UNIT 5

Curve Fitting and method of least squares

Least Square Line

■ Equation of straight line- 𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥

■ The least-squares line approximating the set of
points (𝑋1,𝑌1),(𝑋2,𝑌2),…,(𝑋N,𝑌N) has the equation-

෍ 𝑦 = 𝑁𝑎0 + 𝑎1 ෍ 𝑥 −−−−− −(𝑖)

෍ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎0 ෍ 𝑥 + 𝑎1 ෍ 𝑥 2 − −(𝑖𝑖)

Where the constants 𝑎0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎1 are determined by

solving the equations (i) and (ii) simultaneously.
 Least Square Parabola
Equation of straight line- 𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2
The least-squares line approximating the set of points (𝑋1,𝑌1),(𝑋2,𝑌2),…,(𝑋N,𝑌N) has
the equation-

෍ 𝑦 = 𝑁𝑎0 + 𝑎1 ෍ 𝑥 + 𝑎2 ෍ 𝑥 2 −−−−− −(𝑖)

෍ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎0 ෍ 𝑥 + 𝑎1 ෍ 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ෍ 𝑥 3 − −(𝑖𝑖)

෍ 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑎0 ෍ 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 ෍ 𝑥 3 + 𝑎2 ෍ 𝑥 4 − −(𝑖𝑖𝑖)

Where the constants 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 are determined by solving the equations (i) , (ii)
and (iii) simultaneously.
Question

■ Fit a least square line to the data-

X 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 14
Y 2 4 5 6 7 10 9 12

i) By using X as independent variable

ii) By using X as dependant variable
Question

■ Fit a least square line to the data-

X 3 5 6 8 9 11
Y 2 3 4 6 5 8

i) By using X as independent variable

ii) By using X as dependant variable
University Questions
University Questions
Coefficient of correlation

σ 𝑥𝑦
𝑟=
σ 𝑥2 σ 𝑦2
Where ,
𝑥 = 𝑋 − 𝑋ത
𝑦 = 𝑌 − 𝑌ത
MU Question
Coefficient of Correlation

■ 𝑟= 𝑎1𝑦𝑥 × 𝑎1𝑥𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1𝑋

𝑋 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1𝑌

𝜎𝑥
■ 𝑟 = 𝑎1𝑦𝑥
𝜎𝑦

Where, 𝜎𝑥 = S.D of X
𝜎𝑦 = S.D. of Y
MU Questions

■ The two regression lines between 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 are given below. Find
𝑥̅, 𝑦̅ and 𝑟.
100𝑦 − 45𝑥 − 1400 = 0
4𝑦 − 5𝑥 + 200 = 0

■ In a partially destroyed laboratory record of an analysis of

correlation data, the following results only are legible:
Variance of X = 9, Regression equations:
8X – 10Y + 66 = 0, 40X – 18Y = 214
Find (i) Mean values of X and Y. (ii) the correlation coefficient
between X and Y. (iii) the standard deviation of Y.