Tobacco Science, 1958, 2-18, p. 85-89, ISSN.0082-4523.

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Chemical Composition of Various Grades hydr~

20° C
weigr
1 2
termc
of Canadian Flue-cured Tobacco · 3ampl
.t low
for ::
Sand,
nesiu1
ficial:
ThE
rell (
termi:
was c
nitrat
J. M. Elliot and E. C. Birch Phosp
termi1
Canadian Department of Agriculture date
Delhi, Ontario, Canada ductio
by IDE
trophc
were
Model
tobacc
that l:
room
The
used f
graders ,;elected a large quantity or nitrog,
Introduction ity. Mason and Lea (1955) stated
that a correct balance of the chemi- each grade of tobacco which wat1 elude
The chemical composition of com- cal constituents must be realized to then rese!ecterl by additional judges tory 1
mercial grades of flue-cured tobacco obtain a satisfactory smoke and to ensun· an accurate representation traces
has been studit>d extensively. Darkis that an excess of sugar is undesirable of the grade. in the
and Hackney ( 1952) found that as the smoke is given an acidic The grades of flue-cured tobacco bacco.
relative to other grades of flue~ characteristic. are based on stalk position (lugs, termin
cured tobacco and tobacco used in cutters, leaf, and tips), color, tex- lips ar
blended cigarettes, the best grades Phillips and Bacot (1953) showed loid a1
that grades of flue-cured tobacco ture, body, maturity, elasticity, and
were fairly high in soluble sugars, aroma. The color of the grades tained
low to medium in nitrogenous and which differ in physical properties Marku
as judged by "feel" and appearance range from lemon-yellow (L) or
acid constituents, and medium in lightest c:olor, through orange (0) The
nicotine content. llarkis et al. also differ decidedly in chemical com- modifiE
position. Alcohol extractives, total or medium color, to dark mahogany
( 19;~6) showed that nitrogenous con- (1940)
reducing substances, total sugars, (D) or darkest color. The symbols
stituents and nicotine were most "G" and "LG" designate green and tion of
abundant in the upper leaves and reducing sugars, and starch showed
lemon-green tobacros, respectively. The
least abundant in the middle and a direct relationship with quality.
ThP individual grades used in thi3 ascerta
lower leaves. The :-ioluble sugars Total nitrogen, proteins, total pectic
investigation are described in table method
were hig-hest in the middle leaves and substances, pentosans, cellulose, lig-
1 in which arbitrary prices for each Meiss
decrea::;ed in content in the leaves to- nin, and oxalic and citric acids
grade an• assigned to show its rela- ether
ward the base and the top of the showed an inverse relationship with
tive commercial value. This rela- ethanol
stalk. As measul'ed by pH, the more quality, Petroleum ether extrac-
tionship between price and grade tractin:
acid tobaccos were prnduced near the tives, ether extractives, methoxyl
will be valid from yt•ar to year. The the pet
top of the stalk. The soluble ash substances, polyphenols, tannins, l-
term "quality" is used to signify 95 per,
was at a minimum in the middle malic acid, and resins and waxes
commercial value or grade-price. residue
leaves, increasing in leaves near the were not apparently related to qual-
v,ras u
ity. The mid-ribs were removed and
ends of the stalk, being a maximum of sta1
This investigation was conducted the web portions of the leaves were
in the lt>aves at the base of the stalk. od witl
to determine the correlations be- used for analyses. Samples were
Ward ( 1942) analyzed five grades iA.0.A
tween various leaf constituents and dried at ~15° F. for 48 hours, ground
of Canadian flue-curt'd tobacco and !JOWel' v
the assigned prices of the subjec- in a Wi!t•y Mill, and stored in air-
six g-rades of American flue-cured used fo
tively appraised grades of Canadian tight glass jars for analysis_ All
tobacro and found that, in general, Tht'
flue-cured tobacco. analyses were made at least in du-
the pen-entag-e of soluble sugars ured b:
plicate on each sample.
was dire::tly proportional to quality. seconds
Materials and Methods The percentage of the constit-
Blick ( 194:{1 and Askew et al. of cig;
uents were calculated on a moisture-
(1947) showed that there was a re- leaves
Single samples of 21 commercial free and sand-free basis. Moisture
lationship betwt'Pn thP ratio of total atmospl
grades were selected from a 50-acre was determined by drying a 2-gram
sug-ars to total nitrogen and qua)- humidit
crop of Hicks variety flue-wred to- sample over roncentrated (above 95
bacco grown in 1955 on Fox loamy per cent) sulphuric acid at 25° C. Coeffi,
1 t ·(111fribution frr,in lhr To11acco Division, Rx-
f'(•vim,·11till Funn.:- .\',•1·:·irr. Hand under recommended fertiliza- for 14 days. These dried samples cor, 19~
~ Rcf'ri1_1ft',i from the Ca,wdian- Journal of tion (Elliot & Vickery 1956) with were then placed in an atmosphere of the c
P/,111t .)·'.·11·11,1·, 38:73-\f! (11)5?) 1.t•ith permissioJi.
,·l('pr(,f,natc!s modified in forn at. ::;upplemental irrigation. Several of 58 per cent relative humidity grade l

