56, 69, 83-84, 88, 9 1 , 93, 96,
D eb a u ch ery, 5, 349, 6 0 ; 657-600, 663, 667-669, 672-673, 675 1 0 1 , 10 3, 10 7, 10 9 -110 , 1 1 3 , 1 2 1 , 124 ,
D efian ce, in exh ib ition ism , 189-190 a ccom p a n yin g actions, 185-186
D e lin q u en c y, 5, 4 5 , 53 1 2 7' 4 5 ' 4 9 ' 1 4 1 » Ч о - Ч 1 ' 4 5 ' 4 9 >
and cannibalism , 203 1 62, 1 9 ; , 204, 2 16 , 248, 259, 262, 303-
D eliriu m trem ens, 322 and castration anxiety, 188, 606 304, 308, 3 19 , 3 2 1, 333, 334, 343, з 58,
D elusions and ejacu latio precox, 333 360, 368, 370, 390, 393-396, 4 2 1 , 424-
o f persecution, 3 2 1 , 610 and h om osexu ality, 19 0 -1 9 1 , 325,
D em en tia precox
4 2 7' 4 2 9 >453 ' 596-597, 6 10 , 641
605 F e lo n y, 4 7 7 , 490, 612
and coproph ilia, 361 and im p oten ce, 1 9 1-1 9 2 Fetish ism , 4, 5, 1 1 , 19 , 28, 37, 53, 1 1 2 ,
and sex crim es, 524 and incest, 19 2 -19 6 , 3 37, 603, 606 1 1 3 , 188, 229, 2 52 , 3 1 3 , 348-349, 356,
170 , D e m e n tia , senile, 92 an d inferiority, 201-202 3 6 1, 365, 408, 462, 482, 484, 496, 503,
D e n ia l, 44, 188, 190 , 5 4 ; ph allic, 1 9 1 567, 622, 628, 634-635, 676
D epression, 79 , 1 1 2 , 13 2 , 396, 479 , 480 and m astu rb ation , 18 5 , 19 6 -19 7 , 338, and castration fear, 605
D iarrh ea, 18 5 , 603 606 and h om osexu ality, 325
“ D isorderly co n d u ct,” 5, 2 16 , 255 and narcissism , 19 7 -19 9 and incest, 603
17 9 , D isp la cem en t, 643 and obscen ity, 360 and klep tom an ia, 138
D o n Juan typ e, 320, 468, 498 and orality, 606 and m astu rb ation , 338
D ream s, 370, 4 5 1 , 479 and o th er paraphilias, 203-206, 2 1 1 and sadom asochism , 1 1 6 , 3 3 ; , 605
an xiety, 1 1 0 , 1 1 8 an d sadom asochism , 200-201, 606 an d stealing, 539
as indexes to la ten t h om osexu ality, and scop to philia, 203-206, 2 1 1 , 606 as a paraphilia, 351-3 54
326, 330 and regression, 6 0 ; cases cited , 8 4-8 ;, 1 1 6 - 1 1 9 , 352-352.,
em ission, 6 27 and religious con flict, 606
6 3 1, in exh ib ition ism , 17 2 , 173
35 2_354> 539
and revenge, 200 definition o f, 13 , 596
exam ination , 189 as a paraphilia, 356-357 m o tiva tion of, 1 1 6 - 1 1 9
in klep tom a n ia, 138 cases cited, 87, 9 0-91, 93-94, 1 7 0 - 17 1 , F ix atio n , 3 1 1 - 3 1 2 , 3 18 , 333-335, 352, 388,
in pyrom ania, 138 1 7 4 ' 176 -18 4 , 188, 189-203, 204-206,
pursuit, 6 11
493 , 548' 599, 6 39, 642
207-208, 253, 264, 265, 282-283, 337, h om osexual, 547
267, snake, 6 11
39 1 "393; 442"444 m oth er, 17 9 , 1 8 1 , 183
D ru g ad d ict, 2 77 consciousness during a ct o f, 185 F la gella tio n , 120 , 336, 356
191, D ru g ad d iction , 43, 158, 489, 493 defiance an d frustration in, 189-190 F orgery, 92
D run kenn ess, 2 7 7 defin ition o f, 1 6 -17 , 597 F orn ica tion , 5, 10, 2 16 , 439 , 440
627, D yspepsia, 4 13 disguised, 206, 2 1 1 F ree m artin , 298
etiology, 17 5 -18 4 , 209 F rigid ity, 1 0 1 , 200, 344, 3 7 1 , 373, 439,
E jacu la tio precox, 10 2, 17 2 , 184 , 189, factors in, 2 10 -2 11 503, 606, 628, 640
17 3 , l 93 > 333 - 353 - 50 1 - 6 2 5, 627 freq u en cy and onset, 184 and incest, 604
an d exh ibition ism , 333 hom osexu al, 186 and klep tom an ia, 138
E lectro en cep h alogram , 660 m echanism s in, 187-18 8 an d la ten t h om osexu ality, 324, 6 11
E lectrosh o ck , in treatm en t o f sex offender, parts exh ib ited, 185 an d prostitution , 644
247-248, 268, 6 15 , 663, 678 place o f occurrence, 18 4 -1 8 ; an d pyrom ania, 140
E m b e zzle m e n t, 1 1 8 , 1 3 7 , 376, 464 prodrom al sym ptom s, 185 F ro ttag e, 2 7, 9 3, 1 1 5 , 189 , 193 -19 4 , 196 ,
E m ission , n octu rn al, 406 progression vs. regression in, 202-203 606, 626
E n cep h alitis, 464 recovery from a ct o f, 186, 209-210 an d exh ibition ism , 203
E n cep h alitis leth argica, 92, 486 treatm en t o f, 206-208, 2 11 as a paraphilia, 357
364, E n d o crin e th erapy, see Ilo rm o n e therapy victim s in, 18 6 -18 7 F ru stration , 2 0 1, 3 18 , 5 1 1
E nuresis, 44, 13 2 , 200, 354 E xhib ition ists, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 43, 72, and exh ib ition ism , 189-190 , iq s
in exh ibition ists, 1 7 4 208-209, 451» 483-484, 487-488, 501,
E n viron m en tal factors in sexual deviation, 5 1 1 , 5 1 5 , 5 19 , 523, 526, 5 6 1, 646-647 G a m b lin g , 3 7 7 , 493
77-88 and gu ilt, 602 G en eral paresis, 92
E n v y , 279 and neurosis, 43 G en etics, 297
E o n ism , 350 an d recidivism , 2 76 -2 77 G e n ita lia , disorders o f, in sex ollcmli n о"
639, E pilep sy, 90-94, 10 1 , 13 6 -13 7 , 170 , 464 classification o f, 16 9 -17 1 G ig an tism , pitu itary, 278