(Tobacco Science 85}

 Tobacco Science, 1958, 2-18, p. 85-89, ISSN.0082-4523.pdf
(over a saturated solution of the di-
hydrate salt of sodium bromide) at Table 1. Designation, description and assigned price of grades
20° C. for 14 days. The increase in
weight on a percentage basis was Grades Description Price
termed hygroscopicity (1947). The ¢. per lb.
3amples were ashed by charring over X2L Lug fine lemon 61
.c1 low flame and heating at 500° C.
X4L Lug fair lemon 47
for 2 hours in a muffle furnace. X50 Lug low orange 32
::,and, silica, calcium, and mag- XND Lug nondescript 5
nesium were determined by the of-
ficial methods of the A.O.A.C (1950). CIL Cutter choice lemon 72
The titrimetric method of Har- C3L Cutter good lemon 61
rell (1954) was used in the de- C40 Cutter fair orange 47
termination of chlorine. Sulphur C3LG Cutter good lemon-green 43
was determined by the magnesium C50M Cutter low orange-mixed 32
nitrate method ( A.O.A.C., 1950).
Phm1phorus was eolorimetrically de- BIL Leaf choice lemon 72
termined by using ammonium molyb- B2L Leaf fine lemon 63
da te with stannous chloride re- B3L Leaf good lemon 55
duction. Potassium was measured B40M Leaf fair orange-mixed 50
by means of a Beckman flame spec- B3LG Leaf good lemon-green 42
trophotometer. The pH values B4G Leaf fair green 27
were measured with a Beckman B6G Leaf common green 18
Model G pH mete>r, using 5 gm. of
tobaceo and 75 ml. of distilled water BT2L Leaf-tip fine lemon 63
that had been boiled and cooled to BT30 Leaf-tip good orange 55
room temperature. BT40 Leaf-tip fair orange 50
The Perrin me>thod (1953) was T30 Tip good orange 31
used for the determination of total T6D Tip common dark 18
nitrogen. This method does not in-
clude nitrate nitrogen but labora-
tory tests haw shown that only
traces of nitrate nitrogen are found
in the cured lean•s of flue-cured to- for the whole series of 21 samples. ties in that the two best grades of
bac:c:o. Prntein nitrogen was de- each respective group had the high-
termined by the procedure of Phil- Results and Discussion est moisture-holding capacity. These
lips and Bacot (1953). Total alka- The results of the analyses for pronounced differences in moisture-
loid and nicotine content were ob- the constituents significantly corre- holding capacity were not apparent
tained by the method of Cundiff and lated with quality are shown in in the grades from the upper part
Markuna,; (1955). table 2. In considering the data in of the plant.
The Shaffer-Somog~·i method as table 2, one must bear in mind that Ca.1"bohydrates rind Ethanol Ex-
modified by Heinze and Murneek the study is not primarily concerned tract-Generally, the percentages uf
( 1940) was used for the determina- with the absolute quantities of the total sugars, reducing sugars, and
tion of reducing ,rngars and sucrose. several constituents of each grade. ethanol extract were highest in the
The pt'troleum ether extract was 'J'hese values may vary from .season L colored grades and lowest in the
ascertained by the apparatus and to season depending upon several G grades. The percentages of total
method describe><! by Vickery and factors, such as variety, soil type, sugars ranged from 1.40 for XND
::.vleiss I 1953), using petroleum irrigation, fertilization, and cul- to 21.94 for B3L. The largest differ·
ether (B.P. :10° to 60° C.). The tural practices. The main concern ence in the percentages of total
ethanol extract was obtained by ex- is in comparing the grades. sugars or reducing sugars within a
tracting the rpsidua] tobacco from Correlation coefficients, which were gr;up wa:; found between X2L and
the petrnle>um ether extraction with used to assess the relationship be- X:N'D of the lugs. Except for the CIL
95 per n·nt ethanol for 16 hours. The tween the c:onstituents and quality, and C3L grades, sugars were gener-
re,;idue from tht' ethanol extraction indicate that the constituents can be allv higher in the leaves of the mid-
wa~ used for the determination grouped into three classes proposed dl; and upper part of the plant than
of starch by the diastase meth- hy other investigators (Darkis et al, in the leaves from the lower portion
od with subsequent acid hydrolysis 1936; Phillips and Bacot, 1953): (a) of the plant.
( A.O.A.C:., 1950) and the reducing the constituents which gave a posi- The present finding-that a rela-
powff was detpi·mined by the method tive correlation between content, and tively high content of sugars is one
used for reducing sugars (1940). quality; (b) the constituents which of the most important criteria for
The hum of tobacco was meas- gave a negative correlation between high quality flue-cured tobacco-is
ured by recording the number of content and quality; (c) the con- in agreement with other reports
second;; requirPd to burn one inch :3tituents which gave no significant (Askew, et al 1947; Blick, 1943;
of cigarette made from ground correlation between content and Darkis et al, 1936, 1952; Mason &
];,aves whic:h had been held in an quality. Lea, 1955; Phillips & Bacot, 1953;
atmosphere of 58 per cent relative Ward, 1942). However, it has been
humidity at 2(1° C. for 7 days. Constituents and Properties Positively
Correlated with Quality
stated by Harlan and Moseley (1955)
Coefficients of correlation (Snede- that very high levels of sugar may
cor, 1946) between the percentages Hygroscopicity-The best grades result in an impairment of the taste
of the c:onstituents and the assigned of the lug, cutter, and leaf groups quality.
grade prices have been calculated had pronounced hygroscopic proper- As th(i ethanol extract contains

(Tobacco Science 86)