E xh ib ition ism , 5, 1 ; , 20, 26-28, 36-37, 42, fem ale, 608 G la n d u la r disorders, in sex nllrmlt r.
45-46, 53, 88, 90, 9 5, 10 2, 104, 1 1 1 - pa th o lo gy o f, 1 7 2 -17 4 G on orrh ea, 278
736 Subject Index Subject Index 737
G u ilt, 68, 7 1 -7 2 , 79 , 10 4, 10 7, 1 1 4 , 116, and alcoholism , 95 an d prostitution , 644 definition o f, 10, 596
120 , 13 3 , 13 5 , 14 2 , 15 3 , 1 5 7 , 178 , 195- and anxiety, 15 6 free-floating, 47 1 m otivation of, 10 2-10 4
1 9 6 , 200, 207, 266, 3 18 , 350, 365, 369, and delin qu en cy, 15 7 -16 3 , 165 H ousebreakin g, 462-463 relation to paraphilias, 332-334
3 7 0 3 7 1 , 3 75, 393, 397, 43 5, 438, 48 1, and disturbances o f poten cy, 15 6 H ypersexuality, 247 tab oo, 222
4 9 1 , 493, 506, 5 20 -521, 523, 5 5 1 , 553- an d exh ib ition ism , 19 0 -1 9 1 , 605 H ypnosis, 265 w ishes, 196
554, 601-602, 606, 6 2 1 , 644, 667 and incest, 334-335, 344, 603 H yp n otism , 453 Incestuous drives, 1 7 6 , 450
and exh ibition ism , 170 and inferiority, 393 H yp och on d ria, 10 2, 1 1 9 , 2 01, 385, 390, Incorporation , 128
and narcissism , 546 and k lep tom an ia, 138 39 2’ 393 ’ 395- 397- 4 So In d ecen t assault, 20, 23-24, 26, 37, 6 7, 88,
and sadom asochism , 605 and m astu rb ation , 338 H ypospadias, 1 7 5 , 2 0 1, 393, 394 12 5 , 254, 465, 6 14
religious, 200 an d ped oph ilia, 106 H ypoth yroid ism , 247 cases cited, 45-46, 89
G yn an d ro m orph s, 298 an d psychosis, 15 6 H ysteria, 90, 386, 397 d efin ition o f, 18
G yn eco m asty , 307 an d robbery, 606 an d paraphilias, 387 Ind ecen t exposure, 4-6, 23, 26-28, 35-36,
an d sadom asochism , 605 H ysterical neurosis, 384-385, 400, 479 38, 66, 94, 1 2 1 , 170 , 1 7 2 , 182, 208,
H allu cin atio n s, 93, 108, 1 5 6 -1 5 7 , 487, and transvestism , 1 1 2 and paraphilias, 388, 600 2 15 , 222, 229, 265-267, 2 74 , 276, 356,
5° 7> 5 4 as a paraphilia, 349-350 distinguished from sexual psycho- 46 0 -4 6 3 ,4 6 5 -4 6 6 , 537, 550
H atred , 180, 252, 263, 2 79 , 335, 484, 507, bisexual, 308-310, 3 14 pa th y, 4 7 cases cited, 78-79, 255-256, 259-260,
6 16 , 627 cases cited , 9 1 , 149 -16 3 , 248, 419- 281
H ead ach e, 185, 1 9 7 , 554, 603 429, 4 5 3 , 663 definition o f, 16 -1 7 , 597
H erm aph rod ite, 299 conscious, 299 Ideas o f reference, 15 6 See also E x h ib ition ism
H ernia, 1 7 4 defin ition o f, 1 3 -14 , 597 Iden tification , 4 5, 10 3-10 4, 1 1 5 , 13 9, 148, Infan tilism , 10 4, 5 13 , 526
H eterosexual perversities, 3 71-3 7 4 , 38 l “ etiology, 1 4 8 -15 5 , 16 4 1 5 1 , 190, 19 2 , 3 1 3 , 3 37, 3 9 1, 393, 554- and sadom asochism , 605
382 co n stitu tion al factors, 1 5 4 -15 5 , 609 5 57, 605, 627, 634, 652 , 658 psychosexual, 1 1 , 44-45, 52, 204-205,
case cited , 3 71-372 fa m ily situ ation , 1 5 1 - 1 5 4 , 609 Idiocy, 89 356’ 389, 5 14 , 603, 6 57
H eterosexu ality, and la ten t h om osexuality, retardation , 1 4 8 -1 5 1 , 609 Im m atu rity Inferiority, 10 2-10 3, 10 5, 12 3 , 13 6 , 1 4 1 ,
15 6 sed uction, 1 5 5 , 606 em otion al, 100, 493 1 7 7 , 189 , 204-205, 230, 350, 390, 394-
H om icid e, 28, 130, 226, 2 7 7 , 284 in arm y, 16 3 , 165 sexual, 529 396, 480, 507, 565, 6 37, 639-640, 649,
Im p o ten ce, 50, 1 0 1 , 10 5-10 6, 108, 1 5 7 ,
an d sexual factors, 13 4 in prison, 409-410, 6 12
17 2 , 2 0 1, 320, 489, 503, 5 19 , 603, 606,
675
See also M u rd er in w o m en , 3 10 -3 14 , 3 14 -3 15 an d exh ib ition ism , 201-202
H om oerotic la ten t, 130, 1 5 6 -1 5 7 , 16 4 -16 5 , 318- 627-628, 640 an d h om osexu ality, 393
ob ject, 306 3 3 ° ’ 343’ 35°> 3 7 3 ’ 6 10 -6 1 1 , 620, 6 25, and exh ib ition ism , 19 1-19 2 an d rape, 1 2 1 , 348, 605
su b ject, 306 6 3 1 , 642, 6 5 1 , 6 57 and k lep tom an ia, 138 ph allic, and exh ib ition ism , 191
H om osexual and exh ib ition ism , 172 an d la ten t h om osexu ality, 324, 6 1 1 sexual, an d exh ib ition ism , 188, 658
abso lu te, 302-308 and h eterosexu ality, 156 and pyrom ania, 140 Infidelity, 373
active, 302-307 an d m astu rb ation , 325-326, 330 fear o f, a n d castration anxiety, 393 Insanity, 2 17 -2 1 8 , 224
anal, 302-307 and m urder, 506 Im p o ten tia paralytica, 353 Insecurity, 100, 1 3 7 , 15 8 -15 9 , 2 18 , 252,
bisexual, 206, 308-310, 3 1 1 , 3 14 and neurosis, 3 18 , 328 Im prison m en t
т З1,0’ 375 - 376’ 5° 7’ 6° 2 , 635, 6 3 7 , 645
exh ib ition ism , 186 and paraphilias, 3 19 , 329 in treatm en t o f sex offender, 248-253, Insigh t, 5 15
fixation, 547 and prostitution , 644 268-269, 566’ 6 14 -6 1 5 , 652 Insom nia, 432
narcissistic, 303 an d psychosis, 3 18 , 328 Incest, 4-6, 19 , 24-28, 36-37, 42, 5 1, 109, and m asturbation , 408
oral, 302-307 dream s as indexes to, 326, 330 1 3 7 , 1 8 1 , 2 16 , 220 -221, 2 74, 276, 278, Instinct, 332
panic, 3 2 1 , 641 in alcoho lics, 387 3 1 2 , 332-339, 343-345, 399, 449, 452, acquisitive, 374
case cited , 1 5 6 -1 5 7 indexes o f, 3 19-3 25 , 329-330 465, 478-479, 4 8 1, 490, 49 7, 506, 509, dea th , 629
passive, 302-307 social and legal aspects o f, 326-328, 5 14 , 52 i - 5 22’ 52 7 ’ 545’ 57 2’ 575’ 599- ego, 504
p rostitu tio n , 15 9 -16 3 , 4 10 , 4 1 1 , 574, 33° 602, 604, 608, 6 14 , 620, 632, 657-658, erotic, 629
6 1 1 , 612 m ean in g o f types in , 302-308, 3 14 669, 676 group, 504
types, 609-610 overt, 302-315 an d exh ib ition ism , 17 3 , 19 2 -19 6 , 337, m aternal, 3 11
w om an , 3 10 -3 14 , 3 14 -3 15 personality types in, 1 5 5 -1 5 6 , 164 603, 606 sexual, 374-3 75, 4 1 7 , 4 9 4 4 9 5 , 5 0 ,.
H om osexu ality, 4-5, 1 1 , 19 , 27-28, 35, 37, prognosis, 16 4 -16 5 a nd fetishism , 335-336, 603 504
42-43, 46, 53, 6 1 , 66, 80-81, 83-84, 96, recidivism in, 2 77 a nd frigidity, 3 7 1 , 604 Intercourse
10 2-10 3, 1 0 5> 2 1 1 , 2 1 3 - 1 1 4 , 2 16 , I 2 7> social im plication s o f, 6 1 1 -6 1 2 a nd h om osexu ality, 334-335, 603 anal, 321
13 5 -13 6 , 140 , 142 , 14 8 -16 5 , 196 , 198- treatm en t o f, 16 3 -16 4 16 5 , 6 12 and O e d ip a l problem , 335-338 intercrural, 306, 343, 3 9 5
19 9 , 2 0 1, 205, 2 1 5 , 229, 236, 252, 262, unconscious, 299-300 a nd paraphilias, 362, 603-604 interm am m ary, 343
2 79 > 348 ’ 355’ З6 2- 36 4 > 3 6 7 > 390' 39 2> H orm on e th erapy, 5 3 1, 564 and sadom asochism , 3 55, 603, 605 Intersexes, 298
395, 396, 399, 405, 407, 4 1 2 , 419-420, o f sex offender, 2 47, 268, 6 1 5 , 660, and transvestism , 337 In trojectio n , 128
42 3 , 462-463, 466-470, 4 7 7 -4 8 1, 485, 678 and voyeurism , 337, 603-604 Inven tory
590, 500, 509, 5 21-52 2 , 525, 548, 555, H ostility, 7 1 , 100, 10 7 , 124 , 13 6 , 139, barrier, 312 psych ogen ic, 696-724
557- 55 8’ 56 l > 56 3> 571 - 573’ 599’6o 4 " 1 5 1 , 184, 254, 257-258, 283, 3 18 , 472, b iological aspects, 332 Irresistible im pulse, 483, i, 11,, ■
, ill ■
.<1 ■
605, 609-612, 620, 622-623, 628-630, 484, 4 8 7, 545-546, 548, 5 7 1 , 604, 642, cases cited, 103-104, 255, 258, 429-
633, 6 35, 6 3 7 , 6 40 -641, 647-648, 650, 647 44 2 Jealousy, 1 7 7 , 18 0 -18 1, ayg, (» " >, 1 1 n .ii
653, 658, 663, 6 73, 6 75-676 and bigam y, 13 1 cultural aspects, 332 and kleptom an ia, ■38
 Subject Index 739
738 S u b je c t In d e x
lust, 1 1 , 13 pictures, 399, 639
in paraphiliacs, 602 cases cited, 10 2, 391-393
in prisoners, 406 case cited , 538
in prisoners, 407-408 O b sce n ity, 5, 20, 27, 51, 55, 267, 348-349,
obsessional, 321-3 22 , 6 10 sex, 22, 38
psych ic, 605 M urderer 364, 4 79, 482, 4 9 1 , 558, 5 75 , 600, 605,
M ed ico-legal aspects o f sex offenses 6 25, 647, 676
K e m p fs disease, 15 6 , 641 ch ild , 274
adm in istration o f law s, 2 21-22 3, 238 O bsessional neurosis
K id n ap in g, 5, 1 5 1 , 263 p oten tial, 272
criticism s o f existing law s, 215-220 , distinguished from sexual p sych o­
K le p to m a n ia , 13 , 96, 13 7 , 14 5 , 397» 4 84 » M u tila tio n , 13 4 , 14 4 , 559
505, 598, 600, 606, 622, 628, 635, 660, 237-238, 6 12 -6 13 M u tism , 296, 397 pa th y, 47
difficulties o f en forcem en t, 220-221, O bsessive-com pulsive neurosis
6 77 M ysop h ilia , 360
m o tiva tion o f, 138 238 and h om osexu ality, 148, 260
m edico-legal inadequacies, 460-400, O edip us com plex, 34, 52, 10 5, 108, 123,
Larcen y, 92, 2 5 1 , 255, 2 7 7 , 628, 633, 6 57 472-473 N arcissism , 46, 1 0 1 , 10 5, 1 2 1 , 194 , 199, 1 3 5 , 13 7 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 7 , 1 8 1 , 183, 189, 205,
recom m en d ation s as to legislation,
case cited, 142 -14 3 205, 207, 2 19 , 356, 369, 393, 395-396, 334 » 36 5» 388» 39 2"394» 524 > 545» б о 4 »
234-237, 240-241, 6 14 545-546, 548, 5 7 1 , 626, 640, 642, 652, 628, 6 41-642, 647-648, 668, 6 77
L a te n c y , period of
“ sex psy ch o p a th ” law s, 223-234, 239- a n d exh ibition ism , 1 7 7
and h om o sexu ality, 148 658, 675
L ib id o , 333, 387, 492, 501, 603 240, 6 13 -6 14 a nd anxiety, 546 and incest, 335-338
L o b o to m y , 246, 5 3 1 , 564, 678 M elan ch o lia a nd gu ilt, 546 and rape, 347
an d coproph iliac interests, 361 in exh ib ition ism , 1 7 6 -1 7 7 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 1 , O n an ism
Lust-m urder
M en stru ation pu n ish m en t o f, 279, 6 16
cases cited , 12 3 -12 5 190
m o tiva tion o f, 12 2 -12 5 a n d pyrom ania, 140 O n e-d ay neurasthenia, 408
N arcosyn thesis, 266
in h om osexu al w om en , 307, 3 10 -3 11 O ra lity