 Tobacco Science, 1958, 2-18, p. 85-89, ISSN.0082-4523.pdf
fron
Table 2. Partial Composition of Several Grades of One Crop of Hicks Variety Flue-Cured Tobacco. bott1
per
Total Reducing leavi
Hygro- Total Protein Total sugars sugars Ethanol cont,
Grade Ca Mg scopicity N N alkaloids Nicotine (as glucose)(as glucose) extract grad
Ol grou
/( % % % % % % % % % cent.
X2L 4.65 0.64 10.69 1.79 0.79 1.80 1.74 15.50 14.95 34.01
X4L crea:
5.95 0.72 9.71 1.76 0.75 2.04 1.82 8.37 7.76 25.32
tip
X50 6.87 0.87 9.32 2.19 0.85 2.31 2.25 2.90 2.60 19.95
XND quac
7.20 1.04 9.31 2.24 0.84 2.12 2.07 1.40 1.17 15.54
1941
creai
CIL 3.76 0.60 13.22 1.42 0.67 1.29 1.18 21.60 18.70 45.30
tion
C3L 4.47 0.68 11.51 1.50 0.66 1.64 1.58 19.80 14.02 41.22
per<
C40 4.83 0.66 10.49 1.71 0.72 1.76 1.72 15.13 11.58 29.22
phor
C3LG 4.66 0.92 10.86 1.92 0.84 2.11 2.06 14.52 9.34 29.74
cent
C50M 5.14 0.97 10.56 1.82 0.77 1.91 1.85 12.38 8.71 26.26
the I
A
BIL 2.82 0.65 12.60 1.62 0.68 1.57 1.51 21.79 17.46 44.99
mate
B2L 2.87 0.68 10.32 1.46 0.70 1.58 1.53 21.54 16.05 43.96 unifc
B3L 2.59 0.69 9.96 1.36 0.62 1.48 1.41 21.94 19.33 45.58 pH
B40M 3.47 0.69 9.86 1.71 0.77 2.14 2.06 20.29 15.10 45.11 the
B3LG 3.,rn 0.73 9.00 1.89 0.65 2.31 2.27 18.99 13.03 40.79 5.3 i1
B4G 3.6:'I 0.72 9.56 2.15 0.89 2.60 2.54 16.66 9.59 38.04 grou
B6G 4.21 0.79 9.02 2.31 1.11 2.99 2.88 14.92 11.73 35.25 findi1
(193
BT2L 3.00 0.86 10.19 1.63 0.67 1.84 1.75 21.34 19.58 47.63 as rn
BT30 2.85 0.75 10.54 1.74 0.74 1.97 1.91 20.89 18.08 39.74 near
BT40 3.45 0.81 9.31 1.70 0.76 2.22 2.13 19.78 17.14 38.55 contE
T30 3.48 0.81 10.21 1.84 0.75 2.22 2.10 18.84 16.52 38.54 in tt
T6D 3.42 0.78 10.35 1.84 0.76 2.24 2.14 20.31 17.69 33.72 to a
r -0.500* --0.668** +0.641** -0.829-l<-* -0.658** -0.755° -0.758** +0.608** +0.629** +0.671** leaf.
xA 11a!ytical data were calculated on a nwistun·-free and sand-free basis per c
rCocfficiNit or rorrelation
* Siunificant at 5 % level tion
**Siunificant at I% /eve/ const
the I
creas
sugars as well as acids and resins, near the middle of the plant where smoke. According to Mason and Lea retie:
the ethanol extract values were gen- they obtained the highest quality to- ( 1955) a desirable range for total Th
erally high in the grades having bacco. nitrogen is from 1.5 to 2.0 per cent. was
high percentages of total ,sugars and Nitrogenous Constituents-Except Data in Table 2 show several grades incre
reducing sugars. Large differences for protein nitrogen, the (L) light- having a lower content of total nitro- ter ~
in the percentages of ethanol extract est colored grades had a lower con- gen than the lower limits of the de- creas
occurred within groups: from 34.01 tent of nitrogenous constituents sirable ranges (Darkis et al. 1952; grou1