See also M u rd er N arcotics, 96
M e n ta l deficiency, 92 N au sea, 19 7 , 554 a n d exh ib ition ism , 199, 606, 629,
an d exh ibition ism , 169 675
M anic-depressive psychosis, 92-93 N ecrop h ag y, 13 , 128
and sexual d eviation, 94-95, 604 O rth op sych iatry, 287, 524, 5 7 1 , 6 17
M a n n A c t, 1 3 1 -1 3 2 , 465 N ecrop h ilia, 4, 1 1 , 14 , 19 , 42, 1 3 1 , 347-
v io latio n o f, case cited, 132 M essalina type, 324 348, 636, 640, 660, 676 O sphresiolagnia, 496
M isdem ean or, 4 7 7 , 490, 6 12 a nd disgust, 606
M arriage
and paraphilias, 3 6 7 -3 7 1, 381 M ’N a u g h te n L a w , 218 a nd sadism , 606 P ain , 11
M asoch ism , 4, 19 , 46 , 9 6, 10 2-10 4, 1 2 1 , M o n o g a m y, 4, 349, 575 as a paraphilia, 358 P alp itation
13 5 , 188, 1 9 7 , 200-201, 336, 355-356, M o rality , 4 1 7 -4 18 , 4 5 1 , 505 cases cited, 126 -129 cardiac, 178 , 1 8 ; , 603
and perversions, 608-609 Pan ic
390, 393, 395-396» 4 9 1 , 600, 629, 640, d efin ition o f, 13
M o tiva tio n m o tiva tion o f, 125 -129 h om osexu al, 321
658
crim in al, e m otion al aspects o f, 100- case cited, 1 5 6 -1 5 7
and fetishism , 3 51 N egativism , 396-397
a n d la ten t h o m o sexu ality, 323 1 0 1 , 143 N euralgia, 4 13 Paranoia, 90, 92, 3 2 1 , 48 7, 567, 6 10
o f b estiality, 132 N eurasth enia P araphiliac drives
defin ition o f, 10 -11
o f b iga m y, 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 , 144 O n e-d ay, 408 incestuous basis, 582-583
“ m oral,” 4 5 1
See also Sadom asochism o f fetishism , 1 1 6 - 1 1 9 , 144 N eurosis, 42-43, 48, 48 7, 5 12 , 5 14 , 524, P araphiliac expedien t
M astu rb atio n , 5-6, 13 -1 4 , 27, 3 7, 46, 54, of incest, 10 2-10 4, 14 3 -14 4 definition o f, 343, 596
o f lust-m urder, 122 -125 526» 53°» 533» 544- 545» 548» 552> 56 5»
69, 78, 86, 89, 90, 93-94, 10 1-10 2 , 104, P araphiliac trends
o f n ecroph ilia, 12 5 -12 9 , 144 57 1 » 573-574
1 0 7 - 1 1 1 , 1 1 5 - 1 1 7 , 119» 1 2 3> 1 г 6 » 12 8 » and alcoholism , 95 and b ehavior, in prison, 408-410
of ob scen ity and pornography, 10 1- Paraphilias, 343-382
13 3 -13 6 , 13 8 -13 9 , 1 4 1 , 143» 1 49 ' 1 5 1 » and bigam y, 13 1
1 5 5 , 1 5 7 , 16 0 -1 6 1 , 169 , 1 7 1 , 1 7 6 , 178- 10 2, 143 a n d la ten t h om osexu ality, 3 18 , 328 allosocial, 374-378, 382
182 , 184 , 18 9 -19 6 , 19 9 , 201-202, 207, o f o ccu lt sex offenses, 13 3 -1 43 a n d paraphilias, 44, 385-388 and com pu lsion neurosis, 600
o f ped oph ilia, 1 0 4 - 1 1 1 , 144 an d hysterical neurosis, 600
2 15 , 229-230, 248, 252-253» 262, 306, and ped oph ilia, 105
o f prostitution , 1 2 9 -1 3 1 , 144 an d incest, 332-334, 603-604
3 1 2 , 343, 34 8» 352_354» 357 » 359 -36 1 » and perversion, 639
of rape, 120 -122 , 144 and sexual psych opath y, 489, 4 9 1 , an d m arriage, 3 6 7 -3 7 1, 381
368-370, 385, 390, 393-396, 409, 423-
o f sadom asochism , 119 -1 2 0 , 144 and m astu rb ation , 337-338
424, 428, 43 2 , 434-435, 445 » 477 » 479 » 498, 599
o f sodom y, 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 p araphiliac, 599-600 a nd neurosis, 44, 385-388
486, 489-490, 503, 5 19 , 522, 546, 562,
o f transvestism , 1 1 2 - 1 1 4 , 144 a nd p sych opath y, 399-400
573» 599» 603, 6 10 -6 12 , 626-627, 649, N u d ism , 2 16
o f voyeurism , 1 1 4 - 1 1 6 , 14 4 and psychosis, 362
N ud ists, 170 , 667
651 o f w h ite slavery, 13 1-1 3 2 a n d psycliosom atics, 334
and exh ib ition ism , 1 7 2 , 1 7 4 , 18 5, N u d ity , 1 5 -16 , 178
sexual, o f non-sexual crim es, 133 a n d unconscious h om osexu ality, 3 19,
188, 19 6 -19 7 , 208, 338, 606 N ym p h o m an ia , 130, 375
M u rd er, 5, 24, 26, 28, 10 9, 1 1 7 , i 3 2- i | 4 >
and fetishism , 338 329
14 4 , 1 5 1 , 279, 3 76 -3 77, 4 10 , 464, 469, b iological, 348-362, 379-380
an d h om osexu ality, 338
4 7 7 , 484, 48 7, 500, 505-506, 508, 536, crim inal, 343
and incest phantasies, 602 O b scen e
5 4 1, 558-559, 567, 569, 572, 6 27, 6 3 1, cu ltu ral, 343-348, 604
and la ten t h om o sexu ality, 325-326, calls, 5
6 35, 642, 6 5 7 , 6 59 -6 6 1, 669 case cited, 102 definition o f, 596
33° a n d ped oph ilia, 106 co n d u ct, 6 etiology, 604
an d paraphilias, 337-338
and rape, 26, 3 47, 605 letters, 5, 46, 92, 360, 464-465, 625 heterosexual, 3 71-3 7 4 , 381 381
and pyrom ania, 140
case cited, 275-276 ease t iled, 101 102 m ean in g of, 362-367, 380 381
and transvestism , 1 1 2 , 338
cases cited, 7 7 , 83-84, 13 4 -1 3 7 , 21c)- mail, 263 obsessive, 629
an d voyeurism , 338
as a paraphilia, 349, 606 220
740 Subject Index
Subject Index 741
oth er, and exh ibition ism , 203-206 in la ten t h om osexu ality, 324 case cited, 278-279
psych on eu rotic basis o f, 384-401 in pyrom ania, 138 an d m urder, 347, 605
m otivation o f, 12 9 -13 1
Parole incestuous, 46, 1 1 5 , 13 6 , 396, 6 57 cases cited, 59-60, 275-276
wishes, 639
o f sex offender, 256, 269, 6 15 a nd m astu rb ation , 602 and O ed ip u s com plex, 347
Prudery
Partialism , 605 an d sadism , 3 47, 605
m asoch istic, 397 and exh ib ition ism , 178
as a paraphilia, 3 5 4 -3 5 ; m astu rb ation , 180, 18 3 , 409, 547-548, cases cited , 33, 80-81, 1 2 1 -1 2 2 , 230,
P sychoanalysis, 266, 620-621, 673 663
case cited , 355 6 11 P sych ogen ic in ven tory, 696-724
d efinition o f, 596 sadistic, 13 4 , 14 3 , 393, 562 d efin ition o f, 12 -13 , 596
P sych op ath ic personality, 42-43, 53, 83, m otivation o f, 120 -122
Passivity u rin ation , 432, 435 92 i ° 6 , 13 4 , 1 ;6 , 163 , 2 17 , 224, 226,
a nd exh ib ition ism , 18 5 , 356 w ish-fulfilling, 408 recidivism , 277-278
248, 262-263, 562, 659 R apists, 39
P ederasty, 46, 69, 1 0 ; , 108, 1 7 1 , 248, 303- P h o b ia, 323 “ con stitu ion al,” 60-63
304, 308, 3 19 , 333, 343, 390, 396, 4 2 ; , P h ysical factors and gu ilt, 602
cases cited , 61-63
427-429, 596-597, 6 10 , 6 71 in sexual d eviation, 88-91, 604 R a tio n aliza tio n , 4 5, 268, 326
definition o f, 7-8
definition o f, 14 Pleasure principle, 392, 397 R ecid ivism , 229, 245, 276-278, 283, 608
prognosis, 266 654
P ed op h ilia, 4, 19-20, 26-27, 36-37, 42, 46, Pluralism , 454 P sych op ath y, 385, 397-399
6 1, 66, 87, 9 2, 10 2, 225, 229, 247, 262, P olygam y, 349 Regression, 88-89, 1 0 5> Ч9> Ч 1
and paraphilias, 399-400
2 67, 274, 2 78, 345-346, 363, 390, 396, P olygraph, 266, 6 15 in exh ib ition ism , 18 7-18 8 , 605
predatory, 463
399, 4 1 2 , 45 2 , 463, 4 6 ; , 479 , 489-490, Pornograp hy, 20, 349, 364, 605, 640 in ped oph ilia, 346, 397, 440, 526,
problem o f, a form u lation, 4 7 7-59 1 605
505, 527, 558, 599, 604, 607-608, 6 14 , and la ten t h om osexu ality, 324 sexual, 463
6 2 1 , 626, 6 3 7 , 646, 6 5 1 , 6 57, 658, 665, as a paraphilia, 360 in prostitution , 643, 658
Psychosis, 2 5 1 , 398, 48 7, 5 12 , 524, 550
669, 676 case cited , 10 1 R e je ctio n , 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 , 263, 3 1 1 , 604
alcoh o lic, 92
and h om osexu ality, 106 d efin ition o f, 15 , 597 R eligious con flict
and exh ibition ism , 169
and m urder, 106 m o tiva tion o f, 10 1-10 2 an d exh ib ition ism , 199-200, 606
a nd h om osexu ality, 15 6
and neurosis, 105 P o te n cy R e p e titio n com pulsion , 605, 658
an d la ten t h om osexu ality, 318, 328
and recidivism , 276 disturbances o f, and h om osexuality, Repression, 7 1 , 12 5 , 14 8 -14 9 , 1 5 1 , 252,
and paraphilias, 362
and schizoid traits, 43 156 389, 406-407, 4 18 -4 19 , 4 79, 483, 486,
an d sexual d eviation, 9 1-9 4, 604
an d senility, 106 Pow er a n d sexual psych opath y, 489 494 -495 - 5° 6- 546- 575 S 7 6> 607, 626
cases cited , 1 0 6 - 1 1 1 , 260, 262 struggle for, 100 R esp onsibility, legal, 217-220
arteriosclerotic, 92
defin ition o f, 14 -15 , 297 P regnan cy R even ge, 24, 2 15
prison, 408-409
m o tiva tion o f, 1 0 4 -1 11 a n d pyrom ania, 140 and exh ibition ism , 200
P sychosom atics
senile, 485 Prem arital relations, 373 and pyrom ania, 140
a n d paraphilias, 334
P e n e cto m y , 561 Preven tion o f sex offenses, 272-289 R ob b ery, 28, 86, 9 1 , 1 1 3 , 13 5 , 14 4 -14 5,
P sych oth erap y o f sex offenders, 256-270,
Penis Priapism , 1 7 2 , 6 27 1 9 7 , 276, 376, 463-464, 6 27, 629-630,
400, 574, 6 15 , 678
649
artificial, 3 12 -3 13 , 6 10 Prim al scene, 1 1 5 , 1 1 9 , 128 , 1 7 9 , 19 9 , 604 a u tob iograp h ical m eth o d , 264-265
Penis-envy, 1 7 5 , 350, 561 Prison and h om osexu ality, 13 3 , 606
b rief psych oth erap y, 263-264
and transvestism , 605 h om osexu ality in, 6 12 con d ition s o f, 258-262
P en o to m y , 246 psychosis, 408-409 d irected tow ard specific offenses or
Perversions sex life in, 404-414 Sadism , 4, 13 , 19 , 96, 1 0 1 , 10 9, 1 1 9 , 1 2 1 ,
groups, 262-263
as neuroses, 639 Prisoners 124 , 12 6 , 1 3 1 , 13 4 , 1 3 7 , 1 7 7 , 188, 200,
lim itation s, 256-258
psych on eu ro tic basis o f, 384-401 a ttitu d e tow ard sex life, 404-405 o th er types, 265-266 2° 4 ’ 2 57' 355-356, 393 , 395, 468, 4 9 1.
See also Paraphilias P rivation prognosis, 266-268
5° 5' 5 6 1, 564, 600, 629, 644, 657-658,
Perversities la te effects o f, 4 10 -4 11 special m eth od s, 263-266
allosocial, 374-378, 382 sex, in prison, 405-407 and n ecroph ilia, 358, 606
Pu b erty, 148
P ro b ation , 260 an d rape, 347, 605
crim in al, 376-378 P yrom an ia, 13 8 , 14 0 -14 2 , 14 5 , 398, 484,