to 15.54 in the lugs; 45.30 to 26.26 than either the (0) medium or (G) Mason & Lea, 1955). The L colored proxi
in the cutters; 45.58 to 35.25 in the green colored grades. The percent- grades had a lowPr content of nico- leave
leaf; and 47.6:'I to 33. 72 in the leaves ages of total nitrogen ranged from tine and total nitrogen than either and 1
from the upper part of the plant. 1.36 for B3L to 2.31 for B6G. The the O or the G colored grades. Th
The ethanol extrac1 has a higher co- total nitrogen did not appear to be These results show the direct rela- leave:
efficient of correlation with quality correlated with stalk position as low tionship between nicotine and total ing s
than Pither total sugars or reducing and high values were found in each nitrogE·n obtained by Woltz et al. proxi
sugars. group, depending on the color of (1948). grour
the grade. Except for the B3LG the> t
Constituents Negatively Correlated grade, the protein nitrogen values Constituents and Properties Not
with Quality tended to follow the percentages of Correlated with Quality
total nitrogen. The percentages of Ratio:
Mineral Constiti1,ents-The calci- total alkaloids ranged from 1.29 for Coefficients of correlation were not with<
um and magnesium contents were CIL to 2.99 for B6G. The content of significant between quality and the A
inve>rse>ly condated with qua 1 ity, as total alkaloids attained a maximum petroleum ether extract, sucrose, used
the lwst gradl's gerierally contained in the G colored leaf grades. Only starch, ash, silica, potassium, phos- comp<
a lower quan:ity of calcium and mag- small amounts of the primary and phorus. chlorine, sulphur, burn, or (Phil
nesium than the Jo,v qq:,1;1v ,-•·· ',,. , '"C'",-v\1.ry amine alkaloids have been pH. However, these constituents and ratio,
The percentage of ('.akin:., • f'.'" ,,1. > the Hicks variety. properties, except for sulphur, were perce1
in thP low(•r l· "''C' :':11 ·1 · ···~ D'1Tl:i;; et al. (1952) considered related to stalk position. relate
a low valuP in the l,c:;t leaf g;·a \· ,_ the flavor and the taste of the The content of sand-free ash, of co
The> cakium and mag;,c-iur:1 rr- smoke to be directly correlated with which was affected by stalk position, qualit
sults are in acconl with tho·w of the content of nitrogenous constitu- ranged from 20 per cent in the lower dicatE
Askew et ri/. (1947). They found ents, and that flue-cured tobacco con- leaves to 9 per cent in the leaves large
that ihe calL-ium and magnesium taining 1. 70 to 2.30 per c.ent total from the middle and upper part of compc
rnntents werP lowe>st in the leaves nitrogen gave the most satisfying- the plant. The silica content varied lysed