cu ltu ral, 378 P rocreation d efin ition o f, 10 -11
5° 5> 59 8» 600, 606, 622, 628, 635, 6 77 See also Sadom asochism
econ o m ic, 374-376 b iological m ean in g o f, 296-298
po litical, 378 P rocuration , 5 Sadom asochism , 202, 3 1 3 , 336, 348-349,
Pervert, 466-473 P rofan ity, 180 352' Зб2-Збз, 4 5 1 , 480, 484, 490, 527,
d efin ition o f, 44 Progression Ra& 6’ 4 6 00r 1 9 ’ 24' 28’ 34- 38- 4 2 4 3 > 5 1, 5 7 5 ,5 9 9 ,6 1 0 ,6 2 2 ,6 2 8 ,6 3 3
00, 7 7 , a s , 9 2 , 1 0 3 , 1 0 ; , 1 0 7 , 1 0 9 , 1 3 4 ,
“ m oral,” 4 18 -4 19 vs. regression in exh ib ition ism , 202- and exh ib ition ism , 200-201, 606
l 8 ; , 1 9 7 , 2 0 1, 2 16 , 2 21-22 2 , 224, 227,
norm al, 4 16 -4 5 7 203 a nd fetishism , 1 1 6 , 605
229, 234-236, 245, 249, 2 50 -251, 256, a nd gu ilt, 605
d efin ition o f, 596 P rojection , 44-45, 268 258, 262, 2 73 , 276, 345-348, 363, 393,
P h allic w o m a n , 313 P rom iscu ity, 4, 483, 643 an d h om osexu ality, 605
394 395' 4 l8 > 449, 462-463, 465-466, and incest, 603, 605
P h an tasy, 4 5, 150, 184, 40 7, 4 7 9 , 496, P rostitution , 4-6, 18, 20, 2 7, 37, 78, 81, 477-480, 482, 484, 489, 499-500, 505-
498, 546, 554 13 2 , 2 1 5 , 236, 372-374, 464, 477-478 , an d kleptom an ia, 138
506, 508, 527-529, 537, 545, 552, 558,
cann ib alistic, 393, 396 489, 558, 575, 596, 609, 6 3 1, 641-646, an d la ten t h om osexu ality, 323
564, 572, 574, 600, 603-604, 607-608,
h om osexu al, 547, 562 6 7 1 , 676 and psychosexual in fantilism , 605
6 13 6 14 , f. 3 .. (.33, 935, 638, 640, 657,
in exh ib ition ism , 169, 1 7 3 , 17 6 , 1 9 1 , cases cited , 12 9 -1 3 1 , 664 as a paraphilia, 355-356
660, 669, 671
199 h om osexual, 453 cases cited , 119 -12 0
a n d f u n . 34 7
in klep to m a n ia, 138 m ale, 6 35, 649-50 definition o f, 596
lllld inferiority, 121, 348. 605 m otivation o f, 110 -12 0
 Subject Index Subject Index 743
psych iatrically deviated , defined, 8 difficulties of en forcem en t, 220-
Satyriasis, 483 479-480
Schizophrenia, 92-93, 135, 137, 156* U 1 » psych o tic, 33-35, 2 77 2 2 1, 238
Suicide, 1 1 , 120, 13 9 , 189, 3 75 , 393, 447,
race an d n atio n a lity o f, 34-35 recom m en dation s as to legislation,
1 7 4 -2 7 5 ’ 22° , 487-489» 55° 469, 4 9 7, 499, 558, 560, 573
S cop top h ilia, 20, 27, 13 8 , 18 5 , 198 -199, religion o f, 37-38 2 34 ' 2 37, 240-241 Superego, 387
675 senile, 633-634 ‘ sex p sych op a th ” law s, 223-234, Surgery
and exh ibition ism , 203-206, 606, 629, sex o f, 37 239-240
treatm en t o f in treatm en t o f sex offenders, 245-246
660 occu lt, m o tiva tion o f, 13 3-143
definition o f, 17 , 597 electrosh ock, 247-248, 268, 6 15 , offender’s attitu d e tow ard, 7 1-7 2 , 73 о 6 1 5
Sw in dling
S edu ction , 4-5, 20, 24, 36, 69, 86, 19 5 , 678 preven tion o f
horm on e or en doctrin e therapy, psychodynam ics o f, 14 2 -14 3 , 14 5
3 18 , 328, 4 18 , 6 1 1 , 6 71 id en tification o f offender, 274-279, S ym bolism , 519, 601
defin ition o f, 18 247, 268, 6 1 5 , 678 288
S ym b olization , 45
Segregation im prison m ent, 248-253, 268-269, role o f parents, 279 -2 8 1, 288-289 Syphilis, 90, 142 , 16 2 , 2 19 , 463-464
in treatm en t o f sex offenders, 253- 6 14 -6 15 role o f psychiatry, 285-288, 289 Syp h ilop h ob ia, 10 2, 1 8 1 , 390-392, 480
256, 269, 6 14 -6 15 parole, 256, 269, 6 15 role o f society, 281-285, 289
Self-m u tilation , 120, 647 psych iatric, 256-268, 269-270, 6 15 , suggestions tow ard, 272-274, 288
Tension, 1 1 , 46-48, 69, 1 1 0 , 1 1 9 , 130 , 138,
case cited , 93 678 proportion o f its nonsexual offenses,
con d ition s o f, 258-262 148 , 15 6 , 1 7 3 , 17 8 , 18 6 -18 7, 1 9 1 ’ 197,’
Sen ility, 257, 485 25-26
d irected tow ard specific offenses 204, 252, 274, 406, 4 78 , 490, 50 1, 509,
and ped oph ilia, 106 tim e and place o f occurrence, 27-28
and sex offenses, 59, 88-89, 6 °4 or groups, 262-263 victim s o f, 66-68, 73 , 601-602
5 1 9' 52° ’ 522’ 545’
552-554, 602
lim itation s, 256-258 sexual, 323, 4 10 , 423
Sex Sexual psych opath
prognosis, 266-268 and stealing, 606
felonies, 4 defin ition o f, 597-598, 6 13 T esticles
in prison, 40 4-414 special m eth od s, 263, 266 Sexual psych opath y, 463
w o m a n , 608 disorders of, an d sex offenses, 90
m isdem eanors, 4 an d neurosis, 47-48, 578 -58 1, 599 atrop h y o f, 220
Sex characteristics, 307-308, 3 10 -3 11 Sex p sych op ath , 2 18 , 223-228, 232, 234- characteristics o f, 483-485
2 3 7 , 247-248, 253-254, 2 57-259, 275, T ran sferen ce
prim ary, 307 definition o f, 577-578
347-348, 6 52, 656, 662, 668, 6 71 in exh ib ition ism , 188, 605, 658
secondary, 307-308 distinguished from hysterical neurosis Tran svestism , 4-5, 19 , 34, i ; 2> ^ 8 , 229,
tertiary, 308 defin ition o f, 6-7 47-48
Sex traum a, 6 7, 502 2 б 7 ’ 3 * 3, 337 , 34 8' 349 ’ 356 - 357, 365,
Sex crim e, 584-585 distinguished from obsessional neuro­
characteristics o f, 601-603 Sexual d eviation sis, 47 39° , 399, 4 ° 9 - 4 1 2 ’ 462, 479-480, 482,
alcoholism in, 95-96, 98 484-485, 4 9 1 , 546, 558, 600, 603, 622,
difficulties in estim atin g n u m b er of, etiology, 485-486, 585-588 6 50 -651, 663, 676
bio lo gical and a n th rop o logical factors nosology, 478-483
2 4"25 and castration anxiety, 605
w ave, 22-24, 4 7 7 , 490, 607 in , 9 7 prophylaxis, 488-490
co n stitu tion al factors in , 76 -77, 9 7 and h om osexu ality, 112
Sex deviate, 6, 33, 275 treatm en t, 486-488, 588-589
en viron m en tal factors in, 77-88, 97-98 and la ten t h om osexu ality, 322-323
aggressive, defined, 8 S od om y, 4, 6, 19 , 25, 2 7, 36, 53-55, 78,
eth n ic and geograph ic factors in, 9 7 and m asturbation , 1 1 2 , 338
prognosis, 266 82, 89, 1 0 1 , 10 3, n o , 1 1 3 , 126 , 149, an d penis-envy, 605
Sex drive m en tal d eficien cy in, 94-95, 98 *5 9 , 2 15 -2 1 7 , 2 20 -221, 224, 236, 250, as a paraphilia, 350-351
characteristics o f, 581-582 physical factors in, 88-91, 98
2P ' 2?<4 ’ 22 ^ г 7о8Т 35° А 399’ 443 ’ 4 б2 ' cases cited, 1 1 2 - 1 1 4 , 664
natu re o f, 601 psychosis and, 91-9 4, 98 463, 465-466, 608, 6 14 , 6 57, 671 d efin ition o f, 14 , 597
Sex offender, 512 Sexual offense, 8, 29-30 cases cited, 78-79 m o tiva tion o f, 1 1 2 - 1 1 4
an d society, 607-608 and psych opath y, 598-599 d efin ition o f, 14 , 5 9 7
characteristics o f, 601-603 T rau m a , psych ic, 266, 604, 658, 665
age o f, 35-37 m otivation o f, 1 1 1 - 1 1 2
classification o f, 18 -19, 20, 598 and exh ibition ism , 17 9 , 186
classification o f, 50, 63 Soixan te-n euf, 368
co m m u n ity reaction to, 70 -7 1, 73 and psychosexual disturbances, 24 c
d efin ition o f, 6, 8 Som nam b u lism , 10 2, 390, 480 T re a tm e n t
early id entification o f, 274-279, 288 co n n ectio n w ith n onsexual offenses, Stab b in g, 13 4 , 1 3 6 -1 3 7 , 2 19 , 484
o f exh ibition ism , 206-208
edu cation o f, 33 28, 608 Stealin g, 58, 79 , 9 1 , 93, 1 1 4 , 1 1 7 , 13 2, o f h om osexu ality, 612
in telligen ce o f, 32-33 con trol o f, 6 16 13 5 , 13 8 , 140 , 202, 395, 553 567, 626,
defin ition o f, 4-6, 596 o f sex aberrations acquired in prison,
juvenile, 262-263 634
cases cited, 54-58, 263 distinguished from nonsexual offenses, and fetishism , 351
4 1 1 ' 4 13
o f sex offender, 245-270, 6 14 -6 16
defin ition o f, 52-54 29 case cited, 539 T rib ad ism , 312
prognosis, 266 d istribution o f, 607 an d sexual factors, 13 7-14 0 T ru a n cy , 58, 7 9 ,9 1 , 138, 152, 219, 279
m arital status o f, 34 etio lo gy, 604 an d sexual tension, 606
n on -p ath ological exten t o f, 607 psych od yn am ics o f, 138 U rin ation
cases cited , 51-52 frequ en cy, 26-27 Sterility, 327
interrelation b etw een sex offenses, 28- and exh ibition ism , 185
d efin ition , 51 Sterilizatio n , 245-246, 5 3 1 , 564, 631 U rolagn ia, 46, 199, 361 396 397
o ccu p atio n al status o f, 33 29 S tranglin g, 13 6 -1 3 7 , 279, 559 U rop h ilia, 204, 260-261
personality o f, 38-39 m ed icolegal aspects S u b lim a tion , 95, 252, 322, 387, 4 18 -4 19 , U rticaria
p oten tial adm in istration o f law s, 221-223,
49 6’ 5° 7, 575- 576, 608, 612 and exh ib ition ism , 206
cases cited, 59-60 238 o f exh ib ition ism , 175
defin ition , 59 criticism s o f existing law s, 215-220 , in prisoners, 406-407 V a m p ire , 447
prognosis, 6 15 -6 16 237-238 Su icid al ten den cies, 102, 393, 396-397, V am p irism , 1 1 , 13, 128
744 Subject Index
as a paraphilia, 356-357
V a se c to m y , 245, 503
case cited, 82
V en e re a l disease, 68, 70 , 129 , 1 5 1 , 53° ’
defin ition , 1 7 , 597
602 m otiva tio n o f, 1 1 4 - г г б
V e r tig o , Г85, 603
V o y e u r, 4 5 1 , 488, 519
W e a n in g traum a, 108, 627
V o y e u rism , 4-5, 20, 26, 2 7, 4 5 -4 °’ 53’ 10 2 ’
W h i t e slavery, 46 3, 596, 6 5 7 , 6 7 1 , 676
10 4, 15 0 , 1 7 4 , 1 7 7 - 1 7 8 ’ i § 4 ’ 19 0 -19 9 ’
m o tiva tio n o f, r 3 1-13 2
z o i , 2 16 , 229, 267, 278, 348-349, 352,
362-363, 390, 393-396’ 4 6 l ' 4 6 2’ 4 ° 5>
Zooerasty, 20
468, 479-480, 482, 484, 4 9 1 , 5° 5’ 54° ’
defin ition , 1 5 , 597
558, 572 , 5 75 , 600, 603, 606, 6 2 7 , 634,
Z o op h ilia, 1 1 , 14 , 20, 10 2, 348, 390, 393,
676
606
an d in cest, 3 37, 603-604
as a paraphilia, 358-360
and la ten t h om osexu ality, 324
defin ition , 15 , 597
and m astu rb ation , 338
 \ahout the iiiilliin \