(Tobacco Science 87)

 Tobacco Science, 1958, 2-18, p. 85-89, ISSN.0082-4523.pdf
from approximately 1 per cent in the
bottom leaves to approximately 0.2 Table 3. Numerical Values of Four Ratios of Various Constituents
per cent in the middle and upper of Several Grades of One Crop of Hicks Variety Flue-Cured
leaves of the plant. The potassium Tobacco.
content varied considerably among
grades but the lug-, cutter, and leaf Grade Ratio {I) Ratio (2) Ratio (3) Ratio (4)
X2L 8.4 8.7 3.0 10.0
g-roups all contained about 2 per
X4L 4.4 4.8 1.7 5.4
cent. The potassium content de- 1.4
X50 1.2 1.3 0.5
creased to about 1.4 per cent in the
XND 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.6
tip group, indicating potash ade-
quacy for the plant ( G1·ibbins, et a!.,
CIL 13.2 15.2 4.5 15.3
1941). The content of phosphorus in-
C3L 9.4 13.2 3.4 11.4
(:reased with as<.:ending stalk posi-
tion and reached a maximum of 0.24 C40 6.8 8.9 2.6 8.2
per oent in the leaf group. The phos- C3LG 4.9 7.6 1.8 6.0
phorus content decreased to 0.16 per C50M 4.8 6.8 1.8 5.8
<.:ent in the tip group which was also
the level found in the cutter group. BIL 10.8 13.5 4.1 12.8
A sulphur content of approxi- B2L 11.0 14.8 3.7 13.4
mately 0.75 per <.:ent was distributed B3L 14.2 16.1 5.0 17.3
uniformly throughout the plant. The B40M 8.8 11.9 3.1 11.2
pH values decreased from 5.45 in B3LG 6.9 10.1 3.2 8.7
the lug and cutter groups through B4G 4.5 7.8 1.7 5.6
5.3 in the leaf group to 5.1 in the tip B6G 5.1 6.5 1.7 6.5
group. These results agree with the
findings obtained by Darkis et al. BT2L 12.0 13.1 4.7 14.7
( 1936) that the most acid tobaccos, BT30 10.4 12.0 3.9 12.8
as measured by pH, were produced BT40 10.1 II.Ii 3.6 12.9
near the top of the stalk. The chlorine T30 9.0 10.2 3.5 11.2
content, which was about 2 per cent T6D 9.6 11.0 3.7 12.0
in the lug group, decreased sharply r +0.723** +0.727** +0.703** +0.699**
to a minimum of 0.3 per cent in the r .c<,c ffidnrt of correlation
** ~)'ignificant at the 1 °/0 le'vel
leaf group and then increased to 0.7 (1) % R~d« cing sugars ( expressed as glucose)
per cent in the tip group. The dura- % Total nitrogen
(2) % Total sugars ( expressed as glucose)
tion of burn, which had been fairly % Total nitrogen
constant in cigarettes made from (3) % Reducing sugars ( e:rpressed as glucose}
the lug, cutter, and leaf groups, in- % Proteins t
(4) % Reducing sugars ( expressed as glucose)
creased about 20 per cent in ciga- % Total nitrogen - % Nicotine nitrogen
rettes from the tip group. t Percentages of protein nitrogen tn.ultiplied by 6.25

The percentage of sucrose, which

was 0.5 per cent in the lug group,
increased to 4.5 per t·ent in the cut-
ter and leaf )!Toups and then de-
creased to 2.5 per cent in the tip
group. The starch content was ap-
proximately 3.4 per cent in the lower
leaves and 4.8 per cent in the middle
11.nd upper leaves.
The petroleum ether extract of
leaves, which decreased with ascend-
ing stalk position, ranged from ap-
proximately 7 per cent in the lug
group to approx.imatdy 4 per cent in
the tip 1aoup.
Ratios of Constituents Correlated
with Quality
A number of investigators have
w;ed ratios to corre 1ate chemical
n,mposition with quality of tobacco
(Phillips & Bacot, 1953). These
ratio:; are obtained by dividing the
percentages of constituents directly
rl'!ated to quality by the percentages
of constituents inversely related to
quality. Accordingly, a high ratio in-
dicate" a g-ood quality of tobacco. A
larg-e number of ratios of chemical
c-ornponents WP!'e s:atistically ana-
lysed in relation to quality. Four of
these ratios are presented in table 3.
The data (table 3) show that
ratios were higher for L colored
grades than either the O or the G
colored grades.
Summary
A study was made of the chemical
composition of 21 commercial grades
of Canadian flue-cured tobacco, se-
lected from a 50-acre crop of Hicks
variety in 1955. Arbitrary prices
were assigned to the various grades
of tobacco. Correlation coefficients
between the chemical values and the
i!ssigned grade prices were calcu-
lated. Ethanol extracts, total sugars,
redudng sugars, and hygroscopicity
gave significant positive correla-
tions; total nitrogen, protein nitro-
gen, total alkaloids, nicotine, cal-
cium, and magnesium gave negative
eorrelations. These coefficients in-
dicated that quality measured by
these laboratory methods conformed
with leaf-graded quality. Correla-
tion coefficients were not significant
between grade quality and petroleum
ether extract, sucrose, starch, ash,
silica, potassium, phosphorus, chlor-
ine, sulphur, burn, or pH.
Literature Cited
Askew, H. 0., R. T. J. Blick, and
Joyce Watson. Flue-cured tobacco.
IV. Effect of position on the plant
on chemical composition of to-
bacco leaf. New Zealand J. Sci.
Technol. 29:158-163. 1947.
A!'lsoc. Off. Agr. Chemists. Official
methods of analysis. 7th ed. Wash-
ington, D. C. 1950.
Blick, R. T. J. Physical and chemical
characteristics of typical Ameri-
can and Nelson tobacco-leaf sam-
ples. New Ze,aland J. Sci. Technol.
25B :5:l-62. 1943.
Cundiff, R. H., and R. C. Markunas.
Determination of nicotine, nor-
nicotine, and total alkaloids in to-
bacco. Anal. Chem. 27:1650-1653.
1955.
Darkis, F. R., L. F. Dixon, F. A.
Wolf, and P. M. Gross. Correlation
between composition and stalk
position of tobaccos produced un-