Du. B e n ja m in K aiium an (Л .М ., M il . M l) )

is C h ie f P sychotherap ist at Saint K llzahcths

H ospital, W ash in gton , D . C . (w ith w h ich In­
stitution he has been con n ected since 1919).
H e is internation ally k n ow n as w riter and
lectu rer on p sych op ath ological an d p sych o ­
a n alytic subjects. G rad u ated in M ed icin e, U n i­
versity o f M innesota in 1919 and has had
post-graduate an alytic train ing in V ien n a in
1923-24 and aga in in 1926-27. H e has pub­
lished a total o f m ore than 90 studies on va ri­
ous subjects (d ea lin g w ith various aspects of
p sych iatry: clin ical p sych iatry, p sych oth erap y
o f neuroses and psychoses, p sych oth erap y of
crim inals, an d m ed ico-legal p ro b lem s). H is
books in clu d e Case Studies in the Psychopa­
thology of Crime, fo u r volum es; The Indi­
vidual Criminal, one volum e; The Alcoholic
Woman, one volum e; and Objective Psycho­
therapy.

TIIK JULIAN rilLHH, INC. I’u h l l i h . r .

г

A PARTIAL LISTING OF THE IN

The Sexual Offender a , ^ адави

( fro m th e t a o i e 'o t c o m

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE p s y c h o d y n 4 vM1C s of se x u al

D e fin itio n s a n d D e sc rip tio n s: S e xu a l O f ­ OFFENSES
fen ses, T y p e s a n d C la ssifica tio n —S ex O f ­ B ise x u a litV j, an d Psycho-Biological О

fe n se s: D istrib u tio n and In terrelatio n , tions. O v e „ rt H o m o se xu a lity (m e a n i g

D istrib u tio n o f S e^ O ffe n d ers, P sy c h ia tric ty p e s, th e s e x u a l , th e w o m a n homosex­

C lassifica tio n o f S e x u a l O ffe n se s—S ex O f ­ u a l) .. L a t e ,„ nt H o m o se xu a lity p

fe n d ers: C lassifica tio n s a n d S p e c ia l T y p e s, a n d u a p n s C - U ^ - -« h o m o sex u ah ty , m exes

R e a ctio n s to Sex C rim e s, F a c to rs Con­ la ten t h om osex u al!: b ce st, B io lo g y .

• a— p a r a p h ilia ,
trib u tin g to S e x u a l D e v ia tio n , M o tiva tio n s, C u ltu ra l. R e la tio n o f In ce st _
T re a tm e n t, a n d P rev e n tio n . R ela tio n s B e tw e e n H o m o se m a h tv
cest. T h e O e d ip a l P ro b lem .

MEDICO LEGAL a s p e c t s
THE PSYCHONEUROTIC STRUCTURE
T re a tm e n t a n d L e g a l A sp e cts. C riticism s
OF PARAPHILIAS
a n d G e n e ra l D e fe n se s o f S ex L a w s . R e ­
S o cia l A sp e c ts , P a ra p h ilia s ---А Г
g a rd in g “ S e xu a l P sy c h o p a th ” L e g isla tio n .
p a th ie s, C a se S tu d ies.
C rim in a l P arap h ilias.

TREATMENT AND DL4GNOSIS

LIFE IN PRISON H orm on e O r E n d o c rin e ТЬетагтг. F V

H itudes, R ea ctio n s to S ex P riva tio n , A b - S h o ck , Prison, P a ro le , P sy ch ia tric Sfe

m al S ex P ra c tic e s, P e rv e rsiv e T re n d s H o sp ita l, A s O u t-P a tie n ts, % м с Ы 1 —

B e h a v io r, D e la y e d E ffe c ts o f S ex Pri- tio n s ). O ffe n d ers (A g g ressru e D pi

in Prison. P sy ch o p a th ic P erson alitv,

ers, O ffen d ers A g a in st Ch

O ffe n d ers in G e n e r a l).

BIOLOGICAL PARAPHILIAS
M astu rb atio n , H o m o se xu a lity , T ra n sv e st­
PREVENTION
ism , F ro tta g e , V o y e u rism , Z o o p h ilia, N e c ro ­
P ro te ctio n o f C h ild re n F ro m \
p h ilia , F e tish ism , S ad om asoch ism , P artial-
sau lt, E d u c a tio n , F a cilitie s. Reseaxds, I n ­
ism , P a e d o p h ilia , C o ro p h ilia .
v estig a tio n a n d R eform s.

Extensive and annotated Bibliography. Sum m aries

fo r each chapter. Glossary. Appendices. Author
Index. Subject Index. Psychogenic Inventory.