(Tobacco Science 88)


der varying weather conditions
Ind. Eng. Che11i. 28:1214-1223.
1936.
Darkis, F. R.. E. J. Hackney, and
P. :VI. Gross. Turkish tobaccos:
Characterist ies and chemical com-
position of imported types. Ind.
Eng. Chem. 39:1631-1642. 1947.
Darkis, F. R., and E. J. Hack-
ney. Cigarette tohaccos: Chemical
changes that occur during proc-
essing. Ind. Eng. Chem. 44:284-
291. 1952.
Darkis, F. R., L. A. Baisden, P.
M. Gross, and F. A. Wolf. Flue-
eun•d tobacl'.o chemical composi-
tion of rib and blade tissue. Ind.
En.<1. Chem. 44:297-301. 1952.
I<Jlliot, J. M., and L. S. Vickery.
Ontario flue>-cured tobacco soih,
and their ft>rtilizer requirements.
Can. Dept. Agr. Pub. 987. Ot-
tawa, Ont. 1956.
Gribbins, M. F., ,T. J. Reid, and
D. E. Haley. The distribution of
potassium in bright leaf cigarette
tobal'.CO and its influence on the
Tobacco Science, 1958, 2-18, p. 85-89, ISSN.0082-4523.pdf
quality of the leaf. J. Agr. Re- dahl nitrogen. Anal Chem. 25:
search 63 :31-39. 1941. 968-!171. 1953.
Harlan, W. R, and J. M. Moseley. Phillips, M., and A. M. Bacot. The
Encyclopedia of chemical technol- chemical composition of certain
ogy, pp. 242-261. Interscience En- grad,!s of type l1 American flue-
cyclopedia, Inc., New York, N. Y. cured tobacco. Relationship of
1955. composition to grade characteris-
Harrell, T. G. Titrimetric determi- tics. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chem-
nation of chloride m tobacco ists :rn :504-524. 1953.
products. Paper presented before Snedecor, G. W. Statistical methods.
Tobacco Chemists Research Con- 4th ed. Iowa State College Press,
ference, Medical College Virginia, Ames, Iowa. 1946.
Richmond, Virginia. 1954. Vickery, H. B., and A. N. Meiss.
Heinze, P. H., and A. E. Murneek. Chemical investigations of the
Comparative accuracy and ef- tobacco plant. IX. The effect of
ficiency in determination of car- curing and of fermentation of the
bohydrates in plant material. composition of the leaves. Conn.
Univ. Missouri Coll. Agr., Agr. Agr. Sta. Bull. 569. 1953.
Expt. Sta., Research Bull. 314. '\Yard, G. M. Physiological studies
1940. with the tobacco plant. Can. Dept.
Mason, J. Y., and M. T. Lea. Evalu- Agr. Tech. Bull. 37. Ottawa, Ont.
ation of tobacco. Paper presented 1942.
before Tobacco Chemists Research Woltz, W. G., W. A. Reid, and W.
Conference, North Carolina State E. Colwell. Sugar and nicotine in Thi
College, Raleigh, N. Carolina, cured bright tobacco as related droca
1955. to mineral element composition. \\ras
Perrin, C. H. Rapid modified proce- Soil Sci. Soc. A.mer. Proc. 13: these
dure for determination of Kjel- :-\85-387. 1948. baceo
certai
well Ii
World
them
used i
ate a
plaeed
inseet
ent 011
in Ne
time.
Nev
ceptan
inorg-,1
been,
Howe,
chemic
bacco
-- ---- + ---- cion oJ
Prelirr
and
proved
cn,1sed
ba,·co.

1 (. ·ont,

Di'lls/on
Agrindt11
/'11V1shcd
SC(<t,·h a.,

/'/,,• I

<1 f1f'Ht.fi,,1t
r11-,t·1·ticid1
l1n rin rr_

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(Tobacco Science 89)